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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Magic Body Control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magic_Body_Control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_active_suspension_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_active_suspension_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Timeline of active suspension development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_active_suspension_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of automobile suspension technology</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes_S600_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mercedes_S600_front.jpg/250px-Mercedes_S600_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mercedes_S600_front.jpg/375px-Mercedes_S600_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mercedes_S600_front.jpg/500px-Mercedes_S600_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3004" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W220)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220)">Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes_Benz_CL55_W203.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mercedes_Benz_CL55_W203.jpg/250px-Mercedes_Benz_CL55_W203.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mercedes_Benz_CL55_W203.jpg/375px-Mercedes_Benz_CL55_W203.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mercedes_Benz_CL55_W203.jpg/500px-Mercedes_Benz_CL55_W203.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C215" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz C215">Mercedes-Benz CL-Class C215</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes_R230_front_20071102.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mercedes_R230_front_20071102.jpg/249px-Mercedes_R230_front_20071102.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mercedes_R230_front_20071102.jpg/374px-Mercedes_R230_front_20071102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mercedes_R230_front_20071102.jpg/498px-Mercedes_R230_front_20071102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1623" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_R230" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz R230">Mercedes-Benz SL Class</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Active Body Control</b>, or ABC, is the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a> name used to describe electronically controlled <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">hydropneumatic suspension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StillRunning_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StillRunning-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RT2018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This suspension improves ride quality and allows for control of the vehicle body motions, allowing for reduced <a href="/wiki/Car_handling" class="mw-redirect" title="Car handling">body roll</a> in many driving situations including <a href="/wiki/Cornering_force" title="Cornering force">cornering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accelerating" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerating">accelerating</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Braking" class="mw-redirect" title="Braking">braking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RT2018_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mercedes-Benz has been experimenting with these capabilities for automobile suspension since the <a href="/wiki/Air_suspension" title="Air suspension">air suspension</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_600" title="Mercedes-Benz 600">1963 <i>600</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">hydropneumatic (fluid and air) suspension</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_450SEL_6.9" title="Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9">1974 <i>6.9</i></a>. </p><p>ABC was only offered on <a href="/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive" title="Rear-wheel drive">rear-wheel drive</a> models, as <a href="/wiki/All-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="All-wheel drive">all-wheel drive</a> <a href="/wiki/4MATIC" class="mw-redirect" title="4MATIC">4MATIC</a> models were available only with <i>Airmatic</i> semi-active <a href="/wiki/Air_suspension" title="Air suspension">air suspension</a>, with the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLE" title="Mercedes-Benz GLE">Mercedes-Benz GLE</a> 450 4MATIC being the first AWD to have ABC available.<sup id="cite_ref-RT2018_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production version was introduced at the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Motor Show">Geneva Motor Show</a> on the new <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C215" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz C215">Mercedes-Benz CL-Class C215</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Active_Body_Control&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the ABC system, a computer detects body movement from sensors located throughout the vehicle, and controls the action of the <a href="/wiki/Active_suspension" title="Active suspension">active suspension</a> with the use of <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> <a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">servomechanisms</a>. The hydraulic pressure to the servos is supplied by a high pressure radial piston hydraulic pump, operating at 3,000psi. Accumulators regulate the hydraulic pressure, by means of an enclosed nitrogen bubble separated from the hydraulic fluid by a membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-StillRunning_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StillRunning-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A total of 13 sensors continually monitor body movement and vehicle level and supply the ABC controller with new data every ten <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">milliseconds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StillRunning_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StillRunning-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four level sensors, one at each wheel measure the ride level of the vehicle, three accelerometers measure the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical direction">vertical</a> body acceleration, one acceleration sensor measures the longitudinal and one sensor the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transverse" class="extiw" title="wikt:transverse">transverse</a> body acceleration. As the ABC controller receives and processes data, it operates four <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> servos, each mounted on an <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">air and pressurized hydraulic fluid</a> <a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">strut</a>, beside each wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost instantaneously, the servo regulated suspension generates counter forces to <a href="/wiki/Body_lean" class="mw-redirect" title="Body lean">body lean</a>, dive and squat during various driving maneuvers. A suspension strut, consisting of a steel coil spring and a <a href="/wiki/Shock_absorber" title="Shock absorber">shock absorber</a> connected in parallel, as well as a hydraulically controlled adjusting cylinder, are located between the vehicle body and wheel. These components adjust the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylinder</a> in the direction of the suspension strut, and change the suspension length. This creates a force which acts on the suspension and dampening of the vehicle in the frequency range up to five <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StillRunning_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StillRunning-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system also incorporates <a href="/wiki/Height_adjustable_suspension" title="Height adjustable suspension">height adjustable suspension</a>, which in this case lowers the vehicle up to 11 mm (0.43 in) between the speeds of 60–160 km/h (37–99 mph) for better <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a>, fuel consumption, and handling.<sup id="cite_ref-StillRunning_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StillRunning-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ABC system also allows <a href="/wiki/Self-levelling_suspension" title="Self-levelling suspension">self-levelling suspension</a>, which raises or lowers the vehicle in response to changing load (i.e. the loading or unloading of passengers or cargo).<sup id="cite_ref-StillRunning_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StillRunning-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each vehicle equipped with ABC has an “ABC Sport” button that allows the driver to adjust the suspension range for different driving style preferences. This feature allows the driver to adjust the suspension to maintain a more level ride in more demanding driving conditions. </p><p>The reliable function of the ABC system requires a regular hydraulic oil change and filter replacement. </p><p>The 1991 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C112" title="Mercedes-Benz C112">Mercedes-Benz C112</a>, 1995 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Vario_Research_Car" title="Mercedes-Benz Vario Research Car">Mercedes-Benz Vario Research Car</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_F200" title="Mercedes-Benz F200">Mercedes-Benz F200</a> already featured prototype versions of ABC. </p><p>The first complete and ready-for-production version of ABC was introduced in 1999 on the top-of-the-line <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C215" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz C215">Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C215)</a>. </p><p>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C216" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz C216">Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C216)</a> introduced the second generation <i>Active Body Control</i> suspension, referred to as <i>ABC Plus</i> or <i>ABC II</i> in technical documentation. This updated suspension reduced body roll by 45%<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to the first generation ABC suspension. ABC Plus had an updated hydraulic system design, with shorter hydraulic lines, and the pulsation damper was relocated to be mounted directly on the tandem pump. </p><p>In 2010 a <a href="/wiki/Crosswind_stabilization" title="Crosswind stabilization">crosswind stabilization</a> function was introduced. In strong gusts of crosswind, and depending on the direction and intensity of the wind having an effect on the vehicle, this system varies the wheel load distribution in such a way that the effects of winds are largely compensated or reduced to a minimum. For this purpose the ABC control unit uses the yaw rate, lateral acceleration, steering angle and road speed sensors of the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Stability_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Stability Program">Electronic Stability Program</a> ESP®.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magic_Body_Control">Magic Body Control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Active_Body_Control&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Magic Body Control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_F700" title="Mercedes-Benz F700">Mercedes-Benz F700</a> concept introduced the <b>PRE-SCAN suspension</b>, an early prototype road scanning suspension, using <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a> sensors, based on Active Body Control. </p><p>In 2013 the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W222)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)">Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)</a> introduced the series production version of PRE-SCAN, but with a <a href="/wiki/Stereo_camera" title="Stereo camera">stereo camera</a> instead of laser projectors. The system dubbed <b>Magic Body Control</b> is fitted with a road-sensing system (<b>Road Surface Scan</b>) that pre-loads the shocks for the road surface detected. Using a <a href="/wiki/Stereo_camera" title="Stereo camera">stereo camera</a>, the system scans the road surface up to 15 meters ahead of the vehicle at speeds up to 130 km/h (81 mph), and it adjusts the shock damping at each wheel to account for imperfections in the road. Initially only available on 8-cylinder models and above, Magic Ride Control attempts to isolate the car's body by predicting rather than reacting to broken pavement and speed humps.<sup id="cite_ref-C&DDebut_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C&DDebut-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ABC has undergone major modifications for the new S-Class: the wheel damping is now continuously adjustable, the spring strut response has been improved and the pump efficiency has been further enhanced. A digital interface connects the control unit and the sensors, while the fast <a href="/wiki/FlexRay" title="FlexRay">FlexRay</a> bus connects the control unit and the vehicle electronics. Processing power is more than double that of the previous system.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 the new C217 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(C217)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (C217)">S-Class Coupe</a> introduced an update to Magic Body Control, called <b>Active Curve Tilting</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new system allows the vehicle to lean up to 2.5 degrees into a turn, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Tilting_train" title="Tilting train">tilting train</a>. The leaning is intended to counter the effect of <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a> on the occupants and is available only on rear-wheel drive models<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vehicles">Vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Active_Body_Control&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vehicles, chronological order: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C112" title="Mercedes-Benz C112">Mercedes-Benz C112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Vario_Research_Car" title="Mercedes-Benz Vario Research Car">Mercedes-Benz Vario Research Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_F200" title="Mercedes-Benz F200">Mercedes-Benz F200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C215" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz C215">Mercedes-Benz CL-Class C215</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W220)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220)">Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220)</a>, standard on S600 and S65 AMG, optional on other trims<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_R230" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz R230">Mercedes-Benz SL Class R230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W221)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221)">Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_CL-Class_(C216)" title="Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C216)">Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C216)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_R231" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz R231">Mercedes-Benz SL Class R231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W222)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)">Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)</a>: Magic Body Control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(C217)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (C217)">Mercedes-Benz S-Class (C217)</a>: Magic Body Control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLE#Fourth_generation_(V167/C167;_2019)" title="Mercedes-Benz GLE">Mercedes-Benz GLE (C167)</a>: E-Active Body Control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLS_(X167)" title="Mercedes-Benz GLS (X167)">Mercedes-Benz GLS (X167)</a>: E-Active Body Control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W223)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)">Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)</a>: E-Active Body Control</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_active_suspension_development">Timeline of active suspension development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Active_Body_Control&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Timeline of active suspension development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1955 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a> had <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">hydropneumatic suspension</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mag%C3%A8s" title="Paul Magès">Paul Magès</a> - the first car with <a href="/wiki/Height_adjustable_suspension" title="Height adjustable suspension">height adjustable suspension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-levelling_suspension" title="Self-levelling suspension">self-levelling suspension</a>; leveraging the fact that gas/air absorbs force, while fluid transfers force smoothly</li> <li>1962 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W112" title="Mercedes-Benz W112">Mercedes-Benz W112</a> platform featured an <a href="/wiki/Air_suspension" title="Air suspension">air suspension</a> on the 300SE model and the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_600" title="Mercedes-Benz 600">Mercedes-Benz 600</a> model</li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Silver_Shadow" title="Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow">Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow</a> licensed technology from the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">hydropneumatic suspension</a> offering <a href="/wiki/Self-levelling_suspension" title="Self-levelling suspension">self-levelling</a></li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Maserati_Quattroporte" title="Maserati Quattroporte">Maserati Quattroporte</a> II used the <a href="/wiki/Height_adjustable_suspension" title="Height adjustable suspension">height adjustable suspension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-levelling_suspension" title="Self-levelling suspension">self-levelling suspension</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_SM" title="Citroën SM">Citroën SM</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_450SEL_6.9" title="Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9">Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9</a> with fully <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">Hydropneumatic suspension</a> similar in technology, but not geometry, to Citroën design</li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W126" title="Mercedes-Benz W126">Mercedes-Benz W126</a> then new S class had even more sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Height_adjustable_suspension" title="Height adjustable suspension">height adjustable suspension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-levelling_suspension" title="Self-levelling suspension">self-levelling suspension</a>.</li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W124" title="Mercedes-Benz W124">Mercedes-Benz W124</a> selected models of E class had this technology (rear only hydraulic suspension) <a href="/wiki/Height_adjustable_suspension" title="Height adjustable suspension">height adjustable suspension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-levelling_suspension" title="Self-levelling suspension">self-levelling suspension</a>.</li> <li>1985 <a href="/wiki/Bose_Corporation" title="Bose Corporation">Bose Corporation</a> founder and CEO Dr. <a href="/wiki/Amar_Bose" title="Amar Bose">Amar Bose</a> Designed a suspension that mixed passenger comfort and vehicle control, this system used linear electromagnetic motors, power amplifiers, control algorithms and computation speed.</li> <li>Early-1980s through early '90s, Lotus Engineering, the consultant branch of <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Cars" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus Cars</a>, experimented with <a href="/wiki/Active_suspension" title="Active suspension">active suspension</a> layouts, combining <a href="/wiki/Electrohydraulic_servo_valve" title="Electrohydraulic servo valve">Electrohydraulic servo valve</a> technology from aerospace, a variety of sensors and both analog and digital controllers. About 100 prototype cars and trucks (and several racing cars) were built for a wide variety of customers, with variants of the high bandwidth Lotus Active system.</li> <li>1986-Lotus Engineering and Moog Inc. formed joint venture <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/cbb971ed8864350eb74fad8a5e75ee19">Moog-Lotus Systems Inc.</a> to commercialize the Lotus technology with electro-hydraulic servo valves designed by Moog. The joint venture was later purchased by the TRW Steering and Suspension Division.</li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_XM" title="Citroën XM">Citroën XM</a> had a similar electronic control of hydraulic suspension, branded <a href="/wiki/Hydractive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydractive">Hydractive</a>.</li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Celica" title="Toyota Celica">Toyota Celica</a> with <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Active_Control_Suspension" title="Toyota Active Control Suspension">Toyota Active Control Suspension</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1991 <a href="/wiki/Infiniti_Q45" title="Infiniti Q45">Infiniti Q45</a> was optionally equipped with "Full Active Suspension", a world-first in production automobiles.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1991 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Soarer" title="Toyota Soarer">Toyota Soarer</a> had a fully active hydraulic suspension system on the 1991 UZZ32 model:<a href="/wiki/Toyota_Active_Control_Suspension" title="Toyota Active Control Suspension">Toyota Active Control Suspension</a>.</li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xantia" title="Citroën Xantia">Citroën Xantia</a> ACTIVA variant introduced <a href="/wiki/Active_anti-roll_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Active anti-roll bar">active anti-roll bars</a> as an extension to their Hydractive II suspension.</li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C215" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz C215">Mercedes-Benz CL-Class C215</a> introduces <i>Active Body Control</i>.</li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/BYD_Auto" title="BYD Auto">BYD Auto</a> introduces "DiSus" hydropneumatic suspension on the <a href="/wiki/Yangwang" title="Yangwang">Yangwang</a> U8 SUV and U9 sportscar. The suspension features the ability to drive with only three wheels fitted, and jump in the air while parked remaining level.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Active_Body_Control&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-StillRunning-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StillRunning_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StillRunning_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StillRunning_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StillRunning_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StillRunning_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StillRunning_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stillrunningstrong.com/car-specs-problems/mercedes-benz/s-class-w220/">"Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220: 1998-2005)"</a>. 18 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercedes-Benz+S-Class+%28W220%3A+1998-2005%29&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstillrunningstrong.com%2Fcar-specs-problems%2Fmercedes-benz%2Fs-class-w220%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActive+Body+Control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RT2018-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RT2018_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RT2018_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RT2018_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCHRIS_PERKINS2018" class="citation web cs1">CHRIS PERKINS (23 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/future-cars/a23100515/2019-mercedes-benz-gle-e-active-body-control-tech/">"The 2019 Mercedes-Benz GLE 450 Has an Incredible Adaptive Suspension System - The new Mercedes SUV can lean into corners and adjust each wheel's suspension tuning individually and on the fly"</a>. Road & Track<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2019+Mercedes-Benz+GLE+450+Has+an+Incredible+Adaptive+Suspension+System+-+The+new+Mercedes+SUV+can+lean+into+corners+and+adjust+each+wheel%27s+suspension+tuning+individually+and+on+the+fly.&rft.pub=Road+%26+Track&rft.date=2018-09-23&rft.au=CHRIS+PERKINS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadandtrack.com%2Fnew-cars%2Ffuture-cars%2Fa23100515%2F2019-mercedes-benz-gle-e-active-body-control-tech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActive+Body+Control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053239/http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-657477-1-814760-1-0-0-0-0-1-11702-614232-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html">"Mercedes-Benz S-Class, W 220 series (1998 to 2005)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-657477-1-814760-1-0-0-0-0-1-11702-614232-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercedes-Benz+S-Class%2C+W+220+series+%281998+to+2005%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.daimler.com%2Fdcmedia%2F0-921-657477-1-814760-1-0-0-0-0-1-11702-614232-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActive+Body+Control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rebuildmastertech.com/mercedes-benz-sl-class-amg-r230-2007-2012-rear-left-oem-hydraulic-rebuild-abc-hydropneumatic-suspension-strut-single-2303202538/">"Mercedes-Benz SL-Class AMG R230 2007-2012 Rear Left OEM HYDRAULIC REBUILD ABC Hydropneumatic Suspension Strut (2303202538)"</a>. Rebuild Master Tech<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-1276316-49-1525342-1-0-0-1320821-0-0-135-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html">the original</a> on 2015-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercedes-Benz+Vario+Research+Car+%26%23124%3B+Daimler+%3E+Technologie+%26+Innovation+%3E+Einblicke+in+Forschung+%26+Entwicklung+%3E+Forschungsfahrzeuge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daimler.com%2Fdccom%2F0-5-1276316-49-1525342-1-0-0-1320821-0-0-135-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActive+Body+Control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Active-Body-Control-New-Mercedes-coup-comes-with-the-very-best-chassis-technology-as-standard.xhtml?oid=9911505">"Active Body Control: New Mercedes coupé comes with the very best chassis technology as standard"</a>. 2006-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-657969-1-1325442-1-0-0-999999-0-0-0-614216-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html">the original</a> on 2015-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1549267-1-1597435-1-0-0-1597463-0-1-11702-854934-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html?TS=1370610325520">the original</a> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+new+Mercedes-Benz+S-Class+-+The+aspiration%3A+the+best+automobile+in+the+world%3B+Suspension%3A+The+world%27s+first+suspension+system+with+%22eyes%22&rft.pub=Daimler+AG&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.daimler.com%2Fdcmedia%2F0-921-1549267-1-1597435-1-0-0-1597463-0-1-11702-854934-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html%3FTS%3D1370610325520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActive+Body+Control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1549267-1-1597435-1-0-0-0-0-0-11702-0-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html">http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1549267-1-1597435-1-0-0-0-0-0-11702-0-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102191601/http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1549267-1-1597435-1-0-0-0-0-0-11702-0-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html">Archived</a> 2015-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Suspension: The world's first suspension system with "eyes"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1721304-1-1710008-1-0-0-1710107-0-1-12759-614216-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html">http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1721304-1-1710008-1-0-0-1710107-0-1-12759-614216-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030801/http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1721304-1-1710008-1-0-0-1710107-0-1-12759-614216-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Under the microscope: Curve tilting function - Curve artist</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benzinsider.com/2014/02/how-the-active-curve-tilting-feature-of-the-s-class-coupe-works-2/">"How the Active Curve Tilting Feature of the S-Class Coupe Works"</a>. <i>BenzInsider.com</i>. 16 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TOYOTA+MOTOR+CORPORATION+GLOBAL+WEBSITE+%26%23124%3B+75+Years+of+TOYOTA+%26%23124%3B+Technical+Development+%26%23124%3B+Chassis&rft.pub=Toyota-global.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toyota-global.com%2Fcompany%2Fhistory_of_toyota%2F75years%2Fdata%2Fautomotive_business%2Fproducts_technology%2Ftechnology_development%2Fchassis%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActive+Body+Control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1991/2165780/infiniti_q45_full-active_suspension.html">"1991 Infiniti Q45a Full-Active Suspension (since mid-year 1990 for North America ) specs review"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1991+Infiniti+Q45a+Full-Active+Suspension+%28since+mid-year+1990+for+North+America+%29+specs+review&rft.pub=Automobile-catalog.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.automobile-catalog.com%2Fcar%2F1991%2F2165780%2Finfiniti_q45_full-active_suspension.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActive+Body+Control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Active_Body_Control&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbusa.com">Mercedes-Benz USA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mercedes-Benz_AG" title="Template:Mercedes-Benz AG"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mercedes-Benz_AG" title="Template talk:Mercedes-Benz AG"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mercedes-Benz_AG" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mercedes-Benz AG"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mercedes-Benz_AG" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz AG</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Parent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Group" title="Mercedes-Benz Group">Mercedes-Benz Group</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_Logo_2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mercedes-Benz_Logo_2010.svg/150px-Mercedes-Benz_Logo_2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mercedes-Benz_Logo_2010.svg/225px-Mercedes-Benz_Logo_2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mercedes-Benz_Logo_2010.svg/300px-Mercedes-Benz_Logo_2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Subsidiaries <br />and brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-AMG" title="Mercedes-AMG">Mercedes-AMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Distribution_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia">Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-EQ" title="Mercedes-EQ">Mercedes-EQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Classic_Center" title="Mercedes-Benz Classic Center">Mercedes-Benz Classic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Museum" title="Mercedes-Benz Museum">Mercedes-Benz Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_U.S._International" title="Mercedes-Benz U.S. International">Mercedes-Benz U.S. International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_World" title="Mercedes-Benz World">Mercedes-Benz World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4Matic" title="4Matic">4Matic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Active Body Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comand_APS" class="mw-redirect" title="Comand APS">Comand APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercedes-Benz_engines" title="List of Mercedes-Benz engines">List of Mercedes-Benz engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_7G-Tronic_transmission" title="Mercedes-Benz 7G-Tronic transmission">Mercedes-Benz 7G-Tronic transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_9G-Tronic_transmission" title="Mercedes-Benz 9G-Tronic transmission">Mercedes-Benz 9G-Tronic transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains" title="Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains">Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Aufrecht" title="Hans Werner Aufrecht">Hans Werner Aufrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Jellinek" title="Emil Jellinek">Emil Jellinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merc%C3%A9d%C3%A8s_Jellinek" title="Mercédès Jellinek">Mercédès Jellinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Melcher" title="Erhard Melcher">Erhard Melcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiBen_Truck" title="BeiBen Truck">BeiBen Truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kompressor_(Mercedes-Benz)" title="Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)">Kompressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week">Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One" title="Mercedes-Benz in Formula One">Mercedes-Benz in Formula One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_motorsport" title="Mercedes-Benz in motorsport">Mercedes-Benz in motorsport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mercedes-Benz" title="Category:Mercedes-Benz">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mercedes-Benz" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mercedes-Benz">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mercedes-Benz_Group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mercedes-Benz_Group" title="Template:Mercedes-Benz Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mercedes-Benz_Group" title="Template talk:Mercedes-Benz Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mercedes-Benz_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mercedes-Benz Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mercedes-Benz_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Group" title="Mercedes-Benz Group">Mercedes-Benz Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions and<br />subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Automobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz AG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-AMG" title="Mercedes-AMG">AMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-EQ" title="Mercedes-EQ">EQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybach" title="Maybach">Maybach</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_motorsport" title="Mercedes-Benz in motorsport">Motorsport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One" title="Mercedes-Benz in Formula One">Formula One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains" title="Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains">Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-EQ_Formula_E_Team" title="Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team">Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Argentina" title="Mercedes-Benz Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_India" title="Mercedes-Benz India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Mexico" title="Mercedes-Benz Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_South_Africa" title="Mercedes-Benz South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_USA" title="Mercedes-Benz USA">USA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Mobility" title="Mercedes-Benz Mobility">Mercedes-Benz Mobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Bank" title="Mercedes-Benz Bank">Mercedes-Benz Bank</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_Group_black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mercedes-Benz_Group_black.svg/150px-Mercedes-Benz_Group_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mercedes-Benz_Group_black.svg/225px-Mercedes-Benz_Group_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mercedes-Benz_Group_black.svg/300px-Mercedes-Benz_Group_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="49" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAIC" class="mw-redirect" title="BAIC">BAIC</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9.98%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shufu" title="Li Shufu">Li Shufu</a> (through Tenaciou3 Prospect Investment Limited) <span style="font-size:85%;">(9.69%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Investment_Authority" title="Kuwait Investment Authority">Kuwait Investment Authority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6.84%)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">Shareholdings</a><br />and joint ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin" title="Aston Martin">Aston Martin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9.7%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Benz" title="Beijing Benz">Beijing Benz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(49%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Manufacturing_Plant_Aguascalientes" title="Cooperation Manufacturing Plant Aguascalientes">COMPAS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(50%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Truck" title="Daimler Truck">Daimler Truck</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(30.01%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_Benz" title="Fujian Benz">Fujian Benz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(33.78%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Here (company)">Here</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14.66%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_(marque)" title="Smart (marque)">smart Automobile Co. Ltd.</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(50%)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Benz">Benz & Company</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1883–1926)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Motoren_Gesellschaft" title="Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft">Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1886–1926)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_(marque)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes (marque)">Mercedes (marque)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902–1926)</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Cylinder_Control" title="Active Cylinder Control">Active Cylinder Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueTec" class="mw-redirect" title="BlueTec">BlueTec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Bernhard" title="Wolfgang Bernhard">Wolfgang Bernhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ola_K%C3%A4llenius" title="Ola Källenius">Ola Källenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Gottfried_Nordmann" title="Karl-Gottfried Nordmann">Karlfried Nordmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Renschler" title="Andreas Renschler">Andreas Renschler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Scherenberg" title="Hans Scherenberg">Hans Scherenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_E._Schrempp" title="Jürgen E. Schrempp">Jürgen E. Schrempp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilfert" title="Karl Wilfert">Karl Wilfert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Zahn" title="Joachim Zahn">Joachim Zahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Zetsche" title="Dieter Zetsche">Dieter Zetsche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DaimlerChrysler%E2%80%93Mitsubishi_alliance" title="DaimlerChrysler–Mitsubishi alliance">DaimlerChrysler–Mitsubishi alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault%E2%80%93Nissan%E2%80%93Mitsubishi_Alliance" title="Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance">Mercedes-Benz and Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAIC_Group" title="BAIC Group">BAIC Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geely" title="Geely">Geely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denza" title="Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studebaker-Packard_Corporation" title="Studebaker-Packard Corporation">Studebaker-Packard Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Union" title="Auto Union">Auto Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiBen_Truck" title="BeiBen Truck">BeiBen Truck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mercedes-Benz_Group" title="Category:Mercedes-Benz Group">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Daimler_AG" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Daimler AG">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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handling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_handling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Automotive handling</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_handling" title="Automobile handling">Car handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">Center of mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downforce" title="Downforce">Downforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_(motorsport)" title="Drifting (motorsport)">Drifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">Electronic Stability Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishtailing" title="Fishtailing">Fishtailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inboard_brake" title="Inboard brake">Inboard brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Oversteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">Steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire / Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaxle" title="Transaxle">Transaxle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Understeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsprung_mass" title="Unsprung mass">Unsprung mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_dynamics" title="Vehicle dynamics">Vehicle dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_transfer" title="Weight transfer">Weight transfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">Spring</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coil_spring" title="Coil spring">Coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_spring" title="Leaf spring">Leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_suspension" title="Air suspension">Pneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_spring" title="Torsion spring">Torsion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_suspension" title="Car suspension">Suspension</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">Beam axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Dion_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="De Dion tube">De Dion tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semi-independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twist-beam_rear_suspension" title="Twist-beam rear suspension">Twist beam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_wishbone_suspension" title="Double wishbone suspension">Double wishbone</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Jaguar_independent_rear_suspension" title="Jaguar independent rear suspension">Jaguar IRS</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubonnet_suspension" title="Dubonnet suspension">Dubonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacPherson_strut" title="MacPherson strut">MacPherson strut</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Chapman_strut" title="Chapman strut">Chapman strut</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-link_suspension" title="Multi-link suspension">Multi-link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_pillar_suspension" title="Sliding pillar suspension">Sliding pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_axle" title="Swing axle">Swing axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailing arm">Trailing arm</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Semi-trailing_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-trailing arm">Semi-trailing arm</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chassis_control_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chassis_control_systems" title="Template:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chassis_control_systems" title="Template talk:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chassis_control_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chassis_control_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rolling_chassis" title="Rolling chassis">Chassis</a> control system</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">Suspension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-roll_bar" title="Anti-roll bar">Anti-roll bar (sway bar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">Axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axle_track" title="Axle track">Axle track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">Beam axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camber_angle" title="Camber angle">Camber angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_handling" title="Automobile handling">Car handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil_spring" title="Coil spring">Coil spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Dion_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="De Dion tube">De Dion tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_wishbone_suspension" title="Double wishbone suspension">Double wishbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolastic" title="Hydrolastic">Hydrolastic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrolastic#Hydragas" title="Hydrolastic">Hydragas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">Hydropneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">Independent suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_spring" title="Leaf spring">Leaf spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">Live axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacPherson_strut" title="MacPherson strut">MacPherson strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-link_suspension" title="Multi-link suspension">Multi-link suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhard_rod" title="Panhard rod">Panhard rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_absorber" title="Shock absorber">Shock absorber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_axle" title="Swing axle">Swing axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_(automotive)" title="Toe (automotive)">Toe angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_bar_suspension" title="Torsion bar suspension">Torsion bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailing arm">Trailing arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsprung_mass" title="Unsprung mass">Unsprung mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt%27s_linkage" title="Watt's linkage">Watt's linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_alignment" title="Wheel alignment">Wheel alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">Wheelbase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">Steering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ackermann_steering_geometry" title="Ackermann steering geometry">Ackermann steering geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caster_angle" title="Caster angle">Caster angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingpin_(automotive_part)" title="Kingpin (automotive part)">Kingpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Oversteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_steering" title="Power steering">Power steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_and_pinion" title="Rack and pinion">Rack and pinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque_steering" class="mw-redirect" title="Torque steering">Torque steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Understeer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">Brakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_system" title="Collision avoidance system">Automatic braking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">Anti-lock braking system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_rollover_protection" title="Active rollover protection">Active rollover protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_bleeding" title="Brake bleeding">Brake bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_fade" title="Brake fade">Brake fade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_fluid" title="Brake fluid">Brake fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_lining" title="Brake lining">Brake lining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_braking_system" title="Combined braking system">Combined braking system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_brake" title="Disc brake">Disc brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_brake" title="Drum brake">Drum brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_park_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric park brake">Electric park brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_brakeforce_distribution" title="Electronic brakeforce distribution">Electronic brakeforce distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">Electronic stability control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_braking" title="Engine braking">Engine braking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">Hydraulic brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inboard_brake" title="Inboard brake">Inboard brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_brake" title="Parking brake">Parking brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">Regenerative brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_servo" title="Vacuum servo">Vacuum servo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Roadwheels</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tires (Tyres)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alloy_wheel" title="Alloy wheel">Alloy wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_wheel" title="Custom wheel">Custom wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubcap" title="Hubcap">Hubcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tires" title="Outline of tires">Outline of tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostyle_wheel" title="Rostyle wheel">Rostyle wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner_(wheel)" title="Spinner (wheel)">Spinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewall_tire" title="Whitewall tire">Whitewall tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wheel" title="Wire wheel">Wire wheels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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