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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Second marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Edward,_Prince_of_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Edward,_Prince_of_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Relationship with Edward, Prince of Wales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Edward,_Prince_of_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdication_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdication_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Abdication crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdication_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_marriage:_Duchess_of_Windsor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_marriage:_Duchess_of_Windsor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Third marriage: Duchess of Windsor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_marriage:_Duchess_of_Windsor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Later life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Widowhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Widowhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Widowhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Widowhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Titles and styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wallis Simpson</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" > 59 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1" title="واليس دوقة وندسور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="واليس دوقة وندسور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uollis_Simpson" title="Uollis Simpson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uollis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="والیس سیمپسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="والیس سیمپسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="ওয়ালিস সিম্পসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়ালিস সিম্পসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Уолис Симпсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уолис Симпсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpsonov%C3%A1" title="Wallis Simpsonová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wallis Simpsonová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%AF%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Γουάλις Σίμπσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουάλις Σίμπσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="والیس سیمپسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والیس سیمپسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%8B%AC%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A8" title="월리스 심프슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="월리스 심프슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D6%83%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ուոլլիս Սիմփսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուոլլիս Սիմփսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8" title="ווליס סימפסון, דוכסית וינדזור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ווליס סימפסון, דוכסית וינדזור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="უოლის სიმპსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უოლის სიმპსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volisa_Simpsone" title="Volisa Simpsone – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Volisa Simpsone" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Волис Симпсон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Волис Симпсон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="വാലിസ് സിംപ്സൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാലിസ് സിംപ്സൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="वॉलिस सिम्प्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वॉलिस सिम्प्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="واليس سيمبسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="واليس سيمبسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ウォリス・シンプソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウォリス・シンプソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="والیس سیمپسون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="والیس سیمپسون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis,_Duquesa_de_Windsor" title="Wallis, Duquesa de Windsor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wallis, Duquesa de Windsor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Симпсон, Уоллис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Симпсон, Уоллис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpsonov%C3%A1" title="Wallis Simpsonová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wallis Simpsonová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Волис Симпсон, војвоткиња од Виндзора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Волис Симпсон, војвоткиња од Виндзора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="வாலிசு சிம்ப்சன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாலிசு சிம்ப்சன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="วอลลิส ซิมป์สัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วอลลิส ซิมป์สัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Волліс Сімпсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Волліс Сімпсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%86" title="والس سمپسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="والس سمپسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wallis Simpson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E9%87%8C%E4%B8%9D%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E6%99%AE%E6%A3%AE" title="华里丝·辛普森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="华里丝·辛普森" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mrs_Simpson&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs Simpson">Mrs Simpson</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wife of former king Edward VIII (1896–1986)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Duchess of Windsor" redirects here. For the ducal title, see <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor" title="Duke of Windsor">Duke of Windsor</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Wallis Simpson</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor" title="Duke of Windsor">Duchess of Windsor</a> (<a href="#Titles_and_styles">more</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincenzo_Laviosa_-_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_-_Google_Art_Project_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of Wallis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vincenzo_Laviosa_-_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Vincenzo_Laviosa_-_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vincenzo_Laviosa_-_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Vincenzo_Laviosa_-_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vincenzo_Laviosa_-_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Vincenzo_Laviosa_-_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1757" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Simpson, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1934</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Bessie Wallis Warfield (1896-06-19)June 19, 1896<a href="#cite_note-birth-1">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Summit,_Pennsylvania" title="Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania">Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 24, 1986(1986-04-24) (aged 89) <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">April 29, 1986 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Burial_Ground,_Frogmore" title="Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore">Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Winfield_Spencer_Jr." title="Earl Winfield Spencer Jr.">Earl Winfield Spencer Jr.</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1916; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1927)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Simpson" title="Ernest Simpson">Ernest Simpson</a> </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1928; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1937)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor">Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor</a> (former King Edward VIII)</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1937; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1972)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">Windsor</a> (by marriage)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Teackle Wallis Warfield</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Alice Montague</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallis_Simpson_signature_1963.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wallis Simpson's signature"><img alt="Wallis Simpson's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/64/Wallis_Simpson_signature_1963.svg/125px-Wallis_Simpson_signature_1963.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/64/Wallis_Simpson_signature_1963.svg/188px-Wallis_Simpson_signature_1963.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/64/Wallis_Simpson_signature_1963.svg/250px-Wallis_Simpson_signature_1963.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="295" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Wallis, Duchess of Windsor (born Bessie Wallis Warfield, later Spencer and then Simpson; June 19, 1896<a href="#cite_note-birth-1">[a]</a> – April 24, 1986) was an American <a href="/wiki/Socialite" title="Socialite">socialite</a> and wife of former king <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>. Their intention to marry and her status as a divorcée caused a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> that led to <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Edward's abdication</a>. Wallis grew up in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland. Her father died shortly after her birth, and she and her widowed mother were partly supported by their wealthier relatives. Her first marriage, to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Win_Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Win Spencer">Win Spencer</a>, was punctuated by periods of separation and eventually ended in divorce. In 1931, while married to her second husband <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Simpson" title="Ernest Simpson">Ernest Simpson</a>, she met Edward, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>. Five years later, after Edward's accession as <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a>, Wallis divorced Ernest to marry Edward. The King's desire to marry a woman who had two living ex-husbands threatened to cause a constitutional crisis in the United Kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a>, ultimately leading to his abdication in December 1936 to marry "the woman I love".<a href="#cite_note-Duke_of_Windsor,_p._413-2">[1]</a> After abdicating, Edward was made <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor" title="Duke of Windsor">Duke of Windsor</a> by his brother and successor, <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>. Wallis married Edward six months later, after which she was formally known as the Duchess of Windsor, but was not allowed to share her husband's <a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">style</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a>". Before, during, and after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Wallis and Edward were suspected by many in government and society of being <a href="/wiki/Nazi_sympathizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi sympathizer">Nazi sympathizers</a>. In 1937, without government approval, they <a href="/wiki/1937_tour_of_Germany_by_the_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor" title="1937 tour of Germany by the Duke and Duchess of Windsor">visited Germany</a> and met <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. In 1940, Edward was appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Bahamas">governor of the Bahamas</a>, and the couple moved to the islands until he relinquished the office in 1945. In the 1950s and 1960s, they shuttled between Europe and the United States, living a life of leisure as society celebrities. After <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Windsor" title="Death and funeral of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor">Edward's death</a> in 1972, Wallis lived in seclusion and was rarely seen in public. Her private life has been a source of much speculation, and she remains a controversial figure in British history. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallis_Simpson_as_a_six-month-old_child_in_the_arms_of_her_mother,_Alice_Montague_Warfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wallis_Simpson_as_a_six-month-old_child_in_the_arms_of_her_mother%2C_Alice_Montague_Warfield.jpg/170px-Wallis_Simpson_as_a_six-month-old_child_in_the_arms_of_her_mother%2C_Alice_Montague_Warfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wallis_Simpson_as_a_six-month-old_child_in_the_arms_of_her_mother%2C_Alice_Montague_Warfield.jpg/255px-Wallis_Simpson_as_a_six-month-old_child_in_the_arms_of_her_mother%2C_Alice_Montague_Warfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wallis_Simpson_as_a_six-month-old_child_in_the_arms_of_her_mother%2C_Alice_Montague_Warfield.jpg/340px-Wallis_Simpson_as_a_six-month-old_child_in_the_arms_of_her_mother%2C_Alice_Montague_Warfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1519" /></a><figcaption>A six-month-old Wallis with her mother, Alice Warfield</figcaption></figure> An only child, Bessie Wallis (sometimes written "Bessiewallis") Warfield was born on June 19, 1896, in Square Cottage at Monterey Inn, a hotel directly across the road from the <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Country_Club" title="Monterey Country Club">Monterey Country Club</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Summit,_Pennsylvania" title="Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania">Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-weir-3">[2]</a> A summer resort close to the Maryland–Pennsylvania border, Blue Ridge Summit was popular with Baltimoreans escaping the season's heat, and Monterey Inn, which had a central building, as well as individual wooden cottages, was the town's largest hotel.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Wallis's father was Teackle Wallis Warfield (named after <a href="/wiki/Severn_Teackle_Wallis" title="Severn Teackle Wallis">Severn Teackle Wallis</a>),<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> the fifth and youngest son of Henry Mactier Warfield, a prominent merchant, described as "one of the best known and personally one of the most popular citizens of Baltimore", who ran for mayor in 1875.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Her mother was Alice Montague, a daughter of stockbroker William Latane Montague. Wallis was named in honor of her father (who was known as Wallis) and her mother's elder sister, Bessie (Mrs. D. Buchanan Merryman), and was called Bessie Wallis until, at some time in her youth, the name Bessie was dropped.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> According to a wedding announcement published in <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a> on November 20, 1895, Wallis's parents were married by C. Ernest Smith at Baltimore's Saint Michael and All Angels' Protestant Episcopal Church on November 19, 1895,<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> which suggests she was conceived out of wedlock. Wallis said that her parents were married in June 1895.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Her father died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> on November 15, 1896.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> For her first few years, Wallis and her mother were dependent upon the charity of her father's wealthy bachelor brother <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Davies_Warfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon Davies Warfield">Solomon Davies Warfield</a>, postmaster of Baltimore and later president of the Continental Trust Company and the <a href="/wiki/Seaboard_Air_Line_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaboard Air Line Railway">Seaboard Air Line Railway</a>. Initially, they lived with him at the four-story row house, 34 East Preston Street, that he shared with his mother.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_ten-year-old_Wallis_Simpson_as_a_schoolgirl_with_long_hair_and_a_hat_on.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/A_ten-year-old_Wallis_Simpson_as_a_schoolgirl_with_long_hair_and_a_hat_on.jpg/170px-A_ten-year-old_Wallis_Simpson_as_a_schoolgirl_with_long_hair_and_a_hat_on.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/A_ten-year-old_Wallis_Simpson_as_a_schoolgirl_with_long_hair_and_a_hat_on.jpg/255px-A_ten-year-old_Wallis_Simpson_as_a_schoolgirl_with_long_hair_and_a_hat_on.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/A_ten-year-old_Wallis_Simpson_as_a_schoolgirl_with_long_hair_and_a_hat_on.jpg/340px-A_ten-year-old_Wallis_Simpson_as_a_schoolgirl_with_long_hair_and_a_hat_on.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1814" /></a><figcaption>Wallis as a ten-year-old schoolgirl</figcaption></figure> In 1901, Wallis's aunt Bessie Merryman was widowed, and the following year Alice and Wallis moved into her four-bedroom house on West Chase Street, Baltimore, where they lived for at least a year until they settled in an apartment, and then a house, of their own. In 1908, Wallis's mother married her second husband, John Freeman Rasin, son of prominent Democratic party boss <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Freeman_Rasin" title="Isaac Freeman Rasin">Isaac Freeman Rasin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> On April 17, 1910, Wallis was confirmed at Christ Episcopal Church, Baltimore, and between 1912 and 1914 her uncle paid for her to attend <a href="/wiki/Oldfields_School" title="Oldfields School">Oldfields School</a>, the most expensive girls' school in Maryland.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> There she became a friend of heiress Renée du Pont, a daughter of Senator <a href="/wiki/T._Coleman_du_Pont" title="T. Coleman du Pont">T. Coleman du Pont</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Du_Pont_family" title="Du Pont family">du Pont family</a>, and Mary Kirk, whose family founded <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Silverware" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirk Silverware">Kirk Silverware</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> A fellow pupil at one of Wallis's schools recalled, "She was bright, brighter than all of us. She made up her mind to go to the head of the class, and she did."<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Wallis was always immaculately dressed and pushed herself hard to do well.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> A later biographer wrote of her, "Though Wallis's jaw was too heavy for her to be counted beautiful, her fine violet-blue eyes and petite figure, quick wits, vitality, and capacity for total concentration on her interlocutor ensured that she had many admirers."<a href="#cite_note-dnb-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_marriage">First marriage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spencers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Spencers.jpg/170px-Spencers.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Spencers.jpg/255px-Spencers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Spencers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Wallis and her first husband, Earl W. Spencer, 1918</figcaption></figure> In April 1916, Wallis met <a href="/wiki/Earl_Winfield_Spencer_Jr." title="Earl Winfield Spencer Jr.">Earl Winfield Spencer Jr.</a>, a <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> aviator, in <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola, Florida</a>, while visiting her cousin <a href="/wiki/Corinne_Mustin" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinne Mustin">Corinne Mustin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> It was at this time that Wallis witnessed two airplane crashes about two weeks apart, resulting in a lifelong fear of flying.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The couple married on November 8, 1916, at Christ Episcopal Church in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, which had been Wallis's parish. Win, as her husband was known, was a heavy drinker. He drank even before flying and once crashed into the sea, but escaped almost unharmed.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> After the United States entered the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1917, Spencer was posted to <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> as the first commanding officer of a training base in <a href="/wiki/Coronado,_California" title="Coronado, California">Coronado</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_North_Island" title="Naval Air Station North Island">Naval Air Station North Island</a>; they remained there until 1921.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward, Prince of Wales</a>, visited San Diego, but he and Wallis did not meet.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Later that year, Spencer left his wife for a period of four months, but in the spring of 1921 they were reunited in Washington, D.C., where Spencer had been posted. They soon separated again, and in 1922, when Spencer was posted to the Far East as commander of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Pampanga" title="USS Pampanga">USS Pampanga</a>, Wallis remained behind, continuing an affair with an Argentine diplomat, Felipe de Espil.<a href="#cite_note-dnb-19">[18]</a> In January 1924, she visited Paris with her recently widowed cousin Corinne Mustin,<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> before sailing to the Far East aboard a troop carrier, <a href="/wiki/USS_Samaritan" title="USS Samaritan">USS Chaumont</a>. The Spencers were briefly reunited until she fell ill, after which she returned to Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Wallis toured China, and while in Beijing stayed with Katherine and Herman Rogers, who were to remain her longterm friends.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> According to the wife of one of Win's fellow officers, Mrs. <a href="/wiki/Milton_E._Miles" title="Milton E. Miles">Milton E. Miles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> in Beijing Wallis met Count <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a>'s son-in-law and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Italy)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Italy)">foreign minister</a>, had an affair with him, and became pregnant, leading to a botched abortion that left her infertile.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The rumor was later widespread but never substantiated and Ciano's wife, <a href="/wiki/Edda_Mussolini" title="Edda Mussolini">Edda Mussolini</a>, denied it.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The existence of an official "China dossier" (detailing the supposed sexual and criminal exploits of Wallis in China) is denied by historians and biographers.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Wallis spent over a year in China, during which time—according to the socialite <a href="/wiki/Madame_Wellington_Koo" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Wellington Koo">Madame Wellington Koo</a>—she managed to master only one Chinese phrase: "Boy, pass me the champagne".<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> By September 1925, she and her husband were back in the United States, though living apart.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Their divorce was finalized on December 10, 1927.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_marriage">Second marriage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second marriage">edit</a>]</div> By the time her marriage to Spencer was dissolved, Wallis had become involved with <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Aldrich_Simpson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Aldrich Simpson">Ernest Aldrich Simpson</a>, an Anglo-American shipping executive and former officer in the <a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Guards" title="Coldstream Guards">Coldstream Guards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> He divorced his first wife, Dorothea (by whom he had a daughter, Audrey), to marry Wallis on July 21, 1928, at the <a href="/wiki/Register_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Register Office">Register Office</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea, London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Wallis had telegraphed her acceptance of his proposal from <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a>, where she was staying with her friends, Mr. and Mrs. Rogers.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The Simpsons temporarily set up home in a furnished house with four servants in <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> In 1929, Wallis sailed back to the United States to visit her sick mother, who had married legal clerk Charles Gordon Allen after the death of Rasin. During the trip, Wallis's investments were wiped out in the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash">Wall Street Crash</a>, and her mother died penniless on November 2, 1929. Wallis returned to England and with the shipping business still buoyant, the Simpsons moved into a large flat with a staff of servants.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Through a friend, Consuelo Thaw, Wallis met Consuelo's sister <a href="/wiki/Thelma,_Viscountess_Furness" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelma, Viscountess Furness">Thelma, Viscountess Furness</a>, at the time the mistress of Edward, Prince of Wales.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> On January 10, 1931, Lady Furness introduced Wallis to Edward at <a href="/wiki/Burrough_Court" title="Burrough Court">Burrough Court</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Melton_Mowbray" title="Melton Mowbray">Melton Mowbray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Edward was the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to the British throne. Between 1931 and 1934, he met the Simpsons at various house parties, and Wallis was presented at court. Ernest was beginning to encounter financial difficulties, as the Simpsons were living beyond their means, and they had to fire a succession of staff.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Edward,_Prince_of_Wales">Relationship with Edward, Prince of Wales</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship with Edward, Prince of Wales">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallis_Simpson_and_Prince_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wallis_Simpson_and_Prince_1935.jpg/220px-Wallis_Simpson_and_Prince_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wallis_Simpson_and_Prince_1935.jpg/330px-Wallis_Simpson_and_Prince_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wallis_Simpson_and_Prince_1935.jpg/440px-Wallis_Simpson_and_Prince_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>The Prince of Wales and Wallis in <a href="/wiki/Kitzb%C3%BChel" title="Kitzbühel">Kitzbühel</a>, Austria, February 1935</figcaption></figure> In January 1934, while Lady Furness was away in New York City, Wallis allegedly became Edward's mistress.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Edward denied this to his father, despite his staff seeing them in bed together as well as "evidence of a physical sexual act".<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Wallis soon ousted Furness, and Edward distanced himself from a former lover and confidante, the Anglo-American textile heiress <a href="/wiki/Freda_Dudley_Ward" title="Freda Dudley Ward">Freda Dudley Ward</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> By the end of 1934, Edward was irretrievably besotted with Wallis, finding her domineering manner and abrasive irreverence toward his position appealing; in the words of his official biographer, he became "slavishly dependent" on her.<a href="#cite_note-dnb-19">[18]</a> According to Wallis, it was during a cruise on <a href="/wiki/Lord_Moyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Moyne">Lord Moyne</a>'s private yacht <a href="/wiki/MY_Rosaura" class="mw-redirect" title="MY Rosaura">Rosaura</a> in August 1934 that she fell in love with Edward.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> At an evening party in <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>, he introduced her to his mother; his father was outraged,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> primarily on account of her marital history, as divorced people were generally excluded from court.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Edward showered Wallis with money and jewels,<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> and in February 1935, and again later in the year, he holidayed with her in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> His courtiers became increasingly alarmed as the affair began to interfere with his official duties.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In 1935, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Special_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Special Branch">Metropolitan Police Special Branch</a> told the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Commissioner">Metropolitan Police Commissioner</a> that Wallis was also having an affair with Guy Marcus Trundle, who was "said to be employed by the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>".<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Rumors of an affair were doubted, however, by Captain Val Bailey, who knew Trundle well and whose mother had an affair with Trundle for nearly two decades,<a href="#cite_note-fox-54">[53]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Williams_(historian)" title="Susan Williams (historian)">historian Susan Williams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abdication_crisis">Abdication crisis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Abdication crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Abdication of Edward VIII</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia,_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg/220px-King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg/330px-King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg/440px-King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson on holiday in Yugoslavia, 1936</figcaption></figure> On January 20, 1936, <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_V" title="Death and state funeral of George V">George V died</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham</a> and Edward ascended the throne as Edward VIII. The next day, he broke royal protocol by watching the proclamation of his accession from a window of <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>, in the company of the still-married Wallis.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> It was becoming apparent to court and government circles that the new <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> meant to marry her.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Edward's behaviour and his relationship with Wallis made him unpopular with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a>-led <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Government (United Kingdom)">British government</a>, as well as distressing his mother and his brother the <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">Duke of York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The British media remained deferential to the monarchy, and no stories of the affair were reported in the domestic press, but foreign media widely reported their relationship.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> After the death of George V, before her divorce from her second husband, Wallis reportedly said, "Soon I shall be Queen of England [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]."<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The monarch of the United Kingdom is <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a>. At the time of the proposed marriage (and until 2002), the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> disapproved of, and would not perform, the remarriage of divorced people if their former spouse was still alive.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Constitutionally, the King was required to be in communion with the Church of England, but his proposed marriage conflicted with the Church's teachings.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Additionally, at the time both the Church and English law only recognized adultery as a legitimate ground for divorce. Since she had divorced her first husband on grounds of "mutual incompatibility", there was a possibility that her second marriage, as well as her prospective marriage to Edward, would be considered <a href="/wiki/Bigamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigamous">bigamous</a> if her first divorce had been challenged in court.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The British and Dominion governments believed that a twice-divorced woman was politically, socially, and morally unsuitable as a prospective consort.<a href="#cite_note-ziegler-64">[63]</a> Wallis was perceived by many in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> as a woman of "limitless ambition"<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> who was pursuing the King because of his wealth and position.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Wallis had already filed for divorce from her second husband on the grounds that he had committed adultery with her childhood friend Mary Kirk and the <a href="/wiki/Decree_nisi" title="Decree nisi">decree nisi</a> was granted on October 27, 1936.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In November, the King consulted with the <a href="/wiki/British_prime_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British prime minister">British prime minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, on a way to marry Wallis and keep the throne. Edward suggested a <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic marriage</a>, where he would remain king but Wallis would not be queen, but this was rejected by Baldwin and the prime ministers of Australia, Canada, and the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ziegler-64">[63]</a> If Edward were to marry Wallis against Baldwin's advice, the government would be required to resign, causing a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herman_Rogers;_Katherine_Rogers;_Wallis,_Duchess_of_Windsor;_Peregrine_Francis_Adelbert_Cust,_6th_Baron_Brownlow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Herman_Rogers%3B_Katherine_Rogers%3B_Wallis%2C_Duchess_of_Windsor%3B_Peregrine_Francis_Adelbert_Cust%2C_6th_Baron_Brownlow.jpg/170px-Herman_Rogers%3B_Katherine_Rogers%3B_Wallis%2C_Duchess_of_Windsor%3B_Peregrine_Francis_Adelbert_Cust%2C_6th_Baron_Brownlow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Herman_Rogers%3B_Katherine_Rogers%3B_Wallis%2C_Duchess_of_Windsor%3B_Peregrine_Francis_Adelbert_Cust%2C_6th_Baron_Brownlow.jpg/255px-Herman_Rogers%3B_Katherine_Rogers%3B_Wallis%2C_Duchess_of_Windsor%3B_Peregrine_Francis_Adelbert_Cust%2C_6th_Baron_Brownlow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Herman_Rogers%3B_Katherine_Rogers%3B_Wallis%2C_Duchess_of_Windsor%3B_Peregrine_Francis_Adelbert_Cust%2C_6th_Baron_Brownlow.jpg/340px-Herman_Rogers%3B_Katherine_Rogers%3B_Wallis%2C_Duchess_of_Windsor%3B_Peregrine_Francis_Adelbert_Cust%2C_6th_Baron_Brownlow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Herman and Katherine Rogers (left) with Wallis and Lord Brownlow in France, 1936</figcaption></figure> Wallis's relationship with Edward had become public knowledge in the United Kingdom by early December. She decided to flee the country as the scandal broke, and was driven to the south of France in a dramatic race to outrun the press.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> For the next three months, she was under siege by the media at the Villa Lou Viei, near Cannes, the home of her close friends Herman and Katherine Rogers,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> whom she later thanked effusively in her ghost-written memoirs. According to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(writer)" title="Andrew Morton (writer)">Andrew Morton</a>, who relied on an interview with the stepdaughter-in-law of Herman Rogers conducted 80 years later,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Simpson confessed during the writing of her memoirs that Rogers was the love of her life. However, at her instruction, the ghostwriter omitted this revelation from the final memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> At her hideaway, Wallis was pressured by <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Cust,_6th_Baron_Brownlow" title="Peregrine Cust, 6th Baron Brownlow">Lord Brownlow</a>, the King's <a href="/wiki/Lord-in-waiting" title="Lord-in-waiting">lord-in-waiting</a>, to renounce Edward. On December 7, 1936, Brownlow read to the press Wallis's statement, which he had helped her draft, indicating her readiness to give up Edward.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> However, Edward was determined to marry Wallis. <a href="/wiki/John_Theodore_Goddard" class="mw-redirect" title="John Theodore Goddard">John Theodore Goddard</a>, Wallis's solicitor, stated: "[his] client was ready to do anything to ease the situation but the other end of the wicket [Edward VIII] was determined." This seemingly indicated that Edward had decided he had no option but to abdicate if he wished to marry Wallis.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Edward_VIII_of_the_United_Kingdom%27s_Abdication" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Edward VIII of the United Kingdom's Abdication">Edward VIII of the United Kingdom's Abdication</a></div></div></div> </div> Edward signed the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Abdication" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument of Abdication">Instrument of Abdication</a> on December 10, 1936, in the presence of his three surviving brothers, the Dukes of York, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Gloucester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Kent</a>. Special laws passed by the Parliaments of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> finalized Edward's abdication the following day, or in Ireland's case one day later. The Duke of York then became King George VI. On December 11, Edward said in a radio broadcast, "I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility, and to discharge my duties as King as I would wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I love."<a href="#cite_note-Duke_of_Windsor,_p._413-2">[1]</a> Edward left Britain for Austria, where he stayed at <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Enzesfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Schloss Enzesfeld">Schloss Enzesfeld</a>, the home of Baron <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_von_Rothschild" title="Eugène von Rothschild">Eugène</a> and Baroness Kitty de <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild</a>. Edward had to remain apart from Wallis until there was no danger of compromising the granting of a decree absolute in her divorce proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-BHK-75">[74]</a> Upon her divorce being made final in May 1937, she changed her name by <a href="/wiki/Deed_poll" title="Deed poll">deed poll</a> to Wallis Warfield, resuming her maiden name.<a href="#cite_note-Waycross-76">[75]</a> The couple were reunited at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Cand%C3%A9" title="Château de Candé">Château de Candé</a>, Monts, France, on May 4, 1937.<a href="#cite_note-BHK-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_marriage:_Duchess_of_Windsor">Third marriage: Duchess of Windsor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Third marriage: Duchess of Windsor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Edward_and_Wallis_Simpson" title="Wedding of Prince Edward and Wallis Simpson">Wedding of Prince Edward and Wallis Simpson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cand%C3%A9_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cand%C3%A9_Castle.jpg/220px-Cand%C3%A9_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cand%C3%A9_Castle.jpg/330px-Cand%C3%A9_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cand%C3%A9_Castle.jpg/440px-Cand%C3%A9_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Cand%C3%A9" title="Château de Candé">Château de Candé</a>, Monts, France</figcaption></figure> Wallis and Edward married one month later on June 3, 1937, at the Château de Candé, lent to them by French millionaire <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bedaux" title="Charles Bedaux">Charles Bedaux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The date would have been King George V's 72nd birthday; Queen Mary thought the wedding had been scheduled for then as a deliberate slight.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> No member of Edward's family attended. Wallis wore a "Wallis blue" <a href="/wiki/Mainbocher" title="Mainbocher">Mainbocher</a> <a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Wallis_Warfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding dress of Wallis Warfield">wedding dress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Edward presented her with an engagement ring that consisted of an <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a> mount in yellow gold set with diamonds, and the sentence "We are ours now" was engraved on it.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> While the Church of England refused to sanction the wedding, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_Jardine" title="Robert Anderson Jardine">Robert Anderson Jardine</a>, Vicar of St Paul's, Darlington, offered to perform the service, an offer that was accepted by the couple.<a href="#cite_note-wed-81">[80]</a> Guests included <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph Churchill</a>, Baron <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Daniel_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène Daniel von Rothschild">Eugène Daniel von Rothschild</a>, and the best man, Major <a href="/wiki/Fruity_Metcalfe" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruity Metcalfe">Fruity Metcalfe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wed-81">[80]</a> The marriage produced no children. In November, Ernest Simpson married Mary Kirk.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Edward was created <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor" title="Duke of Windsor">Duke of Windsor</a> by his brother King George VI prior to the marriage. However, <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>, issued by the new king and unanimously supported by the Dominion governments,<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> prevented Wallis, now Duchess of Windsor, from sharing her husband's <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">style</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a>". George VI's firm view that the Duchess should not be given a royal title was shared by his mother, Queen Mary, and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> At first, the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a> did not accept Wallis and would not receive her formally, although the former king sometimes met his mother and siblings after his abdication. Some biographers have suggested that Wallis's sister-in-law Queen Elizabeth remained bitter towards her for her role in bringing George VI to the throne (which she may have seen as a factor in his early death)<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> and for prematurely behaving as Edward's consort when she was his mistress.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> These claims were denied by Elizabeth's close friends, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hugh_FitzRoy,_11th_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Hugh FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton">Duke of Grafton</a>, who wrote that she "never said anything nasty about the Duchess of Windsor, except to say she really hadn't got a clue what she was dealing with."<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Elizabeth was said to have referred to Wallis as "that woman",<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> while Wallis referred to Queen Elizabeth as "Mrs. Temple" and "Cookie", alluding to her solid figure and fondness for food, and to her daughter Princess Elizabeth (later <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>) as "Shirley", as in <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Wallis bitterly resented the denial of the royal title and the refusal of Edward's relatives to accept her as part of the family.<a href="#cite_note-dnb-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Within the household of the Duke and Duchess, the style "Her Royal Highness" was used by those who were close to the couple.<a href="#cite_note-style-91">[90]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Diana Mosley</a>, who knew both Queen Elizabeth and the Duchess of Windsor but was only friendly with the latter, Elizabeth's antipathy toward Wallis may have resulted from jealousy. Lady Mosley wrote to her sister, the <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Mitford" class="mw-redirect" title="Deborah Mitford">Duchess of Devonshire</a>, after the death of the Duke of Windsor, "probably the theory of their [the Windsors'] contemporaries that Cake [a Mitford nickname for the Queen Mother] was rather in love with him [the Duke] (as a girl) & took second best, may account for much."<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_meet_Adolf_Hitler_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_meet_Adolf_Hitler_1937.jpg/220px-Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_meet_Adolf_Hitler_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_meet_Adolf_Hitler_1937.jpg/330px-Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_meet_Adolf_Hitler_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b8/Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_meet_Adolf_Hitler_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption>Wallis and Edward with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, 1937</figcaption></figure> Wallis and Edward lived in France in the pre-war years. In 1937, they made a <a href="/wiki/1937_tour_of_Germany_by_the_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor" title="1937 tour of Germany by the Duke and Duchess of Windsor">high-profile visit to Germany</a> and met <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Berghof_(residence)" title="Berghof (residence)">Berghof</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden" title="Berchtesgaden">Berchtesgaden</a> retreat. After the visit, Hitler said of Wallis, "she would have made a good queen".<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> The visit tended to corroborate the strong suspicions of many in government and society that Wallis was a German agent,<a href="#cite_note-dnb-19">[18]</a> a claim that she ridiculed in her letters to Edward.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> US <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> files compiled in the 1930s also portray her as a possible <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> sympathizer. <a href="/wiki/Duke_Carl_Alexander_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duke Carl Alexander of Württemberg">Duke Carl Alexander of Württemberg</a> told the FBI that Wallis and leading Nazi <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> had been lovers in London.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> There were even rather improbable reports during the Second World War that she kept a signed photograph of Ribbentrop on her bedside table.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Edward wrote in the New York <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News (New York)">Daily News</a> of December 13, 1966: "In a roundabout way [Hitler] encouraged me to infer that Red Russia was the only enemy and that it was in Britain's interest and in Europe's too, that Germany be encouraged to strike east and smash Communism forever ... I confess frankly that he took me in. ... I thought the rest of us could be fence-sitters while the Nazis and the Reds slogged it out."<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> As the German troops advanced into France in 1940, the Windsors fled south from their Paris home, first to <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a> then to Spain in June. Wallis told United States ambassador to Spain <a href="/wiki/Alexander_W._Weddell" title="Alexander W. Weddell">Alexander W. Weddell</a> that France had lost because it was "internally diseased".<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The couple moved to Portugal in July. They stayed in <a href="/wiki/Cascais" title="Cascais">Cascais</a>, at Casa de Santa Maria, the home of <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Ricardo Espírito Santo">Ricardo do Espírito Santo e Silva</a>, a banker who was suspected of being a German agent.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> In August 1940, the Duke and Duchess traveled by commercial liner to <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a>, where Edward was installed as governor.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Wallis performed her role as the governor's consort competently for five years; she worked actively for the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> and in the improvement of infant welfare,<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> as well as overseeing <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_The_Bahamas#1940s_renovations" title="Government House, The Bahamas">renovations of Government House</a>. However, she hated <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a>, calling it "our <a href="/wiki/St_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helena">St Helena</a>" in a reference to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s final place of exile,<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> and sarcastically commenting on the government surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-Aldrich-104">[103]</a> She was heavily criticized in the British press for her extravagant shopping in the United States, undertaken when Britain was enduring privations such as rationing and blackout.<a href="#cite_note-dnb-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> She referred to the local population as "lazy, thriving niggers" in letters to her aunt, which reflected her upbringing in <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> Baltimore.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[b]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> strenuously objected in 1941 when she and her husband planned to tour the Caribbean aboard a yacht belonging to Swedish magnate <a href="/wiki/Axel_Wenner-Gren" title="Axel Wenner-Gren">Axel Wenner-Gren</a>, who Churchill said was "pro-German", and Churchill complained again when the Duke gave a "<a href="/wiki/Defeatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Defeatist">defeatist</a>" interview.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Another of their acquaintances, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bedaux" title="Charles Bedaux">Charles Bedaux</a>, who had hosted their wedding, was arrested on charges of treason in 1943 but committed suicide in jail in Miami before the case was brought to trial.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> The British establishment distrusted Wallis; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hardinge,_2nd_Baron_Hardinge_of_Penshurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Hardinge, 2nd Baron Hardinge of Penshurst">Sir Alexander Hardinge</a> wrote that her suspected anti-British activities were motivated by a desire for revenge against a country that rejected her as its queen.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> The couple returned to France and retirement after the defeat of Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-dnb-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg/220px-Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg/330px-Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg/440px-Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption>Wallis and Edward at the White House for dinner with President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, 1970</figcaption></figure> In 1946, when Wallis was staying at Ednam Lodge, the home of the <a href="/wiki/William_Ward,_3rd_Earl_of_Dudley" title="William Ward, 3rd Earl of Dudley">Earl of Dudley</a>, some of her jewels were stolen. There were rumors that the theft had been masterminded by the royal family as an attempt to regain jewels taken from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a> by Edward, or by the Windsors themselves as part of an insurance fraud—they made a large deposit of loose stones at <a href="/wiki/Cartier_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartier SA">Cartier</a> the following year. However, in 1960, career criminal Richard Dunphie confessed to the crime. The stolen pieces were only a small portion of the Windsor jewels, which were either bought privately, inherited by the Duke, or given to Edward when he was Prince of Wales.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> In 1952, the Windsors were offered the use of a house by the Paris municipal authorities. The couple lived at <a href="/wiki/4_route_du_Champ_d%27Entra%C3%AEnement" class="mw-redirect" title="4 route du Champ d'Entraînement">4 route du Champ d'Entraînement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>, for most of the remainder of their lives, essentially living a life of easy retirement.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> They traveled frequently between Europe and America aboard <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liners" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean liners">ocean liners</a>. They bought a second house in the country, Moulin de la Tuilerie or "The Mill" in <a href="/wiki/Gif-sur-Yvette" title="Gif-sur-Yvette">Gif-sur-Yvette</a>, where they soon became close friends with their neighbors, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald</a> and Diana Mosley.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Years later, Diana Mosley said that Wallis and Edward shared her and her husband's views that Hitler should have been given a free hand to destroy Communism.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> In 1965, the Duke and Duchess visited London as Edward required eye surgery for a <a href="/wiki/Detached_retina" class="mw-redirect" title="Detached retina">detached retina</a>; Edward's niece Queen Elizabeth II and sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marina,_Duchess_of_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent">Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent</a>, visited them. Edward's sister, the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Countess_of_Harewood" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood">Princess Royal</a>, also visited them just 10 days before her death. Wallis and Edward attended her memorial service in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Later, in 1967, they joined the royal family in London for the unveiling of a plaque by Elizabeth II to commemorate the centenary of Queen Mary's birth.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> The couple spoke to <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Harris_(journalist)" title="Kenneth Harris (journalist)">Kenneth Harris</a> for an extensive <a href="/wiki/The_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_in_conversation_with_Kenneth_Harris" title="The Duke and Duchess of Windsor in conversation with Kenneth Harris">BBC television interview in 1970</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Times70-117">[115]</a> Both Queen Elizabeth II and her son <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles, Prince of Wales</a>, visited the Windsors in Paris in Edward's later years, the Queen's visit being shortly before Edward's death.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> For much of their later lives, Wallis and Edward were served by their valet and footman <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Johnson_(servant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Johnson (servant)">Sydney Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pasternak-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Widowhood">Widowhood</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Widowhood">edit</a>]</div> Upon Edward's death from throat cancer in 1972, Wallis traveled to the United Kingdom to attend <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Windsor" title="Death and funeral of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor">his funeral</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> staying at Buckingham Palace during her visit.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> She became increasingly frail and eventually succumbed to <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, living the final years of her life as a recluse, supported by both her husband's estate and an allowance from Elizabeth II.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> She suffered several falls and broke her hip twice.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> After Edward's death, Wallis's French lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Blum_(lawyer)" title="Suzanne Blum (lawyer)">Suzanne Blum</a>, assumed <a href="/wiki/Power_of_attorney" title="Power of attorney">power of attorney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Blum sold items belonging to the Duchess to her own friends at lower than market value<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> and was accused of exploiting her client in <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Blackwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Blackwood">Caroline Blackwood</a>'s The Last of the Duchess, written in 1980 but not published until 1995, after Blum's death.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Later, royal biographer <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Vickers" title="Hugo Vickers">Hugo Vickers</a> called Blum a "Satanic figure ... wearing the mantle of good intention to disguise her inner malevolence".<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> In 1980, Wallis lost her ability to speak.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Towards the end of her life, she was bedridden and did not receive any visitors, apart from her doctor and nurses.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Wallis,_Duchess_of_Windsor" title="Death and funeral of Wallis, Duchess of Windsor">Death and funeral of Wallis, Duchess of Windsor</a></div> Wallis died on April 24, 1986, at her home in the Bois de Boulogne, Paris, at the age of 89 from <a href="/wiki/Bronchial_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchial pneumonia">bronchial pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-weir-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Her funeral was held on April 29 at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>, attended by her two surviving sisters-in-law – Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Duchess_of_Gloucester" title="Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester">Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester</a> – and other members of the royal family.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> The Queen and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Philip">Prince Philip</a>, attended both the funeral ceremony and the burial, as did their son Charles and daughter-in-law <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-132">[130]</a> Diana said afterwards that it was the only time she had seen the Queen weep.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Wallis was buried next to Edward in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Burial_Ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Burial Ground">Royal Burial Ground</a> near Windsor Castle, as "Wallis, Duchess of Windsor".<a href="#cite_note-bbc-132">[130]</a> Prior to an agreement with Elizabeth II in the 1960s, Wallis and Edward had previously planned for a burial in a purchased cemetery plot at <a href="/wiki/Green_Mount_Cemetery" title="Green Mount Cemetery">Green Mount Cemetery</a> in Baltimore, where Wallis's father was interred.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> In recognition of the help France gave to the Windsors in providing them with a home, and in lieu of death duties, Wallis's collection of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a> furniture, some <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, and paintings were made over to the French state.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> The British royal family received no major bequests. Most of her estate went to the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a> medical research foundation, on the instructions of Suzanne Blum. The decision took the royal family and Wallis's friends by surprise, as she had shown little interest in charity during her life.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> auction in Geneva, in April 1987, Wallis's jewelry collection raised $45 million for the institute, approximately seven times its pre-sale estimate.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Blum later claimed that Egyptian entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Al-Fayed" title="Mohamed Al-Fayed">Mohamed Al-Fayed</a> tried to purchase the jewels for a "rock bottom price".<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Al-Fayed bought much of the non-financial estate, including the lease of the Paris mansion. An auction of his collection was announced in July 1997 for later that year in New York.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Delayed by <a href="/wiki/Dodi_Fayed" title="Dodi Fayed">his son</a>'s death in <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Death of Diana, Princess of Wales">the car crash</a> that also claimed the life of Diana, Princess of Wales, the sale raised more than £14 million for charity in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-132">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simpson,_Wallis_%26_Edward_VIII_-_RLWMV_(5034878895).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Simpson%2C_Wallis_%26_Edward_VIII_-_RLWMV_%285034878895%29.jpg/220px-Simpson%2C_Wallis_%26_Edward_VIII_-_RLWMV_%285034878895%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Simpson%2C_Wallis_%26_Edward_VIII_-_RLWMV_%285034878895%29.jpg/330px-Simpson%2C_Wallis_%26_Edward_VIII_-_RLWMV_%285034878895%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Simpson%2C_Wallis_%26_Edward_VIII_-_RLWMV_%285034878895%29.jpg/440px-Simpson%2C_Wallis_%26_Edward_VIII_-_RLWMV_%285034878895%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Wax figures of Wallis and Edward at the Royal London Wax Museum, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> Wallis was plagued by rumors of other lovers. The gay American <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Donahue" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Donahue">Jimmy Donahue</a>, an heir to the <a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">Woolworth</a> fortune, said he had a liaison with her in the 1950s, but Donahue was notorious for his inventive pranks and rumor-mongering.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[c]</a> Wallis's memoir The Heart Has Its Reasons was published in 1956, and biographer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Higham_(biographer)" title="Charles Higham (biographer)">Charles Higham</a> said that "facts were remorselessly rearranged in what amounted to a self-performed face-lift". He describes Wallis as "charismatic, electric and compulsively ambitious".<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Edward_VIII_and_Wallis_Simpson" title="Cultural depictions of Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson">Fictional depictions of the Duchess</a> include the novel <a href="/wiki/Famous_Last_Words_(novel)" title="Famous Last Words (novel)">Famous Last Words</a> (1981) by Canadian author <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Findley" title="Timothy Findley">Timothy Findley</a>, which portrays her as a manipulative conspirator,<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_Tremain" title="Rose Tremain">Rose Tremain</a>'s short story "The Darkness of Wallis Simpson" (2006), which depicts her more sympathetically in her final years of ill health.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> Hearsay and conjecture have clouded assessment of Wallis's life, not helped by her own manipulation of the truth. But, in the opinion of her biographers, there is no document that proves directly that she was anything other than a victim of her own ambition, who lived out a great romance that became a great tragedy.<a href="#cite_note-abc-146">[143]</a> In the words of one, "she experienced the ultimate fairy tale, becoming the adored favorite of the most glamorous bachelor of his time. The idyll went wrong when, ignoring her pleas, he threw up his position to spend the rest of his life with her."<a href="#cite_note-abc-146">[143]</a> Wallis herself is reported to have summed up her life in a sentence: "You have no idea how hard it is to live out a great romance."<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Titles and styles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Monogram_of_The_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Royal_Monogram_of_The_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor.svg/170px-Royal_Monogram_of_The_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Royal_Monogram_of_The_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor.svg/255px-Royal_Monogram_of_The_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Royal_Monogram_of_The_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor.svg/340px-Royal_Monogram_of_The_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Cypher</a> of Wallis and Edward</figcaption></figure> Wallis resumed her maiden name Wallis Warfield by <a href="/wiki/Deed_poll" title="Deed poll">deed poll</a> on May 7, 1937,<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> but continued to use the title "Mrs".<a href="#cite_note-Waycross-76">[75]</a> The Duchess of Windsor was unofficially styled Her Royal Highness within her own household.<a href="#cite_note-style-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThe_Duchess_of_Windsor1949" class="citation web cs1">The Duchess of Windsor (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/wallis-simpson-guide-to-entertaining">"The Duchess of Windsor's Tongue-In-Cheek Guide To Entertaining"</a>. Vogue (UK ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vogue&rft.atitle=The+Duchess+of+Windsor%27s+Tongue-In-Cheek+Guide+To+Entertaining&rft.date=1949&rft.au=The+Duchess+of+Windsor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.co.uk%2Farts-and-lifestyle%2Farticle%2Fwallis-simpson-guide-to-entertaining&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li>The Duchess of Windsor (1956) The Heart Has Its Reasons</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-birth-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birth_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_1-1">b</a> According to 1900 census returns, she was born in June 1895, which author <a href="/wiki/Charles_Higham_(biographer)" title="Charles Higham (biographer)">Charles Higham</a> asserted was before her parents' marriage (Higham, p. 4). Author <a href="/wiki/Greg_King_(author)" title="Greg King (author)">Greg King</a>, wrote that, though Higham's "scandalous assertion of illegitimacy enlivens the telling of the Duchess's life", "the evidence to support it is slim indeed", and that it "strains credulity" (King, p. 11). </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> When telling a story of how Wallis complained about blacks being allowed on <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Avenue (Manhattan)">Park Avenue (Manhattan)</a>, Joanne Cummings, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Cummings" title="Nathan Cummings">Nathan Cummings</a>, said of Wallis, "She grew up in the South, at a certain time, with certain prejudices." Source: Menkes, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lady_Pamela_Hicks" title="Lady Pamela Hicks">Lady Pamela Hicks</a> remembered the Duke being "in tears" with her father <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Earl Mountbatten of Burma</a> because Wallis was with Donahue.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Duke_of_Windsor,_p._413-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duke_of_Windsor,_p._413_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duke_of_Windsor,_p._413_2-1">b</a> Duke of Windsor, p. 413 </li> <li id="cite_note-weir-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weir_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_3-1">b</a> Weir, p. 328 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "Baltimore in Her Centennial Year", <a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie%27s_Popular_Monthly" title="Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly">Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly</a>, Volume 43 (Frank Leslie Publishing House, 1897), p. 702 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Blue Ridge Summit referred to as "a fashionable summer resort ... then greatly patronized by Baltimoreans" in Francis F. Bierne (1984), The Amiable Baltimoreans, Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorner,_Thomas_Cromwell1896" class="citation web cs1">Corner, Thomas Cromwell (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdhistory.org/resources/severn-teackle-wallis/">"Severn Teackle Wallis – Oil on canvas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Center_for_History_and_Culture" title="Maryland Center for History and Culture">Maryland Center for History and Culture</a>. Retrieved June 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Center+for+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Severn+Teackle+Wallis+%E2%80%93+Oil+on+canvas&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Corner%2C+Thomas+Cromwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdhistory.org%2Fresources%2Fsevern-teackle-wallis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1911" class="citation cs2">Carroll, David H. (1911), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menofmarkinmaryl03stei_0/page/n63/mode/2up">Men of Mark in Maryland, Volume 3</a>, B. F. Johnson Inc., p. 28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+of+Mark+in+Maryland%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=B.+F.+Johnson+Inc.&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmenofmarkinmaryl03stei_0%2Fpage%2Fn63%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun-death-of-henry-m-warfi/47733420/">"Death of Henry M Warfield"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a>. January 19, 1885. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Death+of+Henry+M+Warfield&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1885-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-baltimore-sun-death-of-henry-m-warfi%2F47733420%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> King, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Montague–Warfield", The Baltimore Sun, November 20, 1895</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Montague%E2%80%93Warfield&rft.date=1895-11-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Duchess of Windsor, p. 17; Sebba, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Tombstone in <a href="/wiki/Green_Mount_Cemetery" title="Green Mount Cemetery">Green Mount Cemetery</a>, Baltimore; King p. 13; Sebba, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Carroll, vol. 3, pp. 24–43; King, pp. 14–15; Duchess of Windsor, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> King, p. 24; Vickers, p. 252 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Higham, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> King, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Higham, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> King, pp. 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-dnb-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_19-6">g</a> <a href="/wiki/Ziegler,_Philip" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziegler, Philip">Ziegler, Philip</a> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38277">"Windsor, (Bessie) Wallis, duchess of Windsor (1896–1986)"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F38277">10.1093/ref:odnb/38277</a>, retrieved May 2, 2010 (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> King, p. 38; Sebba, pp. 20–21; Vickers, p. 257; Duchess of Windsor, pp. 59–60 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Higham, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Duchess of Windsor, pp. 76–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> King, pp. 47–52; Vickers, pp. 258, 261; Duchess of Windsor, pp. 79–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> King, pp. 51–52; Sebba, p. 36; Vickers, p. 260; Duchess of Windsor, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Bloch, The Duchess of Windsor, p. 22; King, p. 57; Sebba, pp. 41–43; Duchess of Windsor, pp. 100–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> King, p. 60; Duchess of Windsor, pp. 104–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> King, pp. 62–64; Sebba, pp. 45–53; Vickers, p. 263; Duchess of Windsor, pp. 112–113 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Higham, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Higham, p. 50; King, p. 66; Sebba, pp. 55–56 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley,_Ray1999" class="citation cs2">Moseley, Ray (1999), Mussolini's Shadow: The Double Life of Count Galeazzo Ciano, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mussolinisshadow00mose/page/9">9–10</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07917-3"><bdi>978-0-300-07917-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini%27s+Shadow%3A+The+Double+Life+of+Count+Galeazzo+Ciano&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07917-3&rft.au=Moseley%2C+Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Higham, p. 119; 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Vickers, p. 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> King, p. 506; Menkes, pp. 198, 206 and 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Menkes, p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Culme, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadler,_JoyceHauptfuhrer,_Fred1990" class="citation cs2">Wadler, Joyce; Hauptfuhrer, Fred (January 8, 1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20116503,00.html">"Egypt's Al Fayed Restores the House Fit for a Former King"</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_(American_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="People (American magazine)">People</a>, vol. 33, no. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Al+Fayed+Restores+the+House+Fit+for+a+Former+King&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1990-01-08&rft.au=Wadler%2C+Joyce&rft.au=Hauptfuhrer%2C+Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com%2Fpeople%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C20116503%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Vickers, pp. 234–235 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2001" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Christopher (2001). Dancing With the Devil: the Windsors and Jimmy Donahue. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-653159-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-653159-3"><bdi>978-0-00-653159-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+With+the+Devil%3A+the+Windsors+and+Jimmy+Donahue&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-00-653159-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988">; King, p. 442 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReginato2013" class="citation cs2">Reginato, James (September 5, 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/style/2013/09/princess-diana-discoing-mountbatten-memoir">"Royal In-Law: Princess Diana Favored "Disco-ing" to Married Life; Charles Has "Blossomed Again" With Camilla"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>, retrieved April 19, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Royal+In-Law%3A+Princess+Diana+Favored+%22Disco-ing%22+to+Married+Life%3B+Charles+Has+%22Blossomed+Again%22+With+Camilla&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.aulast=Reginato&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fstyle%2F2013%2F09%2Fprincess-diana-discoing-mountbatten-memoir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Higham, pp. 452–453 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Sebba, pp. 280–281 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Sebba, p. 282 </li> <li id="cite_note-abc-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abc_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc_146-1">b</a> Bloch, The Duchess of Windsor, p. 231; See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeintraub1986" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Weintraub" title="Stanley Weintraub">Weintraub, Stanley</a> (June 8, 1986). "The Love Letters of the Duchess of Windsor". <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. p. X05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Love+Letters+of+the+Duchess+of+Windsor&rft.pages=X05&rft.date=1986-06-08&rft.aulast=Weintraub&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"> for a similar view. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> King, p. 388; Wilson, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1998" class="citation cs2">Ashley, Mike (1998), The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens, London: Robinson, p. 701, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84119-096-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84119-096-9"><bdi>978-1-84119-096-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Book+of+British+Kings+and+Queens&rft.place=London&rft.pages=701&rft.pub=Robinson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-84119-096-9&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloch" title="Michael Bloch">Bloch, Michael</a> (1996). The Duchess of Windsor. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-83590-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-83590-5"><bdi>978-0-297-83590-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duchess+of+Windsor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-297-83590-5&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1982" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Michael (1982). The Duke of Windsor's War. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77947-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77947-6"><bdi>978-0-297-77947-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duke+of+Windsor%27s+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-297-77947-6&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1988" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Michael (1988). The Secret File of the Duke of Windsor. London: Bantam Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-01667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-01667-1"><bdi>978-0-593-01667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+File+of+the+Duke+of+Windsor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-593-01667-1&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1986" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Michael, ed. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wallisedwardlett00wind">Wallis and Edward: Letters 1931–1937</a>. Summit Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-61209-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-61209-2"><bdi>978-0-671-61209-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wallis+and+Edward%3A+Letters+1931%E2%80%931937&rft.pub=Summit+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-671-61209-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwallisedwardlett00wind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford1989" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, Sarah (1989). George VI. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-79667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-79667-1"><bdi>978-0-297-79667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+VI&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-297-79667-1&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulme1987" class="citation book cs1">Culme, John (1987). The Jewels of the Duchess of Windsor. New York: Vendome Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-089-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-089-3"><bdi>978-0-86565-089-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewels+of+the+Duchess+of+Windsor&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vendome+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-86565-089-3&rft.aulast=Culme&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Higham_(biographer)" title="Charles Higham (biographer)">Higham, Charles</a> (2005). Mrs Simpson. London: Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42678-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42678-7"><bdi>978-0-330-42678-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mrs+Simpson&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-330-42678-7&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowarth1987" class="citation book cs1">Howarth, Patrick (1987). George VI. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-171000-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-171000-2"><bdi>978-0-09-171000-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+VI&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-09-171000-2&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_King_(author)" title="Greg King (author)">King, Greg</a> (1999). The Duchess of Windsor. New York: Citadel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55972-471-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55972-471-5"><bdi>978-1-55972-471-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duchess+of+Windsor&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55972-471-5&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenkes1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suzy_Menkes" title="Suzy Menkes">Menkes, Suzy</a> (1987). The Windsor Style. London: Grafton Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-246-13212-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-246-13212-3"><bdi>978-0-246-13212-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Windsor+Style&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grafton+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-246-13212-3&rft.aulast=Menkes&rft.aufirst=Suzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebba2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sebba" title="Anne Sebba">Sebba, Anne</a> (2011). That Woman: the Life of Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85896-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85896-6"><bdi>978-0-297-85896-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Woman%3A+the+Life+of+Wallis+Simpson%2C+Duchess+of+Windsor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-297-85896-6&rft.aulast=Sebba&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2011" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Hugo (2011). Behind Closed Doors: The Tragic, Untold, Story of the Duchess of Windsor. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-193155-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-193155-1"><bdi>978-0-09-193155-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+Closed+Doors%3A+The+Tragic%2C+Untold%2C+Story+of+the+Duchess+of+Windsor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-09-193155-1&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alison Weir (historian)">Weir, Alison</a> (1995). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy Revised edition. London: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7448-5"><bdi>978-0-7126-7448-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families%3A+The+Complete+Genealogy+Revised+edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-7448-5&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Williams_(historian)" title="Susan Williams (historian)">Williams, Susan</a> (2004). The People's King: The True Story of the Abdication. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6363-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6363-5"><bdi>978-1-4039-6363-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+King%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Abdication&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6363-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2001" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Christopher (2001). Dancing With the Devil: the Windsors and Jimmy Donahue. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-653159-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-653159-3"><bdi>978-0-00-653159-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+With+the+Devil%3A+the+Windsors+and+Jimmy+Donahue&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-00-653159-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindsor1951" class="citation book cs1">Windsor, HRH The Duke of (1951). A King's Story. London: Cassell & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+King%27s+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Windsor&rft.aufirst=HRH+The+Duke+of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindsor1956" class="citation book cs1">Windsor, The Duchess of (1956). The Heart has its Reasons: The Memoirs of the Duchess of Windsor. London: Michael Joseph.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+has+its+Reasons%3A+The+Memoirs+of+the+Duchess+of+Windsor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Windsor&rft.aufirst=The+Duchess+of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ziegler" title="Philip Ziegler">Ziegler, Philip</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingedwardviii00zieg">King Edward VIII: The official biography</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57730-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57730-2"><bdi>978-0-394-57730-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Edward+VIII%3A+The+official+biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-394-57730-2&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingedwardviii00zieg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ziegler, Philip (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38277">"Windsor, (Bessie) Wallis, duchess of Windsor (1896–1986)"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F38277">10.1093/ref:odnb/38277</a>, retrieved May 2, 2010 (subscription required)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirmingham1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Birmingham" title="Stephen Birmingham">Birmingham, Stephen</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/duchessstoryofwa00birm">Duchess: The Story of Wallis Warfield Windsor</a>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-09643-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-09643-0"><bdi>978-0-316-09643-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duchess%3A+The+Story+of+Wallis+Warfield+Windsor&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-316-09643-0&rft.aulast=Birmingham&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fduchessstoryofwa00birm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwood1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Blackwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Blackwood">Blackwood, Lady Caroline</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastofduchess00blac_0">The Last of the Duchess</a>. New York: Pantheon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43970-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43970-7"><bdi>978-0-679-43970-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+of+the+Duchess&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-43970-7&rft.aulast=Blackwood&rft.aufirst=Lady+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastofduchess00blac_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(writer)" title="Andrew Morton (writer)">Morton, Andrew</a> (2018). Wallis in Love: The Untold Life of the Duchess of Windsor, the Woman Who Changed the Monarchy. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Publishing" title="Grand Central Publishing">Grand Central Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-455-56697-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-455-56697-6"><bdi>978-1-455-56697-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wallis+in+Love%3A+The+Untold+Life+of+the+Duchess+of+Windsor%2C+the+Woman+Who+Changed+the+Monarchy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-455-56697-6&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mitford" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Mitford">Mosley, Diana</a> (1980). <a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Windsor_(Mosley_biography)" title="The Duchess of Windsor (Mosley biography)">The Duchess of Windsor</a>. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-98628-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-283-98628-4"><bdi>978-0-283-98628-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duchess+of+Windsor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-283-98628-4&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ren%C3%A9_Silvin" title="Richard René Silvin">Silvin, Richard René</a> (2010). Noblesse Oblige: The Duchess of Windsor As I Knew Her. Nike Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-50578-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-50578-7"><bdi>978-0-615-50578-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noblesse+Oblige%3A+The+Duchess+of+Windsor+As+I+Knew+Her&rft.pub=Nike+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-615-50578-7&rft.aulast=Silvin&rft.aufirst=Richard+Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallis+Simpson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/topic/wallis-simpson">Wallis Simpson</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wallis,_Duchess_of_Windsor" class="extiw" title="q:Wallis, Duchess of Windsor">Wallis, Duchess of Windsor</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wallis_Simpson" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0239846/">Wallis Simpson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explore.baltimoreheritage.org/items/show/195">The Duchess of Windsor at 212 East Biddle Street</a> – Explore Baltimore Heritage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp05920">Portraits of Wallis, Duchess of Windsor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209417#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edward_VIII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edward VIII"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edward_VIII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion#Dominions" title="Dominion">British Dominions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a> (1936)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wallis, Duchess of Windsor</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Countess_of_Harewood" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood">Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George, Duke of Kent</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prince John of the United Kingdom">Prince John</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Romances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Ward,_Viscountess_Ednam" title="Rosemary Ward, Viscountess Ednam">Lady Rosemary Leveson-Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Alibert" title="Marguerite Alibert">Marguerite Alibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinna_Nesbit" title="Pinna Nesbit">Pinna Nesbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freda_Dudley_Ward" title="Freda Dudley Ward">Freda Dudley Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelma_Furness,_Viscountess_Furness" title="Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness">Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Edward_VIII" title="List of prime ministers of Edward VIII">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Abdication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Declaration_of_Abdication_Act_1936" title="His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936">Instrument of Abdication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_coronation_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abandoned coronation of Edward VIII">Abandoned coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_address_by_the_British_monarch#Edward_VIII" title="Special address by the British monarch">Special addresses</a></li> <li>Depictions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_coins" title="Edward VIII coins">Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_postage_stamps" title="Edward VIII postage stamps">Postage stamps</a></li></ul></li> <li>Appointments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Birthday_Honours" title="1936 Birthday Honours">1936 Birthday Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Privy_Counsellors_(1936%E2%80%931952)#Edward_VIII" title="List of Privy Counsellors (1936–1952)">Privy Counsellors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_Edward,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Investiture of Edward, Prince of Wales">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_overseas_trips_made_by_Edward_VIII" title="List of official overseas trips made by Edward VIII">Official overseas trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_riots" title="Prince of Wales riots">Prince of Wales riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Edward_and_Wallis_Simpson" title="Wedding of Prince Edward and Wallis Simpson">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_tour_of_Germany_by_the_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor" title="1937 tour of Germany by the Duke and Duchess of Windsor">1937 Tour of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Windsor" title="Death and funeral of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor">Death and funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Edward_VIII_and_Wallis_Simpson" title="Cultural depictions of Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson">Cultural depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_danced_with_a_man,_who%27s_danced_with_a_girl,_who%27s_danced_with_the_Prince_of_Wales" title="I've danced with a man, who's danced with a girl, who's danced with the Prince of Wales">I've danced with a man, who's danced with a girl, who's danced with the Prince of Wales</a>" (1927 song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_King%27s_Story" title="A King's Story">A King's Story</a> (1965 documentary film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_%26_Mrs._Simpson" title="Edward & Mrs. Simpson">Edward & Mrs. Simpson</a> (1978 T.V. series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woman_He_Loved" title="The Woman He Loved">The Woman He Loved</a> (1988 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertie_and_Elizabeth" title="Bertie and Elizabeth">Bertie and Elizabeth</a> (2002 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_%26_Edward" title="Wallis & Edward">Wallis & Edward</a> (2005 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech" title="The King's Speech">The King's Speech</a> (2010 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E." title="W.E.">W.E.</a> (2012 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downton_Abbey" title="Downton Abbey">Downton Abbey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downton_Abbey_series_4#Episodes" title="Downton Abbey series 4">Christmas special: "The London Season"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)">The Crown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(season_1)#Episodes" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crown (season 1)">S1 E3: "Windsor"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(season_2)#Episodes" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crown (season 2)">S2 E6: "Vergangenheit"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(season_3)#Episodes" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crown (season 3)">S3 E8: "Dangling Man"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_season_5#Episodes" title="The Crown season 5">S5 E3: "Mou Mou"</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor" title="Duke of Windsor">Duke of Windsor</a>" (title)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Willi" title="Operation Willi">Operation Willi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Files" title="Marburg Files">Marburg Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_in_conversation_with_Kenneth_Harris" title="The Duke and Duchess of Windsor in conversation with Kenneth Harris">The Duke and Duchess of Windsor in conversation with Kenneth Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_House,_St_James%27s_Palace" title="York House, St James's Palace">York House</a> (London residence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Belvedere,_Surrey" title="Fort Belvedere, Surrey">Fort Belvedere</a> (Surrey residence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Windsor" title="Villa Windsor">Villa Windsor</a> (Paris residence)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Namesakes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_knot" title="Windsor knot">Windsor knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_Plateau" title="Edward VIII Plateau">Edward VIII Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_Bay" title="Edward VIII Bay">Edward VIII Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_Ice_Shelf" title="Edward VIII Ice Shelf">Edward VIII Ice Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VIII_Falls" title="King Edward VIII Falls">King Edward VIII Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)">HMS Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Road" title="Prince Edward Road">Prince Edward Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_tea_blend" title="Prince of Wales tea blend">Prince of Wales tea blend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Trophy" title="Prince of Wales Trophy">Prince of Wales Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Country_Club" title="Prince of Wales Country Club">Prince of Wales Country Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_Pier" title="Princes Pier">Princes Pier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">← George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</li> <li> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</li> <li> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</li> <li> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209417#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209417#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209417#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368633456">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120858272">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24610698">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/164/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11863366X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50000855">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11996401m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11996401m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621655">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV163313">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36434239">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0105514&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX914465">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070365849">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98011754">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018I0579">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx174v410d1wx7">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810650272605606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/320702">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007599008005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000162232">Finland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07103260?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500332070">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1256356">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11863366X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027457737">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580490">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ws8w69">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&oldid=1258130946">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallis_Simpson&oldid=1258130946</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wallis_Simpson" title="Category:Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1896_births" title="Category:1896 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