The Black Codes And Jim Crow Laws

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They were designed to restrict their rights and freedoms.","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Jason Shvili","@id":"https://www.worldatlas.com/contributor/jason-shvili","sameAs":"https://www.worldatlas.com/contributor/jason-shvili"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.worldatlas.com/","name":"WorldAtlas","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/worldatlas","https://twitter.com/worldatlas","https://www.pinterest.ca/worldatlas/","https://www.linkedin.com/company/world-atlas"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://worldatlas.com/nwa_assets/img/site/wa_2_logo_text_primary_amp.png","height":60,"width":326,"caption":"WorldAtlas Logo"}},"hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","value":"The Black Codes were a series of restrictive laws that were imposed on African Americans. They were designed to restrict their rights and freedoms, and limit economic opportunities for them. The Jim Crow laws were a series of state and local statutes that were also designed to deprive African Americans of fundamental rights and economic opportunities while enforcing a system of strict racial segregation. Both the Black Codes and the Jim Crow laws were rooted in the aftermath of the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery. The Black Codes were abolished during the period of American history known as the Reconstruction, but they were soon followed by the Jim Crow laws, which would live on, especially in the US South, for the better part of the 20th century.\r\nThe Post-Civil War United States\r\n\r\nCommemoration of the emancipation of Southern slaves and the end of the Civil War, showing contrast between slavery and the life of freedmen. Print by Thomas Nast. 1865.\r\n\r\nWhen the American Civil War ended in 1865, the period of Reconstruction began in which the states that had been part of the secessionist Confederate States of America were reintegrated into the Union. As part of this reintegration, the states that were readmitted into the Union were obliged to abolish the institution of slavery. The 13th Amendment to the US Constitution was passed, abolishing slavery in the United States. The end of slavery meant freedom for approximately 4 million African Americans in the US South. President Abraham Lincoln had hoped to improve the lives of these former slaves. In the last speech that he made, he even suggested that African Americans who fought on the side of the Union during the Civil War should have the right to vote. But only days later, he was assassinated.\r\nLincoln was succeeded by Andrew Johnson. Johnson was a Southerner who remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War. However, he was adamant on the protection of states\u2019 rights, which is why he opposed giving African Americans in the South even limited suffrage because it meant infringing on the states\u2019 jurisdiction. Also important during the onset of Reconstruction was the fact that although the states of the US South were obliged to uphold the abolition of slavery, they had no obligation to give African Americans any additional liberties. Hence, the states of the US South were free to pass any laws that restricted freedom and economic opportunities for the newly-freed African Americans. Thus began the introduction of the Black Codes.\u00a0\r\nThe Black Codes\r\n\r\nA\u00a0Black American\u00a0drinks from a segregated water cooler in 1939 at a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City.\r\n\r\nThe Black Codes were introduced to ensure that the white supremacy created by the institution of slavery remained. They were also introduced to ensure a steady supply of cheap labor. For example, among the Black Codes were vagrancy laws, which stated that an African American could be declared a vagrant if that person was unemployed and had no permanent residence. If a person was declared a vagrant, they were compelled to pay a fine. Those who could not afford to pay the fine were forced into a period of labor.\r\nThe Black Codes also restricted economic freedom and opportunities for African Americans. Some states, for instance, limited the kind of property African Americans could own. In other cases, African Americans were forbidden from practicing in certain professions. Other restrictions imposed by states in the US South as part of the Black Codes included preventing African Americans from carrying firearms, or testifying in court, unless the cases in question involved African Americans. Interracial marriage was also forbidden.\r\nThe prevalence of the Black Codes in the US South caused an outcry in the Northern states. This outcry was amplified by anti-black riots in Memphis, Tennessee and New Orleans, Louisiana in 1866. In this same year, Republicans in Congress, who supported greater equality for African Americans, introduced a civil rights bill. It was vetoed by the aforementioned President Johnson, but the Radical Republicans, with the support of more moderate Republicans, managed to get Congress to override the presidential veto for the first time in American history. After passing the civil rights law, the Republicans introduced and approved the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution that prevented states from \u201cabridging equality before the law,\u201d and even allowed for the congressional representation of Southern states to be reduced if they tried to prevent suffrage for African Americans. In 1867, the Reconstruction Act was passed, which, among other things, allowed the US military to protect African Americans and their property. Eventually, the Black Codes were repealed, but when Reconstruction ended in 1877, many of them returned in the form of the Jim Crow laws.\r\nJim Crow Laws\r\n\r\nPreserved 1928-built railroad station\u00a0in\u00a0Punta Gorda\u00a0with separate White and \"Colored\" entrances, a common feature among railroad stations in the Southeast US during the Jim Crow period.\r\n\r\nThe Jim Crow laws, named for a black minstrel show routine, were meant to marginalize African Americans the same way the Black Codes did. In addition, they enforced a firm system of segregation between people of color and white Americans. Everything from public transportation to city parks was segregated. African Americans were forbidden from living in white neighborhoods. In fact, in some cases, entire towns and cities tried to keep African Americans from entering, displaying signage saying that they were unwelcome.\r\n\r\nA Jim Crow Law sign for bus segregation in North Carolina. Image credit: Alexisrael via Wikimedia Commons.\r\n\r\nAt first, the Jim Crow laws were largely confined to the rural areas of the United States. Thus, many African Americans moved to more urban areas, where they would not be subject to such laws. However, as more African Americans moved into urban centers, white residents began demanding that Jim Crow laws be applied in cities. Eventually, Jim Crow laws spread throughout the country. In 1896, these laws gained a new level of legitimacy when the US Supreme Court ruled that racially segregated facilities were not unconstitutional so long as they were equal. It was this \u201cseparate but equal\u201d principle that allowed Jim Crow laws to endure until the mid-20th century.\r\nThe first significant blow to the Jim Crow laws came in 1954, when the Supreme Court heard the famous case of Brown vs. the Board of Education. The court ruled that segregation in the field of education was unconstitutional. The civil rights movement, led by people such as Martin Luther King Jr., and inspired by the actions of African Americans like Rosa Parks, grew in strength during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1964, the Civil Rights Act was passed, which legally ended the segregation and marginalization that the Jim Crow laws brought upon African Americans. But although the Jim Crow laws have all but been relegated to history, the struggle for the civil rights of African Americans is ongoing, and is a central theme in American politics to this day. \u00a0\u00a0"},"isAccessibleForFree":"http://schema.org/True"}</script> <script type="text/javascript" async="async" data-noptimize="1" data-cfasync="false" src="//scripts.pubnation.com/tags/af7c1dab-ebf1-4768-8b49-e4fe264a4ad8.js"></script> <style> /* MV CSS to be added to site */ @media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) { .wa-stickyAsideParent #adStickyAside { position: static !important; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 359px) { .pagination_list { flex-wrap: wrap !important; } #content_body h2 { word-break: break-word !important; } } /* End MV CSS */ </style>  <script> var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://matomo.yourwriterportal.com/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script>  </head> <body> <div id="wa_siteWrapper"> <div id="pageBody"> <article id="article_content" class="mod_content"> <figure class="article_featured_media content_media_fixed blog_featured_media "> <picture style="padding-top: 72.11%;" > <source media="(min-width: 1024px)" sizes="1300px" srcset="https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1300/upload/bd/e4/30/shutterstock-242820772.jpg 1300w"> <source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" sizes="1024px" srcset="https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w1024/upload/bd/e4/30/shutterstock-242820772.jpg 1024w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 767px)" sizes="768px" srcset="https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w768/upload/bd/e4/30/shutterstock-242820772.jpg 768w"> <img id="featured_media" src="/upload/bd/e4/30/shutterstock-242820772.jpg" alt="Juvenile convicts at work in the fields in the Jim Crow South in 1903." fetchpriority="high" > </picture> </figure> <section id="content_body" class="content_body "> <header> <h1>The Black Codes And Jim Crow Laws</h1> </header> <section> <p>The Black Codes were a series of restrictive laws that were imposed on African Americans. They were designed to restrict their rights and freedoms, and limit economic opportunities for them. The Jim Crow laws were a series of state and local statutes that were also designed to deprive African Americans of fundamental rights and economic opportunities while enforcing a system of strict racial segregation. Both the Black Codes and the Jim Crow laws were rooted in the aftermath of the <a href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/major-battles-of-the-american-civil-war.html">American Civil Wa</a>r and the abolition of slavery. The Black Codes were abolished during the period of American history known as the Reconstruction, but they were soon followed by the Jim Crow laws, which would live on, especially in the US South, for the better part of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. </p> <h2>The Post-Civil War United States </h2> <figure class=" content_media_fixed"><picture style="padding-top: 68.98%;"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" sizes="960w" srcset="https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w960-q80/upload/53/24/a5/shutterstock-242297917.jpg 960w"></source><source media="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 767px)" sizes="768w" srcset="https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w768-q80/upload/53/24/a5/shutterstock-242297917.jpg 768w"></source><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="/r/w768/upload/53/24/a5/shutterstock-242297917.jpg"></picture><figcaption>Commemoration of the emancipation of Southern slaves and the end of the Civil War, showing contrast between slavery and the life of freedmen. Print by Thomas Nast. 1865.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the American Civil War ended in 1865, the period of Reconstruction began in which the states that had been part of the secessionist Confederate States of America were reintegrated into the Union. As part of this reintegration, the states that were readmitted into the Union were obliged to abolish the institution of slavery. The 13<sup>th</sup> Amendment to the US Constitution was passed, abolishing slavery in the United States. The end of slavery meant freedom for approximately 4 million African Americans in the US South. President Abraham Lincoln had hoped to improve the lives of these former slaves. In the last speech that he made, he even suggested that African Americans who fought on the side of the Union during the Civil War should have the right to vote. But only days later, he was assassinated. </p> <p>Lincoln was succeeded by Andrew Johnson. Johnson was a Southerner who remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War. However, he was adamant on the protection of states’ rights, which is why he opposed giving African Americans in the South even limited suffrage because it meant infringing on the states’ jurisdiction. Also important during the onset of Reconstruction was the fact that although the states of the US South were obliged to uphold the abolition of slavery, they had no obligation to give African Americans any additional liberties. Hence, the states of the US South were free to pass any laws that restricted freedom and economic opportunities for the newly-freed African Americans. Thus began the introduction of the Black Codes. </p> <h2>The Black Codes </h2> <figure class=" content_media_fixed"><picture style="padding-top: 68.59%;"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" sizes="960w" srcset="https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w960-q80/upload/2b/49/4c/colored-drinking-fountain-from-mid-20th-century-with-african-american-drinking.jpeg 960w"></source><source media="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 767px)" sizes="768w" srcset="https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w768-q80/upload/2b/49/4c/colored-drinking-fountain-from-mid-20th-century-with-african-american-drinking.jpeg 768w"></source><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="/r/w768/upload/2b/49/4c/colored-drinking-fountain-from-mid-20th-century-with-african-american-drinking.jpeg"></picture><figcaption>A Black American drinks from a segregated water cooler in 1939 at a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Black Codes were introduced to ensure that the white supremacy created by the institution of slavery remained. They were also introduced to ensure a steady supply of cheap labor. For example, among the Black Codes were vagrancy laws, which stated that an African American could be declared a vagrant if that person was unemployed and had no permanent residence. If a person was declared a vagrant, they were compelled to pay a fine. Those who could not afford to pay the fine were forced into a period of labor. </p> <p>The Black Codes also restricted economic freedom and opportunities for African Americans. Some states, for instance, limited the kind of property African Americans could own. In other cases, African Americans were forbidden from practicing in certain professions. Other restrictions imposed by states in the US South as part of the Black Codes included preventing African Americans from carrying firearms, or testifying in court, unless the cases in question involved African Americans. Interracial marriage was also forbidden. </p> <p>The prevalence of the Black Codes in the US South caused an outcry in the Northern states. This outcry was amplified by anti-black riots in Memphis, Tennessee and New Orleans, Louisiana in 1866. In this same year, Republicans in Congress, who supported greater equality for African Americans, introduced a civil rights bill. It was vetoed by the aforementioned President Johnson, but the Radical Republicans, with the support of more moderate Republicans, managed to get Congress to override the presidential veto for the first time in American history. After passing the civil rights law, the Republicans introduced and approved the 14<sup>th</sup> and 15<sup>th</sup> Amendments to the Constitution that prevented states from “abridging equality before the law,” and even allowed for the congressional representation of Southern states to be reduced if they tried to prevent suffrage for African Americans. In 1867, the Reconstruction Act was passed, which, among other things, allowed the US military to protect African Americans and their property. Eventually, the Black Codes were repealed, but when Reconstruction ended in 1877, many of them returned in the form of the Jim Crow laws. </p> <h2>Jim Crow Laws </h2> <figure class=" content_media_fixed"><picture style="padding-top: 75%;"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" sizes="960w" srcset="https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w960-q80/upload/6f/28/55/1280px-punta-gorda-fl-acl-depot-doors01.jpeg 960w"></source><source media="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 767px)" sizes="768w" srcset="https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w768-q80/upload/6f/28/55/1280px-punta-gorda-fl-acl-depot-doors01.jpeg 768w"></source><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="/r/w768/upload/6f/28/55/1280px-punta-gorda-fl-acl-depot-doors01.jpeg"></picture><figcaption>Preserved 1928-built railroad station in Punta Gorda with separate White and "Colored" entrances, a common feature among railroad stations in the Southeast US during the Jim Crow period.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jim Crow laws, named for a black minstrel show routine, were meant to marginalize African Americans the same way the Black Codes did. In addition, they enforced a firm system of segregation between people of color and white Americans. Everything from public transportation to city parks was segregated. African Americans were forbidden from living in white neighborhoods. In fact, in some cases, entire towns and cities tried to keep African Americans from entering, displaying signage saying that they were unwelcome. </p> <figure class=" content_media_fixed"><picture style="padding-top: 68.06%;"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" sizes="960w" srcset="https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w960-q80/upload/75/7c/ba/1280px-north-carolina-jim-crow-laws.jpg 960w"></source><source media="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 767px)" sizes="768w" srcset="https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w768-q80/upload/75/7c/ba/1280px-north-carolina-jim-crow-laws.jpg 768w"></source><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="/r/w768/upload/75/7c/ba/1280px-north-carolina-jim-crow-laws.jpg"></picture><figcaption>A Jim Crow Law sign for bus segregation in North Carolina. Image credit: Alexisrael via Wikimedia Commons.</figcaption></figure> <p>At first, the Jim Crow laws were largely confined to the rural areas of the United States. Thus, many African Americans moved to more urban areas, where they would not be subject to such laws. However, as more African Americans moved into urban centers, white residents began demanding that Jim Crow laws be applied in cities. Eventually, Jim Crow laws spread throughout the country. In 1896, these laws gained a new level of legitimacy when the US Supreme Court ruled that racially segregated facilities were not unconstitutional so long as they were equal. It was this “separate but equal” principle that allowed Jim Crow laws to endure until the mid-20<sup>th</sup> century. </p> <p>The first significant blow to the Jim Crow laws came in 1954, when the Supreme Court heard the famous case of Brown vs. the Board of Education. The court ruled that segregation in the field of education was unconstitutional. The civil rights movement, led by people such as Martin Luther King Jr., and inspired by the actions of African Americans like Rosa Parks, grew in strength during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1964, the Civil Rights Act was passed, which legally ended the segregation and marginalization that the Jim Crow laws brought upon African Americans. But although the Jim Crow laws have all but been relegated to history, the struggle for the civil rights of African Americans is ongoing, and is a central theme in American politics to this day. </p> </section> <div class="article_credits_social"> <strong>Share</strong> <ul class="navSocial"> <li><button class="socialAction wa_badge_black icon-flipboard-icon" data-url="https://share.flipboard.com/bookmarklet/popout?v=2&title=The%20Black%20Codes%20And%20Jim%20Crow%20Laws&url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-black-codes-and-jim-crow-laws.html" aria-label="Share on Flipboard"></a></li> <li><button class="socialAction wa_badge_black icon-facebook" data-url="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-black-codes-and-jim-crow-laws.html" aria-label="Share on Facebook"></button></li> <li><button class="socialAction wa_badge_black icon-twitter" data-url="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-black-codes-and-jim-crow-laws.html&text=The%20Black%20Codes%20And%20Jim%20Crow%20Laws&url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-black-codes-and-jim-crow-laws.html" aria-label="Share on Twitter"></button></li> <li><button class="socialAction wa_badge_black icon-pinterest" data-url="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-black-codes-and-jim-crow-laws.html" aria-label="Share on Pinterest"></button></li> <li><button class="socialAction wa_badge_black icon-linkedin" data-url="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-black-codes-and-jim-crow-laws.html&title=The%20Black%20Codes%20And%20Jim%20Crow%20Laws&source=WorldAtlas" aria-label="Share on LinkedIn"></button></li> </ul> </div> <div class="article_byline"> <span><a href="/contributor/jason-shvili" class="content_contributor">Jason Shvili</span></a> November 8 2021 in <a href="https://www.worldatlas.com/politics/">Politics</a></span> </div> </section> <section class="article_after_content no-left-right-margin"> <h2>More in <a href="https://www.worldatlas.com/politics/">Politics</a></h2> <div class="mod_grid_list grid_read_stack"> <article class="grid_item mod_bclip bclip_full_16x9" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage"> <div class="bclip_container"> <a href="/politics/communist-china-vs-the-falun-gong.html" itemprop="relatedLink"> <figure class="bclip_media_box" itemprop="image" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 768px)" sizes="400px" srcset="https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w400-h225-q40/upload/73/b7/e3/falun-gong-practitioners-perform-a-dragon-dance-on-o-connell-street-to-celebrate-the-lunar-new-year-image-by-liammurphypics-shutterstock.jpg 400w"> <source media="(min-width: 575px) and (max-width: 767px)" sizes="575px" srcset="https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w575-h323-q40/upload/73/b7/e3/falun-gong-practitioners-perform-a-dragon-dance-on-o-connell-street-to-celebrate-the-lunar-new-year-image-by-liammurphypics-shutterstock.jpg 575w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 574px)" sizes="425px" srcset="https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w425-h239-q40/upload/73/b7/e3/falun-gong-practitioners-perform-a-dragon-dance-on-o-connell-street-to-celebrate-the-lunar-new-year-image-by-liammurphypics-shutterstock.jpg 425w"> <img class="bclip_media" src="/r/w1200/upload/73/b7/e3/falun-gong-practitioners-perform-a-dragon-dance-on-o-connell-street-to-celebrate-the-lunar-new-year-image-by-liammurphypics-shutterstock.jpg" alt="Falun Gong practitioners perform a dragon dance on O'Connell Street to celebrate the Lunar New Year. 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