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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolates_v._unclassified_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Isolates v. unclassified languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolates_v._unclassified_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sign_language_isolates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sign_language_isolates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sign language isolates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sign_language_isolates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reclassification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reclassification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reclassification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reclassification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_language_isolates_by_continent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_language_isolates_by_continent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 List of language isolates by continent </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_language_isolates_by_continent-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of language isolates by continent subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_language_isolates_by_continent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Language isolate</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" > 68 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%AFsoleerde_tale" title="Geïsoleerde tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geïsoleerde tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolierte_Sprache" title="Isolierte Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Isolierte Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="لغة معزولة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة معزولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_aisladas" title="Luengas aisladas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas aisladas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llingua_aislada" title="Llingua aislada – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingua aislada" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_isolat" title="Basa isolat – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa isolat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_isulat" title="Basa isulat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa isulat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Изолиран език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изолиран език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezh_digenvez" title="Yezh digenvez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezh digenvez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_a%C3%AFllada" title="Llengua aïllada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua aïllada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izolovan%C3%BD_jazyk" title="Izolovaný jazyk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Izolovaný jazyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaith_arunig" title="Iaith arunig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iaith arunig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolat" title="Isolat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Isolat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolierte_Sprache" title="Isolierte Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Isolierte Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolaatkeel" title="Isolaatkeel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isolaatkeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Απομονωμένη γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απομονωμένη γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_aislada" title="Lengua aislada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua aislada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senparenca_lingvo" title="Senparenca lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senparenca lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_bakartu" title="Hizkuntza bakartu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza bakartu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="زبان مجزا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان مجزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolat_(linguistique)" title="Isolat (linguistique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Isolat (linguistique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_illadas" title="Linguas illadas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas illadas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BB-li%CC%8Dp_ng%C3%AE-ngi%C3%A8n" title="Kû-li̍p ngî-ngièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kû-li̍p ngî-ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%BD%EC%96%B4_(%EB%B9%84%EA%B5%90%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%ED%95%99)" title="고립어 (비교언어학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고립어 (비교언어학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Մեկուսացած լեզու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեկուսացած լեզու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95" title="भाषा वियोजक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाषा वियोजक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izolirani_jezici" title="Izolirani jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izolirani jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_isolat" title="Bahasa isolat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa isolat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einangra%C3%B0_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Einangrað tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Einangrað tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_isolata" title="Lingua isolata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua isolata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%AEzolekir%C3%AE" title="Zimanê îzolekirî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê îzolekirî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izol%C4%93ta_valoda" title="Izolēta valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izolēta valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izoliuotos_kalbos" title="Izoliuotos kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Izoliuotos kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolaatspraok" title="Isolaatspraok – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Isolaatspraok" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_isolida" title="Linguas isolida – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas isolida" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szigetnyelv" title="Szigetnyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szigetnyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Изолиран јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Изолиран јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_manirery" title="Fiteny manirery – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny manirery" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_pencilan" title="Bahasa pencilan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa pencilan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Хэл тусгаарлах – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хэл тусгаарлах" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolaat_(taalkunde)" title="Isolaat (taalkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Isolaat (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="孤立した言語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="孤立した言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolerte_spr%C3%A5k" title="Isolerte språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isolerte språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kisolat" title="Språkisolat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Språkisolat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_isolada" title="Lenga isolada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lenga isolada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_isol%C3%A0" title="Lenghe isolà – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe isolà" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_izolowane" title="Języki izolowane – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki izolowane" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_isolada" title="Língua isolada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua isolada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_izolate" title="Limbi izolate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi izolate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korkori_chhib" title="Korkori chhib – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Korkori chhib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ізолаты – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ізолаты" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Изолированные языки – Russian" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with other languages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">Isolating language</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isolated_Languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Isolated_Languages.png/434px-Isolated_Languages.png" decoding="async" width="434" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Isolated_Languages.png/651px-Isolated_Languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Isolated_Languages.png/868px-Isolated_Languages.png 2x" data-file-width="6552" data-file-height="3033" /></a><figcaption>Locations of a few relatively well-known examples of isolated languages</figcaption></figure> A language isolate is a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> that has no demonstrable <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic relationship</a> with any other languages.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Ainu_language" title="Ainu language">Ainu</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> in Asia, <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a> in Africa, <a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a> in North America, <a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a> in Australia and <a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a> in Pakistan are all examples of language isolates. The exact number of language isolates is yet unknown due to insufficient data on several languages.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> One explanation for the existence of language isolates is that they might be the last remaining branch of a larger language family. The language possibly had relatives in the past that have since disappeared without being documented. Another explanation for language isolates is that they developed in isolation from other languages. This explanation mostly applies to <a href="/wiki/Sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign languages">sign languages</a> that have arisen independently of other spoken or signed languages.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Some languages once seen as isolates may be reclassified as small families if some of their dialects are judged to be sufficiently different from the standard to be seen as different languages. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> is now part of the <a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic language family</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> is the main language in the <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian language</a> family. There is a difference between language isolates and <a href="/wiki/Unclassified_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Unclassified languages">unclassified languages</a>, but they can be difficult to differentiate when it comes to classifying <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> If such efforts eventually do prove fruitful, a language previously considered an isolate may no longer be considered one, as happened with the <a href="/wiki/Yanyuwa_language" title="Yanyuwa language">Yanyuwa language</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, which has been placed in the <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Since linguists do not always agree on whether a genetic relationship has been demonstrated, it is often disputed whether a language is an isolate. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_relationships">Genetic relationships</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Genetic relationships">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">Genetic relationship (linguistics)</a></div> A genetic relationship is when two different languages are descended from a common ancestral language.<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[5]</a> This is what makes up a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>, which is a set of languages for which sufficient evidence exists to demonstrate that they descend from a single ancestral language and are therefore genetically related.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is related to other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> is related to other <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a>. By this criterion, each language isolate constitutes a family of its own.<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[5]</a> In some situations, a language with no ancestor can arise. This frequently happens with <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a>—most famously in the case of <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan Sign Language</a>, where deaf children with no language were placed together and developed a new language.<a href="#cite_note-journals.sagepub.com-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extinct_isolates">Extinct isolates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Extinct isolates">edit</a>]</div> Caution is required when speaking of <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a> as language isolates. Despite their great age, <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> can be safely classified as isolates, as the languages are well enough documented that, if modern relatives existed, they would be recognizably related.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> A language thought to be an isolate may turn out to be related to other languages once enough material is recovered, but this is unlikely for extinct languages whose written records have not been preserved.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> Many extinct languages are very poorly attested, which may lead to them being considered <a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">unclassified languages</a> instead of language isolates. This occurs when linguists do not have enough information on a language to classify it as either a language isolate or as a part of another language family.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isolates_v._unclassified_languages">Isolates v. unclassified languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Isolates v. unclassified languages">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a> are different from language isolates in that they have no demonstrable genetic relationships to other languages due to a lack of sufficient data. In order to be considered a language isolate, a language needs to have sufficient data for comparisons with other languages through methods of <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical-comparative linguistics</a> to show that it does not have any genetic relationships.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> Many extinct languages and living languages today are very poorly attested, and the fact that they cannot be linked to other languages may be a reflection of our poor knowledge of them. <a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a> are all considered unclassified languages, but their status is disputed by a minority of linguists.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Many extinct languages of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majena_language" title="Majena language">Majena</a> may likewise have been isolates.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Several unclassified languages could also be language isolates, but linguists cannot be sure of this without sufficient evidence.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sign_language_isolates">Sign language isolates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sign language isolates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deaf-community_sign_language" title="Deaf-community sign language">Deaf-community sign language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Village_sign_language" title="Village sign language">Village sign language</a></div> A number of <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a> have arisen independently, without any ancestral language, and thus are language isolates. The most famous of these is the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan Sign Language</a>, a well documented case of what has happened in schools for the deaf in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-journals.sagepub.com-6">[6]</a> In Tanzania, for example, there are seven schools for the deaf, each with its own <a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">sign language</a> with no known connection to any other language.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Sign languages have also developed outside schools, in communities with high incidences of deafness, such as <a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a> in Bali, and half a dozen sign languages of the hill tribes in Thailand including the <a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor Sign Language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> These and more are all presumed isolates or small local families, because many deaf communities are made up of people whose hearing parents do not use sign language, and have manifestly, as shown by the language itself, not borrowed their sign language from other deaf communities during the recorded history of these languages.<a href="#cite_note-:3-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reclassification">Reclassification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reclassification">edit</a>]</div> Some languages once seen as isolates may be reclassified as small families because their genetic relationship to other languages has been established. This happened with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Language">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koreanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Koreanic">Koreanic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akokisa" title="Akokisa">Akokisa languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Tol and Jicaque of El Palmar</a> languages, and the <a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan Guatemala</a> language family in which linguists have grouped the <a href="/wiki/Chiquimulilla_language" title="Chiquimulilla language">Chiquimulilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guazacap%C3%A1n_language" title="Guazacapán language">Guazacapán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jumaytepeque_language" title="Jumaytepeque language">Jumaytepeque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yupiltepeque_language" title="Yupiltepeque language">Yupiltepeque</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_language_isolates_by_continent">List of language isolates by continent</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of language isolates by continent">edit</a>]</div> Below is a list of known language isolates, arranged by continent, along with notes on possible relations to other languages or language families. The status column indicates the <a href="/wiki/Degree_of_endangerment" title="Degree of endangerment">degree of endangerment</a> of the language, according to the definitions of the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Endangered_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Book of Endangered Languages">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Atlas_End.-13">[13]</a> "Vibrant" languages are those in full use by speakers of every generation, with consistent native acquisition by children. "Vulnerable" languages have a similarly wide base of native speakers, but a restricted use and the long-term risk of <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>. "Endangered" languages are either acquired irregularly or spoken only by older generations. "Moribund" languages have only a few remaining native speakers, with no new acquisition, highly restricted use, and near-universal multilingualism. "Extinct" languages have no native speakers, but are sufficiently documented to be classified as isolates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa#Unclassified_languages" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa § Unclassified languages</a></div> With few exceptions, all of Africa's languages have been gathered into four major phyla: <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> However, the genetic unity of some language families, like <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> is questionable, and so there may be many more language families and isolates than currently accepted. Data for several African languages, like <a href="/wiki/Kwisi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwisi language">Kwisi</a>, are not sufficient for classification. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kujarg%C3%A9_language" title="Kujargé language">Kujargé</a>, and a few other languages within <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a>-speaking areas may turn out to be isolates upon further investigation. <a href="/wiki/Defaka_language" title="Defaka language">Defaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ega_language" title="Ega language">Ega</a> are highly divergent languages located within <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>-speaking areas, and may also possibly be language isolates.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" rules="ALL"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Speakers </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Countries </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a> </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Vibrant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Bandiagara_Escarpment" title="Bandiagara Escarpment">Bandiagara Escarpment</a>. Used as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-language">anti-language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a> </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td> <td>Spoken on the southern shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Eyasi" title="Lake Eyasi">Lake Eyasi</a> in the southwest of <a href="/wiki/Arusha_Region" title="Arusha Region">Arusha Region</a>. Once listed as an outlier among the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Witzlack-Nakagawa-19">[19]</a> Language use is vigorous, though there are fewer than 1,000 speakers.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2” data-sort-value=6">Extinct </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>Strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Dikaka_language" title="Dikaka language">Dikaka</a>, but most vocabulary is very unusual.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a> </td> <td>750 </td> <td data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> </td> <td>Spoken in three villages along the <a href="/wiki/Chari_River" title="Chari River">Chari River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moyen-Chari_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyen-Chari Region">Moyen-Chari Region</a>. Poorly known. Also known as Gori. Possibly a distinct branch of <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger–Congo">Niger–Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a>, or mixed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a> </td> <td>60,000 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Vibrant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Dodoma_Region" title="Dodoma Region">Dodoma Region</a>. Tentatively linked to the <a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Witzlack-Nakagawa-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a> </td> <td>400 </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Endangered </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </td> <td>Spoken in <a href="/wiki/Anderaccha" title="Anderaccha">Anderaccha</a>, Gecha, and Kaabo of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nations,_Nationalities,_and_Peoples%27_Region" title="Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region">Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region</a>. Linked to the <a href="/wiki/Gumuz_language" title="Gumuz language">Gumuz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koman_languages" title="Koman languages">Koman</a> families in the proposed <a href="/wiki/Komuz_languages" title="Komuz languages">Komuz</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" rules="ALL"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Speakers </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Countries </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a> </td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the Yasin Valley and <a href="/wiki/Hunza_Valley" title="Hunza Valley">Hunza Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>. Linked to <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hamp2013-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene languages</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> in various proposals. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>Formerly spoken in <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, along the northeast coast of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. Attested from around 2800 BC to 300 BC.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Some propose a relationship to the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a>), but this is not well-supported.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a> </td> <td>At least 1 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td>Spoken in <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_Province" title="Gandaki Province">Gandaki Province</a>. The recent discovery of a few speakers shows that it is not demonstrably related to anything else.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Vulnerable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a> </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Endangered </td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>Also known as Nahali. Spoken in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and southwestern <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Tapti_River" title="Tapti River">Tapti River</a>. Strong lexical <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a> influence from <a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Used as <a href="/wiki/Anti-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-language">anti-language</a> by speakers.<a href="#cite_note-:2-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivkh language">Nivkh</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>Also known as Gilyak. Spoken in the lower <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a> basin and in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>. Dialects sometimes considered two languages.<a href="#cite_note-Fortescue2016-36">[36]</a> Has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td>Spoken in Mesopotamia until around 1800 BC, but used as a <a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">classical language</a> until 100 AD.<a href="#cite_note-oates79-38">[38]</a> Long-extinct, but well-attested language of ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>Poorly documented, extinct since the <a href="/wiki/1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora" title="1815 eruption of Mount Tambora">1815 eruption of Mount Tambora</a>, basic vocabulary points towards it being an isolate. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> Current research considers that the <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">"Papuasphere"</a> centered in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> includes as many as 37 isolates.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> (The more is known about these languages in the future, the more likely it is for these languages to be later assigned to a known language family.) To these, one must add several isolates found among non-<a href="/wiki/Pama-Nyungan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pama-Nyungan languages">Pama-Nyungan</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">languages of Australia</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Evans_2003-40">[40]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" rules="ALL"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Speakers </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Countries </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a> </td> <td>300 </td> <td rowspan="4" data-sort-value="1">Vibrant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the far north of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. Also known as Bas or Foia. Language is considered safe by UNESCO but endangered by <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a> </td> <td>800 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td> <td>Spoken on the northwest coast of <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue22-PNG-42">[42]</a> Perhaps related to Yélî Dnye and Ata.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins-Island-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a> </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>Spoken in the central highlands of <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>. Also known as Wasi. Perhaps related to Yélî Dnye and Anem.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Papuan)" title="Busa language (Papuan)">Busa</a> </td> <td>370 </td> <td>Spoken in <a href="/wiki/Sandaun_Province" title="Sandaun Province">Sandaun Province</a>, northwestern Papua New Guinea. Added to <a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> until the early 1980s. Sometimes considered a small language family consisting of Mengerrdji, Urningangk and Erre.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2006-47">[47]</a> Part of a proposal for the undemonstrated <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land_languages" title="Arnhem Land languages">Arnhem Land language family</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a> </td> <td>4,000 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Vibrant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the northeastern part of <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>. Possibly related to the poorly known <a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Baining_languages" title="Baining languages">Baining languages</a>, suggested as part of the <a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a> </td> <td>2,400 </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td> <td>Spoken on <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)">New Ireland</a>. Also known as Panaras. Suggested to form part of the <a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dunn-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>Spoken in northern <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Often considered part of one Northern Daly family together with <a href="/wiki/Tyeraity_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyeraity language">Tyeraity</a>. Used to be considered genetically related to the <a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic languages</a>, but nowadays they are considered genetically distinct.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Murrinh-patha_language" title="Murrinh-patha language">Murrinh-patha</a> </td> <td>1,973 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Vibrant </td> <td>Spoken on the eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte_Gulf" title="Joseph Bonaparte Gulf">Joseph Bonaparte Gulf</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a>. The proposed linkage to <a href="/wiki/Ngan%27gityemerri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngan'gityemerri language">Ngan'gityemerri</a> in one <a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a> family<a href="#cite_note-Green_2003-51">[51]</a> is generally accepted to be valid. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a> </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td>Vibrant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the Mpur and Amberbaken Districts, <a href="/wiki/Tambrauw_Regency" title="Tambrauw Regency">Tambrauw Regency</a> on the north coast of the <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngan%27gityemerri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngan'gityemerri language">Ngan'gityemerri</a> </td> <td>26 </td> <td data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a> along the Daly River. The proposed linkage to <a href="/wiki/Murrinh-patha_language" title="Murrinh-patha language">Murrinh-patha</a> in one <a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a> family<a href="#cite_note-Green_2003-51">[51]</a> is generally accepted to be valid. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Papuan)" title="Pyu language (Papuan)">Pyu</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td>Vibrant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td> <td>Spoken in <a href="/wiki/Green_River_Rural_LLG" title="Green River Rural LLG">Green River Rural LLG</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sandaun_Province" title="Sandaun Province">Sandaun Province</a>, near the Indonesian border. Linked to neighboring <a href="/wiki/Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amto%E2%80%93Musan_languages" title="Amto–Musan languages">Amto-Musan</a> in a proposed <a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai-Samaia</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a> </td> <td>2,500–3,000 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Vibrant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td> <td>Possible language isolate spoken across the eastern end of New Britain. Poorly attested. Suggested to form part of the <a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dunn-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Tayap</a> </td> <td>>50 </td> <td data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td> <td>Formerly spoken in the village of <a href="/wiki/Gapun" title="Gapun">Gapun</a>. Links to <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli languages</a> have been explored, but the general consensus among linguists is that it is an isolate unrelated to surrounding languages.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a> </td> <td>2,040 </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Tiwi_Islands" title="Tiwi Islands">Tiwi Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a>. Traditionally Tiwi is polysynthetic, but the Tiwi spoken by younger generations is not.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td>Spoken in the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a>. May be distantly related to the <a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Merlan_1994-55">[55]</a> which might in turn be a member of the <a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a> family,<a href="#cite_note-Evans_2003-40">[40]</a> but neither link has been demonstrated. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Wardaman</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td>Spoken in the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a>. The extinct and poorly attested Dagoman and Yangman dialects are sometimes treated as separate languages, forming a <a href="/wiki/Yangmanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangmanic languages">Yangmanic</a> family, to which <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a> may be distantly related.<a href="#cite_note-Merlan_1994-55">[55]</a> Possibly a member of the <a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a> family,<a href="#cite_note-Evans_2003-40">[40]</a> but this has yet to be demonstrated. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" rules="ALL"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Speakers </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Countries </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> </td> <td>751,500 (2016),<a href="#cite_note-inkesta2016-56">[56]</a> 1,185,500 <a href="/wiki/Passive_speaker_(language)" title="Passive speaker (language)">passive speakers</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>Natively known as Euskara, the Basque language is found in the historical region of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a> between France and Spain. It has no known living relatives, although <a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_language" title="Aquitanian language">Aquitanian</a> is commonly regarded as related to or a direct ancestor of Basque. Some linguists have claimed similarities with various <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">languages of the Caucasus</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> that are indicative of a relationship, while others have proposed a relation to <a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and to the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" rules="ALL"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Speakers </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Countries </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="7">Extinct </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Poorly attested. Spoken along the central coast of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> until the early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Sometimes regarded as two separate languages. Often included in the <a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> hypothesis in a <a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon Penutian</a> branch.<a href="#cite_note-journals.uchicago.edu-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a> </td> <td>Spoken on the Gulf coast of eastern <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and southwestern <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> until the early 1900s. Often linked to <a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a> </td> <td>Spoken in northern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> until the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a> </td> <td>Well-attested. Spoken along the Gulf coast of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> until 1940.<a href="#cite_note-chitmacha-66">[66]</a> Possibly in the <a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> family of Mesoamerica.<a href="#cite_note-chitmacha-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>Spoken in southern <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> until the 1700s. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> hypothesis,<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-67">[67]</a> has been linked to the hypothesised <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan languages</a> in a larger group.<a href="#cite_note-Langdon-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>Spoken in northern <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> until the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-El_Cuitlateco-69">[69]</a> Has been proposed to be part of <a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a><a href="#cite_note-Amerind_Dictionary-70">[70]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-El_Cuitlateco-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Poorly known. Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a> region of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> until the early 1800s. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a> </td> <td>24 </td> <td data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a> archipelago off the northwest coast of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, and the southern islands of the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago" title="Alexander Archipelago">Alexander Archipelago</a> in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. Some proposals connect it to the <a href="/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-Dené languages">Na-Dené languages</a>, but these have fallen into disfavor.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a> </td> <td>20000 </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Vulnerable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a>, in the southeast of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> state. Has been linked to various language families, but is still generally considered an isolate.<a href="#cite_note-AmerIndLang-Campbell-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a> </td> <td>12 </td> <td data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Spoken along the <a href="/wiki/Klamath_River" title="Klamath River">Klamath River</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> hypothesis, but little evidence for this.<a href="#cite_note-AmerIndLang-Campbell-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a> </td> <td>13190 </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Endangered </td> <td>Spoken in several pueblos throughout <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cochiti,_New_Mexico" title="Cochiti, New Mexico">Cochiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma</a> Pueblos. Has two main dialects: Eastern and Western. Sometimes those two dialects are separated into languages in a Keresan family.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a> </td> <td>345 </td> <td data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rockies</a> of northeastern <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and southeastern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. Attempts have been made to place it in a Macro-Algic or Macro-Salishan family, but these have not gained significant support.<a href="#cite_note-AmerIndLang-Campbell-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Spoken in southern <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> until 1957.<a href="#cite_note-kimball2-75">[75]</a> Often linked to <a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Attempts at revival have produced six people with some fluency.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a> </td> <td>140000 </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Endangered </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the north of <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a> state. Language of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tarascan_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarascan state">Tarascan</a> kingdom. Sometimes regarded as two languages.<a href="#cite_note-AmerIndLang-Campbell-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Spoken along the south-central coast of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a> </td> <td>720 </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>Spoken along the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>, in the southwest of <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> state. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="5">Extinct </td> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Spoken on the southwest coast of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> until 1960. Likely related to <a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan languages</a>, or possibly the <a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan languages</a>. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Penutian" class="mw-redirect" title="Penutian">Penutian</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-journals.uchicago.edu-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a> </td> <td>Spoken in western <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> until mid 20th century. <a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-80">[80]</a> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Penutian" class="mw-redirect" title="Penutian">Penutian</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a> </td> <td>Well attested. Spoken in northern <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> until the mid- to late 1700s. Briefly spoken in Cuba by a migrant community established in 1763. A connection with the poorly known <a href="/wiki/Tawasa_language" title="Tawasa language">Tawasa language</a> has been suggested, but this may be a dialect.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a> </td> <td>Spoken in central and northern <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> until the early 1940s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a> </td> <td>Spoken in western <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> until 1948. Attempts at revitalization have produced 32 second-language speakers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a> </td> <td>20 </td> <td data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td>Spoken along the <a href="/wiki/Truckee_River" title="Truckee River">Truckee River</a> in the Sierra Nevada of eastern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct </td> <td>Well-attested. Spoken in northern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> until 1916. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct </td> <td>Spoken in Oklahoma, but formerly spoken in eastern Tennessee. A connection to the <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan languages</a> has been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The last native speaker passed away in 2021, but there is an ongoing revitalization project that has trained a small number of L2s. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a> </td> <td>9620 </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable </td> <td>Spoken in <a href="/wiki/Zuni_Pueblo,_New_Mexico" title="Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico">Zuni Pueblo</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. Links to <a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a><a href="#cite_note-goddard-85">[85]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> have been proposed. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" rules="ALL"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Speakers </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Countries </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="3">Endangered </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a> of eastern <a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a>. Links to <a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a> have been tentatively proposed.<a href="#cite_note-Voort,_Hein_2005-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a> has been suggested.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andoque_language" title="Andoque language">Andoque</a> </td> <td>370 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>Spoken on the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Japur%C3%A1_River" title="Japurá River">Japurá River</a>. Extinct in Peru. Possibly <a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; text-align:center;" colspan="2">Extinct </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Apure_River" title="Apure River">Apure River</a> basin near the Colombian border until the 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a> has been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi-Shapra</a> </td> <td>1,100 </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Endangered </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>Spoken along the Chapuli, Huitoyacu, Pastaza, and Morona river valleys in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Loreto" title="Department of Loreto">Loreto</a>. Has been linked to various language families, but no agreement exists on its classification.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Llanos_de_Moxos" title="Llanos de Moxos">Llanos de Moxos</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni Department</a> until around 2000. Connections with various language families have been proposed, none widely accepted.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cayuvava_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayuvava language">Cayuvava</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td>Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Mamore_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamore River">Mamore River</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_del_Yacuma" title="Santa Ana del Yacuma">Santa Ana del Yacuma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a> </td> <td>5,300 </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable </td> <td>Spoken along the Beni river in <a href="/wiki/Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni Department</a>. Also spelled Tsimané. Sometimes split into multiple languages in a Moséten family. Linked to the <a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan languages</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Moseten%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" title="Moseten–Chonan languages">Moseten-Chonan</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a> </td> <td>5,900 </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="3">Endangered </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the eastern part of Santa Cruz department and the southwestern part of <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> state. Has been linked to the <a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a> </td> <td>2,400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </td> <td>Spoken in northern <a href="/wiki/Sucumb%C3%ADos_Province" title="Sucumbíos Province">Sucumbíos Province</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo Department</a>. Also called A'ingae.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Sometimes classified as <a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a>, but the similarities appear to be due to borrowings. Seriously endangered in Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a> </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td rowspan="3" data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the states of <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergipe" title="Sergipe">Sergipe</a>, and the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>. Divided into two dialects, Fulniô and Yatê.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Sometimes classified as a <a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a> language.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>Spoken in the far south of <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> near the Bolivian border. Has been classified as <a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>, but this is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the far-eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni Department</a>. A relationship to <a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a> has been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kam%C3%ABnts%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamëntsá language">Kamëntsá</a> </td> <td>4,000 </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Endangered </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </td> <td>Spoken in <a href="/wiki/Sibundoy" title="Sibundoy">Sibundoy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo Department</a>. Also known as Camsa, Coche, Sibundoy, Kamentxa, Kamse, or Camëntsëá.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>Spoken in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a>. Also known as Kapishana. Tentatively linked to <a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Voort,_Hein_2005-87">[87]</a> Part of a <a href="/wiki/Macro-Paesan_languages" title="Macro-Paesan languages">Macro-Paesan</a> proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman,_Terrence_1994-102">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td>Spoken in areas near <a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Atacama" title="Salar de Atacama">Salar de Atacama</a> until the 1950s. Also known as Atacameño. Part of a <a href="/wiki/Macro-Paesan_languages" title="Macro-Paesan languages">Macro-Paesan</a> proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman,_Terrence_1994-102">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a> </td> <td>54 </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>Spoken in eastern <a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a>. Connections have been proposed with <a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Voort,_Hein_2005-87">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a> </td> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>Spoken at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department_(Bolivia)" title="La Paz Department (Bolivia)">department of La Paz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapuche</a> </td> <td>260,000 </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td>Spoken in areas of the far-southern Andes and in the <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a>. Also known as Mapudungun, Araucano or Araucanian.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Variously part of <a href="/wiki/Andean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean languages">Andean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amerind_Dictionary-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Macro-Panoan_languages" title="Macro-Panoan languages">Macro-Panoan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman,_Terrence_1994-102">[102]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> proposals. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Huilliche_language" title="Huilliche language">Huilliche</a> is treated as a separate language, reclassifying Mapuche into an <a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Loreto_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Loreto Region">Loreto Region</a> until the late 1990s. Possibly evolved either from a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed language</a> or a sister language to <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Proto-Arawak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a> </td> <td>1,400 </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Llanos_de_Moxos" title="Llanos de Moxos">Llanos de Moxos</a>, in the north of <a href="/wiki/Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni Department</a>. Affiliations with <a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Chibcha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macro-Tucanoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Tucanoan">Macro-Tucanoan</a> have been proposed, none of these have been proven.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oti_language" title="Oti language">Oti</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>Spoken in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> until the early 1900s. <a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a> has been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasayuwe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasayuwe language">Nasayuwe</a> </td> <td>60,000 </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca Department</a>. Several proposed relationships in the <a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a> hypothesis but nothing conclusive.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puelche_language" title="Puelche language">Puelche</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Extinct </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the Pampas region, last speaker died around 1960.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Sometimes linked to <a href="/wiki/Het_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Het language">Het</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Included in a proposed <a href="/wiki/Macro-Jibaro_languages" title="Macro-Jibaro languages">Macro-Jibaro</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the central part of <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Loreto" title="Department of Loreto">Loreto</a> until the 1950s. Also known as <a href="/wiki/Auishiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Auishiri">Auishiri</a>. A connection with <a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a> has been proposed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td data-sort-value="4">Moribund </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>Settled on the upper Xingu River. Currently reside in the <a href="/wiki/Xingu_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Xingu National Park">Xingu National Park</a> in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a> </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the central part of the <a href="/wiki/Loreto_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Loreto Region">Loreto Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Macro-Jibaro_languages" title="Macro-Jibaro languages">Macro-Jibaro</a> proposal.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani</a> </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>Also known as Sabela. Spoken between the <a href="/wiki/Napo_River" title="Napo River">Napo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curaray_River" title="Curaray River">Curaray</a> rivers. Could be spoken by several groups living in isolation.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a> </td> <td>28,000 </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Endangered </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_Delta" title="Orinoco Delta">Orinoco Delta</a>. Sometimes linked to <a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman,_Terrence_1994-102">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yahgan</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td>Spoken in far-southern <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> until 2022. Also called Yámana.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a> </td> <td>7,900 </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Vibrant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td>Spoken along the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinaruco_River" title="Cinaruco River">Cinaruco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta_River" title="Meta River">Meta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apure_River" title="Apure River">Apure</a> rivers. Linked to the extinct <a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_language" title="Esmeralda language">Esmeralda language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a> </td> <td>2,700 </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Endangered </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>Spoken in the foothills of the Andes, in <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni</a> Departments. Connections to <a href="/wiki/Mosetenan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosetenan">Mosetenan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pano%E2%80%93Tacanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pano–Tacanan">Pano–Tacanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arawakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawakan">Arawakan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a> have been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">List of language families</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-9">j</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Lyle (2010-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fbls.v36i1.3900">"Language Isolates and Their History, or, What's Weird, Anyway?"</a>. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 36 (1): 16–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fbls.v36i1.3900">10.3765/bls.v36i1.3900</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2377-1666">2377-1666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Meeting+of+the+Berkeley+Linguistics+Society&rft.atitle=Language+Isolates+and+Their+History%2C+or%2C+What%27s+Weird%2C+Anyway%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-31&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3765%2Fbls.v36i1.3900&rft.issn=2377-1666&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3765%252Fbls.v36i1.3900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+isolate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> p. xi. Lyle Campbell. 2018. "Introduction". Language Isolates edited by Lyle Campbell, pp. xi–xiv. Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban2021" class="citation journal cs1">Urban, Matthias (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8059667">"The geography and development of language isolates"</a>. Royal Society Open Science. 8 (4): rsos.202232, 202232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021RSOS....802232U">2021RSOS....802232U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.202232">10.1098/rsos.202232</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2054-5703">2054-5703</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8059667">8059667</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33996125">33996125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+Open+Science&rft.atitle=The+geography+and+development+of+language+isolates&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=rsos.202232%2C+202232&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8059667%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021RSOS....802232U&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33996125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsos.202232&rft.issn=2054-5703&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8059667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+isolate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2016" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, John (2016). 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North Melbourne, Vic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925003-67-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925003-67-3"><bdi>978-1-925003-67-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/957570810">957570810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wuka+nya-nganunga+li-Yanyuwa+li-Anthawirriyarra+%3D+Language+for+us%2C+the+Yanyuwa+Saltwater+People%3A+a+Yanyuwa+encyclopaedia&rft.place=North+Melbourne%2C+Vic&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F957570810&rft.isbn=978-1-925003-67-3&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+isolate" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomason1988" class="citation book cs1">Thomason, Sarah Grey (1988). 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Psychological Science. 12 (4): 323–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9280.00359">10.1111/1467-9280.00359</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-7976">0956-7976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11476100">11476100</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9978841">9978841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Children+Creating+Language%3A+How+Nicaraguan+Sign+Language+Acquired+a+Spatial+Grammar&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=323-328&rft.date=2001-07&rft.issn=0956-7976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9978841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11476100&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9280.00359&rft.aulast=Senghas&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Coppola%2C+Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9280.00359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+isolate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_D._Woodard2004" class="citation book cs1">Roger D. 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De Gruyter. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019020-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019020-5"><bdi>978-3-11-019020-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Urarina&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019020-5&rft.aulast=Olawsky&rft.aufirst=Knut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2hIxb1XM1AYC%26q%3Durarina%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+isolate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45112-3"><bdi>978-1-139-45112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+the+Andes&rft.series=Cambridge+Language+Surveys&rft.pages=156-161&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45112-3&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=William+F.+H.&rft.au=Muysken%2C+Pieter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUiwaUY6KsY8C%26q%3DEsmeralde%25CB%259Cno%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+isolate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Gijn" class="citation web cs1">Van Gijn, Rik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ru.nl/cls/our-research/completed-research-projects/completed-projects/lenguas-de-bolivia-es/lenguas-de-bolivia/tomo-iii-oriente/">"Tomo III: Oriente – Yurakare"</a>. Lenguas de Bolivia. Centre for Language Studies-Radboud University. Retrieved 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lenguas+de+Bolivia&rft.atitle=Tomo+III%3A+Oriente+%E2%80%93+Yurakare&rft.aulast=Van+Gijn&rft.aufirst=Rik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ru.nl%2Fcls%2Four-research%2Fcompleted-research-projects%2Fcompleted-projects%2Flenguas-de-bolivia-es%2Flenguas-de-bolivia%2Ftomo-iii-oriente%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguage+isolate" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Campbell, Lyle</a>, ed. 2017. Language Isolates. Routledge.</li> <li>Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1">0-19-509427-1</a>.</li> <li>Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-048774-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-048774-9">0-16-048774-9</a>.</li> <li>Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native Languages and Language Families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a> (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-9271-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-9271-6">0-8032-9271-6</a>.</li> <li>Grimes, Barbara F. (Ed.). (2000). Ethnologue: Languages of the world, (14th ed.). Dallas, TX: <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55671-106-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55671-106-9">1-55671-106-9</a>. (Online edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/">Ethnologue: Languages of the World</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Mithun" title="Marianne Mithun">Mithun, Marianne</a>. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7">0-521-23228-7</a> (hbk); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29875-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29875-X">0-521-29875-X</a>.</li> <li>Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_isolate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/language-isolate">Ethnologue's list of language isolates</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates (extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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