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</li> <li id="toc-Magnetosheath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetosheath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Magnetosheath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetosheath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetopause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetopause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Magnetopause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetopause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetotail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetotail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Magnetotail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetotail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earth's_magnetosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth's_magnetosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Earth's magnetosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth's_magnetosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Other objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetosphere</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfeer" title="Magnetosfeer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Magnetosfeer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="غلاف مغناطيسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلاف مغناطيسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magnetosfera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqnitosfer" title="Maqnitosfer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maqnitosfer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2" title="চৌম্বকমন্ডল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চৌম্বকমন্ডল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Магнітасфера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Магнітасфера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Магнитосфера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магнитосфера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magnetosfera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosf%C3%A9ra" title="Magnetosféra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Magnetosféra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosf%C3%A6re" title="Magnetosfære – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Magnetosfære" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosph%C3%A4re" title="Magnetosphäre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magnetosphäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Magnetosfäär – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Magnetosfäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Μαγνητόσφαιρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαγνητόσφαιρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magnetosfera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfero" title="Magnetosfero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Magnetosfero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Magnetosfera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%87%D8%B1" title="مغناطیس‌سپهر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مغناطیس‌سپهر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A9tosph%C3%A8re" title="Magnétosphère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magnétosphère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maighn%C3%A9adaisf%C3%A9ar" title="Maighnéadaisféar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maighnéadaisféar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Magnetosfera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EA%B6%8C" title="자기권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자기권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Մագնիսոլորտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մագնիսոլորտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="चुम्बकीय गोला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चुम्बकीय गोला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Magnetosfera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Magnetosphere" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfer" title="Magnetosfer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Magnetosfer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magnetosfera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מגנטוספירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגנטוספירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3" title="ಕಾಂತಗೋಳ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಂತಗೋಳ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="მაგნიტოსფერო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაგნიტოსფერო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Магнитосфера – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Магнитосфера" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Магнит сферасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Магнит сферасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magnetosfera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoszf%C3%A9ra" title="Magnetoszféra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magnetoszféra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Magnetosfera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfeer" title="Magnetosfeer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magnetosfeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%B0%97%E5%9C%8F" title="磁気圏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="磁気圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosf%C3%A6re" title="Magnetosfære – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magnetosfære" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosf%C3%A6re" title="Magnetosfære – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Magnetosfære" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosf%C3%A8ra" title="Magnetosfèra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Magnetosfèra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitosfera" title="Magnitosfera – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Magnitosfera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC" title="មណ្ឌលម៉ាញេតូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មណ្ឌលម៉ាញេតូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Magnetosfera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Magnetosfera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitosfera" title="Magnitosfera – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Magnitosfera" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfer%C4%83" title="Magnetosferă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnetosferă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Магнитосфера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магнитосфера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magnetosphere" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosf%C3%A9ra" title="Magnetosféra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Magnetosféra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Magnetosfera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Магнетосфера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Магнетосфера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magnetosfera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosf%C3%A4%C3%A4ri" title="Magnetosfääri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magnetosfääri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosf%C3%A4r" title="Magnetosfär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Magnetosfär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="காந்தக்கோளம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காந்தக்கோளம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="మ్యాగ్నెటోస్ఫియర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మ్యాగ్నెటోస్ఫియర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="แม็กนีโตสเฟียร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม็กนีโตสเฟียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyetosfer" title="Manyetosfer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manyetosfer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Магнітосфера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Магнітосфера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_quy%E1%BB%83n" title="Từ quyển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Từ quyển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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searchaux" style="display:none">Region around an astronomical object in which its magnetic field affects charged particles</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cusp-animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cusp-animation.gif/220px-Cusp-animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cusp-animation.gif/330px-Cusp-animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cusp-animation.gif/440px-Cusp-animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of a magnetosphere</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary science</a>, a <b>magnetosphere</b> is a region of space surrounding an <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical object</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Charged_particle" title="Charged particle">charged particles</a> are affected by that object's <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ratcliffe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratcliffe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is created by a <a href="/wiki/Celestial_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial body">celestial body</a> with an active interior <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_theory" title="Dynamo theory">dynamo</a>. </p><p>In the space environment close to a planetary body with a <a href="/wiki/Dipole_magnet" title="Dipole magnet">dipole magnetic field</a> such as Earth, the field lines resemble a simple <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_dipole" title="Magnetic dipole">magnetic dipole</a>. Farther out, <a href="/wiki/Field_line" title="Field line">field lines</a> can be significantly distorted by the flow of <a href="/wiki/Electrically_conducting" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrically conducting">electrically conducting</a> <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>, as emitted from the Sun (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>) or a nearby star.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_Allen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Allen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planets having active magnetospheres, like the Earth, are capable of mitigating or blocking the effects of <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic radiation">cosmic radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interactions of particles and atmospheres with magnetospheres are studied under the specialized scientific subjects of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">plasma physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_physics" title="Space physics">space physics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aeronomy" title="Aeronomy">aeronomy</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_chronology" title="Magnetosphere chronology">Magnetosphere chronology</a></div> <p>Study of Earth's magnetosphere began in 1600, when <a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gilbert (astronomer)">William Gilbert</a> discovered that the magnetic field on the surface of Earth resembled that of a <a href="/wiki/Terrella" title="Terrella">terrella</a>, a small, magnetized sphere. In the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Walter_M._Elsasser" title="Walter M. Elsasser">Walter M. Elsasser</a> proposed the model of <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_theory" title="Dynamo theory">dynamo theory</a>, which attributes <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> to the motion of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Outer_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer core">outer core</a>. Through the use of <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometers</a>, scientists were able to study the variations in Earth's magnetic field as functions of both time and latitude and longitude. </p><p>Beginning in the late 1940s, rockets were used to study <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic rays">cosmic rays</a>. In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a>, the first of the Explorer series of space missions, was launched to study the intensity of cosmic rays above the atmosphere and measure the fluctuations in this activity. This mission observed the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belt</a> (located in the inner region of Earth's magnetosphere), with the follow-up <a href="/wiki/Explorer_3" title="Explorer 3">Explorer 3</a> later that year definitively proving its existence. Also during 1958, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a> proposed the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, with the term 'magnetosphere' being proposed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gold" title="Thomas Gold">Thomas Gold</a> in 1959 to explain how the solar wind interacted with the Earth's magnetic field. The later mission of <a href="/wiki/Explorer_12" title="Explorer 12">Explorer 12</a> in 1961 led by the Cahill and Amazeen observation in 1963 of a sudden decrease in magnetic field strength near the noon-time meridian, later was named the <a href="/wiki/Magnetopause" title="Magnetopause">magnetopause</a>. By 1983, the <a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">International Cometary Explorer</a> observed the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Magnetotail">magnetotail</a>, or the distant magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Allen_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Allen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_behavior">Structure and behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure and behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structure of magnetospheres are dependent on several factors: the type of astronomical object, the nature of sources of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">period</a> of the object's spin, the nature of the axis about which the object spins, the axis of the magnetic dipole, and the magnitude and direction of the flow of <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>. </p><p>The planetary distance where the magnetosphere can withstand the solar wind pressure is called the Chapman–Ferraro distance. This is usefully modeled by the formula wherein <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\rm {P}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\rm {P}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9ad7b72722849e7f3718ded81b6eafe4bd41f259" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.116ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\rm {P}}}" /></span> represents the radius of the planet, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{\rm {surf}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{\rm {surf}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/998ad11f77912e0e991dfffbb780620bf16f0416" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.814ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{\rm {surf}}}" /></span> represents the magnetic field on the surface of the planet at the equator, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\rm {SW}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\rm {SW}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d53f8f50a3f4050bdc17e3a379bf19ec300a85a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.191ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\rm {SW}}}" /></span> represents the <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> of the solar wind, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" /></span> is the particle density of solar wind, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe2fd9b8decb38a3cd158e7b6c0c6e2d987fefcc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}" /></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_permeability" title="Vacuum permeability">vacuum permeability</a> constant: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}=R_{\rm {P}}\left({\frac {B_{\rm {surf}}^{2}}{\mu _{0}\rho V_{\rm {SW}}^{2}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{6}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <msubsup> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>6</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}=R_{\rm {P}}\left({\frac {B_{\rm {surf}}^{2}}{\mu _{0}\rho V_{\rm {SW}}^{2}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{6}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a907e6de46d531bf1193b1b6007fd372800c8c27" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:24.572ex; height:8.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}=R_{\rm {P}}\left({\frac {B_{\rm {surf}}^{2}}{\mu _{0}\rho V_{\rm {SW}}^{2}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{6}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>A magnetosphere is classified as "intrinsic" when <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\gg R_{\rm {P}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≫</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\gg R_{\rm {P}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e6d67d32855e183b131ab19af6179883fd7cf05b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.986ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\gg R_{\rm {P}}}" /></span>, or when the primary opposition to the flow of solar wind is the magnetic field of the object. <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, Earth, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, for example, exhibit intrinsic magnetospheres. A magnetosphere is classified as "induced" when <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\ll R_{\rm {P}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≪</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\ll R_{\rm {P}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d02d6d6187e7dd1a863ecb2657b11616e868e608" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.986ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\ll R_{\rm {P}}}" /></span>, or when the solar wind is not opposed by the object's magnetic field. In this case, the solar wind interacts with the atmosphere or ionosphere of the planet (or surface of the planet, if the planet has no atmosphere). <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> has an induced magnetic field, which means that because Venus appears to have no <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_theory" title="Dynamo theory">internal dynamo effect</a>, the only magnetic field present is that formed by the solar wind's wrapping around the physical obstacle of Venus (see also <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus#Induced_magnetosphere" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venus' induced magnetosphere</a>). When <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\approx R_{\rm {P}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\approx R_{\rm {P}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a822959fa2d55a2e9792eac859f4a482ebf178c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.47ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\approx R_{\rm {P}}}" /></span>, the planet itself and its magnetic field both contribute. It is possible that <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> is of this type.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetosphere_Levels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Magnetosphere_Levels.svg/220px-Magnetosphere_Levels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Magnetosphere_Levels.svg/330px-Magnetosphere_Levels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Magnetosphere_Levels.svg/440px-Magnetosphere_Levels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>An artist's rendering of the structure of a magnetosphere: 1) Bow shock. 2) Magnetosheath. 3) Magnetopause. 4) Magnetosphere. 5) Northern tail lobe. 6) Southern tail lobe. 7) Plasmasphere.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bow_shock">Bow shock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bow shock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Giant_Plunging_Through_Space.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Red_Giant_Plunging_Through_Space.jpg/220px-Red_Giant_Plunging_Through_Space.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Red_Giant_Plunging_Through_Space.jpg/330px-Red_Giant_Plunging_Through_Space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Red_Giant_Plunging_Through_Space.jpg/440px-Red_Giant_Plunging_Through_Space.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Infrared image</a> and artist's concept of the bow shock around <a href="/wiki/R_Hydrae" title="R Hydrae">R Hydrae</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bow_shock" title="Bow shock">Bow shock</a></div> <p>The bow shock forms the outermost layer of the magnetosphere; the boundary between the magnetosphere and the surrounding medium. For stars, this is usually the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>; for planets, the speed of the solar wind there decreases as it approaches the magnetopause.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to interactions with the bow shock, the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar wind</a> <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> gains a substantial <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropy</a>, leading to various <a href="/wiki/Plasma_instabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma instabilities">plasma instabilities</a> upstream and downstream of the bow shock. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetosheath">Magnetosheath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Magnetosheath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetosheath" title="Magnetosheath">Magnetosheath</a></div> <p>The magnetosheath is the region of the magnetosphere between the bow shock and the magnetopause. It is formed mainly from shocked solar wind, though it contains a small amount of plasma from the magnetosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-cluster_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cluster-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an area exhibiting high particle <a href="/wiki/Energy_flux" title="Energy flux">energy flux</a>, where the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field varies erratically. This is caused by the collection of solar wind gas that has effectively undergone <a href="/wiki/Thermalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermalization">thermalization</a>. It acts as a cushion that transmits the pressure from the flow of the solar wind and the barrier of the magnetic field from the object.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Allen_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Allen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetopause">Magnetopause</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Magnetopause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetopause" title="Magnetopause">Magnetopause</a></div> <p>The magnetopause is the area of the magnetosphere wherein the pressure from the planetary magnetic field is balanced with the pressure from the solar wind.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the convergence of the shocked solar wind from the magnetosheath with the magnetic field of the object and plasma from the magnetosphere. Because both sides of this convergence contain magnetized plasma, the interactions between them are complex. The structure of the magnetopause depends upon the <a href="/wiki/Mach_number" title="Mach number">Mach number</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_(plasma_physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta (plasma physics)">beta ratio</a> of the plasma, as well as the magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magnetopause changes size and shape as the pressure from the solar wind fluctuates.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetotail">Magnetotail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Magnetotail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opposite the compressed magnetic field is the magnetotail, where the magnetosphere extends far beyond the astronomical object. It contains two lobes, referred to as the <i>northern</i> and <i>southern</i> tail lobes. Magnetic field lines in the northern tail lobe point towards the object while those in the southern tail lobe point away. The tail lobes are almost empty, with few charged particles opposing the flow of the solar wind. The two lobes are separated by a plasma sheet, an area where the magnetic field is weaker, and the density of charged particles is higher.<sup id="cite_ref-tail_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tail-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earth's_magnetosphere"><span id="Earth.27s_magnetosphere"></span>Earth's magnetosphere<span class="anchor" id="Earth"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Earth's magnetosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field#Magnetosphere" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field § Magnetosphere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Plasmasphere" title="Plasmasphere">Plasmasphere</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetosphere_rendition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Magnetosphere_rendition.jpg/220px-Magnetosphere_rendition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Magnetosphere_rendition.jpg/330px-Magnetosphere_rendition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Magnetosphere_rendition.jpg/440px-Magnetosphere_rendition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Artist's rendition of Earth's magnetosphere</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg&lang=en" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg/330px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg/495px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg/660px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of Earth's magnetosphere</figcaption></figure> <p>Over Earth's <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, the magnetic field lines become almost horizontal, then return to reconnect at high latitudes. However, at high altitudes, the magnetic field is significantly distorted by the solar wind and its solar magnetic field. On the dayside of Earth, the magnetic field is significantly compressed by the solar wind to a distance of approximately 65,000 kilometers (40,000 mi). Earth's bow shock is about 17 kilometers (11 mi) thick<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and located about 90,000 kilometers (56,000 mi) from Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magnetopause exists at a distance of several hundred kilometers above Earth's surface. Earth's magnetopause has been compared to a <a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">sieve</a> because it allows solar wind particles to enter. <a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_instability" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz instability">Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities</a> occur when large swirls of plasma travel along the edge of the magnetosphere at different velocities from the magnetosphere, causing the plasma to slip past. This results in <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_reconnection" title="Magnetic reconnection">magnetic reconnection</a>, and as the magnetic field lines break and reconnect, solar wind particles are able to enter the magnetosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Earth's nightside, the magnetic field extends in the magnetotail, which lengthwise exceeds 6,300,000 kilometers (3,900,000 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earth's magnetotail is the primary source of the <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">polar aurora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tail_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tail-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, NASA scientists have suggested that Earth's magnetotail might cause "dust storms" on the Moon by creating a potential difference between the day side and the night side.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_objects">Other objects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many astronomical objects generate and maintain magnetospheres. In the Solar System this includes the Sun, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Planetary_Shields:_Magnetospheres_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planetary_Shields:_Magnetospheres-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">magnetosphere of Jupiter</a> is the largest planetary magnetosphere in the Solar System, extending up to 7,000,000 kilometers (4,300,000 mi) on the dayside and almost to the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> on the nightside.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jupiter's magnetosphere is stronger than Earth's by an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_magnitude" title="Order of magnitude">order of magnitude</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">magnetic moment</a> is approximately 18,000 times larger.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, on the other hand, have no <i>intrinsic</i> magnetic field. This may have had significant effects on their geological history. It is hypothesized that Venus and Mars may have lost their primordial water to <a href="/wiki/Photodissociation" title="Photodissociation">photodissociation</a> and the solar wind. A strong magnetosphere, were it present, would greatly slow down this process.<sup id="cite_ref-Planetary_Shields:_Magnetospheres_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planetary_Shields:_Magnetospheres-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tau_Bootis_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tau_Bootis_b.jpg/250px-Tau_Bootis_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tau_Bootis_b.jpg/330px-Tau_Bootis_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tau_Bootis_b.jpg/500px-Tau_Bootis_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="3017" /></a><figcaption>Artist impression of the magnetic field around Tau Boötis b detected in 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>Magnetospheres generated by <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a> are thought to be common, though the first discoveries did not come until the 2010s. In 2014, a magnetic field around <a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a> was inferred from the way <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> was evaporating from the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the strength of the surface magnetic fields of 4 <a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">hot Jupiters</a> were estimated and ranged between 20 and 120 <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a> compared to Jupiter's surface magnetic field of 4.3 gauss.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, a radio emission in the 14-30 MHz band was detected from the <a href="/wiki/Tau_Bo%C3%B6tis" title="Tau Boötis">Tau Boötis</a> system, likely associated with <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron_radiation" title="Cyclotron radiation">cyclotron radiation</a> from the poles of <a href="/wiki/Tau_Bo%C3%B6tis_b" title="Tau Boötis b">Tau Boötis b</a> which might be a signature of a planetary magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021 a magnetic field generated by the <a href="/wiki/Hot_Neptune" title="Hot Neptune">hot Neptune</a> <a href="/wiki/HAT-P-11b" title="HAT-P-11b">HAT-P-11b</a> became the first to be confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-sedHatp11b_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sedHatp11b-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first unconfirmed detection of a magnetic field generated by a terrestrial exoplanet was found in 2023 on <a href="/wiki/YZ_Ceti_b" class="mw-redirect" title="YZ Ceti b">YZ Ceti b</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pineda2023_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pineda2023-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trigilio2023_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trigilio2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Geospace">Geospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma (physics)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NASA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas/magnetosphere-ionosphere/">"Magnetospheres"</a>. <i>NASA Science</i>. NASA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Science&rft.atitle=Magnetospheres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheliophysics%2Ffocus-areas%2Fmagnetosphere-ionosphere%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ratcliffe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ratcliffe_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRatcliffe1972" class="citation book cs1">Ratcliffe, John Ashworth (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoio0000ratc"><i>An Introduction to the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/CUP_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="CUP Archive">CUP Archive</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521083416" title="Special:BookSources/9780521083416"><bdi>9780521083416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Ionosphere+and+Magnetosphere&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780521083416&rft.aulast=Ratcliffe&rft.aufirst=John+Ashworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoio0000ratc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1369043/ionosphere-and-magnetosphere">"Ionosphere and magnetosphere"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ionosphere+and+magnetosphere&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1369043%2Fionosphere-and-magnetosphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Allen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Allen_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Allen_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Allen_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Allen2004" class="citation book cs1">Van Allen, James Alfred (2004). <i>Origins of Magnetospheric Physics</i>. 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(17 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fangeo-31-2207-2013">"Ion distributions upstream and downstream of the Earth's bow shock: first results from Vlasiator"</a>. <i>Annales Geophysicae</i>. <b>31</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">2207–</span>2212. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AnGeo..31.2207P">2013AnGeo..31.2207P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fangeo-31-2207-2013">10.5194/angeo-31-2207-2013</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Geophysicae&rft.atitle=Ion+distributions+upstream+and+downstream+of+the+Earth%27s+bow+shock%3A+first+results+from+Vlasiator&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2207-%3C%2Fspan%3E2212&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fangeo-31-2207-2013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013AnGeo..31.2207P&rft.aulast=Pokhotelov&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=von+Alfthan%2C+S.&rft.au=Kempf%2C+Y.&rft.au=Vainio%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fangeo-31-2207-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cluster-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cluster_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaschmannSchwartzEscoubetHaaland2005" class="citation book cs1">Paschmann, G.; Schwartz, S.J.; Escoubet, C.P.; Haaland, S., eds. 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title="Geosphere">Geosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">Jet stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_wind" title="Polar wind">Polar wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth's magnetosphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birkeland_current" title="Birkeland current">Birkeland current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_shock" title="Bow shock">Bow shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">Ionosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetopause" title="Magnetopause">Magnetopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosheath" title="Magnetosheath">Magnetosheath</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_chronology" title="Magnetosphere chronology">Magnetosphere chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_particle_motion" title="Magnetosphere particle motion">Magnetosphere particle motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmasphere" title="Plasmasphere">Plasmasphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_current" title="Ring current">Ring current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">Solar wind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic cloud">Magnetic cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">Heliosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_magnetic_field" title="Interplanetary magnetic field">Interplanetary magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliospheric_current_sheet" title="Heliospheric current sheet">Heliospheric current sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopause_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopause (astronomy)">Heliopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_particle_event" title="Solar particle event">Solar particle event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_climate" title="Space climate">Space climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Full list</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arase_(satellite)" title="Arase (satellite)">Arase</a> <small>(2016)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMAGE_(spacecraft)" title="IMAGE (spacecraft)">IMAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a> <small>(2015)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polar_(satellite)" title="Polar (satellite)">Polar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EISCAT" title="EISCAT">EISCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program" title="High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program">HAARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere_Auroral_Radar_Experiment" title="Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment">SHARE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unwin_Radar" title="Unwin Radar">Unwin Radar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Dual_Auroral_Radar_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Dual Auroral Radar Network">SuperDARN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_Ionospheric_Heating_Facility" title="Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility">Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other magnetospheres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury%27s_magnetic_field" title="Mercury's magnetic field">Hermian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus#Induced_magnetosphere" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_the_Moon" title="Magnetic field of the Moon">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_Mars" title="Magnetic field of Mars">Martian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)#Magnetosphere" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymedian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Saturn" title="Magnetosphere of Saturn">Saturnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus#Magnetosphere" title="Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune#Magnetosphere" title="Neptune">Neptunian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flux_tube" title="Flux tube">Flux tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_torus" title="Gas torus">Gas torus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_swirls" title="Lunar swirls">Lunar swirls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="..._in_space255" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;;background:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:In_space" title="Template:In space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:In_space" title="Template talk:In space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:In_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:In space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="..._in_space255" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_in_space" title="List of topics in space">... in space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:">Biology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_presence_in_space" title="Human presence in space">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">The human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronautical_hygiene" title="Astronautical hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotion_in_space" title="Locomotion in space">Locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_in_space" title="Neuroscience in space">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_space" title="Sleep in space">Sleep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licette" title="Félicette">Cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_(cockroach)" title="Nadezhda (cockroach)">Cockroaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Frog_Otolith" title="Orbiting Frog Otolith">Frogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_flies_in_space" title="Fruit flies in space">Fruit flies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrades_in_space" title="Tardigrades in space">Tardigrades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Tortoises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_space" title="Plants in space">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="STS-39 in Earth orbit"><img alt="STS-39 in Earth orbit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg/250px-Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg/330px-Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="1173" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:"><a href="/wiki/Space_environment" title="Space environment">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_climate" title="Space climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_in_space" title="Corrosion in space">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Weather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">Weathering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_advertising" title="Space advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_spaceflight" title="Alcohol and spaceflight">Alcohol</a></li> <li>Archaeology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_archaeology" title="Space archaeology">of items in space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_art#Art_in_space" title="Space art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_burial" title="Space burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_economy" title="Space-based economy">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_trade" title="Space trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_ethics" title="Space ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_space" title="Music in space">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_space" title="Religion in space">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_on_the_International_Space_Station" title="Christmas on the International Space Station">Christmas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">Selfies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_space" title="Voting in space">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:"><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_farming" title="Space farming">Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Cola_Wars" title="Space Cola Wars">Carbonated drinks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_in_space" title="Writing in space">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_logistics" title="Space logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Mining</a></li> <li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batteries_in_space" title="Batteries in space">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_space" title="Nuclear power in space">Nuclear</a></li> <li>Solar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_solar_power" title="Space-based solar power">for Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">for spacecraft</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_radar" title="Space-based radar">Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/20px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/40px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" 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</span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/20px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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