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W. N. Pugin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A._W._N._Pugin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Ruskin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Ruskin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>John Ruskin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Ruskin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_Morris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_Morris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>William Morris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_Morris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_design_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_design_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Social and design principles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_design_principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social and design principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_design_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critique_of_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Critique of industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_with_other_reform_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_other_reform_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Association with other reform movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_with_other_reform_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Later influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>By region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_British_Isles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_British_Isles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The British Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_British_Isles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Continental Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Architecture and art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architectural_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Architectural examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garden_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garden_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Garden design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garden_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Art education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leading_practitioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leading_practitioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Leading practitioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leading_practitioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorative_arts_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorative_arts_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Decorative arts gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorative_arts_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography and further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81" title="حركة الفنون والحرف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة الفنون والحرف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Изкуства и занаяти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изкуства и занаяти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_Crafts" title="Art and Crafts – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Art and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" title="Arts and Crafts – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arts and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnut%C3%AD_um%C4%9Bleck%C3%BDch_%C5%99emesel" title="Hnutí uměleckých řemesel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hnutí uměleckých řemesel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Mudiad_Celf_a_Chrefft" title="Y Mudiad Celf a Chrefft – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Mudiad Celf a Chrefft" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" title="Arts and Crafts – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arts and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement" title="Arts and Crafts Movement – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arts and Crafts Movement" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" title="Arts and Crafts – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arts and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_Arts_and_Crafts" title="Κίνημα Arts and Crafts – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίνημα Arts and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" title="Arts and Crafts – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arts and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artoj_kaj_Metioj" title="Artoj kaj Metioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Artoj kaj Metioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" title="Arts and Crafts – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arts and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%88_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87" title="جنبش هنر و پیشه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش هنر و پیشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement" title="Arts and Crafts Movement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arts and Crafts Movement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluaiseacht_na_nEala%C3%ADon_agus_na_Cearda%C3%ADochta" title="Gluaiseacht na nEalaíon agus na Ceardaíochta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gluaiseacht na nEalaíon agus na Ceardaíochta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_%26_Crafts" title="Arts & Crafts – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arts & Crafts" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%A4_%ED%81%AC%EB%9E%98%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="아트 앤 크래프트 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아트 앤 크래프트 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" title="Arts and Crafts – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arts and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_seni_dan_kriya" title="Gerakan seni dan kriya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan seni dan kriya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" title="Arts and Crafts – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arts and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תנועת האמנויות והאומנויות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנועת האמנויות והאומנויות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93-%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="არტს-ენდ-კრაფტსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არტს-ენდ-კრაფტსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_mozgalom" title="Arts and Crafts mozgalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arts and Crafts mozgalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="ارتس اند كرافتس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارتس اند كرافتس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts-and-craftsbeweging" title="Arts-and-craftsbeweging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arts-and-craftsbeweging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%83%84%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="アーツ・アンド・クラフツ運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーツ・アンド・クラフツ運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" title="Arts and Crafts – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arts and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" title="Arts and Crafts – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arts and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%E2%80%99at_va_hunarmandchilik_harakati" title="San’at va hunarmandchilik harakati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="San’at va hunarmandchilik harakati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%90_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%DA%81%DA%9A%D8%AA" title="د دندې او هنر خوځښت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د دندې او هنر خوځښت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement" title="Arts and Crafts Movement – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arts and Crafts Movement" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_%26_Crafts" title="Arts & Crafts – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arts & Crafts" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C8%99carea_Arts_and_Crafts" title="Mișcarea Arts and Crafts – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mișcarea Arts and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Искусства и ремёсла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Искусства и ремёсла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="කලා සහ අත්කම් ව්‍යාපාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කලා සහ අත්කම් ව්‍යාපාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" title="Arts and Crafts – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arts and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Покрет уметности и занатства – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Покрет уметности и занатства" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" title="Arts and Crafts – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arts and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_crafts" title="Arts and crafts – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arts and crafts" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" title="Arts and Crafts – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arts and Crafts" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆர்ட்சு அன்டு கிறாஃப்ட்சு இயக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர்ட்சு அன்டு கிறாஃப்ட்சு இயக்கம்" 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href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E5%B7%A5%E8%89%BA%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="艺术与工艺运动 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艺术与工艺运动" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q330369#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the art and design movement. For handicrafts generally, see <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">Handicraft</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Arts_%26_Crafts_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Arts & Crafts (disambiguation)">Arts & Crafts (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg/300px-William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg/450px-William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg/600px-William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>' design for Trellis wallpaper, 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Arts and Crafts movement</b> was an international trend in the <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fine_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine arts">fine arts</a> that developed earliest and most fully in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a><sup id="cite_ref-grove_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently spread across the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and to the rest of Europe and America.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initiated in reaction against the perceived impoverishment of the decorative arts and the conditions in which they were produced,<sup id="cite_ref-king_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the movement flourished in Europe and North America between about 1880 and 1920. Some consider that it is the root of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a>, a British expression of what later came to be called the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others consider that it is the incarnation of Art Nouveau in England.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others consider Art and Crafts to be in opposition to Art Nouveau.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arts and Crafts indeed criticized Art Nouveau for its use of industrial materials such as iron. And as for Art Nouveau artists, the Arts and Crafts utopia was intrinsically contradictory: "the paradoxical confinement of the Arts & Crafts movement in an artisanal practice was completely out of step with the evolution of the status of the artist-decorator, but also with the democratic will of an art 'for the people and by the people' proclaimed by William Morris".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, while <a href="/wiki/Henry_van_de_Velde" title="Henry van de Velde">Henry van de Velde</a> understood the social discourse of Arts and Crafts, he was not an unconditional disciple of the movement and ended up turning away from it, considering it as anachronistic and tinged with <a href="/wiki/Quixotism" title="Quixotism">quixotism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, it emerged in the 1920s as the <a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a> movement. It stood for traditional craftsmanship, and often used <a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk</a> styles of decoration. It advocated economic and social reform and was anti-industrial in its orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-king_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a strong influence on the arts in Europe until it was displaced by <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> in the 1930s,<sup id="cite_ref-grove_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its influence continued among craft makers, designers, and town planners long afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-maccarthy2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maccarthy2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was first used by <a href="/wiki/T._J._Cobden-Sanderson" title="T. J. Cobden-Sanderson">T. J. Cobden-Sanderson</a> at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Exhibition_Society" title="Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society">Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society</a> in 1887,<sup id="cite_ref-crawford_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawford-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the principles and style on which it was based had been developing in England for at least 20 years. It was inspired by the ideas of historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, art critic <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, and designer <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-triggs_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triggs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scotland, it is associated with key figures such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh" title="Charles Rennie Mackintosh">Charles Rennie Mackintosh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viollet le Duc's books on nature and Gothique art also play an essential part in the esthetics of the Arts and Crafts movement. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_influences">Origins and influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_reform">Design reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arts and Crafts movement emerged from the attempt to reform design and decoration in mid-19th century Britain. It was a reaction against a perceived decline in standards that the reformers associated with machinery and factory production. Their critique was sharpened by the items that they saw in <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition of 1851">the Great Exhibition of 1851</a>, which they considered to be excessively <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ornate" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ornate">ornate</a>, artificial, and ignorant of the qualities of the materials used. Art historian <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a> writes that the exhibits showed "ignorance of that basic need in creating patterns, the integrity of the surface", as well as displaying "vulgarity in detail".<sup id="cite_ref-pevsner_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pevsner-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Design reform began with Exhibition organizers <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cole_(inventor)" title="Henry Cole (inventor)">Henry Cole</a> (1808–1882), <a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)" title="Owen Jones (architect)">Owen Jones</a> (1809–1874), <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Digby_Wyatt" title="Matthew Digby Wyatt">Matthew Digby Wyatt</a> (1820–1877), and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Redgrave" title="Richard Redgrave">Richard Redgrave</a> (1804–1888),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of whom deprecated excessive ornament and impractical or badly-made things.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197121_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197121-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organizers were "unanimous in their condemnation of the exhibits."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197120_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197120-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owen Jones, for example, complained that "the architect, the upholsterer, the paper-stainer, the weaver, the calico-printer, and the potter" produced "novelty without beauty, or beauty without intelligence."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197120_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197120-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these criticisms of manufactured goods emerged several publications that set out what the writers considered to be the correct principles of design. Richard Redgrave's <i>Supplementary Report on Design</i> (1852) analysed the principles of design and ornament and pleaded for "more logic in the application of decoration."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197121_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197121-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other works followed in a similar vein, such as Wyatt's <i>Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century</i> (1853), <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Semper" title="Gottfried Semper">Gottfried Semper</a>'s <i>Wissenschaft, Industrie und Kunst</i> ("Science, Industry and Art") (1852), <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Wornum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Wornum">Ralph Wornum</a>'s <i>Analysis of Ornament</i> (1856), Redgrave's <i>Manual of Design</i> (1876), and Jones's <i>Grammar of Ornament</i> (1856).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197121_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197121-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Grammar of Ornament</i> was particularly influential, liberally distributed as a student prize and running into nine reprints by 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197121_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197121-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jones declared that ornament "must be secondary to the thing decorated", that there must be "fitness in the ornament to the thing ornamented", and that wallpapers and carpets must not have any patterns "suggestive of anything but a level or plain".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fabric or wallpaper in the Great Exhibition might be decorated with a natural motif made to look as real as possible, whereas these writers advocated flat and simplified natural motifs. Redgrave insisted that "style" demanded sound construction before ornamentation, and a proper awareness of the quality of materials used. "<i>Utility</i> must have precedence over ornamentation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197122_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197122-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_(first_page).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_%28first_page%29.jpg/240px-Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_%28first_page%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_%28first_page%29.jpg/360px-Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_%28first_page%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_%28first_page%29.jpg/480px-Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_%28first_page%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i>The Nature of Gothic</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, printed by <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kelmscott_Press" title="Kelmscott Press">Kelmscott Press</a> in 1892 in his <a href="/wiki/Golden_Type" title="Golden Type">Golden Type</a> inspired by the 15th-century printer <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Jenson" title="Nicolas Jenson">Nicolas Jenson</a>. This chapter from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a></i> was a sort of manifesto for the Arts and Crafts movement.</figcaption></figure> <p>However, the design reformers of the mid-19th century did not go as far as the designers of the Arts and Crafts movement. They were more concerned with ornamentation than construction, they had an incomplete understanding of methods of manufacture,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197122_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197122-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they did not criticise industrial methods as such. By contrast, the Arts and Crafts movement was as much a movement of social reform as design reform, and its leading practitioners did not separate the two. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A._W._N._Pugin">A. W. N. Pugin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: A. W. N. Pugin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Grange,_Ramsgate_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Grange%2C_Ramsgate_1.jpg/260px-The_Grange%2C_Ramsgate_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Grange%2C_Ramsgate_1.jpg/390px-The_Grange%2C_Ramsgate_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Grange%2C_Ramsgate_1.jpg/520px-The_Grange%2C_Ramsgate_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Pugin</a>'s house "The Grange" in <a href="/wiki/Ramsgate" title="Ramsgate">Ramsgate</a>, from 1843. Its simplified Gothic style, adapted to domestic building, helped shape the architecture of the Arts and Crafts movement.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the ideas of the movement were anticipated by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Augustus Pugin</a> (1812–1852), a leader in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival in architecture</a>. For example, he advocated truth to material, structure, and function, as did the Arts and Crafts artists.<sup id="cite_ref-V&A_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V&A-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pugin articulated the tendency of social critics to compare the faults of modern society with the Middle Ages,<sup id="cite_ref-hill_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the sprawling growth of cities and the treatment of the poor – a tendency that became routine with Ruskin, Morris, and the Arts and Crafts movement. His book <i>Contrasts</i> (1836) drew examples of bad modern buildings and town planning in contrast with good medieval examples, and his biographer <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Hill" title="Rosemary Hill">Rosemary Hill</a> notes that he "reached conclusions, almost in passing, about the importance of craftsmanship and tradition in architecture that it would take the rest of the century and the combined efforts of Ruskin and Morris to work out in detail." She describes the spare furnishings which he specified for a building in 1841, "rush chairs, oak tables", as "the Arts and Crafts interior in embryo."<sup id="cite_ref-hill_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Ruskin">John Ruskin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: John Ruskin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arts and Crafts philosophy was derived in large measure from <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>'s social criticism, deeply influenced by the work of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruskin related the moral and social health of a nation to the qualities of its architecture and to the nature of its work. Ruskin considered the sort of mechanized production and division of labour that had been created in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial revolution">industrial revolution</a> to be "servile labour", and he thought that a healthy and moral society required independent workers who designed the things that they made. He believed factory-made works to be "dishonest," and that handwork and craftsmanship merged dignity with labour.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the artistic side Ruskin was influenced by his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Viollet le Duc</a> whom he taught to all of his pupils. In a letter to one of his pupils Ruskin writes : "There is only one book of any value and that is the Dictionnary of Viollet le Duc. Everyone should learn French". And according to some Ruskin's influence on Arts and Crafts was supplanted in 1860 by that of Viollet le Duc.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His followers favoured craft production over industrial manufacture and were concerned about the loss of traditional skills, but they were more troubled by the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Factory_system" title="Factory system">factory system</a> than by machinery itself.<sup id="cite_ref-sarsby_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarsby-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Morris's idea of "handicraft" was essentially work without any division of labour rather than work without any sort of machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-pye_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pye-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris admired Ruskin's <i>The Seven Lamps of Architecture</i> and <i>The Stones of Venice</i> and had read <i>Modern Painters</i>, but he did not share Ruskin's admiration for <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his writings on art indicate a lack of interest in easel painting as such. On his side, Ruskin dissented firmly from the idea that became Arts-and-Crafts orthodoxy, that decoration should be flat and should not represent three-dimensional forms.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_Morris">William Morris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: William Morris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Morris_age_53.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/William_Morris_age_53.jpg/170px-William_Morris_age_53.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/William_Morris_age_53.jpg/255px-William_Morris_age_53.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/William_Morris_age_53.jpg/340px-William_Morris_age_53.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption>William Morris, a textile designer who was a key influence on the Arts and Crafts movement</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> (1834–1896) was the towering figure in late 19th-century design and the main influence on the Arts and Crafts movement. The aesthetic and social vision of the movement grew out of ideas that he developed in the 1850s with the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Set" title="Birmingham Set">Birmingham Set</a> – a group of students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> including <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a>, who combined a love of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature" title="Romantic literature">Romantic literature</a> with a commitment to social reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197196–97_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197196–97-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_William_Mackail" title="John William Mackail">John William Mackail</a> notes that "Carlyle's <i><a href="/wiki/Past_and_Present_(book)" title="Past and Present (book)">Past and Present</a></i> stood alongside of [Ruskin's] <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a></i> as inspired and absolute truth."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medievalism of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Malory</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Morte_d%27Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Morte d'Arthur">Morte d'Arthur</a></i> set the standard for their early style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildman199849_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildman199849-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Burne-Jones' words, they intended to "wage Holy warfare against the age".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197197_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197197-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Red_House,_Bexleyheath.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_Red_House%2C_Bexleyheath.JPG/220px-The_Red_House%2C_Bexleyheath.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_Red_House%2C_Bexleyheath.JPG/330px-The_Red_House%2C_Bexleyheath.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_Red_House%2C_Bexleyheath.JPG/440px-The_Red_House%2C_Bexleyheath.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>William Morris's <a href="/wiki/Red_House,_Bexleyheath" title="Red House, Bexleyheath">Red House</a> in Bexleyheath, designed by Philip Webb and completed in 1860; one of the most significant buildings of the Arts and Crafts movement<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Morris began experimenting with various crafts and designing furniture and interiors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy2009_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was personally involved in manufacture as well as design,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy2009_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was the hallmark of the Arts and Crafts movement. Ruskin had argued that the separation of the intellectual act of design from the manual act of physical creation was both socially and aesthetically damaging. Morris further developed this idea, insisting that no work should be carried out in his workshops before he had personally mastered the appropriate techniques and materials, arguing that "without dignified, creative human occupation people became disconnected from life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy2009_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morris_and_Company_Weaving_at_Merton_Abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Morris_and_Company_Weaving_at_Merton_Abbey.jpg/220px-Morris_and_Company_Weaving_at_Merton_Abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Morris_and_Company_Weaving_at_Merton_Abbey.jpg/330px-Morris_and_Company_Weaving_at_Merton_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Morris_and_Company_Weaving_at_Merton_Abbey.jpg/440px-Morris_and_Company_Weaving_at_Merton_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption>The weaving shed in Morris & Co's factory at <a href="/wiki/Merton,_London_(parish)" title="Merton, London (parish)">Merton</a>, which opened in the 1880s</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1861, Morris began making furniture and decorative objects commercially, modelling his designs on medieval styles and using bold forms and strong colours. His patterns were based on flora and fauna, and his products were inspired by the vernacular or domestic traditions of the British countryside. Some were deliberately left unfinished in order to display the beauty of the materials and the work of the craftsman, thus creating a rustic appearance. Morris strove to unite all the arts within the decoration of the home, emphasizing nature and simplicity of form.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_design_principles">Social and design principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social and design principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <p>Unlike their counterparts in the United States, most Arts and Crafts practitioners in Britain had strong, slightly incoherent, negative feelings about machinery. They thought of 'the craftsman' as free, creative, and working with his hands, 'the machine' as soulless, repetitive, and inhuman. These contrasting images derive in part from John Ruskin's (1819–1900) <i>The Stones of Venice</i>, an architectural history of Venice that contains a powerful denunciation of modern industrialism to which Arts and Crafts designers returned again and again. Distrust for the machine lay behind the many little workshops that turned their backs on the industrial world around 1900, using preindustrial techniques to create what they called 'crafts.' </p><p>— Alan Crawford, "<a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_Smith_Benson" title="William Arthur Smith Benson">W. A. S. Benson</a>, Machinery, and the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critique_of_industry">Critique of industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Critique of industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Morris shared Ruskin's critique of industrial society and at one time or another attacked the modern factory, the use of machinery, the division of labor, capitalism and the loss of traditional craft methods. But his attitude to machinery was inconsistent. He said at one point that production by machinery was "altogether an evil",<sup id="cite_ref-pevsner_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pevsner-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but at others times, he was willing to commission work from manufacturers who were able to meet his standards with the aid of machines.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris said that in a "true society", where neither luxuries nor cheap trash were made, machinery could be improved and used to reduce the hours of labor.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultural historian <a href="/wiki/Fiona_MacCarthy" title="Fiona MacCarthy">Fiona McCarthy</a> said of Morris that "unlike later zealots like <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a>, William Morris had no practical objections to the use of machinery <i>per se</i> so long as the machines produced the quality he needed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994351_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994351-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morris insisted that the artist should be a craftsman-designer working by hand<sup id="cite_ref-pevsner_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pevsner-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and advocated a society of free craftspeople, such as he believed had existed during the Middle Ages. "Because craftsmen took pleasure in their work", he wrote, "the Middle Ages was a period of greatness in the art of the common people. ... The treasures in our museums now are only the common utensils used in households of that age, when hundreds of medieval churches – each one a masterpiece – were built by unsophisticated peasants."<sup id="cite_ref-mingei_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mingei-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval art was the model for much of Arts and Crafts design, and medieval life, literature and building was idealized by the movement. </p><p>Morris's followers also had differing views about machinery and the factory system. For example, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Ashbee" title="Charles Robert Ashbee">C. R. Ashbee</a>, a central figure in the Arts and Crafts movement, said in 1888, that, "We do not reject the machine, we welcome it. But we would desire to see it mastered."<sup id="cite_ref-pevsner_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pevsner-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After unsuccessfully pitting his Guild and School of Handicraft guild against modern methods of manufacture, he acknowledged that "Modern civilisation rests on machinery",<sup id="cite_ref-pevsner_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pevsner-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he continued to criticise the deleterious effects of what he called "mechanism", saying that "the production of certain mechanical commodities is as bad for the national health as is the production of slave-grown cane or child-sweated wares."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_Smith_Benson" title="William Arthur Smith Benson">William Arthur Smith Benson</a>, on the other hand, had no qualms about adapting the Arts and Crafts style to metalwork produced under industrial conditions. (See quotation box.) </p><p>Morris and his followers believed the division of labour on which modern industry depended was undesirable, but the extent to which every design should be carried out by the designer was a matter for debate and disagreement. Not all Arts and Crafts artists carried out every stage in the making of goods themselves, and it was only in the twentieth century that that became essential to the definition of craftsmanship. Although Morris was famous for getting hands-on experience himself of many crafts (including weaving, dying, printing, calligraphy and embroidery), he did not regard the separation of designer and executant in his factory as problematic. Walter Crane, a close political associate of Morris's, took an unsympathetic view of the division of labour on both moral and artistic grounds, and strongly advocated that designing and making should come from the same hand. Lewis Foreman Day, a friend and contemporary of Crane's, as unstinting as Crane in his admiration of Morris, disagreed strongly with Crane. He thought that the separation of design and execution was not only inevitable in the modern world, but also that only that sort of specialisation allowed the best in design and the best in making.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Few of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Exhibition_Society" title="Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society">Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society</a> insisted that the designer should also be the maker, although they considered it important that the maker should be credited, which was the practice in the catalogues of their exhibitions. Peter Floud, writing in the 1950s, said that "The founders of the Society ... never executed their own designs, but invariably turned them over to commercial firms."<sup id="cite_ref-floud_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-floud-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that the designer should be the maker and the maker the designer derived "not from Morris or early Arts and Crafts teaching, but rather from the second-generation elaboration doctrine worked out in the first decade of [the twentieth] century by men such as <a href="/wiki/W._R._Lethaby" class="mw-redirect" title="W. R. Lethaby">W. R. Lethaby</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-floud_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-floud-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism">Socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the Arts and Crafts movement designers were <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialists</a>, including Morris, <a href="/wiki/T._J._Cobden_Sanderson" class="mw-redirect" title="T. J. Cobden Sanderson">T. J. Cobden Sanderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Crane" title="Walter Crane">Walter Crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/C.R._Ashbee" class="mw-redirect" title="C.R. Ashbee">C.R. Ashbee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Webb" title="Philip Webb">Philip Webb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Faulkner" title="Charles Joseph Faulkner">Charles Faulkner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A._H._Mackmurdo" class="mw-redirect" title="A. H. Mackmurdo">A. H. Mackmurdo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor1971109_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor1971109-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1880s, Morris was spending more of his time on promoting socialism than on designing and making.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994640-663_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994640-663-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashbee established a community of craftsmen called the Guild of Handicraft in east London, later moving to <a href="/wiki/Chipping_Campden" title="Chipping Campden">Chipping Campden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crawford_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawford-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those adherents who were not socialists, such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoare_Powell" title="Alfred Hoare Powell">Alfred Hoare Powell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sarsby_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarsby-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> advocated a more humane and personal relationship between employer and employee. <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Foreman_Day" title="Lewis Foreman Day">Lewis Foreman Day</a> was another successful and influential Arts and Crafts designer who was not a socialist, despite his long friendship with Crane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_with_other_reform_movements">Association with other reform movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Association with other reform movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Britain, the movement was associated with <a href="/wiki/Dress_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Dress reform">dress reform</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruralism">ruralism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">garden city movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-maccarthy2014_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maccarthy2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Sharp" title="Cecil Sharp">the folk-song revival</a>. All were linked, in some degree, by the ideal of "the Simple Life".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In continental Europe the movement was associated with the preservation of national traditions in building, the applied arts, domestic design and costume.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morris's designs quickly became popular, attracting interest when his company's work was exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/1862_International_Exhibition" title="1862 International Exhibition">1862 International Exhibition</a> in London. Much of this work is directly inspired from the Dictionnaire of Viollet le Duc. Most of Morris & Co's early work was for churches and Morris won important interior design commissions at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Kensington_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="South Kensington Museum">South Kensington Museum</a> (now the Victoria and Albert Museum). Later his work became popular with the middle and upper classes, despite his wish to create a democratic art, and by the end of the 19th century, Arts and Crafts design in houses and domestic interiors was the dominant style in Britain, copied in products made by conventional industrial methods. </p><p>The spread of Arts and Crafts ideas during the late 19th and early 20th centuries resulted in the establishment of many associations and craft communities, although Morris had little to do with them because of his preoccupation with socialism at the time. A hundred and thirty Arts and Crafts organisations were formed in Britain, most between 1895 and 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994602_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994602-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1881, <a href="/wiki/Eglantyne_Louisa_Jebb" title="Eglantyne Louisa Jebb">Eglantyne Louisa Jebb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Fraser_Tytler" title="Mary Fraser Tytler">Mary Fraser Tytler</a> and others initiated the <a href="/wiki/Home_Arts_and_Industries_Association" title="Home Arts and Industries Association">Home Arts and Industries Association</a> to encourage the working classes, especially those in rural areas, to take up handicrafts under supervision, not for profit, but in order to provide them with useful occupations and to improve their taste. By 1889 it had 450 classes, 1,000 teachers and 5,000 students.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor1971120_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor1971120-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1882, architect <a href="/wiki/A.H.Mackmurdo" class="mw-redirect" title="A.H.Mackmurdo">A.H.Mackmurdo</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Century_Guild_of_Artists" title="Century Guild of Artists">Century Guild</a>, a partnership of designers including <a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Image" title="Selwyn Image">Selwyn Image</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Horne" title="Herbert Horne">Herbert Horne</a>, Clement Heaton and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Creswick" title="Benjamin Creswick">Benjamin Creswick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994591_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994591-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor1971115_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor1971115-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1884, the <a href="/wiki/Art_Workers_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Workers Guild">Art Workers Guild</a> was initiated by five young architects, <a href="/wiki/William_Lethaby" title="William Lethaby">William Lethaby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Schroeder_Prior" title="Edward Schroeder Prior">Edward Prior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newton" title="Ernest Newton">Ernest Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Macartney" title="Mervyn Macartney">Mervyn Macartney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_C._Horsley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald C. Horsley">Gerald C. Horsley</a>, with the goal of bringing together fine and applied arts and raising the status of the latter. It was directed originally by <a href="/wiki/George_Blackall_Simonds" title="George Blackall Simonds">George Blackall Simonds</a>. By 1890 the Guild had 150 members, representing the increasing number of practitioners of the Arts and Crafts style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994593_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994593-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It still exists. </p><p>The London department store <a href="/wiki/Liberty_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty & Co.">Liberty & Co.</a>, founded in 1875, was a prominent retailer of goods in the style and of the "<a href="/wiki/Artistic_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic dress">artistic dress</a>" favoured by followers of the Arts and Crafts movement. </p><p>In 1887 the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Exhibition_Society" title="Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society">Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society</a>, which gave its name to the movement, was formed with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Crane" title="Walter Crane">Walter Crane</a> as president, holding its first exhibition in the <a href="/wiki/New_Gallery_(London)" title="New Gallery (London)">New Gallery</a>, London, in November 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first show of contemporary decorative arts in London since the <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Gallery" title="Grosvenor Gallery">Grosvenor Gallery</a>'s Winter Exhibition of 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Morris_%26_Co." title="Morris & Co.">Morris & Co.</a> was well represented in the exhibition with furniture, fabrics, carpets and embroideries. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a> observed, "here for the first time one can measure a bit the change that has happened in the last twenty years".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994596_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994596-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The society still exists as the Society of Designer Craftsmen.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1888, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Ashbee" title="Charles Robert Ashbee">C.R. Ashbee</a>, a major late practitioner of the style in England, founded the <a href="/wiki/Guild_and_School_of_Handicraft" title="Guild and School of Handicraft">Guild and School of Handicraft</a> in the East End of London. The guild was a craft co-operative modelled on the medieval guilds and intended to give working men satisfaction in their craftsmanship. Skilled craftsmen, working on the principles of Ruskin and Morris, were to produce hand-crafted goods and manage a school for apprentices. The idea was greeted with enthusiasm by almost everyone except Morris, who was by now involved with promoting <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and thought Ashbee's scheme trivial. From 1888 to 1902 the guild prospered, employing about 50 men. In 1902 Ashbee relocated the guild out of London to begin an experimental community in <a href="/wiki/Chipping_Campden" title="Chipping Campden">Chipping Campden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a>. The guild's work is characterised by plain surfaces of hammered silver, flowing wirework and colored stones in simple settings. Ashbee designed jewellery and silver tableware. The guild flourished at Chipping Camden but did not prosper and was liquidated in 1908. Some craftsmen stayed, contributing to the tradition of modern craftsmanship in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-V&A_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V&A-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/C.F.A._Voysey" class="mw-redirect" title="C.F.A. Voysey">C.F.A. Voysey</a> (1857–1941) was an Arts and Crafts architect who also designed fabrics, tiles, ceramics, furniture and metalwork. His style combined simplicity with sophistication. His wallpapers and textiles, featuring stylised bird and plant forms in bold outlines with flat colors, were used widely.<sup id="cite_ref-V&A_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V&A-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morris's thought influenced the <a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">distributism</a> of <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coleton_Fishacre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_928003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coleton_Fishacre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_928003.jpg/220px-Coleton_Fishacre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_928003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coleton_Fishacre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_928003.jpg/330px-Coleton_Fishacre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_928003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coleton_Fishacre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_928003.jpg/440px-Coleton_Fishacre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_928003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coleton_Fishacre" title="Coleton Fishacre">Coleton Fishacre</a> was designed in 1925 as a holiday home in Kingswear, Devon, England, in the Arts and Crafts tradition.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the nineteenth century, Arts and Crafts ideals had influenced architecture, painting, sculpture, graphics, illustration, book making and photography, domestic design and the decorative arts, including furniture and woodwork, stained glass,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leatherwork, lacemaking, embroidery, rug making and weaving, jewelry and metalwork, <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enameling</a> and ceramics.<sup id="cite_ref-dublin_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dublin-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1910, there was a fashion for "Arts and Crafts" and all things hand-made. There was a proliferation of amateur handicrafts of variable quality<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of incompetent imitators who caused the public to regard Arts and Crafts as "something less, instead of more, competent and fit for purpose than an ordinary mass produced article."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society held eleven exhibitions between 1888 and 1916. By the outbreak of war in 1914 it was in decline and faced a crisis. Its 1912 exhibition had been a financial failure.<sup id="cite_ref-harrod_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrod-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While designers in continental Europe were making innovations in design and alliances with industry through initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Werkbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Werkbund">Deutsche Werkbund</a> and new initiatives were being taken in Britain by the <a href="/wiki/Omega_Workshops" title="Omega Workshops">Omega Workshops</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_in_Industries_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Design in Industries Association (page does not exist)">Design in Industries Association</a>, the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society, now under the control of an old guard, was withdrawing from commerce and collaboration with manufacturers into purist handwork and what Tania Harrod describes as "decommoditisation"<sup id="cite_ref-harrod_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrod-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its rejection of a commercial role has been seen as a turning point in its fortunes.<sup id="cite_ref-harrod_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrod-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nikolaus Pevsner in his book <i>Pioneers of Modern Design</i> presents the Arts and Crafts movement as design radicals who influenced the modern movement, but failed to change and were eventually superseded by it.<sup id="cite_ref-pevsner_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pevsner-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_influences">Later influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British artist potter <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Leach" title="Bernard Leach">Bernard Leach</a> brought to England many ideas he had developed in Japan with the social critic <a href="/wiki/Yanagi_Soetsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanagi Soetsu">Yanagi Soetsu</a> about the moral and social value of simple crafts; both were enthusiastic readers of Ruskin. Leach was an active propagandist for these ideas, which struck a chord with practitioners of the crafts in the inter-war years, and he expounded them in <i>A Potter's Book</i>, published in 1940, which denounced industrial society in terms as vehement as those of Ruskin and Morris. Thus the Arts and Crafts philosophy was perpetuated among British craft workers in the 1950s and 1960s, long after the demise of the Arts and Crafts movement and at the high tide of Modernism. British <a href="/wiki/Utility_furniture" title="Utility furniture">Utility furniture</a> of the 1940s also derived from Arts and Crafts principles.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of its main promoters, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Gordon_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Gordon Russell">Gordon Russell</a>, chairman of the Utility Furniture Design Panel, was imbued with Arts and Crafts ideas. He manufactured furniture in the Cotswold Hills, a region of Arts and Crafts furniture-making since Ashbee, and he was a member of the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society. William Morris's biographer, <a href="/wiki/Fiona_MacCarthy" title="Fiona MacCarthy">Fiona MacCarthy</a>, detected the Arts and Crafts philosophy even behind the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a> (1951), the work of the designer <a href="/wiki/Terence_Conran" title="Terence Conran">Terence Conran</a> (1931–2020)<sup id="cite_ref-maccarthy2014_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maccarthy2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the founding of the British <a href="/wiki/Crafts_Council" title="Crafts Council">Crafts Council</a> in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994603_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994603-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region">By region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_British_Isles">The British Isles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The British Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mackintosh_Window_(304516308).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mackintosh_Window_%28304516308%29.jpg/220px-Mackintosh_Window_%28304516308%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mackintosh_Window_%28304516308%29.jpg/330px-Mackintosh_Window_%28304516308%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mackintosh_Window_%28304516308%29.jpg/440px-Mackintosh_Window_%28304516308%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1935" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption>Stained glass window, The Hill House, Helensburgh, Argyll and Bute</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginnings of the Arts and Crafts movement in Scotland were in the stained glass revival of the 1850s, pioneered by <a href="/wiki/James_Ballantine" title="James Ballantine">James Ballantine</a> (1806–1877). His major works included the great west window of <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey" title="Dunfermline Abbey">Dunfermline Abbey</a> and the scheme for <a href="/wiki/St._Giles_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Giles Cathedral">St. Giles Cathedral</a>, Edinburgh. In Glasgow it was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cottier" title="Daniel Cottier">Daniel Cottier</a> (1838–1891), who had probably studied with Ballantine, and was directly influenced by <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>. His key works included the <i>Baptism of Christ</i> in <a href="/wiki/Paisley_Abbey" title="Paisley Abbey">Paisley Abbey</a>, (c. 1880). His followers included Stephen Adam and his son of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Glasgow-born designer and theorist <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dresser" title="Christopher Dresser">Christopher Dresser</a> (1834–1904) was one of the first, and most important, independent designers, a pivotal figure in the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic Movement">Aesthetic Movement</a> and a major contributor to the allied <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Japanese">Anglo-Japanese</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement had an "extraordinary flowering" in Scotland where it was represented by the development of the '<a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow Style">Glasgow Style</a>' which was based on the talent of the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_School_of_Art" title="Glasgow School of Art">Glasgow School of Art</a>. Celtic revival took hold here, and motifs such as the Glasgow rose became popularised. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh" title="Charles Rennie Mackintosh">Charles Rennie Mackintosh</a> (1868–1928) and the Glasgow School of Art were to influence others worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dublin_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dublin-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Robert_Owen_Museum,_Newtown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Robert_Owen_Museum%2C_Newtown.jpg/220px-The_Robert_Owen_Museum%2C_Newtown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Robert_Owen_Museum%2C_Newtown.jpg/330px-The_Robert_Owen_Museum%2C_Newtown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Robert_Owen_Museum%2C_Newtown.jpg/440px-The_Robert_Owen_Museum%2C_Newtown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>The Robert Owen Museum, <a href="/wiki/Newtown,_Powys" title="Newtown, Powys">Newtown, Wales</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Shayler" title="Frank Shayler">Frank Shayler</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wales">Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The situation in Wales was different from elsewhere in the UK. Insofar as craftsmanship was concerned, Arts and Crafts was a <i>revivalist</i> campaign. But in Wales, at least until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, a genuine craft tradition still existed. Local materials, stone or clay, continued to be used as a matter of course.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scotland become known in the Arts and Crafts movement for its stained glass; Wales would become known for its pottery. By the mid 19th century, the heavy, salt glazes used for generations by local craftsmen had gone out of fashion, not least as mass-produced ceramics undercut prices. But the Arts and Crafts Movement brought new appreciation to their work. Horace W Elliot, an English gallerist, visited the <a href="/wiki/Ewenny_Pottery" title="Ewenny Pottery">Ewenny Pottery</a> (which dated back to the 17th century) in 1885, to both find local pieces and encourage a style compatible with the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pieces he brought back to London for the next twenty years revivified interest in Welsh pottery work. </p><p>A key promoter of the Arts and Crafts movement in Wales was <a href="/wiki/Owen_Morgan_Edwards" title="Owen Morgan Edwards">Owen Morgan Edwards</a>. Edwards was a reforming politician dedicated to renewing Welsh pride by exposing its people to their own language and history. For Edwards, "There is nothing that Wales requires more than an education in the arts and crafts."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – though Edwards was more inclined to resurrecting Welsh Nationalism than admiring glazes or rustic integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In architecture, <a href="/wiki/Clough_Williams-Ellis" title="Clough Williams-Ellis">Clough Williams-Ellis</a> sought to renew interest in ancient building, reviving "rammed earth" or <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">pisé</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> construction in Britain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The movement spread to Ireland, representing an important time for the nation's cultural development, a visual counterpart to the literary revival of the same time<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a publication of Irish nationalism. The Arts and Crafts use of stained glass was popular in Ireland, with <a href="/wiki/Harry_Clarke" title="Harry Clarke">Harry Clarke</a> the best-known artist and also with <a href="/wiki/Evie_Hone" title="Evie Hone">Evie Hone</a>. The architecture of the style is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Honan_Chapel" title="Honan Chapel">Honan Chapel</a> (1916) in <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork city</a> in the grounds of <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeehanHeckett2005163_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeehanHeckett2005163-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other architects practicing in Ireland included Sir <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a> (Heywood House in Co. Laois, Lambay Island and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_War_Memorial_Gardens" title="Irish National War Memorial Gardens">Irish National War Memorial Gardens</a> in Dublin) and Frederick 'Pa' Hicks (<a href="/wiki/Malahide_Castle" title="Malahide Castle">Malahide Castle</a> estate buildings and round tower). Irish Celtic motifs were popular with the movement in silvercraft, carpet design, book illustrations, and hand-carved furniture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_Europe">Continental Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Continental Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In continental Europe, the revival and preservation of national styles was an important motive of Arts and Crafts designers; for example, in Germany, after unification in 1871 under the encouragement of the <i>Bund für Heimatschutz</i> (1897)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Vereinigte Werkstätten für Kunst im Handwerk</i> founded in 1898 by Karl Schmidt; and in Hungary <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_K%C3%B3s" title="Károly Kós">Károly Kós</a> revived the vernacular style of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvanian</a> building. In central Europe, where several diverse nationalities lived under powerful empires (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia), the discovery of the vernacular was associated with the assertion of national pride and the striving for independence, and, whereas for Arts and Crafts practitioners in Britain the ideal style was to be found in the medieval, in central Europe it was sought in remote peasant villages.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Till_en_liten_vira.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Till_en_liten_vira.jpg/220px-Till_en_liten_vira.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Till_en_liten_vira.jpg/330px-Till_en_liten_vira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Till_en_liten_vira.jpg/440px-Till_en_liten_vira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3517" data-file-height="2586" /></a><figcaption>The Swedish artists <a href="/wiki/Carl_Larsson" title="Carl Larsson">Carl Larsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karin_Berg%C3%B6%C3%B6_Larsson" title="Karin Bergöö Larsson">Karin Bergöö Larsson</a> were inspired by the Arts and Crafts movement when designing their home.</figcaption></figure> <p>Widely exhibited in Europe, the Arts and Crafts style's simplicity inspired designers like <a href="/wiki/Henry_van_de_Velde" title="Henry van de Velde">Henry van de Velde</a> and styles such as <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> group, <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a>, and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> style. Pevsner regarded the style as a prelude to <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>, which used simple forms without ornamentation.<sup id="cite_ref-pevsner_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pevsner-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest Arts and Crafts activity in continental Europe was in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> in about 1890, where the English style inspired artists and architects including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Van_de_Velde" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Van de Velde">Henry Van de Velde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Van_Dievoet" title="Gabriel Van Dievoet">Gabriel Van Dievoet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Serrurier-Bovy" title="Gustave Serrurier-Bovy">Gustave Serrurier-Bovy</a>, and a group known as <i><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Esth%C3%A9tique" title="La Libre Esthétique">La Libre Esthétique</a></i> (Free Aesthetic). </p><p>Arts and Crafts products were admired in Austria and Germany in the early 20th century, and under their inspiration design moved rapidly forward while it stagnated in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor1971183_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor1971183-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Werkst%C3%A4tte" title="Wiener Werkstätte">Wiener Werkstätte</a>, founded in 1903 by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hoffmann" title="Josef Hoffmann">Josef Hoffmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koloman_Moser" title="Koloman Moser">Koloman Moser</a>, was influenced by the Arts and Crafts principles of the "unity of the arts" and the hand-made. The <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a> (German Association of Craftsmen) was formed in 1907 as an association of artists, architects, designers, and industrialists to improve the global competitiveness of German businesses and became an important element in the development of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a> and industrial design through its advocacy of standardized production. However, its leading members, van de Velde and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Muthesius" title="Hermann Muthesius">Hermann Muthesius</a>, had conflicting opinions about standardization. Muthesius believed that it was essential were Germany to become a leading nation in trade and culture. Van de Velde, representing a more traditional Arts and Crafts attitude, believed that artists would forever "protest against the imposition of orders or standardization," and that "The artist ... will never, of his own accord, submit to a discipline which imposes on him a canon or a type." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor1971189_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor1971189-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Finland, an idealistic artists' colony in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> was designed by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Gesellius" title="Herman Gesellius">Herman Gesellius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armas_Lindgren" title="Armas Lindgren">Armas Lindgren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen" title="Eliel Saarinen">Eliel Saarinen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-grove_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who worked in the <a href="/wiki/National_Romantic_style" title="National Romantic style">National Romantic style</a>, akin to the British <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, under the influence of Ruskin and Morris, a group of artists and architects, including <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_K%C3%B3s" title="Károly Kós">Károly Kós</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alad%C3%A1r_K%C3%B6r%C3%B6sf%C5%91i-Kriesch" title="Aladár Körösfői-Kriesch">Aladár Körösfői-Kriesch</a>, and Ede Toroczkai Wigand, discovered the <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a> and vernacular architecture of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>. Many of Kós's buildings, including those in the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Zoo_%26_Botanical_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest Zoo & Botanical Garden">Budapest zoo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wekerle_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Wekerle estate">Wekerle estate</a> in the same city, show this influence.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Russia, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Hartmann" title="Viktor Hartmann">Viktor Hartmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vasnetsov" title="Viktor Vasnetsov">Viktor Vasnetsov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yelena_Polenova" title="Yelena Polenova">Yelena Polenova</a>, and other artists associated with <a href="/wiki/Abramtsevo_Colony" title="Abramtsevo Colony">Abramtsevo Colony</a> sought to revive the quality of medieval Russian <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a> quite independently from the movement in Great Britain. </p><p>In Iceland, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6lvi_Helgason" title="Sölvi Helgason">Sölvi Helgason</a>'s work shows Arts and Crafts influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_in_the_Clouds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Castle_in_the_Clouds.jpg/220px-Castle_in_the_Clouds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Castle_in_the_Clouds.jpg/330px-Castle_in_the_Clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Castle_in_the_Clouds.jpg/440px-Castle_in_the_Clouds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Facade of the <a href="/wiki/Castle_in_the_Clouds" title="Castle in the Clouds">Castle in the Clouds</a> and lawn overlooking <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipesaukee" title="Lake Winnipesaukee">Lake Winnipesaukee</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, built 1913–4.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warren_Wilson_Beach_House_(The_Venice_Beach_House),_Venice,_California.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Warren_Wilson_Beach_House_%28The_Venice_Beach_House%29%2C_Venice%2C_California.JPG/220px-Warren_Wilson_Beach_House_%28The_Venice_Beach_House%29%2C_Venice%2C_California.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Warren_Wilson_Beach_House_%28The_Venice_Beach_House%29%2C_Venice%2C_California.JPG/330px-Warren_Wilson_Beach_House_%28The_Venice_Beach_House%29%2C_Venice%2C_California.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Warren_Wilson_Beach_House_%28The_Venice_Beach_House%29%2C_Venice%2C_California.JPG/440px-Warren_Wilson_Beach_House_%28The_Venice_Beach_House%29%2C_Venice%2C_California.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Warren Wilson Beach House (The Venice Beach House), Venice, California</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamble_House_2016-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gamble_House_2016-1.jpg/220px-Gamble_House_2016-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gamble_House_2016-1.jpg/330px-Gamble_House_2016-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gamble_House_2016-1.jpg/440px-Gamble_House_2016-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3491" data-file-height="2201" /></a><figcaption>Gamble House, Pasadena, California</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arts_and_Crafts_-_Tudor_home.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Arts_and_Crafts_-_Tudor_home.jpg/220px-Arts_and_Crafts_-_Tudor_home.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Arts_and_Crafts_-_Tudor_home.jpg/330px-Arts_and_Crafts_-_Tudor_home.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Arts_and_Crafts_-_Tudor_home.jpg/440px-Arts_and_Crafts_-_Tudor_home.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Arts and Crafts Tudor Home in the Buena Park Historic District, Uptown, Chicago</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7_Boomerang_St_Haberfield_044-M.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/7_Boomerang_St_Haberfield_044-M.jpg/220px-7_Boomerang_St_Haberfield_044-M.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/7_Boomerang_St_Haberfield_044-M.jpg/330px-7_Boomerang_St_Haberfield_044-M.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/7_Boomerang_St_Haberfield_044-M.jpg/440px-7_Boomerang_St_Haberfield_044-M.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Example of Arts and Crafts style influence on <a href="/wiki/Federation_architecture" title="Federation architecture">Federation architecture</a> Observe the faceted bay window and the stone base.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:43_Birckhead_Place,_exterior_views,_2019_-_DPLA_-_c6b3345be64aa5efc27ee4776e90f70d_(page_5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/43_Birckhead_Place%2C_exterior_views%2C_2019_-_DPLA_-_c6b3345be64aa5efc27ee4776e90f70d_%28page_5%29.jpg/220px-43_Birckhead_Place%2C_exterior_views%2C_2019_-_DPLA_-_c6b3345be64aa5efc27ee4776e90f70d_%28page_5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/43_Birckhead_Place%2C_exterior_views%2C_2019_-_DPLA_-_c6b3345be64aa5efc27ee4776e90f70d_%28page_5%29.jpg/330px-43_Birckhead_Place%2C_exterior_views%2C_2019_-_DPLA_-_c6b3345be64aa5efc27ee4776e90f70d_%28page_5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/43_Birckhead_Place%2C_exterior_views%2C_2019_-_DPLA_-_c6b3345be64aa5efc27ee4776e90f70d_%28page_5%29.jpg/440px-43_Birckhead_Place%2C_exterior_views%2C_2019_-_DPLA_-_c6b3345be64aa5efc27ee4776e90f70d_%28page_5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Arts and Crafts home in the Birckhead Place neighborhood of Toledo, Ohio</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, the Arts and Crafts style initiated a variety of attempts to reinterpret European Arts and Crafts ideals for Americans. These included the "Craftsman"-style architecture, furniture, and other decorative arts such as designs promoted by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stickley" title="Gustav Stickley">Gustav Stickley</a> in his magazine, <i>The Craftsman</i> and designs produced on the Roycroft campus as publicized in Elbert Hubbard's <i>The Fra</i>. Both men used their magazines as a vehicle to promote the goods produced with the Craftsman workshop in Eastwood, NY and Elbert Hubbard's <a href="/wiki/Roycroft" title="Roycroft">Roycroft</a> campus in <a href="/wiki/East_Aurora,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="East Aurora, NY">East Aurora, NY</a>. A host of imitators of Stickley's furniture (the designs of which are often mislabelled the "<a href="/wiki/American_Craftsman" title="American Craftsman">Mission Style</a>") included three companies established by his brothers. </p><p>The terms <i><a href="/wiki/American_Craftsman" title="American Craftsman">American Craftsman</a></i> or <i>Craftsman style</i> are often used to denote the style of architecture, interior design, and decorative arts that prevailed between the dominant eras of <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> in the US, or approximately the period from 1910 to 1925. The movement was particularly notable for the professional opportunities it opened up for women as artisans, designers and entrepreneurs who founded and ran, or were employed by, such successful enterprises as the <a href="/wiki/Kalo_Shops" title="Kalo Shops">Kalo Shops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pewabic_Pottery" title="Pewabic Pottery">Pewabic Pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rookwood_Pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Rookwood Pottery">Rookwood Pottery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiffany Studios">Tiffany Studios</a>. In Canada, the term <i>Arts and Crafts</i> predominates, but <i>Craftsman</i> is also recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-Obniski_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obniski-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Europeans tried to recreate the virtuous crafts being replaced by industrialisation, Americans tried to establish a new type of virtue to replace heroic craft production: well-decorated middle-class homes. They claimed that the simple but refined aesthetics of Arts and Crafts decorative arts would ennoble the new experience of industrial consumerism, making individuals more rational and society more harmonious. The American Arts and Crafts movement was the aesthetic counterpart of its contemporary political philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressivism</a>. Characteristically, when the Arts and Crafts Society began in October 1897 in Chicago, it was at <a href="/wiki/Hull_House" title="Hull House">Hull House</a>, one of the first American <a href="/wiki/Settlement_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement house">settlement houses</a> for social reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Obniski_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obniski-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arts and Crafts ideals disseminated in America through journal and newspaper writing were supplemented by societies that sponsored lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-Obniski_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obniski-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first was organized in Boston in the late 1890s, when a group of influential architects, designers, and educators determined to bring to America the design reforms begun in Britain by William Morris; they met to organize an exhibition of contemporary craft objects. The first meeting was held on January 4, 1897, at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts</a> (MFA) in Boston to organize an exhibition of contemporary crafts. When craftsmen, consumers, and manufacturers realised the aesthetic and technical potential of the applied arts, the process of design reform in Boston started. Present at this meeting were General Charles Loring, Chairman of the Trustees of the MFA; <a href="/wiki/William_Sturgis_Bigelow" title="William Sturgis Bigelow">William Sturgis Bigelow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denman_Ross" title="Denman Ross">Denman Ross</a>, collectors, writers and MFA trustees; Ross Turner, painter; <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Baxter" title="Sylvester Baxter">Sylvester Baxter</a>, art critic for the <i>Boston Transcript</i>; Howard Baker, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wadsworth_Longfellow_Jr." title="Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow Jr.">A.W. Longfellow Jr.</a>; and Ralph Clipson Sturgis, architect. </p><p>The first American Arts and Crafts Exhibition began on April 5, 1897, at <a href="/wiki/Copley_Hall,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Copley Hall, Boston">Copley Hall, Boston</a> featuring more than 1000 objects made by 160 craftsmen, half of whom were women.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the advocates of the exhibit were Langford Warren, founder of Harvard's School of Architecture; Mrs. Richard Morris Hunt; Arthur Astor Carey and Edwin Mead, social reformers; and <a href="/wiki/Will_H._Bradley" title="Will H. Bradley">Will H. Bradley</a>, graphic designer. The success of this exhibition resulted in the incorporation of The Society of Arts and Crafts (SAC), on June 28, 1897, with a mandate to "develop and encourage higher standards in the handicrafts." The 21 founders claimed to be interested in more than sales, and emphasized encouragement of artists to produce work with the best quality of workmanship and design. This mandate was soon expanded into a credo, possibly written by the SAC's first president, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton" title="Charles Eliot Norton">Charles Eliot Norton</a>, which read: </p> <blockquote><p>This Society was incorporated for the purpose of promoting artistic work in all branches of handicraft. It hopes to bring Designers and Workmen into mutually helpful relations, and to encourage workmen to execute designs of their own. It endeavors to stimulate in workmen an appreciation of the dignity and value of good design; to counteract the popular impatience of Law and Form, and the desire for over-ornamentation and specious originality. It will insist upon the necessity of sobriety and restraint, or ordered arrangement, of due regard for the relation between the form of an object and its use, and of harmony and fitness in the decoration put upon it.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Built in 1913–14 by the Boston architect <a href="/wiki/J._Williams_Beal" title="J. Williams Beal">J. Williams Beal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ossipee_Mountains" title="Ossipee Mountains">Ossipee Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gustave_Plant" title="Thomas Gustave Plant">Tom and Olive Plant's</a> mountaintop estate, <a href="/wiki/Castle_in_the_Clouds" title="Castle in the Clouds">Castle in the Clouds</a> also known as <i>Lucknow</i>, is an excellent example of the American Craftsman style in New England.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also influential were the <a href="/wiki/Roycroft" title="Roycroft">Roycroft</a> community initiated by <a href="/wiki/Elbert_Hubbard" title="Elbert Hubbard">Elbert Hubbard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Aurora,_New_York" title="East Aurora, New York">East Aurora, New York</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Marbella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Marbella (page does not exist)">Joseph Marbella</a>, utopian communities like <a href="/wiki/Byrdcliffe_Colony" title="Byrdcliffe Colony">Byrdcliffe Colony</a> in <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_New_York" title="Woodstock, New York">Woodstock, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rose_Valley,_Pennsylvania" title="Rose Valley, Pennsylvania">Rose Valley, Pennsylvania</a>, developments such as <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Lakes,_New_Jersey" title="Mountain Lakes, New Jersey">Mountain Lakes, New Jersey</a>, featuring clusters of bungalow and chateau homes built by Herbert J. Hapgood, and the contemporary studio craft style. <a href="/wiki/Studio_pottery" title="Studio pottery">Studio pottery</a> – exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Grueby_Faience_Company" title="Grueby Faience Company">Grueby Faience Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcomb_Pottery" title="Newcomb Pottery">Newcomb Pottery</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marblehead_Pottery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marblehead Pottery (page does not exist)">Marblehead Pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teco_pottery" title="Teco pottery">Teco pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overbeck_Sisters" title="Overbeck Sisters">Overbeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rookwood_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Rookwood pottery">Rookwood pottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Chase_Perry_Stratton" title="Mary Chase Perry Stratton">Mary Chase Perry Stratton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pewabic_Pottery" title="Pewabic Pottery">Pewabic Pottery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Van_Briggle_Pottery" title="Van Briggle Pottery">Van Briggle Pottery</a> company in <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a>, as well as the art <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_A._Batchelder" title="Ernest A. Batchelder">Ernest A. Batchelder</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena, California</a>, and idiosyncratic furniture of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rohlfs" title="Charles Rohlfs">Charles Rohlfs</a> all demonstrate the influence of Arts and Crafts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architecture_and_art">Architecture and art</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Architecture and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Maher" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington Maher">George Washington Maher</a>, and other architects in Chicago, the <a href="/wiki/Country_Day_School_movement" title="Country Day School movement">Country Day School movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">bungalow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_bungalow" title="Ultimate bungalow">ultimate bungalow</a> style of houses popularized by <a href="/wiki/Greene_and_Greene" title="Greene and Greene">Greene and Greene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Morgan" title="Julia Morgan">Julia Morgan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Maybeck" title="Bernard Maybeck">Bernard Maybeck</a> are some examples of the American Arts and Crafts and <a href="/wiki/American_Craftsman" title="American Craftsman">American Craftsman</a> style of architecture. Restored and landmark-protected examples are still present in America, especially in California in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena</a>, and the sections of other towns originally developed during the era and not experiencing post-war urban renewal. <a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_Style_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Revival Style architecture">Mission Revival</a>, Prairie School, and the '<a href="/wiki/California_bungalow" title="California bungalow">California bungalow</a>' styles of residential building remain popular in the United States today. </p><p>As theoreticians, educators, and prolific artists in mediums from printmaking to pottery and pastel, two of the most influential figures were <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wesley_Dow" title="Arthur Wesley Dow">Arthur Wesley Dow</a> (1857–1922) on the East Coast and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Joseph_de_Lemos" title="Pedro Joseph de Lemos">Pedro Joseph de Lemos</a> (1882–1954) in California. Dow, who taught at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and founded the Ipswich Summer School of Art, published in 1899 his landmark <i>Composition</i>, which distilled into a distinctly American approach the essence of Japanese composition, combining into a decorative harmonious amalgam three elements: simplicity of line, "notan" (the balance of light and dark areas), and symmetry of color.<sup id="cite_ref-green_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His purpose was to create objects that were finely crafted and beautifully rendered. His student de Lemos, who became head of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Art_Institute" title="San Francisco Art Institute">San Francisco Art Institute</a>, Director of the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> Museum and Art Gallery, and Editor-in-Chief of the <i>School Arts Magazine</i>, expanded and substantially revised Dow's ideas in over 150 monographs and articles for art schools in the United States and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-edwardsrw_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwardsrw-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his many unorthodox teachings was his belief that manufactured products could express "the sublime beauty" and that great insight was to be found in the abstract "design forms" of pre-Columbian civilizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Museums">Museums</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Arts_and_Crafts_Movement" title="Museum of the American Arts and Crafts Movement">Museum of the American Arts and Crafts Movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a>, opened its doors in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Construction_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Construction-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nichols_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichols-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Yanagi_S%C5%8Detsu" title="Yanagi Sōetsu">Yanagi Sōetsu</a>, creator of the <a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a> movement which promoted folk art from the 1920s onwards, was influenced by the writings of Morris and Ruskin.<sup id="cite_ref-mingei_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mingei-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the Arts and Crafts movement in Europe, Mingei sought to preserve traditional crafts in the face of modernising industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <p>The movement ... represents in some sense a revolt against the hard mechanical conventional life and its insensibility to beauty (quite another thing to ornament). It is a protest against that so-called industrial progress which produces shoddy wares, the cheapness of which is paid for by the lives of their producers and the degradation of their users. It is a protest against the turning of men into machines, against artificial distinctions in art, and against making the immediate market value, or possibility of profit, the chief test of artistic merit. It also advances the claim of all and each to the common possession of beauty in things common and familiar, and would awaken the sense of this beauty, deadened and depressed as it now too often is, either on the one hand by luxurious superfluities, or on the other by the absence of the commonest necessities and the gnawing anxiety for the means of livelihood; not to speak of the everyday uglinesses to which we have accustomed our eyes, confused by the flood of false taste, or darkened by the hurried life of modern towns in which huge aggregations of humanity exist, equally removed from both art and nature and their kindly and refining influences. </p><p><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Essays/Of_the_Revival_of_Design_and_Handicraft" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Arts and Crafts Essays/Of the Revival of Design and Handicraft">-- Walter Crane, "Of The Revival of Design and Handicraft", in <i>Arts and Crafts Essays</i>, by Members of the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society, 1893</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many of the leaders of the Arts and Crafts movement were trained as architects (e.g. William Morris, A. H. Mackmurdo, C. R. Ashbee, W. R. Lethaby) and it was on building that the movement had its most visible and lasting influence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Red_House,_Bexleyheath" title="Red House, Bexleyheath">Red House</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bexleyheath" title="Bexleyheath">Bexleyheath</a>, London, designed for Morris in 1859 by architect <a href="/wiki/Philip_Webb" title="Philip Webb">Philip Webb</a>, exemplifies the early Arts and Crafts style, with its well-proportioned solid forms, wide porches, steep roof, pointed window arches, brick fireplaces and wooden fittings. Webb rejected classical and other revivals of historical styles based on grand buildings, and based his design on British <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a>, expressing the texture of ordinary materials, such as stone and tiles, with an asymmetrical and picturesque building composition.<sup id="cite_ref-V&A_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V&A-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The London suburb of <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Park,_London" title="Bedford Park, London">Bedford Park</a>, built mainly in the 1880s and 1890s, has about 360 Arts and Crafts style houses and was once famous for its <a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aesthetic</a> residents. Several <a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">Almshouses</a> were built in the Arts and Crafts style, for example, <a href="/wiki/Whiteley_Village" title="Whiteley Village">Whiteley Village</a>, Surrey, built between 1914 and 1917, with over 280 buildings, and the <a href="/wiki/Dyers_Almshouses" title="Dyers Almshouses">Dyers Almshouses</a>, Sussex, built between 1939 and 1971. <a href="/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Letchworth Garden City">Letchworth Garden City</a>, the first garden city, was inspired by Arts and Crafts ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-maccarthy2014_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maccarthy2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first houses were designed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Barry_Parker" title="Richard Barry Parker">Barry Parker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> style popularized by the movement and the town became associated with high-mindedness and simple living. The sandal-making workshop set up by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a> moved from Yorkshire to Letchworth Garden City and <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s jibe about "every fruit-juice drinker, nudist, sandal-wearer, sex-maniac, Quaker, 'Nature Cure' quack, pacifist, and feminist in England" going to a socialist conference in Letchworth has become famous.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_examples">Architectural examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Architectural examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_House,_Bexleyheath" title="Red House, Bexleyheath">Red House</a> – Upton, Bexley Heath, Kent – 1859</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Parr_House" title="David Parr House">David Parr House</a> – Cambridge, England – 1886–1926</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wightwick_Manor" title="Wightwick Manor">Wightwick Manor</a> – Wolverhampton, England – 1887–93</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gimson" title="Ernest Gimson">Inglewood</a> – Leicester, England – 1892</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standen" title="Standen">Standen</a> – East Grinstead, England – 1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedenborgian_Church_(San_Francisco,_California)" title="Swedenborgian Church (San Francisco, California)">Swedenborgian Church</a> – San Francisco, California – 1895</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ward_House" title="Mary Ward House">Mary Ward House</a> – Bloomsbury, London – 1896–98</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwell_(historic_house)" title="Blackwell (historic house)">Blackwell</a> – Lake District, England – 1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derwent_House" title="Derwent House">Derwent House</a> – Chislehurst, Bromley, Kent – 1899</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneywell" title="Stoneywell">Stoneywell</a> – Ulverscroft, Leicestershire – 1899</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wood" title="Edgar Wood">The Arts & Crafts Church (Long Street Methodist Church and School)</a> – Manchester, England – 1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spade_House" title="Spade House">Spade House</a> – Sandgate, Kent – 1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Estate" title="Caledonian Estate">Caledonian Estate</a> – Islington, London – 1900–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horniman_Museum" title="Horniman Museum">Horniman Museum</a> – Forest Hill, London – 1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Brockhampton" title="All Saints' Church, Brockhampton">All Saints' Church, Brockhampton</a> – 1901–02</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw%27s_Corner" title="Shaw's Corner">Shaw's Corner</a> – Ayot St Lawrence, Hertfordshire – 1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_P._Ferry_House" title="Pierre P. Ferry House">Pierre P. Ferry House</a> – Seattle, Washington – 1903–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_Botanic_Garden" title="Winterbourne Botanic Garden">Winterbourne House</a> – Birmingham, England – 1904</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Friar_(pub)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Friar (pub)">The Black Friar</a> – Blackfriars, London – 1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Marston_House" title="George W. Marston House">Marston House</a> – San Diego, California – 1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wood_Centre" title="Edgar Wood Centre">Edgar Wood Centre</a> – Manchester, England – 1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debenham_House" title="Debenham House">Debenham House</a> – Holland Park, London – 1905–07</li> <li>Belrock - Greater Sudbury, Ontario - 1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Blacker_House" title="Robert R. Blacker House">Robert R. Blacker House</a> – Pasadena, California – 1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotfold_(house)" title="Stotfold (house)">Stotfold</a>, Bickley, Kent – 1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamble_House_(Pasadena,_California)" title="Gamble House (Pasadena, California)">Gamble House</a> – Pasadena, California – 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Public_Library" title="Oregon Public Library">Oregon Public Library</a> – Oregon, Illinois – 1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorsen_House" title="Thorsen House">Thorsen House</a> – Berkeley, California – 1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodmarton_Manor" title="Rodmarton Manor">Rodmarton Manor</a> – Rodmarton, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire – 1909–29</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whare_Ra" title="Whare Ra">Whare Ra</a> – Havelock North, New Zealand – 1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_areas_in_Sutton,_London#The_Sutton_Garden_Suburb_Conservation_Area" title="Conservation areas in Sutton, London">Sutton Garden Suburb</a> – Benhilton, Sutton, London – 1912–14</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Omni_Grove_Park_Inn" title="The Omni Grove Park Inn">The Omni Grove Park Inn</a> – Asheville, North Carolina – 1913</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_in_the_Clouds" title="Castle in the Clouds">Castle in the Clouds</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ossipee_Mountains" title="Ossipee Mountains">Ossipee Mountains</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipesaukee" title="Lake Winnipesaukee">Lake Winnipesaukee</a>, New Hampshire – 1913-4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honan_Chapel" title="Honan Chapel">Honan Chapel</a> – University College Cork, Ireland – c.1916</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Francis_Xavier_Cathedral,_Geraldton" class="mw-redirect" title="St Francis Xavier Cathedral, Geraldton">St Francis Xavier's Cathedral</a> – Geraldton Western Australia 1916–1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedales_School" title="Bedales School">Bedales School</a> Memorial Library – near Petersfield, Hampshire – 1919–21</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garden_design">Garden design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Garden design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Jekyll" title="Gertrude Jekyll">Gertrude Jekyll</a> applied Arts and Crafts principles to garden design. She worked with the English architect, Sir <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a>, for whose projects she created numerous landscapes, and who designed her home <a href="/wiki/Munstead_Wood" title="Munstead Wood">Munstead Wood</a>, near Godalming in Surrey.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jekyll created the gardens for <a href="/wiki/Bishopsbarns" title="Bishopsbarns">Bishopsbarns</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HEBishopsbarns_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEBishopsbarns-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the home of York architect <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brierley" title="Walter Brierley">Walter Brierley</a>, an exponent of the Arts and Crafts movement and known as the "Lutyens of the North".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The garden for Brierley's final project, <a href="/wiki/Goddards_House_and_Garden" title="Goddards House and Garden">Goddards</a> in York, was the work of George Dillistone, a gardener who worked with Lutyens and Jekyll at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Drogo" title="Castle Drogo">Castle Drogo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HE1000452_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HE1000452-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Goddards_House_and_Garden" title="Goddards House and Garden">Goddards</a> the garden incorporated a number of features that reflected the arts and crafts style of the house, such as the use of hedges and <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_border" title="Herbaceous border">herbaceous borders</a> to divide the garden into a series of outdoor rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another notable Arts and Crafts garden is <a href="/wiki/Hidcote_Manor_Garden" title="Hidcote Manor Garden">Hidcote Manor Garden</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Waterbury_Johnston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Waterbury Johnston">Lawrence Johnston</a> which is also laid out in a series of outdoor rooms and where, like Goddards, the landscaping becomes less formal further away from the house.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples of Arts and Crafts gardens include <a href="/wiki/Hestercombe_House" title="Hestercombe House">Hestercombe Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lytes_Cary" title="Lytes Cary">Lytes Cary Manor</a> and the gardens of some of the architectural examples of arts and crafts buildings (listed above). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_education">Art education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Art education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morris's ideas were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/New_Education_Movement" title="New Education Movement">New Education Movement</a> in the late 1880s, which incorporated handicraft teaching in schools at Abbotsholme (1889) and <a href="/wiki/Bedales" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedales">Bedales</a> (1892), and his influence has been noted in the social experiments of <a href="/wiki/Dartington_Hall" title="Dartington Hall">Dartington Hall</a> during the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994603_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994603-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arts and Crafts practitioners in Britain were critical of the government system of art education based on design in the abstract with little teaching of practical craft. This lack of craft training also caused concern in industrial and official circles, and in 1884 a Royal Commission (accepting the advice of William Morris) recommended that art education should pay more attention to the suitability of design to the material in which it was to be executed.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first school to make this change was the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Art_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Art School">Birmingham School of Arts and Crafts</a>, which "led the way in introducing executed design to the teaching of art and design nationally (working in the material for which the design was intended rather than designing on paper). In his external examiner's report of 1889, Walter Crane praised Birmingham School of Art in that it 'considered design in relationship to materials and usage.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the direction of Edward Taylor, its headmaster from 1877 to 1903, and with the help of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Payne_(artist)" title="Henry Payne (artist)">Henry Payne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Southall" title="Joseph Southall">Joseph Southall</a>, the Birmingham School became a leading Arts-and-Crafts centre.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frampton_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Frampton_1890.jpg/220px-Frampton_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Frampton_1890.jpg/330px-Frampton_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Frampton_1890.jpg/440px-Frampton_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3125" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Frampton" title="George Frampton">George Frampton</a>. Season ticket to The Arts and Craft Exhibition Society 1890.</figcaption></figure> <p>Other local authority schools also began to introduce more practical teaching of crafts, and by the 1890s Arts and Crafts ideals were being disseminated by members of the Art Workers Guild into art schools throughout the country. Members of the Guild held influential positions: Walter Crane was director of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_School_of_Art" title="Manchester School of Art">Manchester School of Art</a> and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Royal College of Art</a>; F.M. Simpson, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anning_Bell" title="Robert Anning Bell">Robert Anning Bell</a> and C.J.Allen were respectively professor of architecture, instructor in painting and design, and instructor in sculpture at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_School_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool School of Art">Liverpool School of Art</a>; Robert Catterson-Smith, the headmaster of the Birmingham Art School from 1902 to 1920, was also an AWG member; <a href="/wiki/W._R._Lethaby" class="mw-redirect" title="W. R. Lethaby">W. R. Lethaby</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Frampton" title="George Frampton">George Frampton</a> were inspectors and advisors to the <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a>'s (LCC) education board and in 1896, largely as a result of their work, the LCC set up the <a href="/wiki/Central_School_of_Arts_and_Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Central School of Arts and Crafts">Central School of Arts and Crafts</a> and made them joint principals.<sup id="cite_ref-macdonald_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macdonald-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the formation of the Bauhaus in Germany, the Central School was regarded as the most progressive art school in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor1971179_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor1971179-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after its foundation, the <a href="/wiki/Camberwell_School_of_Arts_and_Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts">Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts</a> was set up on Arts and Crafts lines by the local borough council. </p><p>As head of the Royal College of Art in 1898, Crane tried to reform it along more practical lines, but resigned after a year, defeated by the bureaucracy of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Education (United Kingdom)">Board of Education</a>, who then appointed Augustus Spencer to implement his plan. Spencer brought in Lethaby to head its school of design and several members of the Art Workers' Guild as teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-macdonald_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macdonald-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten years after reform, a committee of inquiry reviewed the RCA and found that it was still not adequately training students for industry.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the debate that followed the publication of the committee's report, C.R.Ashbee published a highly critical essay, <i>Should We Stop Teaching Art</i>, in which he called for the system of art education to be completely dismantled and for the crafts to be learned in state-subsidised workshops instead.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Foreman_Day" title="Lewis Foreman Day">Lewis Foreman Day</a>, an important figure in the Arts and Crafts movement, took a different view in his dissenting report to the committee of inquiry, arguing for greater emphasis on principles of design against the growing orthodoxy of teaching design by direct working in materials. Nevertheless, the Arts and Crafts ethos thoroughly pervaded British art schools and persisted, in the view of the historian of art education, Stuart MacDonald, until after the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-macdonald_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macdonald-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leading_practitioners">Leading practitioners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Leading practitioners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Ashbee" title="Charles Robert Ashbee">Charles Robert Ashbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Swinden_Barber" title="William Swinden Barber">William Swinden Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_brothers" title="Barnsley brothers">Barnsley brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detmar_Blow" title="Detmar Blow">Detmar Blow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Tudor_Buckland" title="Herbert Tudor Buckland">Herbert Tudor Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Wilfred_William_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowland Wilfred William Carter">Rowland Wilfred William Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Cobden-Sanderson" title="T. J. Cobden-Sanderson">T. J. Cobden-Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Crane" title="Walter Crane">Walter Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Dawson" title="Nelson Dawson">Nelson Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Foreman_Day" title="Lewis Foreman Day">Lewis Foreman Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dresser" title="Christopher Dresser">Christopher Dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_van_Erp" title="Dirk van Erp">Dirk van Erp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._P._Figgis" title="T. P. Figgis">Thomas Phillips Figgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gimson" title="Ernest Gimson">Ernest Gimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_%26_Greene" class="mw-redirect" title="Greene & Greene">Greene & Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Hubbard" title="Elbert Hubbard">Elbert Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jewson" title="Norman Jewson">Norman Jewson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Johonnot" title="Ralph Johonnot">Ralph Johonnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Koehler" title="Florence Koehler">Florence Koehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Leach" title="Frederick Leach">Frederick Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lethaby" title="William Lethaby">William Lethaby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh" title="Charles Rennie Mackintosh">Charles Rennie Mackintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.H._Mackmurdo" class="mw-redirect" title="A.H. Mackmurdo">A.H. Mackmurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Maclure" title="Samuel Maclure">Samuel Maclure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Maher" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington Maher">George Washington Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Maybeck" title="Bernard Maybeck">Bernard Maybeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chapman_Mercer" title="Henry Chapman Mercer">Henry Chapman Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Morgan" title="Julia Morgan">Julia Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_De_Morgan" title="William De Morgan">William De Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Parsons" title="Karl Parsons">Karl Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoare_Powell" title="Alfred Hoare Powell">Alfred Hoare Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schroeder_Prior" title="Edward Schroeder Prior">Edward Schroeder Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_C._Robertson" title="Hugh C. Robertson">Hugh C. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robinson_(gardener)" title="William Robinson (gardener)">William Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rohlfs" title="Charles Rohlfs">Charles Rohlfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baillie_Scott" title="Baillie Scott">Baillie Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Shaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Shaw">Norman Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gates_Starr" title="Ellen Gates Starr">Ellen Gates Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stickley" title="Gustav Stickley">Gustav Stickley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Anna_Traquair" title="Phoebe Anna Traquair">Phoebe Anna Traquair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.F.A._Voysey" class="mw-redirect" title="C.F.A. Voysey">C.F.A. Voysey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ely_Webb" title="Margaret Ely Webb">Margaret Ely Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Webb" title="Philip Webb">Philip Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Whall" title="Christopher Whall">Christopher Whall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wood" title="Edgar Wood">Edgar Wood</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decorative_arts_gallery">Decorative arts gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Decorative arts gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 844px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Stickley._Dropfront_Desk,_ca._1903..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gustav Stickley. Dropfront Desk, ca. 1903 Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="Gustav Stickley. Dropfront Desk, ca. 1903 Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gustav_Stickley._Dropfront_Desk%2C_ca._1903..jpg/128px-Gustav_Stickley._Dropfront_Desk%2C_ca._1903..jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gustav_Stickley._Dropfront_Desk%2C_ca._1903..jpg/193px-Gustav_Stickley._Dropfront_Desk%2C_ca._1903..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gustav_Stickley._Dropfront_Desk%2C_ca._1903..jpg/257px-Gustav_Stickley._Dropfront_Desk%2C_ca._1903..jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stickley" title="Gustav Stickley">Gustav Stickley</a>. Dropfront Desk, ca. 1903 <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Wallpaper_Sample_Book_1_-_William_Morris_and_Company_-_page127.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Morris. Wallpaper Sample, Compton 323, c. 1917. Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="William Morris. Wallpaper Sample, Compton 323, c. 1917. Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Wallpaper_Sample_Book_1_-_William_Morris_and_Company_-_page127.jpg/168px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Wallpaper_Sample_Book_1_-_William_Morris_and_Company_-_page127.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Wallpaper_Sample_Book_1_-_William_Morris_and_Company_-_page127.jpg/252px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Wallpaper_Sample_Book_1_-_William_Morris_and_Company_-_page127.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Wallpaper_Sample_Book_1_-_William_Morris_and_Company_-_page127.jpg/336px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Wallpaper_Sample_Book_1_-_William_Morris_and_Company_-_page127.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">William Morris. Wallpaper Sample, Compton 323, c. 1917. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcomb_Pottery._Vase,_1902-1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Newcomb Pottery. Vase, 1902–1904. Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="Newcomb Pottery. Vase, 1902–1904. Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Newcomb_Pottery._Vase%2C_1902-1904.jpg/158px-Newcomb_Pottery._Vase%2C_1902-1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Newcomb_Pottery._Vase%2C_1902-1904.jpg/237px-Newcomb_Pottery._Vase%2C_1902-1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Newcomb_Pottery._Vase%2C_1902-1904.jpg/316px-Newcomb_Pottery._Vase%2C_1902-1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Newcomb Pottery. Vase, 1902–1904. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mueller_Mosaic_Company,_Tile,_ca._1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mueller Mosaic Company. Tile, ca. 1910 Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="Mueller Mosaic Company. Tile, ca. 1910 Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mueller_Mosaic_Company%2C_Tile%2C_ca._1910.jpg/168px-Mueller_Mosaic_Company%2C_Tile%2C_ca._1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mueller_Mosaic_Company%2C_Tile%2C_ca._1910.jpg/252px-Mueller_Mosaic_Company%2C_Tile%2C_ca._1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mueller_Mosaic_Company%2C_Tile%2C_ca._1910.jpg/336px-Mueller_Mosaic_Company%2C_Tile%2C_ca._1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Mueller Mosaic Company. Tile, ca. 1910 <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Clissett" title="Philip Clissett">Philip Clissett</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_English_House" title="The English House">The English House</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Prendergast" title="Charles Prendergast">Charles Prendergast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris_wallpaper_designs" title="William Morris wallpaper designs">William Morris wallpaper designs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris_textile_designs" title="William Morris textile designs">William Morris textile designs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_schools_of_economic_thought_on_arts_and_culture" title="History of schools of economic thought on arts and culture">History of schools of economic thought on arts and culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-grove-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grove_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2006" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Gordon (2006). <i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, Volume 1</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518948-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518948-3"><bdi>978-0-19-518948-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Decorative+Arts%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518948-3&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy Kaplan and Alan Crawford, <i>The Arts & Crafts movement in Europe & America: Design for the Modern World</i>, Los Angeles County Museum of Art</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-king-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-king_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-king_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2005" class="citation book cs1">King, Brenda M. (2005). <i>Silk and Empire</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6700-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6700-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-6700-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silk+and+Empire&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6700-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Brenda+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Arts-and-Crafts-movement">"Arts and Crafts movement | British and international movement"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Arts+and+Crafts+movement+%26%23124%3B+British+and+international+movement&rft.date=2023-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FArts-and-Crafts-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaingon2018" class="citation web cs1">Maingon, Claire (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beauxarts.com/grand-format/lart-nouveau-en-3-minutes/">"L'Art Nouveau en trois minutes"</a>. <i>Beaux Arts Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beaux+Arts+Magazine&rft.atitle=L%27Art+Nouveau+en+trois+minutes&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Maingon&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beauxarts.com%2Fgrand-format%2Flart-nouveau-en-3-minutes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFérré2015" class="citation web cs1">Férré, Benjamin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colineblot.fr/2015/05/benjamin-ferre-et-linspiration-arts-crafts/">"L'inspiration Arts & Crafts"</a>. <i>Coline Blot - Espace Saint-Cyprien,Toulouse</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coline+Blot+-+Espace+Saint-Cyprien%2CToulouse&rft.atitle=L%27inspiration+Arts+%26+Crafts&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=F%C3%A9rr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colineblot.fr%2F2015%2F05%2Fbenjamin-ferre-et-linspiration-arts-crafts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroissart2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Froissart, Rossella (2011). <i>L'art ornemental d'Eugène Grasset : l'unité rêvée des arts à l'ère industrielle</i> [<i>The ornamental art of Eugène Grasset: the dreamed unity of the arts in the industrial era</i>] (in French). Aix-Marseille University: HAL Open science (published 2019).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27art+ornemental+d%27Eug%C3%A8ne+Grasset+%3A+l%27unit%C3%A9+r%C3%AAv%C3%A9e+des+arts+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A8re+industrielle&rft.place=Aix-Marseille+University&rft.pub=HAL+Open+science&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Froissart&rft.aufirst=Rossella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrogniez2011" class="citation book cs1">Brogniez, Laurence (2011). <i>Ruskin en Belgique: passage en revue (1880-1930)</i>. Paris: Classiques Garnier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruskin+en+Belgique%3A+passage+en+revue+%281880-1930%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Classiques+Garnier&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Brogniez&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moses N. Ikiugu and Elizabeth A. Ciaravino, <i>Psychosocial Conceptual Practice models in Occupational Therapy</i>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style09a/index.html">"Arts and Crafts Style Guide"</a>. <i>British Galleries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Galleries&rft.atitle=Arts+and+Crafts+Style+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fvastatic%2Fmicrosites%2Fbritish_galleries%2Fbg_styles%2FStyle09a%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maccarthy2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maccarthy2014_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maccarthy2014_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maccarthy2014_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maccarthy2014_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiona MacCarthy, <i>Anarchy and Beauty: William Morris and his Legacy 1860–1960</i>, London: National Portrait Gallery, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B185514%2B484%2B2" title="Special:BookSources/978+185514+484+2">978 185514 484 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crawford-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crawford_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crawford_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Crawford, <i>C. R. Ashbee: Architect, Designer & Romantic Socialist</i>, Yale University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10939-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10939-3">0-300-10939-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-triggs-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-triggs_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriggs1902" class="citation book cs1">Triggs, Oscar Lovell (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chaptersinhistor00trig"><i>Chapters in the History of the Arts and Crafts Movement</i></a>. Bohemia Guild of the Industrial Art League.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapters+in+the+History+of+the+Arts+and+Crafts+Movement&rft.pub=Bohemia+Guild+of+the+Industrial+Art+League&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Triggs&rft.aufirst=Oscar+Lovell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchaptersinhistor00trig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumpnerMorrison2020" class="citation book cs1">Sumpner, Dave; Morrison, Julia (28 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5cCMDwAAQBAJ&q=key+Rennie"><i>My Revision Notes: Pearson Edexcel A Level Design and Technology (Product Design)</i></a>. Hodder Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5104-7422-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5104-7422-2"><bdi>978-1-5104-7422-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Revision+Notes%3A+Pearson+Edexcel+A+Level+Design+and+Technology+%28Product+Design%29&rft.pub=Hodder+Education&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-5104-7422-2&rft.aulast=Sumpner&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5cCMDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkey%2BRennie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pevsner-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pevsner_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pevsner_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pevsner_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pevsner_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pevsner_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pevsner_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pevsner_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikolaus Pevsner, <i>Pioneers of Modern Design</i>, Yale University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10571-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10571-1">0-300-10571-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/w/wallpaper-design-reform/">"V&A, "Wallpaper Design Reform"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=V%26A%2C+%22Wallpaper+Design+Reform%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2Fw%2Fwallpaper-design-reform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197121-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197121_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197121_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197121_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197121_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylor1971">Naylor 1971</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197120-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197120_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197120_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylor1971">Naylor 1971</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Nikolaus Pevsner, <i>Pioneers of Modern Design</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197122-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197122_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197122_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylor1971">Naylor 1971</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-V&A-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-V&A_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V&A_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V&A_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V&A_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style09a/index.html">"Victoria and Albert Museum"</a>. 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London: Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3849-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3849-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-3849-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1147708297">1147708297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+arts+and+crafts+movement&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1147708297&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-3849-6&rft.aulast=Blakesley&rft.aufirst=Rosalind+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartscraftsmoveme0000blak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218182444/http://www.arts-crafts.com/archive/jruskin.shtml">"John Ruskin – Artist Philosopher Writer – Arts & Crafts Leader"</a>. <i>www.arts-crafts.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts-crafts.com/archive/jruskin.shtml">the original</a> on 18 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arts-crafts.com&rft.atitle=John+Ruskin+%E2%80%93+Artist+Philosopher+Writer+%E2%80%93+Arts+%26+Crafts+Leader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts-crafts.com%2Farchive%2Fjruskin.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock_Kennedy2018" class="citation book cs1">Brock Kennedy, Travis (2018). <i>The great flaw in the man</i>. Columbia University NY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+flaw+in+the+man&rft.pub=Columbia+University+NY&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Brock+Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Travis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarsby-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sarsby_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarsby_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacqueline Sarsby" Alfred Powell: Idealism and Realism in the Cotswolds", <i>Journal of Design History</i>, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 375–397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pye-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pye_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Pye, <i>The Nature and Art of Workmanship</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Hilton, <i>John Ruskin</i>, Vol.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Ruskin, <i>The Two Paths</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197196–97-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197196–97_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylor1971">Naylor 1971</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackail, J. W. (2011). <i>The Life of William Morris</i>. New York: Dover Publications. p. 38. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-28793-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-28793-5">978-0-486-28793-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildman199849-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildman199849_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWildman1998">Wildman 1998</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor197197-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor197197_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylor1971">Naylor 1971</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/red-house#Overview">"National Trust, "Iconic Arts and Crafts home of William Morris"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Trust%2C+%22Iconic+Arts+and+Crafts+home+of+William+Morris%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fred-house%23Overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy2009-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy2009_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy2009_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy2009_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCarthy2009">MacCarthy 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acam/hd_acam.htm">"The Arts and Crafts Movement in America"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=The+Arts+and+Crafts+Movement+in+America&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Facam%2Fhd_acam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Crawford, "W. A. S. Benson, Machinery, and the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain", <i>The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts</i>, Vol. 24, Design, Culture, Identity: The Wolfsonian Collection (2002), pp. 94–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graeme Shankland, "William Morris – Designer", in Asa Briggs (ed.) <i>William Morris: Selected Writings and Designs</i>, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-020521-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-020521-7">0-14-020521-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Morris, "Useful Work versus Useless Toil", in Asa Briggs (ed.) <i>William Morris: Selected Writings and Designs</i>, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-020521-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-020521-7">0-14-020521-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994351-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994351_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCarthy1994">MacCarthy 1994</a>, p. 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mingei-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mingei_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mingei_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elisabeth Frolet, Nick Pearce, Soetsu Yanagi and Sori Yanagi, <i>Mingei: The Living Tradition in Japanese Arts</i>, Japan Folk Crafts Museum/Glasgow Museums, Japan: Kodashani International, 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashbee, C. R., <i>A Few Chapters on Workshop Construction and Citizenship</i>, London, 1894.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"C. R. Ashbee, <i>Should We Stop Teaching Art?</i>, New York and London: Garland, 1978, p.12 (Facsimile of the 1911 edition)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marshallcolman.blogspot.co.uk/2017/06/designer-and-executant-argument-between.html">"Designer and Executant: An Argument Between Walter Crane and Lewis Foreman Day"</a>. 19 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Designer+and+Executant%3A+An+Argument+Between+Walter+Crane+and+Lewis+Foreman+Day&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarshallcolman.blogspot.co.uk%2F2017%2F06%2Fdesigner-and-executant-argument-between.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-floud-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-floud_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-floud_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Floud, "The crafts then and now", <i>The Studio</i>, 1953, p.127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor1971109-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor1971109_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylor1971">Naylor 1971</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994640-663-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994640-663_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCarthy1994">MacCarthy 1994</a>, p. 640-663.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/v/victorian-dress-at-v-and-a/">"V&A, "Victorian Dress at the V&A"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 14 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=V%26A%2C+%22Victorian+Dress+at+the+V%26A%22&rft.date=2011-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2Fv%2Fvictorian-dress-at-v-and-a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiona McCarthy. <i>The Simple Life</i>, Lund Humphries, 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705190811/http://64.130.23.120/history-of-art/arts-and-crafts.htm">"Arts and Crafts movement"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://64.130.23.120/history-of-art/arts-and-crafts.htm">the original</a> on 5 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arts+and+Crafts+movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F64.130.23.120%2Fhistory-of-art%2Farts-and-crafts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994602-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994602_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCarthy1994">MacCarthy 1994</a>, p. 602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor1971120-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor1971120_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylor1971">Naylor 1971</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994591-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994591_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCarthy1994">MacCarthy 1994</a>, p. 591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor1971115-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor1971115_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylor1971">Naylor 1971</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994593-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994593_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCarthy1994">MacCarthy 1994</a>, p. 593.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parry, Linda, <i>William Morris and the Arts and Crafts Movement: A Sourcebook</i>, New York, Portland House, 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-69260-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-69260-0">0-517-69260-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chestofbooks.com/arts/essays/Theoretical-Practical-Critical-Ideals/Of-The-Arts-And-Crafts-Movement-Part-4.html">"Crane, Walter, "Of the Arts and Crafts Movement", in <i>Ideals In Art: Papers Theoretical Practical Critical</i>, George Bell & Sons, 1905"</a>. 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Utopia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endeavours+towards+an+Arts+%26+Crafts+Utopia&rft.pub=Utopia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utopia-britannica.org.uk%2Fpages%2FAshbee.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100129132321/http://www.courtbarn.org.uk/home">"Court Barn Museum"</a>. Courtbarn.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courtbarn.org.uk/home">the original</a> on 29 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Court+Barn+Museum&rft.pub=Courtbarn.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courtbarn.org.uk%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter, Joseph Nuttgens, London Review of Books, 13 May 2010 p 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCormack2015" class="citation book cs1">Cormack, Peter (2015). <i>Arts and Crafts Stained Glass</i> (First ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20970-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20970-9"><bdi>978-0-300-20970-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+and+Crafts+Stained+Glass&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-300-20970-9&rft.aulast=Cormack&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dublin-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dublin_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dublin_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicola Gordon Bowe and Elizabeth Cumming, <i>The Arts And Crafts Movements in Dublin and Edinburgh</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Arts and Crafts", <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Arts</i>, Vol. 56, No. 2918, 23 October 1908, pp. 1023–1024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Rooke" title="Noel Rooke">Noel Rooke</a>, "The Craftsman and Education for Industry", in <i>Four Papers Read by Members of the Arts & Crafts Exhibition Society</i>, London: Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society, 1935</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrod-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harrod_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrod_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrod_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tania Harrod, <i>The Crafts in Britain in the 20th Century</i>, Yale University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07780-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07780-7">0-300-07780-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vads.ahds.ac.uk/learning/designingbritain/html/crd_desref.html">Designing Britain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100515141802/http://vads.ahds.ac.uk/learning/designingbritain/html/crd_desref.html">Archived</a> May 15, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994603-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994603_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCarthy1994603_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCarthy1994">MacCarthy 1994</a>, p. 603.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. MacDonald, <i>Scottish Art</i> (London: Thames and Hudson, 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20333-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20333-4">0-500-20333-4</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Lyons, <i>Christopher Dresser: The People Designer – 1834–1904</i> (Antique Collectors' Club, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85149-455-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85149-455-3">1-85149-455-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilling2018" class="citation book cs1">Hilling, John B. (15 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe2VDwAAQBAJ&q=Arts+and+Crafts+Movement+Wales&pg=PA221">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Arts and Crafts' to Early Modernism, 1900 to 1939"</a>. <i>The Architecture of Wales: From the First to the Twenty-First Century</i>. University of Wales Press. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78683-285-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78683-285-6"><bdi>978-1-78683-285-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Arts+and+Crafts%27+to+Early+Modernism%2C+1900+to+1939&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Wales%3A+From+the+First+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2018-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78683-285-6&rft.aulast=Hilling&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOe2VDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DArts%2Band%2BCrafts%2BMovement%2BWales%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslet2010" class="citation book cs1">Aslet, Clive (4 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-Pa9IIfP3QC&q=Ewenny+Pottery+Arts+and+Crafts+Elliot&pg=PA477"><i>Villages of Britain: The Five Hundred Villages that Made the Countryside</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 477. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-8872-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-8872-6"><bdi>978-0-7475-8872-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Villages+of+Britain%3A+The+Five+Hundred+Villages+that+Made+the+Countryside&rft.pages=477&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010-10-04&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-8872-6&rft.aulast=Aslet&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-Pa9IIfP3QC%26q%3DEwenny%2BPottery%2BArts%2Band%2BCrafts%2BElliot%26pg%3DPA477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesCouncil1988" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Hazel; Council, Welsh Arts (1 January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RhMhAAAAMAAJ&q=O.M.+Edwards+Arts+and+Crafts"><i>O. M. Edwards</i></a>. University of Wales Press on behalf of Welsh Arts Council. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-0997-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-0997-1"><bdi>978-0-7083-0997-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O.+M.+Edwards&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press+on+behalf+of+Welsh+Arts+Council&rft.date=1988-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-0997-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Hazel&rft.au=Council%2C+Welsh+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRhMhAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DO.M.%2BEdwards%2BArts%2Band%2BCrafts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span> Sec. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothkirchWilliams2004" class="citation book cs1">Rothkirch, Alyce von; Williams, Daniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZViAAAAMAAJ&q=Welsh+Arts+and+Crafts"><i>Beyond the Difference: Welsh Literature in Comparative Contexts : Essays for M. Wynn Thomas at Sixty</i></a>. University of Wales Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1886-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1886-7"><bdi>978-0-7083-1886-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Difference%3A+Welsh+Literature+in+Comparative+Contexts+%3A+Essays+for+M.+Wynn+Thomas+at+Sixty&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1886-7&rft.aulast=Rothkirch&rft.aufirst=Alyce+von&rft.au=Williams%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZViAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DWelsh%2BArts%2Band%2BCrafts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arct.cam.ac.uk/Downloads/chs/final-chs-vol.19/chs-vol.19-pp.107-to-126.pdf">"CHS Vol"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222130124/http://www.arct.cam.ac.uk/Downloads/chs/final-chs-vol.19/chs-vol.19-pp.107-to-126.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHS+Vol&rft.date=2012-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arct.cam.ac.uk%2FDownloads%2Fchs%2Ffinal-chs-vol.19%2Fchs-vol.19-pp.107-to-126.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicola Gordon Bowe, <i>The Irish Arts and Crafts Movement (1886–1925)</i>, Irish Arts Review Yearbook, 1990–91, pp. 172–185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeehanHeckett2005163-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeehanHeckett2005163_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeehanHeckett2005">Teehan & Heckett 2005</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ákos Moravánszky, <i>Competing visions: aesthetic invention and social imagination in Central European Architecture 1867–1918</i>, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzczerski2005" class="citation book cs1">Szczerski, Andrej (2005). "Central Europe". In Livingstone, Karen; Parry, Linda (eds.). <i>International Arts and Crafts</i>. London: V&A Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85177-446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85177-446-3"><bdi>978-1-85177-446-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Central+Europe&rft.btitle=International+Arts+and+Crafts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=V%26A+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85177-446-3&rft.aulast=Szczerski&rft.aufirst=Andrej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor1971183-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor1971183_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylor1971">Naylor 1971</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor1971189-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor1971189_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylor1971">Naylor 1971</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Széleky András, <i>Kós Károly</i>, Budapest, 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obniski-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obniski_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obniski_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obniski_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObniski2008" class="citation web cs1">Obniski, Monica (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acam/hd_acam.htm">"The Arts and Crafts Movement in America"</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arts+and+Crafts+Movement+in+America&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2008-06&rft.aulast=Obniski&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Facam%2Fhd_acam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartstory.org/movement/arts-and-crafts/">"The Arts & Crafts Movement – Concepts & Styles"</a>. <i>The Art Story</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Story&rft.atitle=The+Arts+%26+Crafts+Movement+%E2%80%93+Concepts+%26+Styles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartstory.org%2Fmovement%2Farts-and-crafts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandt, Beverly Kay. <i>The Craftsman and the Critic: Defining Usefulness and Beauty in the Arts and Crafts-era Boston.</i> University of Massachusetts Press, 2009. p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cahn, Lauren. (March 13, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/home-and-garden/the-most-famous-house-in-every-state/ss-BBUI50i#image=29">"The Most Famous House in Every State. Image #29: <i>Castle in the Clouds</i>"</a> <a href="/wiki/MSN.com" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN.com">MSN.com</a> website. Retrieved April 29, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-green_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1999" class="citation book cs1">Green, Nancy E. and Jessie Poesch (1999). <i>Arthur Wesley Dow and American arts & crafts</i>. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. pp. 55–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-4217-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-4217-8"><bdi>0-8109-4217-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Wesley+Dow+and+American+arts+%26+crafts&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=55-126&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8109-4217-8&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Nancy+E.+and+Jessie+Poesch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwardsrw-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edwardsrw_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2015" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Robert W. (2015). <i>Pedro de Lemos, Lasting Impressions: Works on Paper</i>. Worcester, Mass.: Davis Publications Inc. pp. 4–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61528-405-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61528-405-4"><bdi>978-1-61528-405-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedro+de+Lemos%2C+Lasting+Impressions%3A+Works+on+Paper&rft.place=Worcester%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=4-111&rft.pub=Davis+Publications+Inc.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61528-405-4&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Construction-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Construction_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180103/http://www.artfixdaily.com/news_feed/2015/02/18/4653-construction-begins-on-40-million-museum-of-the-american-arts-and">"Construction Begins on $40 Million Museum of the American Arts & Crafts in Florida"</a>. ARTFIX Daily. 18 February 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artfixdaily.com/news_feed/2015/02/18/4653-construction-begins-on-40-million-museum-of-the-american-arts-and">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Construction+Begins+on+%2440+Million+Museum+of+the+American+Arts+%26+Crafts+in+Florida&rft.date=2015-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artfixdaily.com%2Fnews_feed%2F2015%2F02%2F18%2F4653-construction-begins-on-40-million-museum-of-the-american-arts-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nichols-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nichols_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2015" class="citation news cs1">Nichols, Steve (18 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221102147/http://www.myfoxtampabay.com/story/28143878/new-bigger-art-museum-coming-to-st-pete">"New, bigger, art museum coming to St. Pete"</a>. FOX 13 Pinellas Bureau Reporter. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myfoxtampabay.com/story/28143878/new-bigger-art-museum-coming-to-st-pete">the original</a> on 21 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New%2C+bigger%2C+art+museum+coming+to+St.+Pete&rft.date=2015-02-18&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myfoxtampabay.com%2Fstory%2F28143878%2Fnew-bigger-art-museum-coming-to-st-pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Orwell, <i>The Road to Wigan Pier</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tankard, Judith B. and Martin A. Wood. Gertrude Jekyll at Munstead Wood. Bramley Books, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HEBishopsbarns-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HEBishopsbarns_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1256793" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1256793?section=official-list-entry">"Bishopsbarns (1256793)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Bishopsbarns+%281256793%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1256793%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/goddards-house-and-garden/documents/download-the-goddards-the-art-of-design-leaflet.pdf">"The Art of Design"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.nationaltrust.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828094725/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/goddards-house-and-garden/documents/download-the-goddards-the-art-of-design-leaflet.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationaltrust.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Design&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fgoddards-house-and-garden%2Fdocuments%2Fdownload-the-goddards-the-art-of-design-leaflet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HE1000452-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HE1000452_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1000452" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1000452?section=official-list-entry">"Castle Drogo park and garden (1000452)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Castle+Drogo+park+and+garden+%281000452%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1000452%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/goddards-house-and-garden/features/the-gardens-at-goddards-">"The Gardens at Goddards"</a>. <i>www.nationaltrust.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationaltrust.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Gardens+at+Goddards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fgoddards-house-and-garden%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-gardens-at-goddards-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/hidcote/features/the-garden-at-hidcote">"The Garden at Hidcote"</a>. <i>www.nationaltrust.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationaltrust.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Garden+at+Hidcote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fhidcote%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-garden-at-hidcote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105132211/http://www.morrissociety.org/publications/JWMS/AU94.11.1.HarveyPress.pdf">"Charles Harvey and Jon Press, "William Morris and the Royal Commission on Technical Instruction", <i>Journal of the William Morris Society</i> 11.1, August 1994, pp. 31–34"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morrissociety.org/publications/JWMS/AU94.11.1.HarveyPress.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Harvey+and+Jon+Press%2C+%22William+Morris+and+the+Royal+Commission+on+Technical+Instruction%22%2C+Journal+of+the+William+Morris+Society+11.1%2C+August+1994%2C+pp.+31%E2%80%9334&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morrissociety.org%2Fpublications%2FJWMS%2FAU94.11.1.HarveyPress.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fineart.ac.uk/institutions.php?idinst=9">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Birmingham Institute of Art and Design" fineart.ac.uk"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Birmingham+Institute+of+Art+and+Design%22+fineart.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffineart.ac.uk%2Finstitutions.php%3Fidinst%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveritt" class="citation web cs1">Everitt, Sian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fineart.ac.uk/institutions.php?idinst=9">"Keeper of Archives"</a>. <i>Birmingham Institute of Art and Design</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+Institute+of+Art+and+Design&rft.atitle=Keeper+of+Archives&rft.aulast=Everitt&rft.aufirst=Sian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffineart.ac.uk%2Finstitutions.php%3Fidinst%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macdonald-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macdonald_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macdonald_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macdonald_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart Macdonald, <i>The History and Philosophy of Art Education</i>, London: University of London Press, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B340%2B09420%2B6" title="Special:BookSources/0+340+09420+6">0 340 09420 6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaylor1971179-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaylor1971179_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaylor1971">Naylor 1971</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Report of the Departmental Committee on the Royal College of Art</i>, HMSO, 1911</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.R.Ashbee, <i>Should We Stop Teaching Art?</i>, 1911</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography_and_further_reading">Bibliography and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyers2002" class="citation book cs1">Ayers, Dianne (2002). <i>American Arts and Crafts Textiles</i>. New York: Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-0434-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-0434-9"><bdi>0-8109-0434-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Arts+and+Crafts+Textiles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8109-0434-9&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakesley2006" class="citation book cs1">Blakesley, Rosalind P (2006). <i>The arts and crafts movement</i>. Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-4967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-4967-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-4967-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+arts+and+crafts+movement&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-4967-6&rft.aulast=Blakesley&rft.aufirst=Rosalind+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoris1986" class="citation book cs1">Boris, Eileen (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artlaborruskinmo0000bori"><i>Art and Labor</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87722-384-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87722-384-X"><bdi>0-87722-384-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Labor&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-87722-384-X&rft.aulast=Boris&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartlaborruskinmo0000bori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarruthers2013" class="citation book cs1">Carruthers, Annette (2013). <i>The Arts and Crafts Movement in Scotland: A History</i>. Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19576-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19576-7"><bdi>978-0-300-19576-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arts+and+Crafts+Movement+in+Scotland%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Paul+Mellon+Centre+for+Studies+in+British+Art&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19576-7&rft.aulast=Carruthers&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2752/174967714X14111311183126?journalCode=rfmc20">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathers1981" class="citation book cs1">Cathers, David M. (1981). <i>Furniture of the American Arts and Crafts Movement</i>. The New American Library, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-453-00397-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-453-00397-4"><bdi>0-453-00397-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Furniture+of+the+American+Arts+and+Crafts+Movement&rft.pub=The+New+American+Library%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-453-00397-4&rft.aulast=Cathers&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathers2014" class="citation book cs1">Cathers, David M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tworedroses.com/bookinfo.php?bookid=115"><i>So Various Are The Forms It Assumes: American Arts & Crafts Furniture from the Two Red Roses Foundation</i></a>. Marquand Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-21348-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-692-21348-3"><bdi>978-0-692-21348-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+Various+Are+The+Forms+It+Assumes%3A+American+Arts+%26+Crafts+Furniture+from+the+Two+Red+Roses+Foundation&rft.pub=Marquand+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-692-21348-3&rft.aulast=Cathers&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tworedroses.com%2Fbookinfo.php%3Fbookid%3D115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathers2017" class="citation book cs1">Cathers, David M. (20 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tworedroses.com/bookinfo.php?bookid=11"><i>These Humbler Metals: Arts and Crafts Metalwork from the Two Red Roses Foundation Collection</i></a>. Marquand Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-98869-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-98869-6"><bdi>978-0-615-98869-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=These+Humbler+Metals%3A+Arts+and+Crafts+Metalwork+from+the+Two+Red+Roses+Foundation+Collection&rft.pub=Marquand+Books&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft.isbn=978-0-615-98869-6&rft.aulast=Cathers&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tworedroses.com%2Fbookinfo.php%3Fbookid%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cormack, Peter. <i>Arts & crafts stained glass</i> (Yale UP, 2015).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummingKaplan1991" class="citation book cs1">Cumming, Elizabeth; Kaplan, Wendy (1991). <i>Arts & Crafts Movement</i>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20248-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20248-6"><bdi>0-500-20248-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+%26+Crafts+Movement&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-500-20248-6&rft.aulast=Cumming&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumming2006" class="citation book cs1">Cumming, Elizabeth (2006). <i>Hand, Heart and Soul: The Arts and Crafts Movement in Scotland</i>. Birlinn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84158-419-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84158-419-5"><bdi>978-1-84158-419-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand%2C+Heart+and+Soul%3A+The+Arts+and+Crafts+Movement+in+Scotland&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84158-419-5&rft.aulast=Cumming&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Danahay, Martin. "Arts and Crafts as a Transatlantic Movement: CR Ashbee in the United States, 1896–1915." <i>Journal of Victorian Culture</i> 20.1 (2015): 65–86.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiellFiell2005" class="citation book cs1">Fiell, Charlotte; Fiell, Peter (2005). <i>Design of the 20th Century</i> (25th anniversary ed.). Köln: Taschen. pp. 62–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783822840788" title="Special:BookSources/9783822840788"><bdi>9783822840788</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/809539744">809539744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+of+the+20th+Century&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=62-69&rft.edition=25th+anniversary&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F809539744&rft.isbn=9783822840788&rft.aulast=Fiell&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Fiell%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Greensted, Mary. <i>The arts and crafts movement in Britain</i> (Shire, 2010).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2012" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Bruce (2012). <i>Arts & Crafts Shopmarks</i>. Fletcher, NC: Knock On Wood Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4507-9024-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4507-9024-6"><bdi>978-1-4507-9024-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+%26+Crafts+Shopmarks&rft.place=Fletcher%2C+NC&rft.pub=Knock+On+Wood+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4507-9024-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1987" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Wendy (1987). <i>The Art that Is Life: The Arts & Crafts Movement in America 1875-1920</i>. New York: Little, Brown and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+that+Is+Life%3A+The+Arts+%26+Crafts+Movement+in+America+1875-1920&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kreisman, Lawrence, and Glenn Mason. <i>The Arts & Craft Movement in the Pacific Northwest</i> (Timber Press, 2007).</li> <li>Krugh, Michele. "Joy in labour: The politicization of craft from the arts and crafts movement to Etsy." <i>Canadian Review of American Studies</i> 44.2 (2014): 281–301. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/pdf/10.3138/CRAS.2014.S06">online</a></li> <li>Luckman, Susan. "Precarious labour then and now: The British arts and crafts movement and cultural work revisited." <i>Theorizing Cultural Work</i> (Routledge, 2014) pp. 33–43 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/57034675/Precarious_Labour_Then_and_Now.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCarthy2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">MacCarthy, Fiona (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19322">"Morris, William (1834–1896), <i>designer, author, and visionary socialist</i>"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19322">10.1093/ref:odnb/19322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morris%2C+William+%281834%E2%80%931896%29%2C+designer%2C+author%2C+and+visionary+socialist&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F19322&rft.aulast=MacCarthy&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F19322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCarthy1994" class="citation book cs1">MacCarthy, Fiona (1994). <i>William Morris</i>. Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-17495-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-17495-7"><bdi>0-571-17495-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Morris&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-571-17495-7&rft.aulast=MacCarthy&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mascia-Lees, Frances E. "American Beauty: The Middle Class Arts and Crafts Revival in the United States." in <i>Critical Craft</i> (Routledge, 2020) pp. 57–77.</li> <li>Meister, Maureen. <i>Arts and Crafts Architecture: History and Heritage in New England</i> (UP of New England, 2014).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor1971" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Gillian (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artscraftsmoveme0000nayl"><i>The Arts and Crafts Movement: a study of its sources, ideals and influence on design theory</i></a></span>. London: Studio Vista. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-289-79580-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-289-79580-X"><bdi>0-289-79580-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arts+and+Crafts+Movement%3A+a+study+of+its+sources%2C+ideals+and+influence+on+design+theory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Studio+Vista&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-289-79580-X&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartscraftsmoveme0000nayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2005" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Linda (2005). <i>Textiles of the Arts and Crafts Movement</i>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28536-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28536-5"><bdi>0-500-28536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles+of+the+Arts+and+Crafts+Movement&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-500-28536-5&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Penick, Monica, Christopher Long, and Harry Ransom Center, eds. <i>The rise of everyday design: The arts and crafts movement in Britain and America</i> (Yale UP, 2019).</li> <li>Richardson, Margaret. <i>Architects of the arts and crafts movement</i> (1983)</li> <li>Tankard, Judith B. <i>Gardens of the Arts and Crafts Movement</i> (Timber Press, 2018)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeehanHeckett2005" class="citation book cs1">Teehan, Virginia; Heckett, Elizabeth (2005). <i>The Honan Chapel: A Golden Vision</i>. Cork: Cork University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85918-346-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85918-346-5"><bdi>978-1-85918-346-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Honan+Chapel%3A+A+Golden+Vision&rft.place=Cork&rft.pub=Cork+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85918-346-5&rft.aulast=Teehan&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft.au=Heckett%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thomas, Zoë. "Between Art and Commerce: Women, Business Ownership, and the Arts and Crafts Movement." <i>Past & Present</i> 247.1 (2020): 151–196. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/past/article-pdf/247/1/151/33145756/gtz071.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Triggs, Oscar Lovell. <i>The arts & crafts movement</i> (Parkstone International, 2014).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildman1998" class="citation book cs1">Wildman, Stephen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/67586"><i>Edward Burne-Jones, Victorian artist-dreamer</i></a>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-858-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-858-4"><bdi>978-0-87099-858-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Burne-Jones%2C+Victorian+artist-dreamer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-858-4&rft.aulast=Wildman&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F67586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+and+Crafts+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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museum exclusively dedicated to the American Arts & Crafts movement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trovestar.com/ac_antique/index.php">Catalog lists with images of the major American Arts & Crafts furniture makers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621033759/http://www.trovestar.com/ac_antique/index.php">Archived</a> 2017-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/File:CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/100px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/150px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/200px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1646" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolinguistics" title="Ecolinguistics">Ecolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosemiotics" title="Ecosemiotics">Ecosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">Traditional ecological knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecocomposition" title="Ecocomposition">Ecocomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism">Ecocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopoetry" title="Ecopoetry">Ecopoetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocriticism" title="Geocriticism">Geocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_literature" title="Outdoor literature">Outdoor literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Aesthetics of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)" title="Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty#Ecophenomenology" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Ecophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></th><td 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title="Psychogeography">Psychogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_interpretation" title="Thematic interpretation">Thematic interpretation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_studies" title="Animal studies">Animal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a> (<a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">ethic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums" title="List of natural history museums">museums</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_science" 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arts">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arts and Crafts movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomuseum" title="Ecomuseum">Ecomuseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_trail" title="Educational trail">Educational trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_assessment" title="Landscape assessment">assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_planning" title="Landscape planning">planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Sustainable fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themed_walk" title="Themed walk">Themed walk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br />Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br />to modern</a><br />(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Morris" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:William_Morris" title="Template:William Morris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_Morris" title="Template talk:William Morris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_Morris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William Morris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Morris" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Wings_and_Other_Stories" title="Golden Wings and Other Stories">Golden Wings and Other Stories</a></i> (1856)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Haystack_in_the_Floods" title="The Haystack in the Floods">The Haystack in the Floods</a>" (1858)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Masters_in_This_Hall" title="Masters in This Hall">Masters in This Hall</a>" (1860)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Earthly_Paradise" title="The Earthly Paradise">The Earthly Paradise</a></i> (1870)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Sigurd_the_Volsung_and_the_Fall_of_the_Niblungs" title="The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs">The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs</a></i> (1876)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dream_of_John_Ball" title="A Dream of John Ball">A Dream of John Ball</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Wolfings" title="The House of the Wolfings">The House of the Wolfings</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roots_of_the_Mountains" title="The Roots of the Mountains">The Roots of the Mountains</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/News_from_Nowhere" title="News from Nowhere">News from Nowhere</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Glittering_Plain" title="The Story of the Glittering Plain">The Story of the Glittering Plain</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wood_Beyond_the_World" title="The Wood Beyond the World">The Wood Beyond the World</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Child_Christopher_and_Goldilind_the_Fair" title="Child Christopher and Goldilind the Fair">Child Christopher and Goldilind the Fair</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Well_at_the_World%27s_End" title="The Well at the World's End">The Well at the World's End</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Water_of_the_Wondrous_Isles" title="The Water of the Wondrous Isles">The Water of the Wondrous Isles</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sundering_Flood" title="The Sundering Flood">The Sundering Flood</a></i> (1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union_murals" title="Oxford Union murals">Oxford Union murals</a> (1857-1859) (co-creator)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morris_%26_Co." title="Morris & Co.">Morris & Co.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tristram_and_Isoude_stained_glass_panels" title="Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels">Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Thief_(William_Morris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry Thief (William Morris)">Strawberry Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(tapestry)" title="Adoration of the Magi (tapestry)"><i>Adoration of the Magi</i> tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail_tapestries" title="Holy Grail tapestries">Holy Grail tapestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris_textile_designs" title="William Morris textile designs">William Morris textile designs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris_wallpaper_designs" title="William Morris wallpaper designs">William Morris wallpaper designs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Printing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelmscott_Press" title="Kelmscott Press">Kelmscott Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_the_Kelmscott_Press" title="List of works by the Kelmscott Press">List of works by the Kelmscott Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Type" title="Golden Type">Golden Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Gallery" title="William Morris Gallery">William Morris Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Society" title="William Morris Society">William Morris Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Morris" title="Jane Morris">Jane Morris</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Alice_Morris" title="Jane Alice Morris">Jane Alice Morris</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Morris" title="May Morris">May Morris</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arts and Crafts movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_House,_Bexleyheath" title="Red House, Bexleyheath">Red House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelmscott_Manor" title="Kelmscott Manor">Kelmscott Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelmscott_House" title="Kelmscott House">Kelmscott House</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fight_for_Right" title="Fight for Right">Fight for Right</a>" (1916 song)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_School" title="The Love School">The Love School</a></i> (1975 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Romantics" title="Desperate Romantics">Desperate Romantics</a></i> (2009 series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Ruskin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Ruskin" title="Template:John Ruskin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Ruskin" title="Template talk:John Ruskin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Ruskin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Ruskin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Ruskin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_the_Golden_River" title="The King of the Golden River">The King of the Golden River</a></i> (written 1842, published 1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a></i> (1843–1860)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Lamps_of_Architecture" title="The Seven Lamps of Architecture">The Seven Lamps of Architecture</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a></i> (1851–1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a></i> (1860)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors Clavigera</a></i> (1870s)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg/90px-John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg/135px-John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg/180px-John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ruskin (painting)">John Ruskin</a></i> (1854 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(1967_film)" title="Dante's Inferno (1967 film)">Dante's Inferno</a></i> (1967 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_School" title="The Love School">The Love School</a></i> (1975 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_John_Ruskin" title="The Passion of John Ruskin">The Passion of John Ruskin</a></i> (1994 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Countess_(play)" title="The Countess (play)">The Countess</a></i> (1999 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Romantics" title="Desperate Romantics">Desperate Romantics</a></i> (2009 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray_(film)" title="Effie Gray (film)">Effie Gray</a></i> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arts and Crafts movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brantwood" title="Brantwood">Brantwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray" title="Effie Gray">Effie Gray</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_St_George" title="Guild of St George">Guild of St George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">Illth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ruskin" title="Mount Ruskin">Mount Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathetic_fallacy" title="Pathetic fallacy">Pathetic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_La_Touche" title="Rose La Touche">Rose La Touche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Gallery" title="Ruskin Gallery">Ruskin Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Monument" title="Ruskin Monument">Ruskin Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Museum" title="Ruskin Museum">Ruskin Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_School_of_Art" title="Ruskin School of Art">Ruskin School of Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ruskin,_Lancaster" title="The Ruskin, Lancaster">The Ruskin, Lancaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330369#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at 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