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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etalage"><span>Etalage</span></a></li><li id="n-categories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles"><span>Categorieën</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen" title="Een lijst met recente wijzigingen in deze wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recente wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:NieuwePaginas"><span>Nieuwe artikelen</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Willekeurig" title="Een willekeurige pagina bekijken [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Willekeurige pagina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation2" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation2" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Informatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Gebruikersportaal" title="Informatie over het project: wat u kunt doen, waar u dingen kunt vinden"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-Snelcursus" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Snelcursus"><span>Snelcursus</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Hulp_en_beheer" title="Hulpinformatie over deze wiki"><span>Hulp en contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="de vrije encyclopedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-nl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Zoeken" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Zoeken</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Doorzoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Doorzoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciaal:Zoeken"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Zoeken</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="De lettergrootte, breedte en kleur van de pagina wijzigen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uiterlijk" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uiterlijk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl" class=""><span>Doneren</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Kopergroep" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Kopergroep" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Kopergroep" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Kopergroep" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kopergroep</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 57 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_11_d%27a_tabla_periodica" title="Grupo 11 d'a tabla periodica – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grupo 11 d'a tabla periodica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="عناصر المجموعة الحادية عشرة – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عناصر المجموعة الحادية عشرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupu_11" title="Elementos del grupu 11 – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementos del grupu 11" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vri_sistemin_11-ci_qrupu" title="Dövri sistemin 11-ci qrupu – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövri sistemin 11-ci qrupu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_golongan_11" title="Datu golongan 11 – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Datu golongan 11" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_11_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Група 11 на периодичната система – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Група 11 на периодичната система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="একাদশ শ্রেণীর মৌল – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="একাদশ শ্রেণীর মৌল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="11. grupa hemijskih elemenata – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="11. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_11_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grup 11 de la taula periòdica – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup 11 de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._skupina" title="11. skupina – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="11. skupina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfen_Gr%C5%B5p_11" title="Elfen Grŵp 11 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elfen Grŵp 11" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_11" title="Gruppe 11 – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gruppe 11" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupfergruppe" title="Kupfergruppe – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kupfergruppe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Group 11 element" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_de_grupo_11" title="Elemento de grupo 11 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elemento de grupo 11" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupo_11" title="Elementos del grupo 11 – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elementos del grupo 11" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._taldeko_elementu" title="11. taldeko elementu – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="11. taldeko elementu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B1_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="گروه ۱۱ جدول تناوبی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه ۱۱ جدول تناوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryhm%C3%A4n_11_alkuaine" title="Ryhmän 11 alkuaine – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ryhmän 11 alkuaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_11_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 11 du tableau périodique – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe 11 du tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCntmetal" title="Müntmetal – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Müntmetal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_11" title="Elementos do grupo 11 – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elementos do grupo 11" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_11" title="קבוצת יסודות 11 – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קבוצת יסודות 11" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="समूह ११ तत्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समूह ११ तत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%AD%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="11-րդ խմբի տարրեր – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="11-րդ խմբի տարրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11 – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unsur golongan 11" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumefni_%C3%AD_flokki_11" title="Frumefni í flokki 11 – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumefni í flokki 11" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_del_gruppo_11" title="Elementi del gruppo 11 – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elementi del gruppo 11" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC11%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第11族元素 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第11族元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="11족 원소 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="11족 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_11_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grupp 11 de la taula periòdica – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grupp 11 de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABmotu_r%C5%8Dp%C5%AB_11" title="Pūmotu rōpū 11 – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pūmotu rōpū 11" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_11_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Група 11 на периодниот систем – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Група 11 на периодниот систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_11" title="Unsur kumpulan 11 – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unsur kumpulan 11" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_11" title="Gruppe 11 – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gruppe 11" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodesystemets_gruppe_11" title="Periodesystemets gruppe 11 – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Periodesystemets gruppe 11" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA_11_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 11 ਤੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 11 ਤੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miedziowce" title="Miedziowce – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miedziowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_11" title="Elementos do Grupo 11 – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elementos do Grupo 11" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_11_din_tabelul_periodic" title="Grupa 11 din tabelul periodic – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grupa 11 din tabelul periodic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Подгруппа меди – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подгруппа меди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Group 11 element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._skupina" title="11. skupina – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="11. skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakrova_skupina" title="Bakrova skupina – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bakrova skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruubka_11" title="Guruubka 11 – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Guruubka 11" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupi_i_nj%C3%ABmb%C3%ABdhjet%C3%AB_i_elementeve_kimike" title="Grupi i njëmbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupi i njëmbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="11. група хемијских елемената – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="11. група хемијских елемената" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppargruppen" title="Koppargruppen – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koppargruppen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_ya_kundi_la_11" title="Elementi ya kundi la 11 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elementi ya kundi la 11" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81_11_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நெடுங்குழு 11 தனிமங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெடுங்குழு 11 தனிமங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_11_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="గ్రూప్ 11 మూలకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రూప్ 11 మూలకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chemische_groep" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemische groep">Chemische groepen</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkalimetaal" title="Alkalimetaal">Alkalimetalen</a> (1) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aardalkalimetaal" title="Aardalkalimetaal">Aardalkalimetalen</a> (2) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandiumgroep" title="Scandiumgroep">Scandiumgroep</a> (3) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titaangroep" title="Titaangroep">Titaangroep</a> (4) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadiumgroep" title="Vanadiumgroep">Vanadiumgroep</a> (5) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chroomgroep" title="Chroomgroep">Chroomgroep</a> (6) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangaangroep" title="Mangaangroep">Mangaangroep</a> (7) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinagroep" title="Platinagroep">Platinagroep</a> (8, 9 en 10) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kopergroep</a> (11) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinkgroep" title="Zinkgroep">Zinkgroep</a> (12) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boorgroep" title="Boorgroep">Boorgroep</a> (13) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koolstofgroep" title="Koolstofgroep">Koolstofgroep</a> (14) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stikstofgroep" title="Stikstofgroep">Stikstofgroep</a> (15) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuurstofgroep" title="Zuurstofgroep">Zuurstofgroep</a> (16) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogeen" title="Halogeen">Halogenen</a> (17) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edelgas" title="Edelgas">Edelgassen</a> (18) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthaniden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actiniden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;">Portaal  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Portaal:Scheikunde" title="Portaal:Scheikunde">Scheikunde</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>De elementen van de <b>kopergroep</b> (<a href="/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>-groepsnummer 11, vroeger bekend als Ib) uit het <a href="/wiki/Periodiek_systeem" title="Periodiek systeem">periodiek systeem</a> staan bekend als de <i>edele metalen</i>. Vroeger werden ze ook wel de <i>muntmetalen</i> genoemd. Ze zijn relatief <a href="/wiki/Chemisch_inert" title="Chemisch inert">inert</a>, niet corrosiegevoelig en zeer goede <a href="/wiki/Elektriciteit" title="Elektriciteit">elektriciteitsgeleiders</a>. Daarom worden deze metalen, net als de elementen uit de <a href="/wiki/Zinkgroep" title="Zinkgroep">zinkgroep</a>, vaak voor muntgeld gebruikt; dat verklaart ook hun oude naam. </p><p>Deze metalen, in het bijzonder <a href="/wiki/Zilver_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zilver (hoofdbetekenis)">zilver</a>, worden als gevolg van hun opmerkelijke eigenschappen, naast voor munten en sieraden, ook in de industrie veelvuldig toegepast. Hoewel zilver nog betere geleidende eigenschappen heeft, zowel elektrisch als thermisch, wordt <a href="/wiki/Koper_(element)" title="Koper (element)">koper</a> het meest gebruikt in elektrische bedrading. De reden hiervoor is duidelijk: zilver is, net als <a href="/wiki/Goud_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goud (hoofdbetekenis)">goud</a>, erg duur. Het enige nadeel van deze metalen is dat ze vrij zacht zijn en dus gemakkelijk kunnen beschadigen. Daarom worden ze meestal niet in zuivere vorm voor bijvoorbeeld munten gebruikt. <a href="/wiki/Legering" title="Legering">Legeringen</a> met andere metalen maken de duurzaamheid groter. </p><p>Zij hebben een vrij lange elektronische relaxatietijd, of anders gezegd een elektron kan vrij ver komen voor het in zijn beweging gestoord wordt door een botsing met bijvoorbeeld een ander elektron. Zij hebben ook een <a href="/wiki/Plasmafrequentie" title="Plasmafrequentie">plasmafrequentie</a> die niet ver van het zichtbare gebied van het elektromagnetisch spectrum ligt. Dit verklaart ook het feit dat koper en goud gekleurde metalen zijn. De metalen uit de kopergroep zijn de hekkensluiters van de d-<a href="/wiki/Overgangsmetaal" title="Overgangsmetaal">overgangsmetaalreeksen</a>. Hoewel voor koper en goud hogere oxidatiegetallen niet ongewoon zijn, vormen alle drie metalen +1 ionen met een volle nd<sup>10</sup> <a href="/wiki/Elektronenconfiguratie" title="Elektronenconfiguratie">elektronenconfiguratie</a>. Voor zilver is dat vrijwel de enige oxidatietoestand. </p><p>Koper vormt Cu<sup>2+</sup> (3d<sup>9</sup>), maar alleen in combinatie met vrij sterke <a href="/wiki/Oxidator" title="Oxidator">oxidatoren</a>. Bijvoorbeeld van de <a href="/wiki/Halogeen" title="Halogeen">halogenen</a> zijn <a href="/wiki/Fluor_(element)" title="Fluor (element)">fluor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloor_(element)" title="Chloor (element)">chloor</a> en <a href="/wiki/Broom_(element)" title="Broom (element)">broom</a> in staat een dihalogenide CuX<sub>2</sub> te vormen, maar Cu<sup>2+</sup> is een sterkere oxidator dan <a href="/wiki/Di-jood" title="Di-jood">jodium</a>. Wanneer een oplossing van Cu<sup>2+</sup> bij een jodide-oplossing gevoegd wordt, ontstaat er jodium: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {{Cu2+}+I-->{Cu+}+I\cdot }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>Cu</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>I</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>Cu</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>I</mtext> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {{Cu2+}+I-->{Cu+}+I\cdot }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/faf253093255bb2339ebf8d36244497390fb0aec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.874ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {{Cu2+}+I-->{Cu+}+I\cdot }}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Het ene ontbrekende d-elektron wordt aangevuld en het 'gat' doorgegeven aan het jodiumatoom, dat nu een incompleet gevulde buitenschil heeft en combineert met een tweede jodiumatoom om een molecuul te vormen, dat als damp ontwijken kan: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2I\cdot ->I2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>I</mtext> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>I</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2I\cdot ->I2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d8bffb4077762cbc81ef2dae387f3fe842f6202" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.026ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2I\cdot ->I2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Met <a href="/wiki/Zwavel" title="Zwavel">zwavel</a> dat in elektronegativiteit niet veel verschilt gebeurt iets vergelijkbaars in de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koperchalcogenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koperchalcogenide (de pagina bestaat niet)">koperchalcogeniden</a>. </p><p>Ook de driewaardige verbindingen van goud zoals het chloroauraat-ion <a href="/wiki/Goud_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goud (hoofdbetekenis)">Au</a><a href="/wiki/Chloor_(element)" title="Chloor (element)">Cl</a><sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> is een sterke oxidator, die gemakkelijk weer goud terugvormt wanneer het in contact komt met een <a href="/wiki/Reductor" title="Reductor">reductor</a>. </p><p>De reactie met citraat kan gemakkelijk goud in <a href="/wiki/Collo%C3%AFde" title="Colloïde">colloïdale</a> <a href="/wiki/Suspensie_(scheikunde)" title="Suspensie (scheikunde)">suspensie</a> vormen met gouddeeltjes van 3-20 nanometer. Deze nanopartikels zijn een geliefd onderwerp van studie als deel van de speurtocht naar <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnologie" title="Nanotechnologie">nanotechnologie</a>. Dit is ook het geval voor zilver en - in mindere mate - koper. </p><p>Een ander eigenaardigheid van de muntmetaalionen - met name van <a href="/wiki/Koper_(element)" title="Koper (element)">Cu</a><sup>+</sup> en <a href="/wiki/Zilver_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zilver (hoofdbetekenis)">Ag</a><sup>+</sup> - is dat zij weinig voorkeur voor een omringing met hoge symmetrie hebben. Zij voelen zich in allerlei omringingen redelijk goed thuis en dat betekent dat zij vaak van de ene positie naar de andere kunnen 'springen' binnen het rooster van een vaste stof. Zij vormen daarom - vooral in jodiden en oxiden - bij wat hogere temperaturen superionengeleiders. In deze verbindingen zijn de anionroosters vaste roosters, maar de metaalsubroosters zijn min of meer vloeibaar. Deze vaste ionengeleiders worden wel als vaste <a href="/wiki/Elektrolyt" title="Elektrolyt">elektrolyten</a> toegepast in batterijen. </p><p>De elementen in de kopergroep zijn in het periodiek systeem hieronder gekleurd. </p> <table style="font-size:85%; padding:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center" border="0" align="center" class="vatop"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkalimetaal" title="Alkalimetaal">1<br />Ia</a></th> <th colspan="16"></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Edelgas" title="Edelgas">18<br />0</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Periode-1-element" title="Periode-1-element">1</a> </th> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">1<br /><a href="/wiki/Waterstof_(element)" title="Waterstof (element)">H</a> </td> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Aardalkalimetaal" title="Aardalkalimetaal">2<br />IIa</a> </th> <th colspan="10" style="text-align:center"><big><a href="/wiki/Periodiek_systeem" title="Periodiek systeem">Periodiek systeem</a></big> </th> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Boorgroep" title="Boorgroep">13<br />IIIa</a> </th> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Koolstofgroep" title="Koolstofgroep">14<br />IVa</a> </th> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Stikstofgroep" title="Stikstofgroep">15<br />Va</a> </th> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Zuurstofgroep" title="Zuurstofgroep">16<br />VIa</a> </th> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Halogeen" title="Halogeen">17<br />VIIa</a> </th> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">2<br /><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Periode-2-element" title="Periode-2-element">2</a> </th> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">3<br /><a href="/wiki/Lithium_(element)" title="Lithium (element)">Li</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">4<br /><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="10" align="center"> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">5<br /><a href="/wiki/Boor_(element)" title="Boor (element)">B</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">6<br /><a href="/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">C</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">7<br /><a href="/wiki/Stikstof_(element)" title="Stikstof (element)">N</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">8<br /><a href="/wiki/Zuurstof_(element)" title="Zuurstof (element)">O</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">9<br /><a href="/wiki/Fluor_(element)" title="Fluor (element)">F</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">10<br /><a href="/wiki/Neon_(element)" title="Neon (element)">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Periode-3-element" title="Periode-3-element">3</a> </th> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">11<br /><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">12<br /><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Scandiumgroep" title="Scandiumgroep">3<br />IIIb</a> </th> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Titaangroep" title="Titaangroep">4<br />IVb</a> </th> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadiumgroep" title="Vanadiumgroep">5<br />Vb</a> </th> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Chroomgroep" title="Chroomgroep">6<br />VIb</a> </th> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Mangaangroep" title="Mangaangroep">7<br />VIIb</a> </th> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Platinagroep" title="Platinagroep">8<br />VIIIb</a> </th> <th style="vertical-align: middle;">9<br />VIIIb </th> <th style="vertical-align: middle;">10<br />VIIIb </th> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">11<br />Ib</a> </th> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Zinkgroep" title="Zinkgroep">12<br />IIb</a> </th> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">13<br /><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">14<br /><a href="/wiki/Silicium" title="Silicium">Si</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">15<br /><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">P</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">16<br /><a href="/wiki/Zwavel" title="Zwavel">S</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">17<br /><a href="/wiki/Chloor_(element)" title="Chloor (element)">Cl</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">18<br /><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Periode-4-element" title="Periode-4-element">4</a> </th> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">19<br /><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">20<br /><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">21<br /><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">22<br /><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">23<br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">24<br /><a href="/wiki/Chroom_(element)" title="Chroom (element)">Cr</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">25<br /><a href="/wiki/Mangaan" title="Mangaan">Mn</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">26<br /><a href="/wiki/IJzer_(element)" title="IJzer (element)">Fe</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">27<br /><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">28<br /><a href="/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#bff">29<br /><a href="/wiki/Koper_(element)" title="Koper (element)">Cu</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">30<br /><a href="/wiki/Zink_(element)" title="Zink (element)">Zn</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">31<br /><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">32<br /><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">33<br /><a href="/wiki/Arseen" title="Arseen">As</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">34<br /><a href="/wiki/Seleen" title="Seleen">Se</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">35<br /><a href="/wiki/Broom_(element)" title="Broom (element)">Br</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">36<br /><a href="/wiki/Krypton_(element)" title="Krypton (element)">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Periode-5-element" title="Periode-5-element">5</a> </th> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">37<br /><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">38<br /><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">39<br /><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">40<br /><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">41<br /><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">42<br /><a href="/wiki/Molybdeen" title="Molybdeen">Mo</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">43<br /><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">44<br /><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">45<br /><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">46<br /><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(element)" title="Palladium (element)">Pd</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#bff">47<br /><a href="/wiki/Zilver" title="Zilver">Ag</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">48<br /><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">49<br /><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">50<br /><a href="/wiki/Tin_(element)" title="Tin (element)">Sn</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">51<br /><a href="/wiki/Antimoon" title="Antimoon">Sb</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">52<br /><a href="/wiki/Telluur" title="Telluur">Te</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">53<br /><a href="/wiki/Jodium_(element)" title="Jodium (element)">I</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">54<br /><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Periode-6-element" title="Periode-6-element">6</a> </th> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">55<br /><a href="/wiki/Cesium" title="Cesium">Cs</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">56<br /><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; vertical-align: middle;" bgcolor="#777"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">↓</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">72<br /><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">73<br /><a href="/wiki/Tantaal" title="Tantaal">Ta</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">74<br /><a href="/wiki/Wolfraam" title="Wolfraam">W</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">75<br /><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">76<br /><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">77<br /><a href="/wiki/Iridium_(element)" title="Iridium (element)">Ir</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">78<br /><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#bff">79<br /><a href="/wiki/Goud" title="Goud">Au</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">80<br /><a href="/wiki/Kwik" title="Kwik">Hg</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">81<br /><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">82<br /><a href="/wiki/Lood_(element)" title="Lood (element)">Pb</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">83<br /><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">84<br /><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">85<br /><a href="/wiki/Astaat" title="Astaat">At</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">86<br /><a href="/wiki/Radon_(element)" title="Radon (element)">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Periode-7-element" title="Periode-7-element">7</a> </th> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">87<br /><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">88<br /><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; vertical-align: middle;" bgcolor="#777"><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">↓↓</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">104<br /><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">105<br /><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">106<br /><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">107<br /><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">108<br /><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">109<br /><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">110<br /><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#bff">111<br /><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenium" title="Röntgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">112<br /><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">113<br /><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">114<br /><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">115<br /><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">116<br /><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">117<br /><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td width="40" style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">118<br /><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19">  </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthaniden</a> </th> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">57<br /><a href="/wiki/Lanthaan" title="Lanthaan">La</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">58<br /><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">59<br /><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">60<br /><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">61<br /><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">62<br /><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">63<br /><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">64<br /><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">65<br /><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">66<br /><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">67<br /><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">68<br /><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">69<br /><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">70<br /><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">71<br /><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actiniden</a> </th> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">89<br /><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">90<br /><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">91<br /><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">92<br /><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">93<br /><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">94<br /><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">95<br /><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">96<br /><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">97<br /><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">98<br /><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">99<br /><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">100<br /><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">101<br /><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">102<br /><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" bgcolor="#999">103<br /><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" 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