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href="#Spacecraft_design_and_instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spacecraft design and instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_design_and_instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mission profile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mission events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Before launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_and_commissioning_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_and_commissioning_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Launch and commissioning phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_and_commissioning_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cruise_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cruise_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cruise phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cruise_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approach_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approach_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Approach phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approach_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Impact phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Crater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Public interest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_interest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public interest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Media coverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Send_Your_Name_To_A_Comet_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Send_Your_Name_To_A_Comet_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Send Your Name To A Comet campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Send_Your_Name_To_A_Comet_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_from_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_from_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Reaction from China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_from_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_from_amateur_astronomers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_from_amateur_astronomers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Contributions from amateur astronomers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_from_amateur_astronomers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_tribute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_tribute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Musical tribute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_tribute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extended_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Extended mission</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extended_mission-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extended mission subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extended_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comet_Boethin_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comet_Boethin_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Comet Boethin plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comet_Boethin_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flyby_of_Comet_Hartley_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flyby_of_Comet_Hartley_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Flyby of Comet Hartley 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flyby_of_Comet_Hartley_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comet_Garradd_(C/2009_P1)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comet_Garradd_(C/2009_P1)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Comet Garradd (C/2009 P1)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comet_Garradd_(C/2009_P1)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_mission_to_asteroid_(163249)_2002_GT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_mission_to_asteroid_(163249)_2002_GT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Possible mission to asteroid (163249) 2002 GT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_mission_to_asteroid_(163249)_2002_GT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comet_C/2012_S1_(ISON)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comet_C/2012_S1_(ISON)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Comet C/2012 S1 (ISON)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comet_C/2012_S1_(ISON)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contact_lost_and_end_of_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact_lost_and_end_of_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Contact lost and end of mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact_lost_and_end_of_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Deep Impact</i> (spacecraft)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA_(%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A)" title="ديب إمباكت (مسبار فضائي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديب إمباكت (مسبار فضائي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="ডিপ ইম্প্যাক্ট (মহাকাশযান) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিপ ইম্প্যাক্ট (মহাকাশযান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BF_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Дийп Импакт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дийп Импакт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact" title="Deep Impact – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deep Impact" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact_(sonda)" title="Deep Impact (sonda) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Deep Impact (sonda)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact_(Raumsonde)" title="Deep Impact (Raumsonde) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deep Impact (Raumsonde)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact_(sonda_espacial)" title="Deep Impact (sonda espacial) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deep Impact (sonda espacial)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%81_(%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="برخورد ژرف (فضاپیما) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برخورد ژرف (فضاپیما)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Deep Impact (sonde spatiale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deep Impact (sonde spatiale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact_(sonda_espacial)" title="Deep Impact (sonda espacial) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deep Impact (sonda espacial)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%A5_%EC%9E%84%ED%8C%A9%ED%8A%B8_(%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%A0)" title="딥 임팩트 (우주선) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="딥 임팩트 (우주선)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact" title="Deep Impact – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Deep Impact" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact_(wahana_antariksa)" title="Deep Impact (wahana antariksa) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Deep Impact (wahana antariksa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact_(missione_spaziale)" title="Deep Impact (missione spaziale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deep Impact (missione spaziale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94_(%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="פגיעה עמוקה (גשושית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פגיעה עמוקה (גשושית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact" title="Deep Impact – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Deep Impact" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact_(Raumsond)" title="Deep Impact (Raumsond) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Deep Impact (Raumsond)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact" title="Deep Impact – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deep Impact" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact_(%C5%B1rszonda)" title="Deep Impact (űrszonda) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Deep Impact (űrszonda)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82)" title="ഡീപ് ഇമ്പാക്റ്റ് (ബഹിരാകാശ പേടകം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡീപ് ഇമ്പാക്റ്റ് (ബഹിരാകാശ പേടകം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact_(ruimtesonde)" title="Deep Impact (ruimtesonde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deep Impact (ruimtesonde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">NASA space probe launched in 2005</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title"><i>Deep Impact</i><sup id="cite_ref-SFN_050109_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFN_050109-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASAdates_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAdates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Impact.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A spacecraft deploys an impactor towards a comet, visible in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Deep_Impact.jpg/300px-Deep_Impact.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Deep_Impact.jpg/450px-Deep_Impact.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Deep_Impact.jpg/600px-Deep_Impact.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Artist's impression of the <i>Deep Impact</i> space probe after deployment of the Impactor</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Flyby <b>·</b> impactor (<a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">9P/Tempel</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2005-001A">2005-001A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208231#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">28517</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/deep-impact/">www<wbr />.jpl<wbr />.nasa<wbr />.gov<wbr />/missions<wbr />/deep-impact<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Final: 8 years, 6 months, 26 days</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies">Ball Aerospace</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">Total: 973 kg <br /> Spacecraft: 601 kg (1,325 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-presskit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presskit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Impactor: 372 kg (820 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-presskit_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presskit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">3.3 × 1.7 × 2.3 m (10.8 × 5.6 × 7.5 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-presskit_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presskit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">92 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">solar array</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery" title="Nickel–hydrogen battery"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000000A-QINU`"'</style><span class="chemf nowrap">NiH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> battery</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-presskit_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presskit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">January 12, 2005, 18:47:08<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">2005-01-12UTC18:47:08</span>)</span> <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7925 /<a href="/wiki/PAM-D" class="mw-redirect" title="PAM-D">PAM-D</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17">SLC-17B</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disposal</th><td class="infobox-data">Contact lost</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last contact</th><td class="infobox-data">August 8, 2013<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">2013-08-09</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">July 4, 2005, 06:05 UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">575 km (357 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a> impactor</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Impact date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 4, 2005, 05:52 UTC</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">December 31, 2007, 19:29:20 UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">15,567 km (9,673 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">December 29, 2008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">43,450 km (27,000 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">June 28, 2010, 22:25:13  UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">30,496 km (18,949 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Hartley_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartley 2">Hartley 2</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">November 4, 2010, 13:50:57 UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">694 km (431 mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Impact_Mission_Patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An oval with a red and black border encloses an image of a spacecraft and it's trajectory from Earth, depicting a deployed impactor before and after its impact with a comet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Deep_Impact_Mission_Patch.png/180px-Deep_Impact_Mission_Patch.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Deep_Impact_Mission_Patch.png/270px-Deep_Impact_Mission_Patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Deep_Impact_Mission_Patch.png/360px-Deep_Impact_Mission_Patch.png 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="691" /></a></span><br />Official insignia of the <i>Deep Impact</i> mission <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery program">Discovery program</a></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Deep Impact</b></i> was a <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probe</a> launched from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a> on January 12, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-SFN_Over_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFN_Over-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed to study the interior composition of the <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> <a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a> (9P/Tempel), by releasing an <a href="/wiki/Deliberate_crash_landings_on_extraterrestrial_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Deliberate crash landings on extraterrestrial bodies">impactor</a> into the comet. At 05:52 UTC on July 4, 2005, the Impactor successfully collided with the comet's <a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">nucleus</a>. The impact excavated debris from the interior of the nucleus, forming an <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact crater</a>. Photographs taken by the spacecraft showed the comet to be more dusty and less icy than had been expected. The impact generated an unexpectedly large and bright dust cloud, obscuring the view of the impact crater. </p><p>Previous space missions to comets, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Giotto_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto mission">Giotto</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i>, were <a href="/wiki/Flyby_(spaceflight)" title="Flyby (spaceflight)">fly-by missions</a>. These missions were able to photograph and examine only the surfaces of cometary nuclei, and even then from considerable distances. The <i>Deep Impact</i> mission was the first to eject material from a comet's surface, and the mission garnered considerable publicity from the media, international scientists, and amateur astronomers alike. </p><p>Upon the completion of its primary mission, proposals were made to further utilize the spacecraft. Consequently, <i>Deep Impact</i> flew by Earth on December 31, 2007, on its way to an extended mission, designated <a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a>, with a dual purpose to study <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planets</a> and comet <a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">Hartley 2</a> (103P/Hartley).<sup id="cite_ref-NASASSE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASASSE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communication was unexpectedly lost in August 2013 while the craft was heading for another asteroid flyby. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_goals">Scientific goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scientific goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Deep Impact</i> mission was planned to help answer fundamental questions about comets, which included what makes up the composition of the comet's nucleus, what depth the crater would reach from the impact, and where the comet originated in its formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Milems_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milems-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASAQ&A_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAQ&A-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By observing the composition of the comet, astronomers hoped to determine how comets form based on the differences between the interior and exterior makeup of the comet.<sup id="cite_ref-NSSDC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSSDC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observations of the impact and its aftermath would allow astronomers to attempt to answer these questions. </p><p>The mission's Principal Investigator was <a href="/wiki/Michael_A%27Hearn" title="Michael A'Hearn">Michael A'Hearn</a>, an astronomer at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a>. He led the science team, which included members from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, University of Maryland, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, Belton Space Exploration Initiatives, <a href="/wiki/JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_Applications_International_Corporation" title="Science Applications International Corporation">SAIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball Aerospace">Ball Aerospace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_extraterrestrische_Physik" class="mw-redirect" title="Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik">Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft_design_and_instrumentation">Spacecraft design and instrumentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spacecraft design and instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:90855main_dispcrft.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/90855main_dispcrft.svg/170px-90855main_dispcrft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/90855main_dispcrft.svg/255px-90855main_dispcrft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/90855main_dispcrft.svg/340px-90855main_dispcrft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Spacecraft overview</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> consists of two main sections, the 372-kilogram (820 lb) copper-core "Smart Impactor" that impacted the comet, and the 601 kg (1,325 lb) "Flyby" section, which imaged the comet from a safe distance during the encounter with Tempel 1.<sup id="cite_ref-presskit_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presskit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASADeepImpactOverview_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASADeepImpactOverview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASAimpactor_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAimpactor-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Flyby spacecraft is about 3.3 meters (10.8 ft) long, 1.7 meters (5.6 ft) wide and 2.3 meters (7.5 ft) high.<sup id="cite_ref-presskit_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presskit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milems_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milems-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes two solar panels, a debris shield, and several science instruments for <a href="/wiki/Speckle_imaging" title="Speckle imaging">imaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared spectroscopy</a>, and optical navigation to its destination near the comet. The spacecraft also carried two cameras, the High Resolution Imager (HRI), and the Medium Resolution Imager (MRI). The HRI is an imaging device that combines a visible-light camera with a filter wheel, and an imaging <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a> called the "Spectral Imaging Module" or SIM that operates on a spectral band from 1.05 to 4.8 micrometres. It has been optimized for observing the comet's nucleus. The MRI is the backup device, and was used primarily for navigation during the final 10-day approach. It also has a filter wheel, with a slightly different set of filters. </p><p>The Impactor section of the spacecraft contains an instrument that is optically identical to the MRI, called the Impactor Targeting Sensor (ITS), but without the filter wheel. Its dual purpose was to sense the Impactor's trajectory, which could then be adjusted up to four times between release and impact, and to image the comet from close range. As the Impactor neared the comet's surface, this camera took high-resolution pictures of the nucleus (as good as 0.2 meters per <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> [7.9 in/px]) that were transmitted in real-time to the Flyby spacecraft before it and the Impactor were destroyed. The final image taken by the Impactor was snapped only 3.7 seconds before impact.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Impactor's payload, dubbed the "Cratering Mass", was 100% copper, with a weight of 100 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA20_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA20-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Including this cratering mass, copper formed 49% of total mass of the Impactor (with aluminium at 24% of the total mass);<sup id="cite_ref-NASAImpactor_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAImpactor-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was to minimize interference with scientific measurements. Since copper was not expected to be found on a comet, scientists could ignore copper's signature in any spectrometer readings.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA20_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA20-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of using explosives, it was also cheaper to use copper as the payload.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAQ&A_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAQ&A-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Explosives would also have been superfluous. At its closing velocity of 10.2 km/s, the Impactor's kinetic energy was equivalent to 4.8 tonnes of TNT, considerably more than its actual mass of only 372 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAtelcom_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAtelcom-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mission coincidentally shared its name with the 1998 film, <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(film)" title="Deep Impact (film)">Deep Impact</a></i>, in which a comet strikes the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCNews2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCNews2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_profile">Mission profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mission profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Impact_HRI_tests.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Deep_Impact_HRI_tests.jpg/220px-Deep_Impact_HRI_tests.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Deep_Impact_HRI_tests.jpg/330px-Deep_Impact_HRI_tests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Deep_Impact_HRI_tests.jpg/440px-Deep_Impact_HRI_tests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption>Cameras of the Flyby spacecraft, HRI at right, MRI at left</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_II_7925_(2925)_rocket_with_Deep_Impact.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Delta_II_7925_%282925%29_rocket_with_Deep_Impact.jpg/170px-Delta_II_7925_%282925%29_rocket_with_Deep_Impact.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Delta_II_7925_%282925%29_rocket_with_Deep_Impact.jpg/255px-Delta_II_7925_%282925%29_rocket_with_Deep_Impact.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Delta_II_7925_%282925%29_rocket_with_Deep_Impact.jpg/340px-Delta_II_7925_%282925%29_rocket_with_Deep_Impact.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption><i>Deep Impact</i> prior to launch on a <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> rocket</figcaption></figure> <p>Following its launch from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a> pad <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17">SLC-17B</a> at 18:47 UTC on January 12, 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-SFN_Over_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFN_Over-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Deep Impact</i> spacecraft traveled 429 million km (267 million mi) in 174 days to reach comet Tempel 1 at a cruising speed of 28.6 km/s (103,000 km/h; 64,000 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-Milems_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milems-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the spacecraft reached the vicinity of the comet on July 3, 2005, it separated into the Impactor and Flyby sections. The Impactor used its thrusters to move into the path of the comet, impacting 24 hours later at a relative speed of 10.3 km/s (37,000 km/h; 23,000 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-Milems_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milems-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Impactor delivered <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7010196000000000000♠"></span>1.96<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a></span>s of <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a>—the equivalent of 4.7 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a>. Scientists believed that the energy of the high-velocity collision would be sufficient to excavate a crater up to 100 m (330 ft) wide, larger than the bowl of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milems_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milems-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the crater was still not known one year after the impact.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes30_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes30-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2007 <a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a> spacecraft's <a href="/wiki/Tempel_1#NExT_mission" title="Tempel 1">NExT mission</a> determined the crater's diameter to be 150 meters (490 ft). </p><p>Just minutes after the impact, the Flyby probe passed by the nucleus at a close distance of 500 km (310 mi), taking pictures of the crater position, the <a href="/wiki/Ejecta" title="Ejecta">ejecta plume</a>, and the entire cometary nucleus. The entire event was also photographed by Earth-based telescopes and <a href="/wiki/Space_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Space observatory">orbital observatories</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a></i>. The impact was also observed by cameras and <a href="/wiki/Spectroscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscope">spectroscopes</a> on board Europe's <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosetta spacecraft"><i>Rosetta</i> spacecraft</a>, which was about 80 million km (50 million mi) from the comet at the time of impact. <i>Rosetta</i> determined the composition of the gas and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">dust</a> cloud that was kicked up by the impact.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA_portal_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA_portal-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_events">Mission events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mission events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Deep_Impact_trajectory.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Animation_of_Deep_Impact_trajectory.gif/250px-Animation_of_Deep_Impact_trajectory.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Animation_of_Deep_Impact_trajectory.gif/375px-Animation_of_Deep_Impact_trajectory.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Animation_of_Deep_Impact_trajectory.gif/500px-Animation_of_Deep_Impact_trajectory.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Animation of <i>Deep Impact</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> trajectory from January 12, 2005, to August 8, 2013<br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span> <i>Deep Impact</i></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lime; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:royalblue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:cyan; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a></span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_launch">Before launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Before launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A comet-impact mission was first proposed to NASA in 1996, but at the time, NASA engineers were skeptical that the target could be hit.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, a revised and technologically upgraded mission proposal, dubbed <i>Deep Impact</i>, was accepted and funded as part of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery Program</a> of low-cost spacecraft. The two spacecraft (Impactor and Flyby) and the three main instruments were built and integrated by <a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies">Ball Aerospace & Technologies</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ball_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>. Developing the software for the spacecraft took 18 months and the application code consisted of 20,000 lines and 19 different application threads.<sup id="cite_ref-Milems_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milems-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total cost of developing the spacecraft and completing its mission reached <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$330 million</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNDI_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNDI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_and_commissioning_phase">Launch and commissioning phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Launch and commissioning phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The probe was originally scheduled for launch on December 30, 2004, but NASA officials delayed its launch, in order to allow more time for testing the software.<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceFlightNow_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceFlightNow-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was successfully launched from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</a> on January 12, 2005, at 1:47 pm EST (1847 UTC) by a <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-Boeing_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeing-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Deep Impact</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> state of health was uncertain during the first day after launch. Shortly after entering orbit around the Sun and deploying its solar panels, the probe switched itself to <a href="/wiki/Safe_mode_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe mode (spacecraft)">safe mode</a>. The cause of the problem was simply an incorrect temperature limit in the fault protection logic for the spacecraft's <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">RCS thruster</a> catalyst beds. The spacecraft's thrusters were used to detumble the spacecraft following third stage separation. On January 13, 2005, NASA announced that the probe was out of safe mode and healthy.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 11, 2005, <i>Deep Impact</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> rockets were fired as planned to correct the spacecraft's course. This correction was so precise that the next planned correction maneuver on March 31, 2005, was unnecessary and canceled. The "commissioning phase" verified that all instruments were activated and checked out. During these tests it was found that the HRI images were not in focus after it underwent a <a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">bake-out</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-Spaceflight_Now_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaceflight_Now-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After mission members investigated the problem, on June 9, 2005, it was announced that by using image processing software and the mathematical technique of <a href="/wiki/Deconvolution#Optics_and_other_imaging" title="Deconvolution">deconvolution</a>, the HRI images could be corrected to restore much of the resolution anticipated.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cruise_phase">Cruise phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cruise phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA07879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PIA07879.jpg/220px-PIA07879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PIA07879.jpg/330px-PIA07879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PIA07879.jpg/440px-PIA07879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Comet <a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a> imaged on April 25, 2005, by the <i>Deep Impact</i> spacecraft</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Deep_Impact_cruising_for_comet_crash" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Deep Impact cruising for comet crash"> Deep Impact cruising for comet crash</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <p>The "cruise phase" began on March 25, 2005, immediately after the commissioning phase was completed. This phase continued until about 60 days before the encounter with comet Tempel 1. On April 25, 2005, the probe acquired the first image of its target at a distance of 64 million km (40 million mi).<sup id="cite_ref-JPL1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 4, 2005, the spacecraft executed its second trajectory correction maneuver. Burning its rocket engine for 95 seconds, the spacecraft speed was changed by 18.2 km/h (11.3 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-Spaceref_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaceref-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rick Grammier, the project manager for the mission at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, reacted to the maneuver stating that "spacecraft performance has been excellent, and this burn was no different... it was a textbook maneuver that placed us right on the money."<sup id="cite_ref-Spaceref_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaceref-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approach_phase">Approach phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Approach phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The approach phase extended from 60 days before encounter (May 5, 2005) until five days before encounter. Sixty days out was the earliest time that the <i>Deep Impact</i> spacecraft was expected to detect the comet with its MRI camera. In fact, the comet was spotted ahead of schedule, 69 days before impact (see <a href="#Cruise_phase">Cruise phase</a> above). This milestone marks the beginning of an intensive period of observations to refine knowledge of the comet's orbit and study the comet's rotation, activity, and dust environment. </p><p>On June 14 and 22, 2005, <i>Deep Impact</i> observed two outbursts of activity from the comet, the latter being six times larger than the former.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft studied the images of various distant stars to determine its current trajectory and position.<sup id="cite_ref-Milems_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milems-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Don Yeomans, a mission co-investigator for JPL pointed out that "it takes 7½ minutes for the signal to get back to Earth, so you cannot joystick this thing. You have to rely on the fact that the Impactor is a smart spacecraft as is the Flyby spacecraft. So you have to build in the intelligence ahead of time and let it do its thing."<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceBull_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceBull-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 23, 2005, the first of the two final trajectory correct maneuvers (targeting maneuver) was successfully executed. A 6 m/s (20 ft/s) velocity change was needed to adjust the flight path towards the comet and target the Impactor at a window in space about 100 kilometers (62 mi) wide. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DI_MRI_T1_doy150.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="May 30, 2005, 35 days from impact"><img alt="May 30, 2005, 35 days from impact" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DI_MRI_T1_doy150.jpg/120px-DI_MRI_T1_doy150.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DI_MRI_T1_doy150.jpg/180px-DI_MRI_T1_doy150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DI_MRI_T1_doy150.jpg/240px-DI_MRI_T1_doy150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">May 30, 2005, 35 days from impact</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA03297.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="June 15, 19 days from impact"><img alt="June 15, 19 days from impact" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PIA03297.jpg/120px-PIA03297.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PIA03297.jpg/180px-PIA03297.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PIA03297.jpg/240px-PIA03297.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">June 15, 19 days from impact</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA02101.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="June 21, 13 days from impact"><img alt="June 21, 13 days from impact" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PIA02101.jpg/120px-PIA02101.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PIA02101.jpg/180px-PIA02101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PIA02101.jpg/240px-PIA02101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">June 21, 13 days from impact</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DI_MRI_log_T1_doy178.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="June 27, 7 days from impact, near end of approach phase"><img alt="June 27, 7 days from impact, near end of approach phase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DI_MRI_log_T1_doy178.jpg/120px-DI_MRI_log_T1_doy178.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DI_MRI_log_T1_doy178.jpg/180px-DI_MRI_log_T1_doy178.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DI_MRI_log_T1_doy178.jpg/240px-DI_MRI_log_T1_doy178.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">June 27, 7 days from impact, near end of approach phase</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_phase">Impact phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Impact_encounter_sequence.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Deep_Impact_encounter_sequence.png/220px-Deep_Impact_encounter_sequence.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Deep_Impact_encounter_sequence.png/330px-Deep_Impact_encounter_sequence.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Deep_Impact_encounter_sequence.png/440px-Deep_Impact_encounter_sequence.png 2x" data-file-width="3385" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption><i>Deep Impact</i> comet encounter sequence</figcaption></figure> <p>Impact phase began nominally on June 29, 2005, five days before impact. The Impactor successfully separated from the Flyby spacecraft on July 3 at 6:00 UTC (6:07 UTC <a href="/wiki/Earth-received_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth-received time">ERT</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Deep_Impact_Home_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deep_Impact_Home-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first images from the instrumented Impactor were seen two hours after separation.<sup id="cite_ref-DICE_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DICE-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Flyby spacecraft performed one of two divert maneuvers to avoid damage. A 14-minute burn was executed which slowed down the spacecraft. It was also reported that the communication link between the Flyby and the Impactor was functioning as expected.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA4_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Impactor executed three correction maneuvers in the final two hours before impact.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA5_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Impactor was maneuvered to plant itself in front of the comet, so that Tempel 1 would collide with it.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAQ&A_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAQ&A-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impact occurred at 05:45 UTC (05:52 UTC <a href="/wiki/Earth-received_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth-received time">ERT</a>, +/− up to three minutes, one-way light time = 7m 26s) on the morning of July 4, 2005, within one second of the expected time for impact. </p><p>The impactor returned images as late as three seconds before impact. Most of the data captured was stored on board the Flyby spacecraft, which radioed approximately 4,500 images from the HRI, MRI, and ITS cameras to Earth over the next few days.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA6_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The energy from the collision was similar in size to exploding five tons of <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> and the comet shone six times brighter than normal.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mission timeline is located at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/deepimpact/timeline/index.html">Impact Phase Timeline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602052326/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/deepimpact/timeline/index.html">Archived</a> June 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (NASA). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA02112.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comet Tempel 1, imaged from 4.2 million km at the start of Impact phase"><img alt="Comet Tempel 1, imaged from 4.2 million km at the start of Impact phase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PIA02112.jpg/120px-PIA02112.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PIA02112.jpg/180px-PIA02112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PIA02112.jpg/240px-PIA02112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comet <a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a>, imaged from 4.2 million km at the start of Impact phase</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DI_MRI_Impactor_-24hr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Impactor imaged by Flyby spacecraft shortly after separation"><img alt="Impactor imaged by Flyby spacecraft shortly after separation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/DI_MRI_Impactor_-24hr.jpg/115px-DI_MRI_Impactor_-24hr.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/DI_MRI_Impactor_-24hr.jpg/172px-DI_MRI_Impactor_-24hr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/DI_MRI_Impactor_-24hr.jpg/229px-DI_MRI_Impactor_-24hr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Impactor imaged by Flyby spacecraft shortly after separation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempel_Impactor_150Km.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image from Impactor"><img alt="Image from Impactor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tempel_Impactor_150Km.jpg/120px-Tempel_Impactor_150Km.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tempel_Impactor_150Km.jpg/180px-Tempel_Impactor_150Km.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tempel_Impactor_150Km.jpg/240px-Tempel_Impactor_150Km.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image from Impactor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Impact_Impactor_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Impactor close-up image, taken shortly before impact"><img alt="Impactor close-up image, taken shortly before impact" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Deep_Impact_Impactor_3.jpg/118px-Deep_Impact_Impactor_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Deep_Impact_Impactor_3.jpg/177px-Deep_Impact_Impactor_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Deep_Impact_Impactor_3.jpg/237px-Deep_Impact_Impactor_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Impactor close-up image, taken shortly before impact</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Impact_approach_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The moment of impact, as shown on NASA TV"><img alt="The moment of impact, as shown on NASA TV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Deep_Impact_approach_2.jpg/120px-Deep_Impact_approach_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Deep_Impact_approach_2.jpg/180px-Deep_Impact_approach_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Deep_Impact_approach_2.jpg/240px-Deep_Impact_approach_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="318" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The moment of impact, as shown on <a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Impact_of_comet_Tempel_1_into_Deep_Impact%27s_probe_(HRI_film_of_resulting_flash).gif" class="mw-file-description" title="HRI movie of impact"><img alt="HRI movie of impact" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Impact_of_comet_Tempel_1_into_Deep_Impact%27s_probe_%28HRI_film_of_resulting_flash%29.gif/120px-Impact_of_comet_Tempel_1_into_Deep_Impact%27s_probe_%28HRI_film_of_resulting_flash%29.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Impact_of_comet_Tempel_1_into_Deep_Impact%27s_probe_%28HRI_film_of_resulting_flash%29.gif/180px-Impact_of_comet_Tempel_1_into_Deep_Impact%27s_probe_%28HRI_film_of_resulting_flash%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Impact_of_comet_Tempel_1_into_Deep_Impact%27s_probe_%28HRI_film_of_resulting_flash%29.gif/240px-Impact_of_comet_Tempel_1_into_Deep_Impact%27s_probe_%28HRI_film_of_resulting_flash%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="239" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">HRI movie of impact</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HRIV_Impact.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="High Resolution Instrument, Visual CCD (HRIV) during encounter (video)"><img alt="High Resolution Instrument, Visual CCD (HRIV) during encounter (video)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HRIV_Impact.gif/120px-HRIV_Impact.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HRIV_Impact.gif/180px-HRIV_Impact.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HRIV_Impact.gif/240px-HRIV_Impact.gif 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High Resolution Instrument, Visual CCD (HRIV) during encounter (video)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ITS_Impact.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Impactor Targeting Sensor, Visual CCD (ITS) during encounter (video)"><img alt="Impactor Targeting Sensor, Visual CCD (ITS) during encounter (video)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ITS_Impact.gif/120px-ITS_Impact.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ITS_Impact.gif/180px-ITS_Impact.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ITS_Impact.gif/240px-ITS_Impact.gif 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Impactor Targeting Sensor, Visual CCD (ITS) during encounter (video)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Impact_celebration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Deep_Impact_celebration.jpg/220px-Deep_Impact_celebration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Deep_Impact_celebration.jpg/330px-Deep_Impact_celebration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Deep_Impact_celebration.jpg/440px-Deep_Impact_celebration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Mission team members celebrate after the impact with the comet.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/NASA%27s_Deep_Impact_probe_strikes_comet_successfully" class="extiw" title="wikinews:NASA's Deep Impact probe strikes comet successfully"> NASA's Deep Impact probe strikes comet successfully</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <p>Mission control did not become aware of the Impactor's success until five minutes later at 05:57 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNDI_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNDI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Don Yeomans confirmed the results for the press, "We hit it just exactly where we wanted to"<sup id="cite_ref-NewRussia_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewRussia-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and JPL Director Charles Elachi stated "The success exceeded our expectations."<sup id="cite_ref-CriEnglish_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CriEnglish-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the post-impact briefing on July 4, 2005, at 08:00 UTC, the first processed images revealed existing <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">craters</a> on the comet. NASA scientists stated they could not see the new crater that had formed from the Impactor, but it was later discovered to be about 100 meters wide and up to 30 meters (98 ft) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-NewScientist_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewScientist-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucy McFadden, one of the co-investigators of the impact, stated "We didn't expect the success of one part of the mission [bright dust cloud] to affect a second part [seeing the resultant crater]. But that is part of the fun of science, to meet with the unexpected."<sup id="cite_ref-MissResults_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MissResults-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of data from the <a href="/wiki/Swift_Gamma-Ray_Burst_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission"><i>Swift</i> X-ray telescope</a> showed that the comet continued outgassing from the impact for 13 days, with a peak five days after impact. A total of 5 million kg (11 million lb) of water<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and between 10 and 25 million kg (22 and 55 million lb) of dust were lost from the impact.<sup id="cite_ref-NewScientist_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewScientist-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial results were surprising as the material excavated by the impact contained more dust and less ice than had been expected. The only models of cometary structure astronomers could positively rule out were the very porous ones which had comets as loose aggregates of material. In addition, the material was finer than expected; scientists compared it to <a href="/wiki/Talcum_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Talcum powder">talcum powder</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VPNews_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VPNews-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other materials found while studying the impact included <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, and crystalline <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a> which were found by studying the spectroscopy of the impact.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes30_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes30-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clays and carbonates usually require liquid water to form and sodium is rare in space.<sup id="cite_ref-AstroBiology.com_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AstroBiology.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observations also revealed that the comet was about 75% empty space, and one astronomer compared the outer layers of the comet to the same makeup of a snow bank.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes30_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes30-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronomers have expressed interest in more missions to different comets to determine if they share similar compositions or if there are different materials found deeper within comets that were produced at the time of the Solar System's formation.<sup id="cite_ref-C&EN_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C&EN-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeepImpactTempelCrater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/DeepImpactTempelCrater.jpg/220px-DeepImpactTempelCrater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/DeepImpactTempelCrater.jpg/330px-DeepImpactTempelCrater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/DeepImpactTempelCrater.jpg/440px-DeepImpactTempelCrater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>'Before and after' comparison images from <i>Deep Impact</i> and <i>Stardust</i>, showing the crater formed by <i>Deep Impact</i> on the right hand image</figcaption></figure> <p>Astronomers hypothesized, based on its interior chemistry, that the comet formed in the <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a> region of the Solar System. A comet which forms farther from the Sun is expected to have greater amounts of ices with low freezing temperatures, such as <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, which was present in Tempel 1. Astronomers believe that other comets with compositions similar to Tempel 1 are likely to have formed in the same region.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crater">Crater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the quality of the images of the crater formed during the <i>Deep Impact</i> collision was not satisfactory, on July 3, 2007, NASA approved the New Exploration of Tempel 1 (or NExT) mission. The mission utilized the already existing <a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i> spacecraft</a>, which had studied <a href="/wiki/Comet_Wild_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Wild 2">Comet Wild 2</a> in 2004. <i>Stardust</i> was placed into a new orbit so that it passed by Tempel 1 at a distance of approximately 200 km (120 mi) on February 15, 2011, at 04:42 UTC.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time that a comet was visited by two probes on separate occasions (<a href="/wiki/1P/Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="1P/Halley">1P/Halley</a> had been visited by several probes within a few weeks in 1986), and it provided an opportunity to better observe the crater that was created by <i>Deep Impact</i> as well as observing the changes caused by the comet's latest close approach to the Sun. </p><p>On February 15, NASA scientists identified the crater formed by <i>Deep Impact</i> in images from <i>Stardust</i>. The crater is estimated to be 150 meters (490 ft) in diameter, and has a bright mound in the center likely created when material from the impact fell back into the crater.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_interest">Public interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Public interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Media coverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Impact_HRI.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Deep_Impact_HRI.jpeg/220px-Deep_Impact_HRI.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Deep_Impact_HRI.jpeg/330px-Deep_Impact_HRI.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Deep_Impact_HRI.jpeg/440px-Deep_Impact_HRI.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The image of the impact which was widely circulated in the media</figcaption></figure> <p>The impact was a substantial news event reported and discussed online, in print, and on television. There was a genuine suspense because experts held widely differing opinions over the result of the impact. Various experts debated whether the Impactor would go straight through the comet and out the other side, would create an impact crater, would open up a hole in the interior of the comet, and other theories. However, twenty-four hours before impact, the flight team at JPL began privately expressing a high level of confidence that, barring any unforeseen technical glitches, the spacecraft would intercept Tempel 1. One senior personnel member stated "All we can do now is sit back and wait. Everything we can technically do to ensure impact has been done." In the final minutes as the Impactor hit the comet, more than 10,000 people watched the collision on a giant movie screen at Hawaii's <a href="/wiki/Waik%C4%ABk%C4%AB_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Waikīkī Beach">Waikīkī Beach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experts came up with a range of soundbites to summarize the mission to the public. Iwan Williams of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary University of London</a>, said "It was like a mosquito hitting a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">747</a>. What we've found is that the mosquito didn't splat on the surface; it's actually gone through the windscreen."<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One day after the impact, Marina Bay, a Russian <a href="/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologer</a>, sued NASA for <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$300 million</span> for the impact which "ruin[ed] the natural balance of forces in the universe."<sup id="cite_ref-MSNBCRussia_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBCRussia-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her lawyer asked the public to volunteer to help in the claim by declaring "The impact changed the magnetic properties of the comet, and this could have affected mobile telephony here on Earth. If your phone went down this morning, ask yourself Why? and then get in touch with us."<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews17_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews17-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 9, 2005, the Presnensky Court of Moscow ruled against Bay, although she did attempt to appeal the result. One Russian physicist said that the impact had no effect on Earth and "the change to the orbit of the comet after the collision was only about 10 cm (3.9 in)."<sup id="cite_ref-MosNews_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MosNews-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Send_Your_Name_To_A_Comet_campaign">Send Your Name To A Comet campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Send Your Name To A Comet campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Send_Your_Name_to_a_Comet_CD_on_Deep_Impact.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Send_Your_Name_to_a_Comet_CD_on_Deep_Impact.jpg/220px-Send_Your_Name_to_a_Comet_CD_on_Deep_Impact.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Send_Your_Name_to_a_Comet_CD_on_Deep_Impact.jpg/330px-Send_Your_Name_to_a_Comet_CD_on_Deep_Impact.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Send_Your_Name_to_a_Comet_CD_on_Deep_Impact.jpg/440px-Send_Your_Name_to_a_Comet_CD_on_Deep_Impact.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>The CD containing the 625,000 names is added to the Impactor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Impact_Discovery_Mission_to_Comet_Tempel_1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Deep_Impact_Discovery_Mission_to_Comet_Tempel_1.PNG/220px-Deep_Impact_Discovery_Mission_to_Comet_Tempel_1.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Deep_Impact_Discovery_Mission_to_Comet_Tempel_1.PNG/330px-Deep_Impact_Discovery_Mission_to_Comet_Tempel_1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Deep_Impact_Discovery_Mission_to_Comet_Tempel_1.PNG/440px-Deep_Impact_Discovery_Mission_to_Comet_Tempel_1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption><i>Deep Impact</i> participation certificate of Mathias Rex</figcaption></figure> <p>The mission was notable for one of its promotional campaigns, "Send Your Name To A Comet!". Visitors to the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>'s website were invited to submit their name between May 2003 and January 2004, and the names gathered—some 625,000 in all—were then burnt onto a mini-CD, which was attached to the Impactor.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA7_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA7-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Don Yeomans, a member of the spacecraft's scientific team, stated "this is an opportunity to become part of an extraordinary space mission ... when the craft is launched in December 2004, yours and the names of your loved-ones can hitch along for the ride and be part of what may be the best space fireworks show in history."<sup id="cite_ref-NASA8_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA8-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was credited with driving interest in the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Space.com2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space.com2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_from_China">Reaction from China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reaction from China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese researchers used the <i>Deep Impact</i> mission as an opportunity to highlight the efficiency of American science because public support ensured the possibility of funding long-term research. By contrast, "in China, the public usually has no idea what our scientists are doing, and limited funding for the promotion of science weakens people's enthusiasm for research."<sup id="cite_ref-xinhuanet_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinhuanet-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two days after the US mission succeeded in having a probe collide with a comet, China revealed a plan: landing a probe on a small comet or <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> to push it off course. China said it would begin the mission after sending a probe to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EconTimes_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EconTimes-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_from_amateur_astronomers">Contributions from amateur astronomers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Contributions from amateur astronomers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since observing time on large, professional <a href="/wiki/Telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Telescopes">telescopes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck</a> or <i>Hubble</i> is always scarce, the <i>Deep Impact</i> scientists called upon "advanced amateur, student, and professional <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomers</a>" to use small telescopes to make long-term observations of the target comet before and after impact. The purpose of these observations was to look for "volatile outgassing, dust coma development and dust production rates, dust tail development, and jet activity and outbursts."<sup id="cite_ref-AOP_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOP-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-2007, amateur astronomers had submitted over a thousand <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> images of the comet.<sup id="cite_ref-STSP_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STSP-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One notable amateur observation was by students from schools in Hawaii, working with US and UK scientists, who during the press conference took live images using the <a href="/wiki/Faulkes_Telescope_North" title="Faulkes Telescope North">Faulkes Automatic Telescope</a> in Hawaii (the students operated the telescope over the Internet) and were one of the first groups to get images of the impact. One amateur astronomer reported seeing a structureless bright cloud around the comet, and an estimated 2 <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">magnitude</a> increase in brightness after the impact.<sup id="cite_ref-Google_Groups_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Groups-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another amateur published a map of the crash area from NASA images.<sup id="cite_ref-Jost_Jahn_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jost_Jahn-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_tribute">Musical tribute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Musical tribute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Deep Impact</i> mission coincided with celebrations in the Los Angeles area marking the 50th anniversary of "<a href="/wiki/Rock_Around_the_Clock" title="Rock Around the Clock">Rock Around the Clock</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley_%26_His_Comets" title="Bill Haley & His Comets">Bill Haley & His Comets</a> becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> single to reach No. 1 on the recording sales charts. Within 24 hours of the mission's success, a 2-minute music video produced by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_(humorist)" title="Martin Lewis (humorist)">Martin Lewis</a> had been created using images of the impact itself combined with computer animation of the <i>Deep Impact</i> probe in flight, interspersed with footage of Bill Haley & His Comets performing in 1955 and the surviving original members of The Comets performing in March 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Extra_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extra-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The video was posted to NASA's website for a couple of weeks afterwards. </p><p>On July 5, 2005, the surviving original members of The Comets (ranging in age from 71–84) performed a free concert for hundreds of employees of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to help them celebrate the mission's success. This event received worldwide press attention.<sup id="cite_ref-USAToday_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAToday-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2006, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> citation that officially named asteroid <a href="/wiki/79896_Billhaley" class="mw-redirect" title="79896 Billhaley">79896 Billhaley</a> included a reference to the JPL concert.<sup id="cite_ref-Klet_Observatory_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klet_Observatory-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extended_mission">Extended mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Extended mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></div> <p><i>Deep Impact</i> embarked on an extended mission designated EPOXI (Extrasolar Planet Observation and <i>Deep Impact</i> Extended Investigation) to visit other comets, after being put to sleep in 2005 upon completion of the Tempel 1 mission.<sup id="cite_ref-snhartley_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snhartley-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comet_Boethin_plan">Comet Boethin plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Comet Boethin plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its first extended visit was to do a flyby of <a href="/wiki/85D/Boethin" title="85D/Boethin">Comet Boethin</a>, but with some complications. On July 21, 2005, <i>Deep Impact</i> executed a trajectory correction maneuver that allows the spacecraft to use Earth's gravity to begin a new mission in a path towards another comet.<sup id="cite_ref-SDaily3_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDaily3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original plan was for a December 5, 2008, flyby of Comet Boethin, coming within 700 kilometers (430 mi) of the comet. Michael A'Hearn, the <i>Deep Impact</i> team leader, explained "We propose to direct the spacecraft for a flyby of Comet Boethin to investigate whether the results found at Comet Tempel 1 are unique or are also found on other comets."<sup id="cite_ref-Skymania_News_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skymania_News-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The $40 million mission would provide about half of the information as the collision of Tempel 1 but at a fraction of the cost.<sup id="cite_ref-Skymania_News_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skymania_News-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40Fox_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40Fox-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Deep Impact</i> would use its spectrometer to study the comet's surface composition and its telescope for viewing the surface features.<sup id="cite_ref-SDaily3_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDaily3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as the December 2007 Earth <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> approached, astronomers were unable to locate Comet Boethin, which may have broken up into pieces too faint to be observed.<sup id="cite_ref-EPOXIMissionStatus_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPOXIMissionStatus-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, its orbit could not be calculated with sufficient precision to permit a flyby. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flyby_of_Comet_Hartley_2">Flyby of Comet Hartley 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Flyby of Comet Hartley 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASAHartley2Comet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NASAHartley2Comet.jpg/220px-NASAHartley2Comet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NASAHartley2Comet.jpg/330px-NASAHartley2Comet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/NASAHartley2Comet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Comet Hartley 2 on November 4, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 2007 the JPL team targeted <i>Deep Impact</i> toward Comet <a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">Hartley 2</a>. However, this would require an extra two years of travel for <i>Deep Impact</i> (including earth gravity assists in December 2007 and December 2008).<sup id="cite_ref-EPOXIMissionStatus_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPOXIMissionStatus-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 28, 2010, a burn of 11.3 seconds was conducted, to enable the June 27 Earth fly-by to be optimized for the transit to Hartley 2 and fly-by on November 4. The velocity change was 0.1 m/s (0.33 ft/s).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 4, 2010, the <i>Deep Impact</i> extended mission (EPOXI) returned images from comet Hartley 2.<sup id="cite_ref-snhartley_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snhartley-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EPOXI came within 700 kilometers (430 mi) of the comet, returning detailed photographs of the "peanut" shaped cometary nucleus and several bright jets. The probe's medium-resolution instrument captured the photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-snhartley_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snhartley-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comet_Garradd_(C/2009_P1)"><span id="Comet_Garradd_.28C.2F2009_P1.29"></span>Comet Garradd (C/2009 P1)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Comet Garradd (C/2009 P1)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Deep Impact</i> observed <a href="/wiki/Gordon_J._Garradd" title="Gordon J. Garradd">Comet Garradd (C/2009 P1)</a> from February 20 to April 8, 2012, using its Medium Resolution Instrument, through a variety of filters. The comet was 1.75–2.11 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (262–316 million km) from the Sun and 1.87–1.30 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (280–194 million km) from the spacecraft. It was found that the outgassing from the comet varies with a period of 10.4 hours, which is presumed to be due to the rotation of its nucleus. The dry ice content of the comet was measured and found to be about ten percent of its water ice content by number of molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EPOXI_Mission_Status_Reports_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPOXI_Mission_Status_Reports-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_mission_to_asteroid_(163249)_2002_GT"><span id="Possible_mission_to_asteroid_.28163249.29_2002_GT"></span>Possible mission to asteroid (163249) 2002 GT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Possible mission to asteroid (163249) 2002 GT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of 2011, <i>Deep Impact</i> was re-targeted towards asteroid <a href="/wiki/(163249)_2002_GT" title="(163249) 2002 GT">(163249) 2002 GT</a> which it would reach on January 4, 2020. At the time of re-targeting, whether or not a related science mission would be carried out in 2020 was yet to be determined, based on NASA's budget and the health of the probe.<sup id="cite_ref-2002GT_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2002GT-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 71-second engine burn on October 4, 2012, changed the probe's velocity by 2 m/s (6.6 ft/s) to keep the mission on track.<sup id="cite_ref-2002GT2012_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2002GT2012-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, there was a 140-second burn on November 24, 2011. Distance of a flyby would not be more than 400 kilometers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comet_C/2012_S1_(ISON)"><span id="Comet_C.2F2012_S1_.28ISON.29"></span>Comet C/2012 S1 (ISON)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Comet C/2012 S1 (ISON)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2013, <i>Deep Impact</i> observed <a href="/wiki/Comet_ISON" title="Comet ISON">Comet ISON</a>. The comet remained observable until March 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-ISON-UT_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISON-UT-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARXIV-20140508_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARXIV-20140508-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contact_lost_and_end_of_mission">Contact lost and end of mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Contact lost and end of mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 3, 2013, a mission update was posted to the EPOXI mission status website, stating "Communication with the spacecraft was lost some time between August 11 and August 14 ... The last communication was on August 8. ... the team on August 30 determined the cause of the problem. The team is now trying to determine how best to try to recover communication."<sup id="cite_ref-EPOXI_Mission_Status_Reports_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPOXI_Mission_Status_Reports-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 10, 2013, a <i>Deep Impact</i> mission status report explained that mission controllers believe the computers on the spacecraft are continuously rebooting themselves and so are unable to issue any commands to the vehicle's thrusters. As a result of this problem, communication with the spacecraft was explained to be more difficult, as the orientation of the vehicle's antennas is unknown. Additionally, the solar panels on the vehicle may no longer be positioned correctly for generating power.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 20, 2013, NASA abandoned further attempts to contact the craft.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to chief scientist A'Hearn,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the reason for the software malfunction was a <a href="/wiki/Year_2000_problem" title="Year 2000 problem">Y2K</a>-like problem. August 11, 2013, 00:38:49.6, was 2<sup>32</sup> tenth-seconds (deciseconds) from January 1, 2000, leading to speculation that a system on the craft tracked time in one-tenth second increments since January 1, 2000, and stored it in an <a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">unsigned 32-bit integer</a>, which then <a href="/wiki/Integer_overflow" title="Integer overflow">overflowed</a> at this time, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Year_2038_problem" title="Year 2038 problem">Year 2038 problem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-y2k_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y2k-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">Double Asteroid Redirection Test</a> – Similar mission that impacted the asteroid <a href="/wiki/Dimorphos" title="Dimorphos">Dimorphos</a> to study the effect of impact on asteroid trajectory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite</a> (LCROSS) – Satellite that impacted Earth's Moon in 2009 in an attempt to eject water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">Timeline of Solar System exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">List of missions to minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">List of missions to comets</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SFN_050109-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SFN_050109_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discovery_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deep Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Opportunity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express#Scientific_instruments" title="Mars Express">ASPERA-3</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)#New_Exploration_of_Tempel_1_(NExT)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">NExT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper" title="Moon Mineralogy Mapper">Moon Mineralogy Mapper</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo#Mercury_Planetary_Orbiter" title="BepiColombo">Strofio</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_Exploration#Scientific_payload" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian Moons Exploration">MEGANE</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png/80px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png/120px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png/160px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Finalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mission 12 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare Explorer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_of_Discovery_Mission_13_and_14" title="Selection of Discovery Mission 13 and 14">Mission 13 and 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Object_Camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth Object Camera">NEOCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mission 15 and 16 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">JET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">LIFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_Surveyor" title="Phobos Surveyor">Phobos Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipple_(spacecraft)" title="Whipple (spacecraft)">Whipple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Frontiers_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Missions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:176px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/80px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/120px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/160px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="746" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Finalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mission 2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mission 3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">SAGE</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mission 4 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Nucleus_Dust_and_Organics_Return" title="Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return">CONDOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous,_Sample_Acquisition,_Investigation,_and_Return" title="Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return">CORSAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">ELF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">ELSAH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPRITE_(spacecraft)" title="SPRITE (spacecraft)">SPRITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins Explorer">VOX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Solar_System_Exploration_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Missions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:176px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE instruments</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><u>Underline</u> indicates active current missions</li> <li><i>Italics</i> indicate missions yet to launch</li> <li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_minor_planets_and_comets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Template:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_minor_planets_and_comets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_extraterrestrial_surfaces" title="List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces">List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> (multiple flybys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a> (orbiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#Mission_extension" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2♯</a> (lander)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)"><i>Lucy</i></a> (multiple flybys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a> (orbiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a> (orbiter) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIDA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/90px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/135px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros,_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/90px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/135px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/180px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:243_ida_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/90px-243_ida_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/135px-243_ida_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/180px-243_ida_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="399" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_(32755885495).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/90px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/135px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/180px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deep Impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)">Suisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">International Cometary Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LICIACube" title="LICIACube">LICIACube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9#Pioneer_7" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Rosetta (spacecraft)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MINERVA_(spacecraft)" title="MINERVA (spacecraft)">MINERVA</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1A / HIBOU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1B / OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deep Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIDA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sample return</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a> (multiple flybys and sample return, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a> (multiple flybys, 2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a> (multiple flybys and orbiter, 2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a> (flyby, 2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i> (flybys, 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTER_(spacecraft)" title="ASTER (spacecraft)">ASTER</a> (orbiter, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramses_(spacecraft)" title="Ramses (spacecraft)">Ramses</a> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Probe_(spacecraft)" title="Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)">Interstellar Probe</a></i> (flyby, 2030–2042)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Cancelled or <br />not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGORA_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="AGORA mission">AGORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)#History" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Redirect_Mission" title="Asteroid Redirect Mission">Asteroid Redirect Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(spacecraft)" title="Athena (spacecraft)">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia_(spacecraft)" title="Castalia (spacecraft)">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurus_(spacecraft_mission)" title="Centaurus (spacecraft mission)">Centaurus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(spacecraft)" title="Chimera (spacecraft)">Chimera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_2" title="Clementine 2">Clementine 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Nucleus_Dust_and_Organics_Return" title="Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return">CONDOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous,_Sample_Acquisition,_Investigation,_and_Return" title="Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return">CORSAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous_Asteroid_Flyby" title="Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby">CRAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(spacecraft)" title="HAMMER (spacecraft)">HAMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_Mk2" title="Hayabusa Mk2">Hayabusa Mk2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_(spacecraft)" title="Janus (spacecraft)">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAOSEP" class="mw-redirect" title="MAOSEP">MAOSEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKEANOS" title="OKEANOS">OKEANOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_capture" title="Asteroid capture">Asteroid capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the asteroids">Colonization of asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects">Colonization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li>Probes are listed in chronological order of launch. <sup>†</sup> indicates mission failures.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Planetary_defense" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Planetary_defense" title="Template:Planetary defense"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Planetary_defense" title="Template talk:Planetary defense"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary_defense" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary defense"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Planetary_defense" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Planetary defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">Bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball" title="Earth-grazing fireball">Earth-grazing fireball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_air_burst" title="Meteor air burst">Meteor air burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession" title="Meteor procession">Meteor procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Defense</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_laser_ablation" title="Asteroid laser ablation">Asteroid laser ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_tractor" title="Gravity tractor">Gravity tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion-beam_shepherd" title="Ion-beam shepherd">Ion-beam shepherd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_minor_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Earth-crossing minor planets">Earth-crossing minor planets</a></li> <li>Damage scales <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palermo_Technical_Impact_Hazard_Scale" title="Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale">Palermo scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torino_scale" title="Torino scale">Torino scale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deep Impact</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(spacecraft)" title="HAMMER (spacecraft)">HAMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>DART</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEO</a> tracking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Terrestrial-impact_Last_Alert_System" title="Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System">ATLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina Sky Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Near-Earth_Asteroid_Research" title="Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research">LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory_Near-Earth-Object_Search" title="Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search">LONEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEODyS" title="NEODyS">NEODyS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Object_Surveillance_Satellite" title="Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite">NEOSSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Optical_Ground_Station" title="ESA Optical Ground Station">OGS Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit@home" title="Orbit@home">Orbit@home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Schmidt_CCD_Asteroid_Program" title="Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program">SCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Space_Telescope" title="Sentinel Space Telescope">Sentinel Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_(monitoring_system)" title="Sentry (monitoring system)">Sentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacewatch" title="Spacewatch">Spacewatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B612_Foundation" title="B612 Foundation">B612 Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Spaceguard_Association" title="Japan Spaceguard Association">Japan Spaceguard Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoritical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteoritical Society">Meteoritical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance#Ongoing_projects" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">NEOShield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation" title="The Spaceguard Foundation">The Spaceguard Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office" title="Planetary Defense Coordination Office">Planetary Defense Coordination Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Potential threats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(29075)_1950_DA" title="(29075) 1950 DA">1950 DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">101955 Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_RF12" title="2010 RF12">2010 RF<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">99942 Apophis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Impact_events" title="Category:Impact events">Impact events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_meteoroids" title="Category:Fiction about meteoroids">Fiction about meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_impact_events" title="Category:Fiction about impact events">Fiction about impact events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Exoplanet_search_projects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Exoplanet_search_projects" title="Template:Exoplanet search projects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Exoplanet_search_projects" title="Template talk:Exoplanet search projects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet_search_projects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet search projects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exoplanet_search_projects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_search_projects" title="List of exoplanet search projects">Exoplanet search projects</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Australian_Planet_Search" title="Anglo-Australian Planet Search">AAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Planet_Finder" title="Automated Planet Finder">APF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_1.2-metre_Leonhard_Euler_Telescope" title="Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope">CORALIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East-Asian_Planet_Search_Network" title="East-Asian Planet Search Network">EAPSNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELODIE_spectrograph" title="ELODIE spectrograph">ELODIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_Large_Telescope#Instrumentation" title="Extremely Large Telescope">EPICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPRESSO" title="ESPRESSO">ESPRESSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_Improved_Next-generation_Doppler_Search_for_Exo-Earths" title="Fiber-optic Improved Next-generation Doppler Search for Exo-Earths">FINDS Exo-Earths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Extrasolar_Planet_Search" title="Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search">Geneva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Accuracy_Radial_Velocity_Planet_Searcher" title="High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher">HARPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HARPS-N" title="HARPS-N">HARPS-N</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_Planet_Imager" title="Gemini Planet Imager">GPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HATNet_Project" title="HATNet Project">HATNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_for_Exomoons_with_Kepler" title="Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler">HEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiCIAO" class="mw-redirect" title="HiCIAO">HiCIAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIRES" class="mw-redirect" title="HIRES">HIRES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilodegree_Extremely_Little_Telescope" title="Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope">KELT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lick%E2%80%93Carnegie_Exoplanet_Survey" title="Lick–Carnegie Exoplanet Survey">LCES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_Planet_Search_Program" title="Magellan Planet Search Program">Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARVELS" class="mw-redirect" title="MARVELS">MARVELS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MASCARA" title="MASCARA">MASCARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEarth_Project" title="MEarth Project">MEarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroFUN" title="MicroFUN">MicroFUN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_Exoplanet_Radial_Velocity_Array" title="Miniature Exoplanet Radial Velocity Array">MINERVA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MINERVA-Australis" title="MINERVA-Australis">Australis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlensing_Observations_in_Astrophysics" title="Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics">MOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N2K_Consortium" title="N2K Consortium">N2K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Transit_Survey" title="Next-Generation Transit Survey">NGTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Exoplanet_Spectroscopic_Survey_Instrument" title="New Mexico Exoplanet Spectroscopic Survey Instrument">NESSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Gravitational_Lensing_Experiment" title="Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment">OGLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okayama_Planet_Search_Program" title="Okayama Planet Search Program">OPSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetPol" title="PlanetPol">PlanetPol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_1640" title="Project 1640">Project 1640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRL_Advanced_Radial-velocity_All-sky_Search" title="PRL Advanced Radial-velocity All-sky Search">PARAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Explorations_of_Exoplanets_and_Disks_with_Subaru" title="Strategic Explorations of Exoplanets and Disks with Subaru">SEEDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">SETI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOPHIE_%C3%A9chelle_spectrograph" title="SOPHIE échelle spectrograph">SOPHIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPECULOOS" title="SPECULOOS">SPECULOOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectro-Polarimetric_High-Contrast_Exoplanet_Research" title="Spectro-Polarimetric High-Contrast Exoplanet Research">SPHERE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Angle_Search_for_Planets" title="Wide Angle Search for Planets">SuperWASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_(amateur_extrasolar_planet_search_project)" title="Systemic (amateur extrasolar planet search project)">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Atlantic_Exoplanet_Survey" title="Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey">TrES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XO_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="XO Telescope">XO Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIMPOL/CHEOPS" title="ZIMPOL/CHEOPS">ZIMPOL/CHEOPS</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg/80px-HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg/120px-HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg/160px-HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg/80px-Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg/120px-Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg/160px-Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="416" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LombergA1024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LombergA1024.jpg/80px-LombergA1024.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LombergA1024.jpg/120px-LombergA1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LombergA1024.jpg/160px-LombergA1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="1206" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MOST_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="MOST (satellite)">MOST</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_Window_Eclipsing_Extrasolar_Planet_Search" title="Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search">SWEEPS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">using <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">HST</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">using <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deep Impact</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2008–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2018)</span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope">detected exoplanets</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTERIA_(spacecraft)" title="ASTERIA (spacecraft)">ASTERIA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2029)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(mid-2020s)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Exoplanet_Imaging_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission">HabEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Interferometer_For_Exoplanets" title="Large Interferometer For Exoplanets">LIFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Ultraviolet_Optical_Infrared_Surveyor" title="Large Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor">LUVOIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Deep_Space_Observatory" title="Nautilus Deep Space Observatory">Nautilus Deep Space Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_Mission" title="New Worlds Mission">New Worlds Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_Space_Telescope" title="Origins Space Telescope">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEGASE" title="PEGASE">PEGASE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Interferometry_Mission" title="Space Interferometry Mission">Space Interferometry Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Detection methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries of exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of exoplanets">Lists of exoplanets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_exoplanets" title="List of nearest exoplanets">nearest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanet_search_projects" title="Category:Exoplanet search projects">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Exoplanet_search_projects" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Exoplanet search projects"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="21st-century_space_probes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_probes" title="Template talk:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="21st-century_space_probes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st-century <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">Active space probes</a><br />(deep space missions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2"><i>Yutu-2</i> rover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">TGO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of missions to Mercury">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Jupiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Juice</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">MINERVA-II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstellar space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Completed after 2000</a><br />(by termination date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deep Impact</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)"><i>Yutu</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 1">Longjiang-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>Double Asteroid Redirection Test</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template talk:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_infrared_sounder" title="Atmospheric infrared sounder">Atmospheric infrared sounder</a> (AIRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRACE-FO" class="mw-redirect" title="GRACE-FO">GRACE-FO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a> (LBT)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (MSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_limb_sounder" title="Microwave limb sounder">Microwave limb sounder</a> (MLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer</a> (MISR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_Active_Passive" title="Soil Moisture Active Passive">Soil Moisture Active Passive</a> (SMAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer">Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer</a> (TES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Water_and_Ocean_Topography" title="Surface Water and Ocean Topography">SWOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini-Huygens</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Deep Impact</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">spacecraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)"><i>Genesis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)"><i>Magellan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">Near-Earth Asteroid Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatterometer" title="Scatterometer">NSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuikSCAT" title="QuikSCAT">QuikSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission" title="Shuttle Radar Topography Mission">Shuttle Radar Topography Mission</a> (SRTM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer">Solar Mesosphere Explorer</a> (SME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceborne_Imaging_Radar" title="Spaceborne Imaging Radar">Spaceborne Imaging Radar</a> (SIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">SVLBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPEX/Poseidon" title="TOPEX/Poseidon">TOPEX/Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera" title="Wide Field and Planetary Camera">Wide Field and Planetary Camera</a> (WFPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">Wide Field Infrared Explorer</a> (WIRE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a> (AFL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a> (MAX-C)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Observatory" title="Table Mountain Observatory">Table Mountain Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_Ambassadors" title="Solar System Ambassadors">Solar System Ambassadors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPL_Science_Division" title="JPL Science Division">JPL Science Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2004Orbital_launches_in_20052006_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2005" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2005"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2005" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2005"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2005" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2005"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2004Orbital_launches_in_20052006_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2004_in_spaceflight" title="2004 in spaceflight">← 2004</a></div><a href="/wiki/2005_in_spaceflight" title="2005 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">2005</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2006_in_spaceflight" title="2006 in spaceflight">2006 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deep Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2414&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2414 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2414</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitetsky-Tatyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetsky-Tatyana">Universitetsky-Tatyana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_One_C12" class="mw-redirect" title="Star One C12">AMC-12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-181&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-181 (page does not exist)">USA-181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XTAR-EUR" title="XTAR-EUR">XTAR-EUR</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqsat-B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maqsat-B2 (page does not exist)">Maqsat-B2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sloshsat-FLEVO" title="Sloshsat-FLEVO">Sloshsat-FLEVO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himawari_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Himawari 6">Himawari 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-52" title="Progress M-52">Progress M-52</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=TNS-0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TNS-0 (page does not exist)">TNS-0</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XM-3 (page does not exist)">XM-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat-4_F1" title="Inmarsat-4 F1">Inmarsat-4 F1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekspress_AM-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekspress AM-2 (page does not exist)">Ekspress AM-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA-165" title="USA-165">USA-165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apstar_6" title="Apstar 6">Apstar 6</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-6" title="Soyuz TMA-6">Soyuz TMA-6</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DART_(satellite)" title="DART (satellite)">DART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceway_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceway 1">Spaceway 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-182&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-182 (page does not exist)">USA-182</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-1" title="Cartosat-1">Cartosat-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/HAMSAT" title="HAMSAT">HAMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA-18" title="NOAA-18">NOAA-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV-8" class="mw-redirect" title="DirecTV-8">DirecTV-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foton-M_No.2" title="Foton-M No.2">Foton-M No.2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress-M_53&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress-M 53 (page does not exist)">Progress-M 53</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3K_No.12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3K No.12 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3K No.12</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_1" title="Cosmos 1">Cosmos 1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_28" title="Galaxy 28">Intelsat Americas 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekspress_AM-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekspress AM-3">Ekspress AM-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shijian_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shijian 7 (page does not exist)">Shijian 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Suzaku</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Raffaello MPLM</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanhui_Shi_Weixing" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing">FSW-4 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaicom_4" title="Thaicom 4">Thaicom 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OICETS" title="OICETS">Kirari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reimei" title="Reimei">Reimei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor-E" title="Monitor-E">Monitor-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanhui_Shi_Weixing" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing">FSW-3 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2415&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2415 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2415</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress-M_54&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress-M 54 (page does not exist)">Progress-M 54</a> (<a href="/wiki/SuitSat" title="SuitSat">RadioSkaf</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anik_F1R" class="mw-redirect" title="Anik F1R">Anik F1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-183" title="USA-183">USA-183</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-185&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-185 (page does not exist)">USA-185</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-7" title="Soyuz TMA-7">Soyuz TMA-7</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-1" title="CryoSat-1">CryoSat</a></i></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_6" title="Shenzhou 6">Shenzhou 6</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_3A" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse 3A">Syracuse 3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_15" title="Galaxy 15">Galaxy 15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-186&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-186 (page does not exist)">USA-186</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beijing-1_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beijing-1 (satellite) (page does not exist)">Beijing-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TopSat" title="TopSat">TopSat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sina-1" title="Sina-1">Sina-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Student_Space_Exploration_%26_Technology_Initiative" title="Student Space Exploration & Technology Initiative">SSETI Express</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=CubeSat_Xi-V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CubeSat Xi-V (page does not exist)">CubeSat Xi-V</a>, <a href="/wiki/UWE-1" title="UWE-1">UWE-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/NCUBE-2" class="mw-redirect" title="NCUBE-2">nCUBE-2</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozhaets-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozhaets-5 (page does not exist)">Mozhaets-5</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubin-5 (page does not exist)">Rubin-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat-4_F2" class="mw-redirect" title="Inmarsat-4 F2">Inmarsat-4 F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceway-2" title="Spaceway-2">Spaceway-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telkom-2" title="Telkom-2">Telkom-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress-M_55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress-M 55 (page does not exist)">Progress-M 55</a> <a href="/wiki/Gonets" title="Gonets">Gonets-M</a> No.1, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2416&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2416 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2416</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat 9">Meteosat 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/INSAT-4A" title="INSAT-4A">INSAT-4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2417" title="Kosmos 2417">Kosmos 2417</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2418" title="Kosmos 2418">Kosmos 2418</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2419" title="Kosmos 2419">Kosmos 2419</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-A">GIOVE-A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutelsat_172A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutelsat 172A (page does not exist)">AMC-23</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/34px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li 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