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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power_structure_of_Batang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_structure_of_Batang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Power structure of Batang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_structure_of_Batang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_role_of_the_British_and_the_Qing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_role_of_the_British_and_the_Qing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The role of the British and the Qing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_role_of_the_British_and_the_Qing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_role_of_the_French_missionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_role_of_the_French_missionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The role of the French missionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_role_of_the_French_missionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feng_Quan's_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feng_Quan's_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Feng Quan's reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feng_Quan's_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Execution_of_missionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution_of_missionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Execution of missionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution_of_missionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punitive_campaign" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1905 uprising in Batang, Kham, Qing Empire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Batang uprising</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1905<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_The_Uprising_at_Batang200252_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_The_Uprising_at_Batang200252-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a>'s Chiefdom of Batang<br />Chiefdom of Litang<br />(present day <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batang_County" title="Batang County">Batang County</a>;, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên County">Dêqên</a>; <a href="/wiki/Weixi_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Weixi county">Weixi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gongshan_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Gongshan County">Gongshan County</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Qing assertion of authority up to 1911</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom_of_Batang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiefdom of Batang">Chiefdom of Batang</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chiefdom_of_Litang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiefdom of Litang">Chiefdom of Litang</a><br />Batang Monastery<br />Samphel Monastery</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Tashi Gyaltsen <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br />Drakpa Gyaltsen <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br />Sonam Dradul <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br />Atra<br />Khenpo Phurjung Tawa</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> Feng Quan <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Erfeng" title="Zhao Erfeng">Zhao Erfeng</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> General Wu Yi-chung <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> General Ma Weiqi (Ma Wei-ch'i)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang,_China's_Last_Imperial_Frontier201198_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang,_China's_Last_Imperial_Frontier201198-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> Commandant in Chief Li Chia-jui</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Tibetan Khampa tribesmen, Tibetan Chieftain defectors from Qing army</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> Qing military<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Standard_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Green_Standard_Army.svg/23px-Green_Standard_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Green_Standard_Army.svg/35px-Green_Standard_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Green_Standard_Army.svg/46px-Green_Standard_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown Khampa casualties</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Feng Quan, unknown Qing casualties</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Batang uprising</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">巴塘事變</span>) was an uprising by the Khampas of <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> against the assertion of authority by <a href="/wiki/Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a>. </p><p>The uprising began as an opposition to the new policies of land reclamation and limits of the monastic community. The policies were implemented by <a href="/wiki/Feng_Quan" class="mw-redirect" title="Feng Quan">Feng Quan</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_imperial_residents_in_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Qing imperial residents in Tibet">Qing's assistant amban</a> to Tibet, stationed in <a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo</a> (in western Kham).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chamdo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamdo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feng Quan was murdered in the uprising and <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> four French <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet#Christianity" title="Religion in Tibet">Catholic missionaries</a>, perceived as Qing allies, fell victim to mobs led by lamas. One was killed immediately (his remains were never found), another was tortured for twelve days before he was executed, while the other two were pursued for three months and <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheaded</a> upon capture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten Catholic churches were burned down and a mass of locals that had converted to Catholicism were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under French pressure to protect missionaries and domestic pressure to stop the threat of the British invading from the west frontier,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014262-263_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014262-263-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feng Quan's successor <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Erfeng" title="Zhao Erfeng">Zhao Erfeng</a> led a bloody <a href="/wiki/Punitive_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Punitive campaign">punitive campaign</a> to quell the uprising in 1906. Zhao brought political, economic, and cultural reform to Batang and the rest of Kham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014262-263_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014262-263-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct rule of Batang under Qing was established by Zhao. With the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Chinese Revolution</a>, Zhao was murdered in turn and the <i>status quo ante</i> was reestablished. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_uprising&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simla_Convention_borders_in_Kham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Simla_Convention_borders_in_Kham.jpg/280px-Simla_Convention_borders_in_Kham.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Simla_Convention_borders_in_Kham.jpg/420px-Simla_Convention_borders_in_Kham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Simla_Convention_borders_in_Kham.jpg/560px-Simla_Convention_borders_in_Kham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2877" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption>Map of Kham, with its border marked in red, and the division between Lhasa-controlled and Peking-controlled territories in blue (map from the 1914 <a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Convention</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_structure_of_Batang">Power structure of Batang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_uprising&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Power structure of Batang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Batang,_Sichuan" title="Batang, Sichuan">Batang</a> was at the frontier of Qing China where authority was shared between local Kham chiefs and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Buddhist">Tibetan Buddhist</a> monasteries. The <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a> in the monastery were under the suzerainty of Lhasa, Tibet. While Kham chiefs and Tibet were <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">under Qing rule</a>, Qing authority over Tibet was weak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_role_of_the_British_and_the_Qing">The role of the British and the Qing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_uprising&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The role of the British and the Qing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a> in 1904 had repercussions in the frontier region between Tibet and China (called "March country" or "Marches").<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Qing intervention within Tibet's frontier east of the Dri River (upper <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> river, also called <a href="/wiki/Jinsha_River" title="Jinsha River">Jinsha</a>) was triggered in an effort to open up Tibet's frontier roads to Qing forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_role_of_the_French_missionaries">The role of the French missionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_uprising&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The role of the French missionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tibetan Khampas in the frontier marches are known for their hostility towards outsiders, and for their strong devotion to their monasteries from specific schools of Tibetan Buddhism, and to the Dalai Lamas.<sup id="cite_ref-Ronis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decades before the Batang uprising, around 1852 the French Catholic Marist missions from <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a>, operating under Qing China's protectorate and ushered into Kham's frontier region, were "[d]riven back from the frontier and forced to withdraw to the Western confines of the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan," where they "vegetated for a century within small Christian communities," until expelled by Communist China in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tuttle_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prazniak_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prazniak-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1873 to 1905, there were five attacks on churches (this Batang uprising being the fifth), known as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionary_cases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Missionary cases (page does not exist)">missionary cases</a>" in historiography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier201493-94,_102_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier201493-94,_102-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the complaint of the French consul, the <a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Foreign Ministry of Qing</a> settled the cases and gradually got involved into Batang politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier201493-94,_102_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier201493-94,_102-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feng_Quan's_reforms"><span id="Feng_Quan.27s_reforms"></span>Feng Quan's reforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_uprising&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Feng Quan's reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qing China sent <a href="/wiki/Feng_Quan" class="mw-redirect" title="Feng Quan">Feng Quan</a> as the new <a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">Qing's assistant amban</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stationing him in <a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamdo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamdo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qing emperor instructed him to develop, assimilate, and bring the Kham regions under strong Qing central control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._11966186_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._11966186-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199726_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199726-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feng Quan began initiating land reforms among traditional autonomous polities of kingdoms governed by warrior chiefs, and initiating a reduction to the number of monks, whose monasteries were among the autonomous polities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsomu,_Taming_the_Khampas2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsomu,_Taming_the_Khampas2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarri,_The_rise_of_the_Five_Hor_States2020_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarri,_The_rise_of_the_Five_Hor_States2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ronis_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feng Quan recruited Chinese soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> farmers to convert idle land in Batang to <a href="/wiki/Cultivable_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivable land">cultivable land</a> in the hope of attracting settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014207-209_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014207-209-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chiefdoms of Batang and Litang and the Tibetan monasteries rose up. 26–27 March 1905 marked the first bloodshed when a handful of Sichuan farmers were killed at the farm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014231_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014231-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 April, Feng Quan was murdered, which the locals justified by claiming he had "promoted French military uniforms and military marches and therefore could not have been a genuine commissioner sent by the Qing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014245_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014245-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Execution_of_missionaries">Execution of missionaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_uprising&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Execution of missionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four French missionaries were killed by the locals, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Mussot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Mussot (page does not exist)">Henri Mussot</a> (牧守仁) on March 30 or 31, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-André Soulié">Jean-André Soulié</a> (蘇烈) on April 14, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Marie_Bourdonnec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Marie Bourdonnec (page does not exist)">Pierre-Marie Bourdonnec</a> (蒲德元) as well as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Dubernard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Dubernard (page does not exist)">Jules Dubernard</a> (余伯南) on July 23.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them, Soulié was tortured for twelve days before execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten Catholic churches were burned down and a mass of locals <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">converted to Catholicism</a> were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A compensation was reached between the Sichuan government's foreign affairs office (四川洋務局), the French consul in Chengdu and Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Philippe_Giraudeau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau (page does not exist)">Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau</a> (倪德隆).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014257-258_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014257-258-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sichuan compensated 121,500 silver <a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">tael</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sycee" title="Sycee">silver sycees</a>, which would be paid from the tea tax revenues of <a href="/wiki/Dartsedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartsedo">Dartsedo</a> town, Sichuan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014257-258_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014257-258-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punitive_campaign">Punitive campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_uprising&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Punitive campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Qing Chinese responded to the Batang uprising with a punitive campaign. The Sichuan Army under the command of Chinese General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Wei-ch%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Wei-ch'i (page does not exist)">Ma Wei-ch'i</a> was said to launch the first retaliations against the Khampas - Chiefs, Lamas and lay people - at Batang, and against the monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeichman,_Travels_of_a_Consular_Officer192221_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeichman,_Travels_of_a_Consular_Officer192221-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The punitive invasion by Han <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Bannerman</a> General <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Erfeng" title="Zhao Erfeng">Zhao Erfeng</a> in Kham is well documented, including the German origin of the army's rifles,<sup id="cite_ref-Pistono2011_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pistono2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was later called "the Butcher of Kham" for his work. Monks and Khampas were subjected to execution, beheadings, and dousings with fire. The monks at Batang reportedly withstood the invasion until 1906, but afterwards they and the monks from Chatring monastery were all killed, and their monasteries were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prince of Batang was also beheaded for taking part in the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monasteries continued to be targeted by Zhao's forces,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did all autonomous polities in Kham as the raids spread and Zhao appointed Qing Chinese officials to positions of authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Ronis_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_Spengen_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Spengen-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhao's retaliatory invasion in Kham lasted through Qing China's larger invasion of Lhasa in 1910, and on to 1911, when Zhao was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ronis_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhao's death<sup id="cite_ref-Ronis_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was reportedly undertaken by his own men, during the collapse of the Qing dynasty and the rise of Chinese Republican revolutionary forces, around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>. </p><p>A former Khampa <a href="/wiki/Chushi_Gangdruk" title="Chushi Gangdruk">Chushi Gangdruk</a> Tibetan guerrilla named Aten gave his account of the war, where he states the war started in 1903 when the Manchu Qing sent Zhao Erfeng to seize control of Tibetan areas, to control Batang and Litang. Aten recounted Zhao's destruction of Batang, and said Zhao used holy texts as shoeliners for his troops and that "[m]any Tibetans were executed by decapitation or by another typically Chinese method, mass burial while still alive." Aten also called the Manchus "alien conquerors".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beijing author <a href="/wiki/Tsering_Woeser" title="Tsering Woeser">Tsering Woeser</a> has defended the Tibetans in the Batang uprising, saying that Zhao Erfeng invaded the region to "brutally stop Tibetan protests", while listing the atrocities committed by Zhao.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qing military invasion at Batang attempted to change the power structure in the region fundamentally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014190–260_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014190–260-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical system of autonomous polities was also attacked, and the region was briefly under Chinese military occupation, until 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_uprising&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-missionary_riots_in_China" title="Anti-missionary riots in China">Anti-missionary riots in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan" title="Catholic Church in Sichuan">Catholic Church in Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholic Church in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet under Qing rule</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_uprising&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chamdo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chamdo_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamdo_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo</a> was in western Kham in Lhasa-controlled Tibet whereas <a href="/wiki/Batang,_Sichuan" title="Batang, Sichuan">Batang</a> was in eastern Kham under Qing control (as part of Sichuan). Feng Quan felt the need to implement reforms in Batang before reaching Chamdo. The deliberate blurring of the two areas cause by Qing policies eventually led to the formation of an integrated province named <a href="/wiki/Xikang" title="Xikang">Xikang</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both the senior and assistant ambans were normally stationed in Lhasa, but Feng Quan was ordered to station in <a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo</a>, a town roughly halfway between Lhasa and Sichuan. <a href="/wiki/Xiliang_(official)" title="Xiliang (official)">Xiliang</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Viceroy of Sichuan</a>, argued to the Qing court that "having a senior official stationed in Kham would restore social order, provide better protection for foreign missionaries, and allow merchants and official communications to pass through the region." See <a href="#CITEREFColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014">Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier 2014</a>, pp. 213–215</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_uprising&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_The_Uprising_at_Batang200252-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_The_Uprising_at_Batang200252_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman,_The_Uprising_at_Batang2002">Coleman, The Uprising at Batang (2002)</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang,_China's_Last_Imperial_Frontier201198-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang,_China's_Last_Imperial_Frontier201198_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang,_China's_Last_Imperial_Frontier2011">Wang, China's Last Imperial Frontier (2011)</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014247-248_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014">Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)</a>, p. 247-248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014262-263-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014262-263_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014262-263_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014">Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)</a>, p. 262-263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScottish_Rock_Garden_Club1935" class="citation book cs1">Scottish Rock Garden Club (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oSImAQAAMAAJ&q=george+forrest+lama"><i>George Forrest, V. M. H.: explorer and botanist, who by his discoveries and plants successfully introduced has greatly enriched our gardens. 1873-1932</i></a>. Printed by Stoddart & Malcolm, ltd. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Forrest%2C+V.+M.+H.%3A+explorer+and+botanist%2C+who+by+his+discoveries+and+plants+successfully+introduced+has+greatly+enriched+our+gardens.+1873-1932&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Printed+by+Stoddart+%26+Malcolm%2C+ltd.&rft.date=1935&rft.au=Scottish+Rock+Garden+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoSImAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgeorge%2Bforrest%2Blama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ronis-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ronis_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ronis_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ronis_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ronis_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ronis_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jann Ronis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texts.shanti.virginia.edu/content/overview-kham-eastern-tibet-historical-polities#n9">"An Overview of Kham (Eastern Tibet) Historical Polities"</a>, The University of Virginia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collection Petits Cerf, Book Review of Françoise Fauconnet-Buzelin's "Martyrs oubliés du Tibet (Les)", Nov 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuttle-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuttle_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuttle2005" class="citation book cs1">Tuttle, Gray (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRRynCRRCkwC&pg=PA45"><i>Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China</i></a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231134460" title="Special:BookSources/0231134460"><bdi>0231134460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Buddhists+in+the+Making+of+Modern+China&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0231134460&rft.aulast=Tuttle&rft.aufirst=Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGRRynCRRCkwC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prazniak-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prazniak_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrazniak1999" class="citation book cs1">Prazniak, Roxann (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AR2_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147"><i>Of Camel Kings and Other Things: Rural Rebels Against Modernity in Late Imperial China</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1461639638" title="Special:BookSources/1461639638"><bdi>1461639638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Camel+Kings+and+Other+Things%3A+Rural+Rebels+Against+Modernity+in+Late+Imperial+China&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1461639638&rft.aulast=Prazniak&rft.aufirst=Roxann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAR2_AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier201493-94,_102-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier201493-94,_102_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier201493-94,_102_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014">Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)</a>, p. 93-94, 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._11966186-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._11966186_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._11966">Lamb, The McMahon Line, Vol. 1 (1966)</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199726-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon199726_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997">Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsomu,_Taming_the_Khampas2013-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsomu,_Taming_the_Khampas2013_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsomu,_Taming_the_Khampas2013">Tsomu, Taming the Khampas (2013)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarri,_The_rise_of_the_Five_Hor_States2020-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarri,_The_rise_of_the_Five_Hor_States2020_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarri,_The_rise_of_the_Five_Hor_States2020">Garri, The rise of the Five Hor States (2020)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014207-209-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014207-209_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014">Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)</a>, p. 207-209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014231-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014231_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014">Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014245-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014245_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014">Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014257-258-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014257-258_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014257-258_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014">Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)</a>, p. 257-258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeichman,_Travels_of_a_Consular_Officer192221-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeichman,_Travels_of_a_Consular_Officer192221_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeichman,_Travels_of_a_Consular_Officer1922">Teichman, Travels of a Consular Officer (1922)</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pistono2011-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pistono2011_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPistono2011" class="citation book cs1">Pistono, Matteo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmWBe09I1qwC&pg=PT155"><i>In the Shadow of the Buddha: One Man's Journey of Discovery in Tibet</i></a>. Penguin Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-47548-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-47548-5"><bdi>978-1-101-47548-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Buddha%3A+One+Man%27s+Journey+of+Discovery+in+Tibet&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-101-47548-5&rft.aulast=Pistono&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNmWBe09I1qwC%26pg%3DPT155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellens2010" class="citation book cs1">Wellens, Koen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7JDZZ8gRbPYC&pg=PA241"><i>Religious Revival in the Tibetan Borderlands: The Premi of Southwest China</i></a>. University of Washington Press. pp. 241–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295990699" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295990699"><bdi>978-0295990699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Revival+in+the+Tibetan+Borderlands%3A+The+Premi+of+Southwest+China&rft.pages=241-2&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0295990699&rft.aulast=Wellens&rft.aufirst=Koen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7JDZZ8gRbPYC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2004" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCUxeEbWdDgC&pg=PA101"><i>Have a Cup of Tibetan Tea</i></a>. Xulon Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1594678006" title="Special:BookSources/1594678006"><bdi>1594678006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Have+a+Cup+of+Tibetan+Tea&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1594678006&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCUxeEbWdDgC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefferKapsteinTuttle2013" class="citation book cs1">Schaeffer, Kurtis R.; Kapstein, Matthew; Tuttle, Gray, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ILFBSXXhgkcC&pg=PR36"><i>Sources of Tibetan Tradition</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. xxxvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231135986" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231135986"><bdi>978-0231135986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Tibetan+Tradition&rft.pages=xxxvi&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0231135986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DILFBSXXhgkcC%26pg%3DPR36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Spengen-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Van_Spengen_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Spengen2013" class="citation book cs1">Van Spengen, Wim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBqKEluCXhQC&pg=PA39"><i>Tibetan Border Worlds: A Geohistorical Analysis of Trade and Traders</i></a>. Routledge. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136173585" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136173585"><bdi>978-1136173585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Border+Worlds%3A+A+Geohistorical+Analysis+of+Trade+and+Traders&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136173585&rft.aulast=Van+Spengen&rft.aufirst=Wim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBqKEluCXhQC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbu1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Norbu" title="Jamyang Norbu">Norbu, Jamyang</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epuSaZhmklAC&pg=RA1-PA46"><i>Warriors of Tibet: the story of Aten, and the Khampas' fight for the freedom of their country</i></a>. Wisdom Publications. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-050-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-050-8"><bdi>978-0-86171-050-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+Tibet%3A+the+story+of+Aten%2C+and+the+Khampas%27+fight+for+the+freedom+of+their+country&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-050-8&rft.aulast=Norbu&rft.aufirst=Jamyang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DepuSaZhmklAC%26pg%3DRA1-PA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoeser2011" class="citation web cs1">Woeser, ed. (15 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920172626/http://highpeakspureearth.com/2011/the-hero-propagated-by-nationalists-by-woeser/">"The Hero Propagated by Nationalists"</a>. Radio Free Asia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://highpeakspureearth.com/2011/the-hero-propagated-by-nationalists-by-woeser/">the original</a> on September 20, 2016 – via High Peaks Pure Earth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hero+Propagated+by+Nationalists&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhighpeakspureearth.com%2F2011%2Fthe-hero-propagated-by-nationalists-by-woeser%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014190–260-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014190–260_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014">Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)</a>, pp. 190–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1994" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, M. C. (1994). "Change, Conflict and Continuity among a community of nomadic pastoralists—A Case Study from western Tibet, 1950-1990". In Robert Barnett; Shirin Akiner (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanSociety/documents/What_is_Tibet_NEW.doc"><i>Resistance and Reform in Tibet</i></a>. London: Hurst & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Change%2C+Conflict+and+Continuity+among+a+community+of+nomadic+pastoralists%E2%80%94A+Case+Study+from+western+Tibet%2C+1950-1990&rft.btitle=Resistance+and+Reform+in+Tibet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2Faffil%2Ftibet%2FtibetanSociety%2Fdocuments%2FWhat_is_Tibet_NEW.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>East India (Tibet): Papers relating to Tibet [and Further papers ...], Issues 2-4<i>, by ((Great Britain. Foreign Office, India. Foreign and Political Dept, India. Governor-General)), a publication from 1904, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_uprising&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBautistaLim2009" class="citation cs2">Bautista, Julius; Lim, Francis Khek Gee (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zmh8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA84"><i>Christianity and the State in Asia: Complicity and Conflict</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-01887-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-01887-1"><bdi>978-1-134-01887-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+the+State+in+Asia%3A+Complicity+and+Conflict&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-134-01887-1&rft.aulast=Bautista&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft.au=Lim%2C+Francis+Khek+Gee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmh8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman,_The_Uprising_at_Batang2002" class="citation cs2">Coleman, William M. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ-dCe_MppgC&pg=PA52">"The Uprising at Batang: Khams and its Significance in Chinese and Tibetan History"</a>, in Lawrence Epstein (ed.), <i>Khams Pa Histories: Visions of People, Place and Authority – Proceedings of the Ninth IATS Seminar, Leiden 2000</i>, International Association for Tibetan Studies / BRILL, pp. 31–56, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12423-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12423-3"><bdi>90-04-12423-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Uprising+at+Batang%3A+Khams+and+its+Significance+in+Chinese+and+Tibetan+History&rft.btitle=Khams+Pa+Histories%3A+Visions+of+People%2C+Place+and+Authority+%E2%80%93+Proceedings+of+the+Ninth+IATS+Seminar%2C+Leiden+2000&rft.pages=31-56&rft.pub=International+Association+for+Tibetan+Studies+%2F+BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-12423-3&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJ-dCe_MppgC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman,_Making_the_State_on_the_Sino-Tibetan_Frontier2014" class="citation cs2">Coleman, William M. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:169676/CONTENT/ColemanIV_columbia_0054D_11780.pdf"><i>Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Columbia University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+State+on+the+Sino-Tibetan+Frontier%3A+Chinese+Expansion+and+Local+Power+in+Batang%2C+1842-1939&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademiccommons.columbia.edu%2Fdownload%2Ffedora_content%2Fdownload%2Fac%3A169676%2FCONTENT%2FColemanIV_columbia_0054D_11780.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarri,_The_rise_of_the_Five_Hor_States2020" class="citation cs2">Garri, Irina (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/emscat/4631">"The rise of the Five Hor States of Northern Kham. Religion and politics in the Sino-Tibetan borderlands"</a>, <i>Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines</i>, <b>51</b> (51), <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Femscat.4631">10.4000/emscat.4631</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230547448">230547448</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+mongoles+et+sib%C3%A9riennes%2C+centrasiatiques+et+tib%C3%A9taines&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+the+Five+Hor+States+of+Northern+Kham.+Religion+and+politics+in+the+Sino-Tibetan+borderlands&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=51&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Femscat.4631&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230547448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Garri&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Femscat%2F4631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein,_The_Snow_Lion_and_the_Dragon1997" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2199n7f4;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print"><i>The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Snow+Lion+and+the+Dragon%3A+China%2C+Tibet%2C+and+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Melvyn+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft2199n7f4%3Bchunk.id%3D0%3Bdoc.view%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._11966" class="citation cs2">Lamb, Alastair (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vak5AQAAIAAJ"><i>The McMahon Line: A Study in the Relations Between, India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, Vol. 1: Morley, Minto and Non-Interference in Tibet</i></a>, Routledge & K. Paul</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+McMahon+Line%3A+A+Study+in+the+Relations+Between%2C+India%2C+China+and+Tibet%2C+1904+to+1914%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Morley%2C+Minto+and+Non-Interference+in+Tibet&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+K.+Paul&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVak5AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehra,_The_McMahon_Line_and_After1974" class="citation cs2">Mehra, Parshotam (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3459"><i>The McMahon Line and After: A Study of the Triangular Contest on India's North-eastern Frontier Between Britain, China and Tibet, 1904-47</i></a>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333157374" title="Special:BookSources/9780333157374"><bdi>9780333157374</bdi></a> – via archive.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+McMahon+Line+and+After%3A+A+Study+of+the+Triangular+Contest+on+India%27s+North-eastern+Frontier+Between+Britain%2C+China+and+Tibet%2C+1904-47&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780333157374&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.aufirst=Parshotam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.pahar.3459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeichman,_Travels_of_a_Consular_Officer1922" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Teichman" title="Eric Teichman">Teichman, Eric</a> (1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelsofconsula00teicrich"><i>Travels of a Consular Officer in Eastern Tibet</i></a>, Cambridge University Press – via archive.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+of+a+Consular+Officer+in+Eastern+Tibet&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Teichman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravelsofconsula00teicrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsomu,_Taming_the_Khampas2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tsomu, Yudru (May 2013). "Taming the Khampas: The Republican Construction of Eastern Tibet". <i>Modern China</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 319–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0097700412464127">10.1177/0097700412464127</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23483312">23483312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Taming+the+Khampas%3A+The+Republican+Construction+of+Eastern+Tibet&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-344&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0097700412464127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23483312%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tsomu&rft.aufirst=Yudru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang,_China's_Last_Imperial_Frontier2011" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Xiuyu (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K5pBedqHEtcC&pg=PA98"><i>China's Last Imperial Frontier: Late Qing Expansion in Sichuan's Tibetan Borderlands</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6810-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6810-3"><bdi>978-0-7391-6810-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Last+Imperial+Frontier%3A+Late+Qing+Expansion+in+Sichuan%27s+Tibetan+Borderlands&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-6810-3&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xiuyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK5pBedqHEtcC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_uprising&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh,_Tibet_and_Her_Foreign_Relations1921" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pardaman (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUZIAQAAMAAJ"><i>Tibet and Her Foreign Relations</i></a>. University of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+and+Her+Foreign+Relations&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pardaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTUZIAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatang+uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_in_Tibet" title="Template:Christianity in Tibet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_in_Tibet" title="Template talk:Christianity in Tibet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_in_Tibet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity in Tibet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Tibet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet#Christianity" title="Religion in Tibet">Main article</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Diocese</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Diocese of Kangding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Church<br />buildings</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Kangding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Kangding (page does not exist)">Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Kangding</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kangding" title="Kangding">within Sichuan</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus,_Kangding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Kangding (page does not exist)">Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Kangding</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(within Sichuan)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_Church,_Bahang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Bahang (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Bahang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur-de-J%C3%A9sus_de_Bahang" class="extiw" title="fr:Église du Sacré-Cœur-de-Jésus de Bahang">fr</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Dimaluo" title="Dimaluo">within Yunnan</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_Church,_Cizhong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_de_Tsedjrong" class="extiw" title="fr:Église du Sacré-Cœur de Tsedjrong">fr</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên County">within Yunnan</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_of_Lhasa" title="Catholic Church of Lhasa">Catholic Church of Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Church,_Moxi" title="St. Anne's Church, Moxi">St. Anne's Church, Moxi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Moxi,_Luding_County" title="Moxi, Luding County">within Sichuan</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_Church,_Xiaoweixi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart Church, Xiaoweixi (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart Church, Xiaoweixi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%B6%AD%E8%A5%BF%E8%81%96%E5%BF%83%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="zh:小維西聖心堂">zh</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Weixi_Lisu_Autonomous_County" title="Weixi Lisu Autonomous County">within Yunnan</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Sacred_Heart_Church,_Yerkalo" title="Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo">Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church,_Zhongding" title="Sacred Heart Church, Zhongding">Sacred Heart Church, Zhongding</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Gongshan_Derung_and_Nu_Autonomous_County" title="Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County">within Yunnan</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Missionaries</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuit_missions_in_Tibet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesuit missions in Tibet (page does not exist)">Jesuit missions in Tibet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_j%C3%A9suite_au_Tibet" class="extiw" title="fr:Mission jésuite au Tibet">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Andrade" title="António de Andrade">António de Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Maria_Bernini" title="Giuseppe Maria Bernini">Giuseppe Maria Bernini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Biet" title="Félix Biet">Félix Biet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Bourry" title="Augustin Bourry">Augustin Bourry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Brieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Brieux (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptiste Brieux</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Brieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Baptiste Brieux">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Cacella" title="Estêvão Cacella">Estêvão Cacella</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph-Marie_Chauveau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph-Marie Chauveau (page does not exist)">Joseph-Marie Chauveau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E7%9B%9B%E6%A6%AE" class="extiw" title="zh:丁盛榮">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nu%C3%B1o_Coresma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuño Coresma (page does not exist)">Nuño Coresma</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_Coresma" class="extiw" title="fr:Nuño Coresma">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_David" title="Armand David">Armand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Desgodins" title="Auguste Desgodins">Auguste Desgodins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Desideri" title="Ippolito Desideri">Ippolito Desideri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Dubernard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Dubernard (page does not exist)">Jules Dubernard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dubernard" class="extiw" title="fr:Jules Dubernard">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gabet" title="Joseph Gabet">Joseph Gabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annet_Genestier" title="Annet Genestier">Annet Genestier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Philippe_Giraudeau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau (page does not exist)">Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Philippe_Giraudeau" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Gor%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Goré (page does not exist)">Francis Goré</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Gor%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Francis Goré">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Grueber" title="Johann Grueber">Johann Grueber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Hermanns" title="Matthias Hermanns">Matthias Hermanns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_R%C3%A9gis_Huc" title="Évariste Régis Huc">Évariste Régis Huc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Krick" title="Nicolas Krick">Nicolas Krick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angelin_Lovey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelin Lovey (page does not exist)">Angelin Lovey</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelin_Lovey" class="extiw" title="fr:Angelin Lovey">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_della_Tomba" title="Marco della Tomba">Marco della Tomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Monbeig" title="Théodore Monbeig">Jean-Théodore Monbeig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascual_Nadal_Oltra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascual Nadal Oltra (page does not exist)">Pascual Nadal Oltra</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Nadal_Oltra" class="extiw" title="es:Pascual Nadal Oltra">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone" title="Odoric of Pordenone">Odoric of Pordenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_d%27Orville" title="Albert d'Orville">Albert d'Orville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_della_Penna" title="Francesco della Penna">Francesco della Penna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Persico" title="Ignatius Persico">Ignatius Persico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julien_Rabin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julien Rabin (page does not exist)">Julien Rabin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Rabin" class="extiw" title="fr:Julien Rabin">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles-Ren%C3%A9_Renou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles-René Renou (page does not exist)">Charles-René Renou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_Renou" class="extiw" title="pl:Charles-René Renou">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Schram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Schram (page does not exist)">Louis Schram</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Schram" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Schram">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominik_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Dominik Schröder">Dominik Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9" title="André Soulié">Jean-André Soulié</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9on_Thomine_Desmazures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Léon Thomine Desmazures (page does not exist)">Léon Thomine Desmazures</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Thomine_Desmazures" class="extiw" title="fr:Léon Thomine Desmazures">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Tornay" title="Maurice Tornay">Maurice Tornay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Valentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Valentin (page does not exist)">Pierre Valentin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Valentin" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Valentin">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Related</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Agra" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra">Archdiocese of Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Darjeeling" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Darjeeling">Diocese of Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimaluo" title="Dimaluo">Dimaluo Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxi,_Luding_County" title="Moxi, Luding County">Moxi Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan" title="Catholic Church in Sichuan">Catholic Church in Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Baptist_Wang_Ruohan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Baptist Wang Ruohan (page does not exist)">John Baptist Wang Ruohan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baptist_Wang_Ruohan" class="extiw" title="pl:John Baptist Wang Ruohan">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Wessels" title="Cornelius Wessels">Cornelius Wessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Antonio_Belluga_y_Moncada" title="Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada">Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Church<br />buildings</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Church,_Kangding" title="Gospel Church, Kangding">Gospel Church, Kangding</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kangding" title="Kangding">within Sichuan</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Missionaries</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> mission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMF_International" title="OMF International">China Inland Mission</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Pioneer_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibetan Pioneer Mission (page does not exist)">Tibetan Pioneer Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Adventism_in_Sichuan#Tibetan_Mission" title="History of Adventism in Sichuan">Seventh-day Adventist Tibetan Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Amundsen" title="Edvard Amundsen">Edvard Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Nevins_Andrews_(born_1891)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Nevins Andrews (born 1891) (page does not exist)">John Nevins Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._A._Baker" title="H. A. Baker">H. A. Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Bull" title="Geoffrey Bull">Geoffrey Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Cameron_(born_1845)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Cameron (born 1845) (page does not exist)">James Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cunningham_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Cunningham (missionary) (page does not exist)">Robert Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Herbert_Duncan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marion Herbert Duncan (page does not exist)">Marion Herbert Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Huston_Edgar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Huston Edgar (page does not exist)">James Huston Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke_(Tibetologist)" title="August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist)">August Hermann Francke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Heyde" title="Maria Heyde">Maria Heyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_August_J%C3%A4schke" title="Heinrich August Jäschke">Heinrich August Jäschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_Sanford_Loftis" title="Zenas Sanford Loftis">Zenas Sanford Loftis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx_(medical_missionary)" title="Karl Marx (medical missionary)">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roderick_McLeod_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roderick McLeod (missionary) (page does not exist)">Roderick McLeod</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_McLeod_(zendeling)" class="extiw" title="nl:Roderick McLeod (zendeling)">nl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clarence_Ogden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Clarence Ogden (page does not exist)">James Clarence Ogden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Parker_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Parker (missionary) (page does not exist)">George Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Patterson_(missionary)" title="George Patterson (missionary)">George Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Guy_Plymire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Guy Plymire (page does not exist)">Victor Guy Plymire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Polhill" title="Cecil Polhill">Cecil H. Polhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Carson_Rijnhart" title="Susanna Carson Rijnhart">Susanna Carson Rijnhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Shelton" title="Albert Shelton">Albert Shelton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wallace_Simpson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wallace Simpson (page does not exist)">William Wallace Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Sundar_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhu Sundar Singh">Sadhu Sundar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_S%C3%B8rensen" title="Theo Sørensen">Theo Sørensen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Spicer_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Spicer (missionary) (page does not exist)">Dorothy Spicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Royle_Taylor" title="Annie Royle Taylor">Annie Royle Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Tibetan Bible</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Tibetan" title="Bible translations into Tibetan">Bible translations into Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_August_J%C3%A4schke" title="Heinrich August Jäschke">Heinrich August Jäschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke_(Tibetologist)" title="August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist)">August Hermann Francke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoseb_Gergan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoseb Gergan (page does not exist)">Yoseb Gergan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Related</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorris_Shelton_Still" title="Dorris Shelton Still">Dorris Shelton Still</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_West_China_Missionary_News" title="The West China Missionary News">The West China Missionary News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_West_China_Border_Research_Society" title="Journal of the West China Border Research Society">Journal of the West China Border Research Society</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Sichuan" title="Protestantism in Sichuan">Protestantism in Sichuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_Sichuan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="Template:Christianity in Sichuan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="Template talk:Christianity in Sichuan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity in Sichuan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Sichuan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="Christianity in Sichuan">Main article</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Temple" title="Pearl Temple">Pearl Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Guan" title="Fang Guan">Fang Guan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Xun_(pharmacologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xun (pharmacologist) (page does not exist)">Li Xun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%8F%A3_(%E5%89%8D%E8%9C%80)" class="extiw" title="zh:李珣 (前蜀)">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Xuan_(pharmacologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xuan (pharmacologist) (page does not exist)">Li Xuan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%8E%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:李玹">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shunxian" title="Li Shunxian">Li Shunxian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamb_of_God_within_Golden_Sun_Bird_roundel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lamb_of_God_within_Golden_Sun_Bird_roundel.png/100px-Lamb_of_God_within_Golden_Sun_Bird_roundel.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lamb_of_God_within_Golden_Sun_Bird_roundel.png/150px-Lamb_of_God_within_Golden_Sun_Bird_roundel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lamb_of_God_within_Golden_Sun_Bird_roundel.png/200px-Lamb_of_God_within_Golden_Sun_Bird_roundel.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="549" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan" title="Catholic Church in Sichuan">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Account_of_the_Entry_of_the_Catholic_Religion_into_Sichuan" title="An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan">An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synodus_Vicariatus_Sutchuensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis (page does not exist)">Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_V%C3%A9rit%C3%A9_(Chongqing)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Vérité (Chongqing) (page does not exist)">La Vérité</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E5%AF%A6%E5%A0%B1" class="extiw" title="zh:崇實報">zh</a>]</span></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuliang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yuliang (page does not exist)">Liu Yuliang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%AE%87%E4%BA%AE" class="extiw" title="zh:劉宇亮">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youyang_anti-missionary_riot" title="Youyang anti-missionary riot">Youyang anti-missionary riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailu,_Pengzhou" title="Bailu, Pengzhou">Bailu Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxi,_Luding_County" title="Moxi, Luding County">Moxi Town</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Mission<br />societies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_China" title="Jesuit missions in China">Jesuit missions in China</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Redemptorist_missions_in_Sichuan" title="Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan">Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Congregation of the Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan#Dioceses" title="Catholic Church in Sichuan">Dioceses</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Jiading" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading">Jiading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Kangding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ningyuan" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan">Ningyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Shunqing" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing">Shunqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Suifu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu">Suifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wanxian" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian">Wanxian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Church<br />buildings</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Cathedral,_Chengdu" title="Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu">Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral,_Chongqing" title="St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing">St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_Cathedral,_Leshan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Leshan (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Leshan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Kangding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kangding (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kangding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Angels,_Xichang" title="Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang">Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_Cathedral,_Nanchong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Nanchong (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Nanchong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E8%81%96%E5%BF%83%E5%A0%82_(%E5%8D%97%E5%85%85)" class="extiw" title="zh:耶穌聖心堂 (南充)">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blessed_Sacrament_Cathedral,_Yibin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blessed Sacrament Cathedral, Yibin (page does not exist)">Blessed Sacrament Cathedral, Yibin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immaculate_Conception_Cathedral,_Wanzhou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Wanzhou (page does not exist)">Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Wanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_Seminary,_Bailu" title="Annunciation Seminary, Bailu">Annunciation Seminary, Bailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux_Church,_Chongqing" title="St. Thérèse of Lisieux Church, Chongqing">St. Thérèse of Lisieux Church, Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annunciation_Church,_Dengchigou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annunciation Church, Dengchigou (page does not exist)">Annunciation Church, Dengchigou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_l%27Annonciation_de_Dengchigou" class="extiw" title="fr:Église de l'Annonciation de Dengchigou">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Church,_Mianyang" title="Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Mianyang">Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Mianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_Church,_Mianzhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Mianzhu (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Mianzhu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E8%81%96%E5%BF%83%E5%A0%82_(%E7%B6%BF%E7%AB%B9)" class="extiw" title="zh:耶穌聖心堂 (綿竹)">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Church,_Moxi" title="St. Anne's Church, Moxi">St. Anne's Church, Moxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_churches_in_Sichuan" title="Category:Roman Catholic churches in Sichuan">(more churches)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Missionaries</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Antonio_Appiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Antonio Appiani (page does not exist)">Luigi Antonio Appiani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebio_Arn%C3%A1iz_%C3%81lvarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eusebio Arnáiz Álvarez (page does not exist)">Eusebio Arnáiz Álvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Basset_(died_1707)" title="Jean Basset (died 1707)">Jean Basset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Buglio" title="Lodovico Buglio">Lodovico Buglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Campos_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Juan Campos Rodríguez">Juan Campos Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9lestin_Chouvellon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Célestin Chouvellon (page does not exist)">Célestin Chouvellon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lestin_Chouvellon" class="extiw" title="fr:Célestin Chouvellon">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_David" title="Armand David">Armand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne-Jean-Claude-Joseph_Desfl%C3%A8ches" title="Eugène-Jean-Claude-Joseph Desflèches">Joseph Desflèches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Dubernard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Dubernard (page does not exist)">Jules Dubernard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dubernard" class="extiw" title="fr:Jules Dubernard">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gabriel_Taurin_Dufresse" title="Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse">Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Julien_Dunand" title="Marie-Julien Dunand">Marie-Julien Dunand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Louis_Florens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Louis Florens (page does not exist)">Jean-Louis Florens</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Florens" class="extiw" title="no:Jean-Louis Florens">no</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_de_Gu%C3%A9briant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean de Guébriant (page does not exist)">Jean de Guébriant</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Gu%C3%A9briant" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean de Guébriant">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joannes-Baptista_Kou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joannes-Baptista Kou (page does not exist)">Joannes-Baptista Kou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Martin_de_La_Balu%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-François Martin de La Baluère (page does not exist)">Jean-François Martin de La Baluère</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Ly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Ly (page does not exist)">André Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Gabriel de Magalhães">Gabriel de Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim-Enjobert_de_Martiliat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim-Enjobert de Martiliat (page does not exist)">Joachim-Enjobert de Martiliat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Monbeig" title="Théodore Monbeig">Jean-Théodore Monbeig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Motel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Motel (page does not exist)">Claude Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Martin_Moye" title="Jean-Martin Moye">Jean-Martin Moye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_M%C3%BCllener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Müllener (page does not exist)">Johannes Müllener</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" class="extiw" title="ru:Мюлленер, Йоханнес">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascual_Nadal_Oltra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascual Nadal Oltra (page does not exist)">Pascual Nadal Oltra</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Nadal_Oltra" class="extiw" title="es:Pascual Nadal Oltra">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-L%C3%A9onard_P%C3%A9rocheau" title="Jacques-Léonard Pérocheau">Jacques-Léonard Pérocheau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Julien_Pichon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Julien Pichon (page does not exist)">Pierre-Julien Pichon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Julien_Pichon" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Julien Pichon">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pinault" title="Henri Pinault">Henri Pinault</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Pottier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Pottier (page does not exist)">François Pottier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pottier" class="extiw" title="fr:François Pottier">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Victor-Marius_Rouchouse" title="Jacques-Victor-Marius Rouchouse">Jacques-Victor-Marius Rouchouse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Roulland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolphe Roulland (page does not exist)">Adolphe Roulland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Didier_de_Saint-Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Didier de Saint-Martin (page does not exist)">Jean-Didier de Saint-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9" title="André Soulié">Jean-André Soulié</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9on_Thomine_Desmazures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Léon Thomine Desmazures (page does not exist)">Léon Thomine Desmazures</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Thomine_Desmazures" class="extiw" title="fr:Léon Thomine Desmazures">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutherius_Winance" title="Eleutherius Winance">Eleutherius Winance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_missionaries_in_Sichuan" title="Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Sichuan">(more missionaries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Native<br />Catholics</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Chen_Xianheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Chen Xianheng (page does not exist)">John Chen Xianheng</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Chen_Xianheng" class="extiw" title="pl:Jan Chen Xianheng">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Chen_Zhemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Chen Zhemin (page does not exist)">Matthew Chen Zhemin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%93%B2%E6%95%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:陳哲敏">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dong_Shizhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dong Shizhi (page does not exist)">John Dong Shizhi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%B8%96%E7%A5%89" class="extiw" title="zh:董世祉">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Hu_Sh%C3%AF-lu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Hu Shï-lu (page does not exist)">Lawrence Hu Shï-lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Liu_Hanzuo" title="Paul Liu Hanzuo">Paul Liu Hanzuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Liu" title="Thaddeus Liu">Thaddeus Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beno%C3%AEt_Sen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benoît Sen (page does not exist)">Benoît Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paule_Song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paule Song (page does not exist)">Paule Song</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:羅宋氏">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Yi_Zhenmei" title="Lucy Yi Zhenmei">Lucy Yi Zhenmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Yuan" title="Joseph Yuan">Joseph Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Zhang_Wenlan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Zhang Wenlan (page does not exist)">Joseph Zhang Wenlan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Zhang_Wenlan" class="extiw" title="pl:Józef Zhang Wenlan">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sichuanese_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:Sichuanese Roman Catholics">(more native Catholics)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Related</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Cornay" title="Jean-Charles Cornay">Jean-Charles Cornay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Donnithorne" title="Audrey Donnithorne">Audrey Donnithorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artus_de_Lionne" title="Artus de Lionne">Artus de Lionne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joche_Albert_Ly" title="Joche Albert Ly">Joche Albert Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Persico" title="Ignatius Persico">Ignatius Persico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Tornay" title="Maurice Tornay">Maurice Tornay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Tsao_Kou_Ying" title="Agnes Tsao Kou Ying">Agnes Tsao Kou Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Baptist_Wang_Ruohan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Baptist Wang Ruohan (page does not exist)">John Baptist Wang Ruohan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baptist_Wang_Ruohan" class="extiw" title="pl:John Baptist Wang Ruohan">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_Xu" title="Candida Xu">Candida Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Abbey" title="St. Andrew's Abbey">St. Andrew's Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Joy_Abbey" title="Our Lady of Joy Abbey">Our Lady of Joy Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholic Church in Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Sichuan" title="Protestantism in Sichuan">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_West_China_Missionary_News" title="The West China Missionary News">The West China Missionary News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_West_China_Border_Research_Society" title="Journal of the West China Border Research Society">Journal of the West China Border Research Society</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_China_Union_University" title="West China Union University">West China Union University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_China_College_of_Stomatology" title="West China College of Stomatology">West China College of Stomatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_China_Medical_Center" title="West China Medical Center">West China Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxue_Road" title="Daxue Road">University Road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Rain_Covenant_Church" title="Early Rain Covenant Church">Early Rain Covenant Church</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Missionary<br />societies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OMF_International" title="OMF International">China Inland Mission</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Methodist_Mission" title="Canadian Methodist Mission">Canadian Methodist Mission</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ministries_(organization)" title="International Ministries (organization)">American Baptist Foreign Mission Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Methodist_Episcopal_Mission" title="American Methodist Episcopal Mission">American Methodist Episcopal Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness#History" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends' Foreign Mission Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Sichuan#Timeline" title="Protestantism in Sichuan">(full list)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglicanism_in_Sichuan" title="History of Anglicanism in Sichuan">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dioceses</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Western_China" title="Diocese of Western China">Szechwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Western_China" title="Diocese of Western China">East Szechwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Western_China" title="Diocese of Western China">West Szechwan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Church<br />buildings</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church,_Langzhong" title="Trinity Church, Langzhong">Trinity Church, Langzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Cathedral,_Langzhong" title="St John's Cathedral, Langzhong">St John's Cathedral, Langzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Church,_Chengdu" title="St John's Church, Chengdu">St John's Cathedral, Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Church,_Jiangyou" title="Gospel Church, Jiangyou">Gospel Church, Jiangyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Church,_Mianyang" title="Gospel Church, Mianyang">Gospel Church, Mianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Anglican_churches_in_Sichuan" title="Category:Former Anglican churches in Sichuan">(more churches)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Aldis" title="W. H. Aldis">W. H. Aldis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Boreham" title="Frederick Boreham">Frederick Boreham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cassels" title="William Cassels">William Cassels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyvyan_Donnithorne" title="Vyvyan Donnithorne">Vyvyan Donnithorne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alice_Entwistle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice Entwistle (page does not exist)">Alice Entwistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Hannah" title="Brook Hannah">Brook Hannah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Heywood_Horsburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Heywood Horsburgh (page does not exist)">James Heywood Horsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montagu_Robert_Lawrence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montagu Robert Lawrence (page does not exist)">Montagu Robert Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Howard_Lechler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Howard Lechler (page does not exist)">John Howard Lechler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Mowll" title="Howard Mowll">Howard Mowll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Polhill" title="Cecil Polhill">Cecil H. Polhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_T._Polhill" title="Arthur T. Polhill">Arthur T. Polhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montagu_Proctor-Beauchamp" title="Montagu Proctor-Beauchamp">Montagu Proctor-Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Alexander_Whiteside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Alexander Whiteside (page does not exist)">Richard Alexander Whiteside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglican_missionaries_in_Sichuan" title="Category:Anglican missionaries in Sichuan">(more missionaries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_Sichuan" title="History of Methodism in Sichuan">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_Hospital,_Chengdu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gospel Hospital, Chengdu (page does not exist)">Gospel Hospital, Chengdu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%BE%A4" class="extiw" title="zh:福音醫院建築群">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_West_China_Missionary_News" title="The West China Missionary News">The West China Missionary News</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Church<br />buildings</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AF-Shen-Ts%C3%AF_Methodist_Church" title="Sï-Shen-Tsï Methodist Church">Sï-Shen-Tsï Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_Church,_Jiangbei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gospel Church, Jiangbei (page does not exist)">Gospel Church, Jiangbei</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E5%A0%82_(%E6%B1%9F%E5%8C%97)" class="extiw" title="zh:福音堂 (江北)">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agape_Church,_Yuzhong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agape Church, Yuzhong (page does not exist)">Agape Church, Yuzhong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%84%9B%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="zh:聖愛堂">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Elmer_Leighton_Abrey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Elmer Leighton Abrey (page does not exist)">Frederick Elmer Leighton Abrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beech" title="Joseph Beech">Joseph Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_John_Bond" title="George John Bond">George John Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newton_Ernest_Bowles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newton Ernest Bowles (page does not exist)">Newton Ernest Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Lee_Canright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Lee Canright (page does not exist)">Harry Lee Canright</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rupert_Carscallen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Rupert Carscallen (page does not exist)">Charles Rupert Carscallen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil_Chittenden_Hart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virgil Chittenden Hart (page does not exist)">Virgil Chittenden Hart</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%90%E7%A7%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:赫斐秋">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Everson_Hartwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Everson Hartwell (page does not exist)">George Everson Hartwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Douglass_Hoople&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Douglass Hoople (page does not exist)">Gordon Douglass Hoople</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Julius_Pasmore_Jolliffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Julius Pasmore Jolliffe (page does not exist)">Charles Julius Pasmore Jolliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Gifford_Kilborn" title="Leslie Gifford Kilborn">Leslie Gifford Kilborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Leslie_Kilborn" title="Omar Leslie Kilborn">Omar Leslie Kilborn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_John_Mortimore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William John Mortimore (page does not exist)">William John Mortimore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Small&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Small (page does not exist)">Walter Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_S%C3%B8rensen" title="Theo Sørensen">Theo Sørensen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_W._Stevenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David W. Stevenson (page does not exist)">David W. Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Winfield_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Winfield Service (page does not exist)">Charles Winfield Service</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wilson_Wallace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Wilson Wallace (page does not exist)">Edward Wilson Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_A._Ward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph A. Ward (page does not exist)">Ralph A. Ward</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%AE%89%E7%B4%A0" class="extiw" title="zh:黃安素">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Nathan_Wheeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Nathan Wheeler (page does not exist)">Lucius Nathan Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodist_missionaries_in_Sichuan" title="Category:Methodist missionaries in Sichuan">(more missionaries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Quakerism_in_Sichuan" title="Quakerism in Sichuan">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Church<br />buildings</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongchuan_Church" title="Tongchuan Church">Tongchuan Meeting House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alice_M._Beck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice M. Beck (page does not exist)">Alice M. Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mira_L._Cumber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mira L. Cumber (page does not exist)">Mira L. Cumber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Warburton_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Warburton Davidson (page does not exist)">A. Warburton Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_John_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert John Davidson (page does not exist)">Robert John Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Jane_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Jane Davidson (page does not exist)">Mary Jane Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_S._Deane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederic S. Deane (page does not exist)">Frederic S. Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucy_E._Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucy E. Harris (page does not exist)">Lucy E. Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Joy_Hodgkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Joy Hodgkin (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Joy Hodgkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hodgkin" title="Henry Hodgkin">Henry Hodgkin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther_L._Mason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esther L. Mason (page does not exist)">Esther L. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Mason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Mason (page does not exist)">Isaac Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._T._Silcock" title="H. T. Silcock">H. T. Silcock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caroline_N._Southall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caroline N. Southall (page does not exist)">Caroline N. Southall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Southall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Southall (page does not exist)">Margaret Southall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Morgan_Stubbs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Morgan Stubbs (page does not exist)">Clifford Morgan Stubbs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_B._Vardon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward B. Vardon (page does not exist)">Edward B. Vardon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Vardon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Vardon (page does not exist)">Margaret Vardon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Wigham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard Wigham (page does not exist)">Leonard Wigham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Related</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._Brian_Harland" title="W. Brian Harland">W. Brian Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rowntree" title="Fred Rowntree">Fred Rowntree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Baptist_Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="History of Baptist Christianity in Sichuan">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Church<br />buildings</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptist_Church,_Ya%27an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baptist Church, Ya'an (page does not exist)">Baptist Church, Ya'an</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptist_Chapel,_Xichang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baptist Chapel, Xichang (page does not exist)">Baptist Chapel, Xichang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_James_Broomhall" title="Alfred James Broomhall">Alfred James Broomhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Crockett_Graham" title="David Crockett Graham">David Crockett Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reginald_Morse" title="William Reginald Morse">William Reginald Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther_Nelson_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esther Nelson (missionary) (page does not exist)">Esther Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_James_Openshaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry James Openshaw (page does not exist)">Henry James Openshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Taylor_(Baptist_missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Taylor (Baptist missionary) (page does not exist)">Joseph Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Upcraft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William M. Upcraft (page does not exist)">William M. Upcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Warner_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Warner (missionary) (page does not exist)">George Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wellwood_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Wellwood (missionary) (page does not exist)">Robert Wellwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day<br />Adventist</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Adventism_in_Sichuan" title="History of Adventism in Sichuan">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huayang_Adventist_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huayang Adventist Church (page does not exist)">Huayang Adventist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Arthur_Allum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Arthur Allum (page does not exist)">Francis Arthur Allum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Nevins_Andrews_(born_1891)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Nevins Andrews (born 1891) (page does not exist)">John Nevins Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Lockyer_Blandford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Lockyer Blandford (page does not exist)">Claude Lockyer Blandford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Blackburn_Buzzell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Blackburn Buzzell (page does not exist)">Alexander Blackburn Buzzell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holman_Carl_Currie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holman Carl Currie (page does not exist)">Holman Carl Currie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Heinrich_Effenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Heinrich Effenberg (page does not exist)">Johann Heinrich Effenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Bennett_Guild&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecil Bennett Guild (page does not exist)">Cecil Bennett Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alton_Eugene_Hughes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alton Eugene Hughes (page does not exist)">Alton Eugene Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidney_Henton_Lindt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidney Henton Lindt (page does not exist)">Sidney Henton Lindt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_L._Lutz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest L. Lutz (page does not exist)">Ernest L. Lutz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_Mae_Matson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ida Mae Matson (page does not exist)">Ida Mae Matson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emma_Neale_Ortner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emma Neale Ortner (page does not exist)">Emma Neale Ortner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaline_Osborne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evaline Osborne (page does not exist)">Evaline Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Spicer_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Spicer (missionary) (page does not exist)">Dorothy Spicer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merritt_C._Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merritt C. Warren (page does not exist)">Merritt C. Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dallas_R._White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dallas R. White (page does not exist)">Dallas R. White</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_L._Wilkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George L. Wilkinson (page does not exist)">George L. Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_A._Woolsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles A. Woolsey (page does not exist)">Charles A. Woolsey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Church,_Wanzhou" title="Holy Cross Church, Wanzhou">Holy Cross Church, Wanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Amundsen" title="Edvard Amundsen">Edvard Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Oliver_Lillegard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Oliver Lillegard (page does not exist)">George Oliver Lillegard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E7%AB%8B%E5%BE%B7" class="extiw" title="zh:黎立德">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chengdu_Young_Men%27s_Christian_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengdu Young Men's Christian Association (page does not exist)">Chengdu Young Men's Christian Association</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%83" class="extiw" title="zh:成都基督教青年會">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grace Service (page does not exist)">Grace Service</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Roy_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Roy Service (page does not exist)">Robert Roy Service</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._C._Yang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. C. Yang (page does not exist)">S. C. Yang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%B0%91%E8%8D%83" class="extiw" title="zh:楊少荃">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._C._James_Yen" title="Y. C. James Yen">Y. C. James Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples of<br />Christ</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Herbert_Duncan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marion Herbert Duncan (page does not exist)">Marion Herbert Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_Sanford_Loftis" title="Zenas Sanford Loftis">Zenas Sanford Loftis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clarence_Ogden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Clarence Ogden (page does not exist)">James Clarence Ogden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Carson_Rijnhart" title="Susanna Carson Rijnhart">Susanna Carson Rijnhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Shelton" title="Albert Shelton">Albert Shelton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Cornelius_Bartel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Cornelius Bartel (page does not exist)">Henry Cornelius Bartel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E5%BF%97%E7%90%86" class="extiw" title="zh:包志理">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Henry_Bartel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Henry Bartel (page does not exist)">Paul Henry Bartel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E5%BF%A0%E5%82%91" class="extiw" title="zh:包忠傑">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nellie_Schmidt_Bartel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nellie Schmidt Bartel (page does not exist)">Nellie Schmidt Bartel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Other<br />denominations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Church,_Kangding" title="Gospel Church, Kangding">Gospel Church, Kangding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cunningham_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Cunningham (missionary) (page does not exist)">Robert Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Huston_Edgar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Huston Edgar (page does not exist)">James Huston Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffith_John" title="Griffith John">Griffith John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Mathews" title="Robert Henry Mathews">Robert Henry Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Torrance" title="Thomas Torrance">Thomas Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wylie_(missionary)" title="Alexander Wylie (missionary)">Alexander Wylie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Native<br />Protestants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qun" title="Zhang Qun">Chang Chʽün</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_L._G._Dsang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lincoln L. G. Dsang (page does not exist)">Lincoln L. G. Dsang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Dsang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruth Dsang (page does not exist)">Ruth Dsang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._H._Fong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. H. Fong (page does not exist)">S. H. Fong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Qishan" title="Huang Qishan">Susan Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku_Ho-lin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku Ho-lin (page does not exist)">Ku Ho-lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bifeng" title="Li Bifeng">Li Bifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Zhongjing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Zhongjing (page does not exist)">Liu Zhongjing</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E4%BB%B2%E6%95%AC" class="extiw" title="zh:劉仲敬">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Yunfei" title="Ran Yunfei">Ran Yunfei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Cheng-tsi" title="Song Cheng-tsi">Song Cheng-tsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsai_Fuh-tsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsai Fuh-tsu (page does not exist)">Tsai Fuh-tsu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E5%BE%A9%E5%88%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:蔡復初">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(pastor)" title="Wang Yi (pastor)">Wang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Yang" title="Stephen Yang">Stephen Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._C._James_Yen" title="Y. C. James Yen">Y. C. James Yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Jie" title="Yu Jie">Yu Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jin_(actor)" title="Zhang Jin (actor)">Zhang Jin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sichuan#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Christianity in Sichuan">Eastern Orthodoxy in Sichuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="History of the Qing dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1616–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">Later Jin invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Qing invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories" title="Revolt of the Three Feudatories">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1683–1799)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1735%E2%80%931736)" title="Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)">Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War" title="Sino-Burmese War">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1795%E2%80%931806)" title="Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)">Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">19th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1801–1900)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Trigrams_uprising_of_1813" title="Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813">Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_war" title="Dogra–Tibetan war">Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">Mudan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margary_Affair" title="Margary Affair">Margary Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Northern Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindandao_incident" title="Jindandao incident">Jindandao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lanterns_(Boxer_Uprising)" title="Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)">Red Lanterns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_decree_of_declaration_of_war_against_foreign_powers" title="Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers">Declaration of war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">20th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1912)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1905 Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparative_Constitutionalism" title="Preparative Constitutionalism">Preparative Constitutionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_parliamentary_election" title="1909 Chinese parliamentary election">1909 Parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_provincial_elections" title="1909 Chinese provincial elections">1909 Provincial Assembly elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution_in_Xinjiang" title="1911 Revolution in Xinjiang">1911 Revolution in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Favourable_Treatment_of_the_Great_Qing_Emperor_after_His_Abdication" title="Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication">Articles of Favourable Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)">Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Bureau">Consultative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da-Qing_Bank" title="Da-Qing Bank">Da-Qing Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty">Flag of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Legal_Code" title="Great Qing Legal Code">Great Qing Legal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Posts and Communications">Ministry of Posts and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Provincial military commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Constitution_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of the Constitution (1908)">Principles of the Constitution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejen" title="Ejen">Ejen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Shaan-Gan" title="Viceroy of Shaan-Gan">Shaan-Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Liangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Min-Zhe" title="Viceroy of Min-Zhe">Min-Zhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangguang" title="Viceroy of Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Yun-Gui" title="Viceroy of Yun-Gui">Yun-Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_the_Three_Eastern_Provinces" title="Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces">Three Eastern Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Imperial Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_Battalion" title="Firearm Battalion">Firearm Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Field_Force" title="Peking Field Force">Peking Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushenying" title="Hushenying">Hushenying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishiying" title="Shuishiying">Shuishiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Corps" title="Wuwei Corps">Wuwei Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Chu Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia_during_Qing" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Timeline of Xinjiang under Qing rule">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_House_of_Imperial_Envoys" title="Guest House of Imperial Envoys">Guest House of Imperial Envoys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces &<br />mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetu_Ala" title="Hetu Ala">Hetu Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs" title="Eastern Qing tombs">Eastern Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuling_Mausoleum" title="Fuling Mausoleum">Fuling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society &<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_School_of_Thought" title="Changzhou School of Thought">Changzhou School of Thought</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China" title="Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China">Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibao" title="Dibao">Dibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Economy of the Qing dynasty">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Qing_dynasty%27s_economic_performance" title="Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance">performance criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaozheng" title="Kaozheng">Kaozheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">Literary inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Han_Imperial_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu Han Imperial Feast">Manchu Han Imperial Feast</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu" title="Peiwen Yunfu">Peiwen Yunfu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_poetry" title="Qing poetry">Qing poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems" title="Complete Tang Poems">Complete Tang Poems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">Queue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Researches_on_Manchu_Origins" title="Researches on Manchu Origins">Researches on Manchu Origins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Shamanism during the Qing dynasty">Shamanism during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Islam during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu_Zongmu_Tiyao" title="Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao">Annotated Bibliography</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_China_before_the_People%27s_Republic#Qing_dynasty" title="List of treaties of China before the People's Republic">Treaties</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1727)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">Unequal treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefoo_Convention" title="Chefoo Convention">Chefoo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bogue" title="Treaty of the Bogue">Treaty of the Bogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canton" title="Treaty of Canton">Treaty of Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kulja" title="Treaty of Kulja">Treaty of Kulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tarbagatai" title="Treaty of Tarbagatai">Treaty of Tarbagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Whampoa" title="Treaty of Whampoa">Treaty of Whampoa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiqian" title="Zhiqian">Zhiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Copper_Coin" title="Great Qing Copper Coin">Great Qing Copper Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Gold_Coin" title="Great Qing Gold Coin">Great Qing Gold Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Da_Qing_Bank" title="Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank">Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">History of Qing (People's Republic)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Legacy of the Qing dynasty">Legacy of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Names of the Qing dynasty">Names of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_late_anti-Qing_rebellions" title="Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions">Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">Treaty ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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