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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_surroundings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_surroundings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relation to surroundings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_surroundings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-10_largest_cities_and_towns_in_New_Guinea_(Papua)_by_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10_largest_cities_and_towns_in_New_Guinea_(Papua)_by_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>10 largest cities and towns in New Guinea (Papua) by population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10_largest_cities_and_towns_in_New_Guinea_(Papua)_by_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Biodiversity and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biodiversity_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biodiversity and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecoregions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecoregions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ecoregions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecoregions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrestrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Terrestrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freshwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Freshwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Marine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precolonial_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precolonial_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Precolonial history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precolonial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>European contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Since World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">New Guinea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 127 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">127 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Papua" title="Pulo Papua – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Pulo Papua" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieu-Guinee" title="Nieu-Guinee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nieu-Guinee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuguinea" title="Neuguinea – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Neuguinea" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8C%8A%E1%8A%92" title="ኒው ጊኒ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒው ጊኒ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="غينيا الجديدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غينيا الجديدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Guinea" title="Nueva Guinea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nueva Guinea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin%C3%A9a_Pyahu" title="Ginéa Pyahu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ginéa Pyahu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_Qvineya" title="Yeni Qvineya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yeni Qvineya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Papua" title="Nusa Papua – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nusa Papua" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="নিউ গিনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউ গিনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Papua" title="Pulau Papua – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pulau Papua" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="New Guinea" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Irian" title="Pulau Irian – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Pulau Irian" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Яңы Гвинея – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яңы Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Новая Гвінея – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Новая Гвінея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Новая Гвінэя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Новая Гвінэя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Нова Гвинея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нова Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Gvineja" title="Nova Gvineja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nova Gvineja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginea_Nevez" title="Ginea Nevez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ginea Nevez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Guinea" title="Nova Guinea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nova Guinea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_(pulo)" title="New Guinea (pulo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="New Guinea (pulo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A1_Guinea" title="Nová Guinea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nová Guinea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_Newydd" title="Gini Newydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gini Newydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_Guinea" title="Ny Guinea – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ny Guinea" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuguinea" title="Neuguinea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neuguinea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uus-Guinea" title="Uus-Guinea – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uus-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B1" title="Νέα Γουινέα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νέα Γουινέα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Guinea" title="Nueva Guinea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nueva Guinea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov-Gvineo" title="Nov-Gvineo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nov-Gvineo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginea_Berria" title="Ginea Berria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ginea Berria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88" title="گینه نو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گینه نو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BD_Guinea" title="Ný Guinea – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ný Guinea" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle-Guin%C3%A9e" title="Nouvelle-Guinée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nouvelle-Guinée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij-Guine%C3%A4" title="Nij-Guineä – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nij-Guineä" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Nua-Ghuine" title="An Nua-Ghuine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Nua-Ghuine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini-Nuadh" title="Gini-Nuadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gini-Nuadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_de_Nova_Guinea" title="Illa de Nova Guinea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illa de Nova Guinea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="New Guinea" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EA%B8%B0%EB%8B%88%EC%84%AC" title="뉴기니섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴기니섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabuwar_Gini" title="Sabuwar Gini – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sabuwar Gini" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%B3%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1" title="Նոր Գվինեա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոր Գվինեա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="न्यू गिनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="न्यू गिनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_Gineja" title="Nowa Gineja – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nowa Gineja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Gvineja" title="Nova Gvineja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nova Gvineja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova-Guinea" title="Nova-Guinea – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nova-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baro_a_Guinea" title="Baro a Guinea – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baro a Guinea" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Papua" title="Pulau Papua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulau Papua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nove_Guinea" title="Nove Guinea – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nove Guinea" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Ног Гвиней – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ног Гвиней" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDja-G%C3%ADnea" title="Nýja-Gínea – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nýja-Gínea" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuova_Guinea" title="Nuova Guinea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nuova Guinea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%94" title="גינאה החדשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גינאה החדשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irian" title="Irian – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Irian" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="ახალი გვინეა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ახალი გვინეა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Жаңа Гвинея – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жаңа Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_Mpya" title="Guinea Mpya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Guinea Mpya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BB_G%C3%AEne" title="Nû Gîne – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nû Gîne" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Жаңы Гвинея – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаңы Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="У Гвиней – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="У Гвиней" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8D" title="ນິວກີເນຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນິວກີເນຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Guinea" title="Nova Guinea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nova Guinea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaungvineja" title="Jaungvineja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jaungvineja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naujoji_Gvin%C4%97ja" title="Naujoji Gvinėja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Naujoji Gvinėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gine_Nova" title="Gine Nova – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gine Nova" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aj-Guinea" title="Új-Guinea – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Új-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Нова Гвинеја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нова Гвинеја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginea_Vaovao" title="Ginea Vaovao – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ginea Vaovao" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ന്യൂ ഗിനിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂ ഗിനിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="न्यू गिनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="न्यू गिनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="ახალი გვინეა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ახალი გვინეა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87" title="جينيا الجديده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جينيا الجديده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87" title="نوگينه جزيره – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نوگينه جزيره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Papua" title="Pulau Papua – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pulau Papua" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Шинэ Гвиней – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шинэ Гвиней" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuw-Guinea" title="Nieuw-Guinea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nieuw-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyguinea" title="Nyguinea – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Nyguinea" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B3%B6" title="ニューギニア島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニューギニア島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nei-Guinea" title="Nei-Guinea – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nei-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny-Guinea" title="Ny-Guinea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ny-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny-Guinea" title="Ny-Guinea – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ny-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2va_Guin%C3%A8a" title="Nòva Guinèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nòva Guinèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangi_gvineya" title="Yangi gvineya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yangi gvineya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نیو گنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیو گنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%81" title="នូវែលគីនេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="នូវែលគីនេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niugini" title="Niugini – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Niugini" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_Gwinea" title="Nowa Gwinea – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowa Gwinea" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Guin%C3%A9" title="Nova Guiné – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nova Guiné" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C5%84a_Gvineya" title="Jańa Gvineya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jańa Gvineya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noua_Guinee" title="Noua Guinee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Noua Guinee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91ukini" title="Ñukini – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñukini" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Новая Гвинея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новая Гвинея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4iguinea" title="Näiguinea – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Näiguinea" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Guinea" title="Nova Guinea – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nova Guinea" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%86_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD" title="පැපුආ දූපත – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පැපුආ දූපත" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A1_Guinea" title="Nová Guinea – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nová Guinea" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Gvineja" title="Nova Gvineja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nova Gvineja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowo_Gwinyjo" title="Nowo Gwinyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Nowo Gwinyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8E" title="نووگینێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نووگینێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Нова Гвинеја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нова Гвинеја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Gvineja" title="Nova Gvineja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nova Gvineja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irian" title="Irian – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Irian" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusi-Guinea" title="Uusi-Guinea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uusi-Guinea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nya_Guinea" title="Nya Guinea – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nya Guinea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagong_Ginea" title="Bagong Ginea – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bagong Ginea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="நியூ கினி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நியூ கினி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginya_Tamaynut" title="Ginya Tamaynut – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ginya Tamaynut" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="เกาะนิวกินี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะนิวกินี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Гвинеяи Нав – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гвинеяи Нав" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_Gine" title="Yeni Gine – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeni Gine" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4ze_Gwine%C3%BDa" title="Täze Gwineýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Täze Gwineýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Нова Гвінея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нова Гвінея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نیو گنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیو گنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Guinea" title="Nova Guinea – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nova Guinea" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="New Guinea" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuw-Guinea" title="Nieuw-Guinea – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nieuw-Guinea" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag-o_nga_Guinea" title="Bag-o nga Guinea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bag-o nga Guinea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E5%B2%9B" title="新几内亚岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新几内亚岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99-%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="ניי-גינע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניי-גינע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_Titun" title="Guinea Titun – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Guinea Titun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%95%BF%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" title="新畿內亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="新畿內亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naujuoj%C4%97_Gv%C4%ABniej%C4%97" title="Naujuojė Gvīniejė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Naujuojė Gvīniejė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E%E5%B3%B6" title="新幾內亞島 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新幾內亞島" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua" title="Papua – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Papua" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Papua" title="Pulau Papua – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Pulau Papua" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Guinea&params=6_S_142_E_type:isle_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°S</span> <span class="longitude">142°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6°S 142°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-6; 142</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island in the Pacific Ocean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the island. For the country, see <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. For the Indonesian region, see <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a>. For the Nicaraguan municipality, see <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Guinea" title="Nueva Guinea">Nueva Guinea</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Guinea (disambiguation)">Guinea (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">New Guinea</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="ib-islands-native">Native name: <div class="nickname"><br /><i>Niugini</i><br /><i>Niu Gini</i><br /><i>Papua</i></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_map_of_New_Guinea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Satellite_map_of_New_Guinea.png/260px-Satellite_map_of_New_Guinea.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Satellite_map_of_New_Guinea.png/390px-Satellite_map_of_New_Guinea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Satellite_map_of_New_Guinea.png/520px-Satellite_map_of_New_Guinea.png 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="3400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Newguinea_topo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Newguinea_topo.png/260px-Newguinea_topo.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Newguinea_topo.png/390px-Newguinea_topo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Newguinea_topo.png/520px-Newguinea_topo.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1409" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">New Guinea Island</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Guinea&params=6_S_142_E_type:isle_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°S</span> <span class="longitude">142°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6°S 142°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-6; 142</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Archipelago">Indonesian Archipelago</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">785,753 km<sup>2</sup> (303,381 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">Area rank</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2nd</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">4,884 m (16024 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Puncak_Jaya" title="Puncak Jaya">Puncak Jaya</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Provinces</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a><br /><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura">Jayapura</a> (pop. 407,000)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-islands-country"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Provinces</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Province_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Central Province (Papua New Guinea)">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbu Province">Simbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highlands_(Papua_New_Guinea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Highlands (Papua New Guinea)">Eastern Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sepik" class="mw-redirect" title="East Sepik">East Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga_Province" title="Enga Province">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Province" title="Gulf Province">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hela_Province" title="Hela Province">Hela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiwaka_Province" title="Jiwaka Province">Jiwaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madang_Province" title="Madang Province">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morobe_Province" title="Morobe Province">Morobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oro_Province" title="Oro Province">Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Highlands_(Papua_New_Guinea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Highlands (Papua New Guinea)">Southern Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Province, Papua New Guinea">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Highlands_(Papua_New_Guinea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Highlands (Papua New Guinea)">Western Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sepik" class="mw-redirect" title="West Sepik">West Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milne_Bay_Province" title="Milne Bay Province">Milne Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_District_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)">National Capital District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a> (pop. 402,000)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">14,800,000 (2020)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">18/km<sup>2</sup> (47/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan</a> and others (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>New Guinea</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tok Pisin language">Tok Pisin</a>: <i lang="tpi">Niugini</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hiri_Motu" title="Hiri Motu">Hiri Motu</a>: <i>Niu Gini</i>; <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Papua</i>, fossilized <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Nugini</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or historically <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Irian</i></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">world's second-largest island</a>, with an area of 785,753 km<sup>2</sup> (303,381 sq mi). Located in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> in the southwestern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, the island is separated from <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a> by the 150-kilometre (81-nautical-mile; 93-mile) wide <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a>, though both landmasses lie on the same <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>, and were united during episodes of low sea level in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene glaciation">Pleistocene glaciations</a> as the combined landmass of <a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a>. Numerous smaller islands are located to the west and east. The island's name was given by Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B1igo_Ortiz_de_Retez" title="Yñigo Ortiz de Retez">Yñigo Ortiz de Retez</a> during his maritime expedition of 1545 due to the resemblance of the indigenous peoples of the island to those in the <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">African region of Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-geop_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eastern half of the island is the major land mass of the nation of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. The western half, known as <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forms a part of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and is organized as the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a>. The two major cities on the island are <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura">Jayapura</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thevenot_-_Hollandia_Nova_detecta_1644.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Thevenot_-_Hollandia_Nova_detecta_1644.png/170px-Thevenot_-_Hollandia_Nova_detecta_1644.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Thevenot_-_Hollandia_Nova_detecta_1644.png/255px-Thevenot_-_Hollandia_Nova_detecta_1644.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Thevenot_-_Hollandia_Nova_detecta_1644.png/340px-Thevenot_-_Hollandia_Nova_detecta_1644.png 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="2310" /></a><figcaption>A 1644 map of New Guinea and the surrounding area</figcaption></figure> <p>The island has been known by various names: </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Papua"></span>The name <i>Papua</i> was used to refer to parts of the island before contact with the West.<sup id="cite_ref-tides_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tides-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its etymology is unclear;<sup id="cite_ref-tides_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tides-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one theory states that it derived from <a href="/wiki/Tidore_language" title="Tidore language">Tidore</a>, the language used by the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Sultanate of Tidore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-geop_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An expedition by the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Sultan of Tidore</a>, together with Sahmardan, the <i>Sangaji</i> of <a href="/wiki/Patani,_North_Maluku" class="mw-redirect" title="Patani, North Maluku">Patani</a>, and the Papuan <a href="/wiki/Gurabesi" title="Gurabesi">Gurabesi</a>, managed to conquer some areas in New Guinea, which was then reorganised to form <i>Korano Ngaruha</i> ("Four Kings") or <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands" title="Raja Ampat Islands">Raja Ampat</a>, <i>Papoua Gam Sio</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "The Papua Nine <i>Negeri</i>"), and <i>Mafor Soa Raha</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> The <a href="/wiki/Biak" title="Biak">Mafor</a> "Four <i>Soa</i>"). The name comes from the words <i>papo</i> ("to unite") and <i>ua</i> (negation), which means "not united", i.e. an outlying possession of Tidore.<sup id="cite_ref-geop_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wanggai_2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wanggai_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anton Ploeg reports that the word <i>papua</i> is often said to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> word <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">papua</i></span> or <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">pua-pua</i></span>, meaning "frizzly-haired", referring to the very curly hair of the island's inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Sollewijn Gelpke in 1993 considered this unlikely as it had been used earlier, and he instead derived it from the <a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a> phrase <span title="Biak-language text"><i lang="bhw">sup i babwa</i></span>, which means "the land below [the sunset]", and refers to the <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands" title="Raja Ampat Islands">Raja Ampat Islands</a>. </p><p>When Portuguese and Spanish explorers arrived via the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Spice Islands</a>, they also used the name <i>Papua</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-geop_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sollewijn_Gelpke_1993_pp._318–332_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sollewijn_Gelpke_1993_pp._318–332-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Westerners, beginning with Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B1igo_Ortiz_de_Retez" title="Yñigo Ortiz de Retez">Yñigo Ortiz de Retez</a> in 1545, used the name <i>New Guinea</i>, due to the resemblance between the indigenous peoples of the island and Africans of the <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-geop_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is one of several <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponyms</a> sharing similar <a href="/wiki/Place_name_origins" title="Place name origins">etymologies</a>, ultimately meaning "land of the blacks" or similar meanings. </p><p>The Dutch, who arrived later under <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Le_Maire" title="Jacob Le Maire">Jacob Le Maire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willem_Schouten" title="Willem Schouten">Willem Schouten</a>, called it <i>Schouten island</i>. They later used this name only to refer to islands off the north coast of Papua proper, the <a href="/wiki/Schouten_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Schouten Islands">Schouten Islands</a> or Biak Island. When the Dutch colonized the main island as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, they called it <i>Nieuw Guinea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-geop_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Irian</i></span> was used in the Indonesian language to refer to the island and Indonesian province, as <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Irian Barat</i></span> (West Irian) Province and later <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Irian Jaya</i></span> Province. The name Irian was suggested during a tribal committee meeting in Tobati, Jayapura, formed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soegoro_Atmoprasodjo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soegoro Atmoprasodjo (page does not exist)">Soegoro Atmoprasodjo</a> under governor JP van Eechoed, to decide on a new name because of the negative association of <i>Papua</i>. <a href="/wiki/Frans_Kaisiepo" title="Frans Kaisiepo">Frans Kaisiepo</a>, the committee leader, suggested the name from Mansren Koreri myths, <span title="Biak-language text"><i lang="bhw">Iri-an</i></span> from the <a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Biak_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Biak Island">Biak Island</a>, meaning "hot land" (referring to the climate), but also from <i>Iryan</i> which means heated process as a metaphor for a land that is entering a new era. In Serui <i>Iri-an</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "land-nation") means "pillar of nation", while in Merauke <i>Iri-an</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "placed higher-nation") means "rising spirit" or "to rise".<sup id="cite_ref-Wanggai_2008_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wanggai_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-geop2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geop2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was promoted in 1945 by Marcus Kaisiepo, brother of <a href="/wiki/Frans_Kaisiepo" title="Frans Kaisiepo">Frans Kaisiepo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tides_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tides-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was politicized later by Corinus Krey,<sup id="cite_ref-krey_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krey-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marthen_Indey" title="Marthen Indey">Marthen Indey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silas_Papare" title="Silas Papare">Silas Papare</a>, and others with the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a> <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Ikut Republik Indonesia Anti Nederland</i></span> ("Join the Republic of Indonesia Oppose the Netherlands").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wanggai_2008_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wanggai_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Irian</i> was used somewhat in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was used until 2001, when <i>Papua</i> was again used for the island and the province. The name <i>Irian</i>, which was originally favored by natives, is now considered to be a name imposed by the authority of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tides_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tides-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_of_Melanesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_of_Melanesia.svg/220px-Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_of_Melanesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_of_Melanesia.svg/330px-Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_of_Melanesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_of_Melanesia.svg/440px-Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_of_Melanesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Regions of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>. Physiographically, Australasia includes the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Australian landmass</a> (including Tasmania), New Zealand, and New Guinea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melanesian_Cultural_Area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Melanesian_Cultural_Area.png/220px-Melanesian_Cultural_Area.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Melanesian_Cultural_Area.png/330px-Melanesian_Cultural_Area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Melanesian_Cultural_Area.png/440px-Melanesian_Cultural_Area.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>New Guinea located in relation to <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papua_New_Guinea_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Papua_New_Guinea_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/220px-Papua_New_Guinea_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Papua_New_Guinea_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/330px-Papua_New_Guinea_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Papua_New_Guinea_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/440px-Papua_New_Guinea_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>Papua New Guinea map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_of_New_Guinea" title="List of highest mountains of New Guinea">List of highest mountains of New Guinea</a></div> <p>New Guinea is an island to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australian mainland</a>, south of the equator. It is isolated by the <a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a> to the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a> to the east. Sometimes considered to be the easternmost island of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_archipelago" title="Indonesian archipelago">Indonesian archipelago</a>, it lies north of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a>, and west of the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomon Islands archipelago</a>. </p><p>Politically, the <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">western half of the island</a> comprises six <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">provinces of Indonesia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a>. The eastern half forms the mainland of the country of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newguinea_topo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Newguinea_topo.png/220px-Newguinea_topo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Newguinea_topo.png/330px-Newguinea_topo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Newguinea_topo.png/440px-Newguinea_topo.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1409" /></a><figcaption>Topographical map of New Guinea</figcaption></figure><p> The shape of New Guinea is often compared to that of a <a href="/wiki/Paradisaea" title="Paradisaea">bird-of-paradise</a> (indigenous to the island), and this results in the usual names for the two extremes of the island: the <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</a> in the northwest (<i>Vogelkop</i> in Dutch, <i>Kepala Burung</i> in Indonesian; also known as the Doberai Peninsula), and the Bird's Tail Peninsula in the southeast (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula" title="Papuan Peninsula">Papuan Peninsula</a>). </p><p>A spine of east–west mountains, the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands" title="New Guinea Highlands">New Guinea Highlands</a>, dominates the geography of New Guinea, stretching over 1,600 km (1,000 mi) across the island, with many mountains over 4,000 m (13,100 ft). The western half of the island contains the highest mountains in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, with its highest point, <a href="/wiki/Puncak_Jaya" title="Puncak Jaya">Puncak Jaya</a>, reaching an elevation of 4,884 m (16,023 ft). The <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a> is around 4,000 m (13,100 ft) elevation, and the tallest peaks contain equatorial <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>—which have been <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">retreating since at least 1936</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various other smaller mountain ranges occur both north and west of the central ranges. Except in high elevations, most areas possess a warm humid climate throughout the year, with some seasonal variation associated with the northeast monsoon season. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Bosavi_-rim_of_crater-14Oct2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Mount_Bosavi_-rim_of_crater-14Oct2008.jpg/220px-Mount_Bosavi_-rim_of_crater-14Oct2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Mount_Bosavi_-rim_of_crater-14Oct2008.jpg/330px-Mount_Bosavi_-rim_of_crater-14Oct2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Mount_Bosavi_-rim_of_crater-14Oct2008.jpg/440px-Mount_Bosavi_-rim_of_crater-14Oct2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bosavi" title="Mount Bosavi">Mount Bosavi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg/220px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg/330px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg/440px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the combined landmass of <a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul</a> formed during Pleistocene glacations</figcaption></figure> <p>Another major habitat feature is the vast southern and northern lowlands. Stretching for hundreds of kilometres, these include lowland rainforests, extensive wetlands, savanna grasslands, and some of the largest expanses of mangrove forest in the world. The southern lowlands are the site of <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_National_Park" title="Lorentz National Park">Lorentz National Park</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. The northern lowlands are drained principally by the <a href="/wiki/Mamberamo_River" title="Mamberamo River">Mamberamo River</a> and its tributaries on the western side, and by the <a href="/wiki/Sepik" title="Sepik">Sepik</a> on the eastern side. The more extensive southern lowlands are drained by a larger number of rivers, principally the <a href="/wiki/Digul" title="Digul">Digul</a> in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Fly_River" title="Fly River">Fly</a> in the east. The largest island offshore, <a href="/wiki/Yos_Sudarso_Island" title="Yos Sudarso Island">Dolak</a>, lies near the Digul estuary, separated by a strait so narrow it has been named a "creek". </p><p>New Guinea contains many of the world's ecosystem types: glacial, <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine tundra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montane_ecosystems" title="Montane ecosystems">montane</a> and lowland rainforest, <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, lake and <a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">river ecosystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrasses</a>, and some of the richest <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> on the planet. </p><p>The entire length of the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands" title="New Guinea Highlands">New Guinea Highlands</a> system passes through New Guinea as a vast watershed. The northern rivers flow into the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, the southern rivers into the <a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Papua" title="Gulf of Papua">Gulf of Papua</a>. On the north side, the largest rivers are the Mamberamo, Sepik and Ramu. <a href="/wiki/Mamberamo_River" title="Mamberamo River">Mamberamo</a> was born from the confluence of two large inland rivers. <a href="/wiki/Tariku_River" title="Tariku River">Tariku</a> comes from the west to the east and <a href="/wiki/Taritatu_River" title="Taritatu River">Taritatu</a> from the east. These rivers meander through swamps with huge internal descents and then merge. The Mamberamo thus formed reaches the ocean by breaking through the Coastal Mountains. Mamberamo River is navigable to Marine Falls. The <a href="/wiki/Sepik_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepik River">Sepik</a> is a much more important river. Similarly, it collects water from a spacious pool. It is 1,100 kilometers from the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emanuel_Range" title="Victor Emanuel Range">Victor Emanuel Range</a> to the estuary, making it the longest river in New Guinea. The winding, muddy, sluggish river can be navigated for 500 km. <a href="/wiki/Ramu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramu River">Ramu</a> is a 650 km long river. Its lower section is navigable, but its upper flow is high-falling, fast-flowing. The energy of the river is used by a power plant near the city of <a href="/wiki/Kainantu" title="Kainantu">Kainantu</a>. </p><p>On the south side, the most significant rivers are <a href="/wiki/Pulau_River" title="Pulau River">Pulau</a>, Digul, Fly, <a href="/wiki/Kikori_River" title="Kikori River">Kikori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purari_River" title="Purari River">Purari</a>. The largest river in the western part of the island is <a href="/wiki/Digul_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Digul River">Digul</a>. It originates from the <a href="/wiki/Star_Mountains" title="Star Mountains">Star Mountains</a>, which rise to an altitude of 4,700 m. The coastal plain is bordered by a swamp world hundreds of kilometers wide. Digul is the main transport route to the fertile hills and mountains within the island. The river <a href="/wiki/Fly_River" title="Fly River">Fly</a> is born near the eastern branches of the Digul. It is named after one of the ships of the English Royal Fleet, which first sailed into the mouth of the river in 1845. The total length of the river is 1,050 km. Smaller boats can sail 900 km on the river. The estuary section, which decomposes into islands, is 70 km wide. The tide of the sea can have an effect of up to 300 kilometers. <a href="/wiki/Strickland_River" title="Strickland River">Strickland</a>, a tributary of the Fly, reaches the Papuan Plain through wild gorges. Fly and Strickland together form the largest river in New Guinea. The many rivers flowing into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Papua" title="Gulf of Papua">Gulf of Papua</a> form a single delta complex. The rivers of the island are extremely rich in water due to the annual rainfall of 2,000–10,000 mm. According to a modest calculation, the New Guinea River carries about 1,500 km<sup>3</sup>/a (48,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s) of water into the sea. Fly alone carries more water 238 km<sup>3</sup>/a (7,500 m<sup>3</sup>/s) than all the rivers in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> combined.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_surroundings">Relation to surroundings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relation to surroundings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papua_New_Guinea_(5986602743).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Papua_New_Guinea_%285986602743%29.jpg/220px-Papua_New_Guinea_%285986602743%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Papua_New_Guinea_%285986602743%29.jpg/330px-Papua_New_Guinea_%285986602743%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Papua_New_Guinea_%285986602743%29.jpg/440px-Papua_New_Guinea_%285986602743%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Highlands of Papua New Guinea</figcaption></figure> <p>The island of New Guinea lies to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>, with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geologically it is a part of the same <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plate</a> as Australia. When world sea levels were low, the two shared shorelines (which now lie 100 to 140 metres below sea level),<sup id="cite_ref-aims_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aims-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and combined with lands now inundated into the tectonic continent of <a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ballard_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ballard-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allen_1977_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_1977-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as Greater Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two landmasses became separated when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last glacial period</a>. </p><p>Anthropologically, New Guinea is considered part of <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Guinea is differentiated from its drier, flatter,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and less fertile<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> southern counterpart, Australia, by its much higher rainfall and its active volcanic geology. Yet the two land masses share a similar animal fauna, with <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Wallaby" title="Wallaby">wallabies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phalangeriformes" title="Phalangeriformes">possums</a>, and the egg-laying <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotreme</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna">echidna</a>. Other than bats and some two dozen indigenous rodent genera,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are no pre-human indigenous <a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">placental mammals</a>. Pigs, several additional species of rats, and the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_singing_dog" title="New Guinea singing dog">New Guinea singing dog</a> were introduced with human colonization. </p><p>Prior to the 1970s, archaeologists called the single <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> landmass by the name <i>Australasia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ballard_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ballard-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this word is most often used for a wider region that includes lands, such as <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, which are not on the same continental shelf. In the early 1970s, they introduced the term <i>Greater Australia</i> for the Pleistocene continent.<sup id="cite_ref-ballard_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ballard-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, at a 1975 conference and consequent publication,<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_1977_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_1977-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they extended the name <i>Sahul</i> from its previous use for just the Sahul Shelf to cover the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-ballard_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ballard-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_divisions">Political divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_guinea_named.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/New_guinea_named.PNG/220px-New_guinea_named.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/New_guinea_named.PNG/330px-New_guinea_named.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/New_guinea_named.PNG/440px-New_guinea_named.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption>Political divisions of New Guinea (2006)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesian_administrative_divisions_in_Western_New_Guinea_(2023).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Indonesian_administrative_divisions_in_Western_New_Guinea_%282023%29.svg/220px-Indonesian_administrative_divisions_in_Western_New_Guinea_%282023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Indonesian_administrative_divisions_in_Western_New_Guinea_%282023%29.svg/330px-Indonesian_administrative_divisions_in_Western_New_Guinea_%282023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Indonesian_administrative_divisions_in_Western_New_Guinea_%282023%29.svg/440px-Indonesian_administrative_divisions_in_Western_New_Guinea_%282023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1ee7b8; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua province</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a7c20f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua province</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9672c9; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Papua,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua, Indonesia">Papua province</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#10aeb1; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua province</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1186e5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua province</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#519b50; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua province</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>The island of New Guinea is <a href="/wiki/List_of_divided_islands" title="List of divided islands">divided politically</a> into roughly equal halves across a north–south line: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">western portion</a> of the island located west of <a href="/wiki/141st_meridian_east" title="141st meridian east">141°E longitude</a> (except for a small section of territory to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Fly_River" title="Fly River">Fly River</a> which belongs to Papua New Guinea) was formerly a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch colony</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/West_New_Guinea_dispute" title="West New Guinea dispute">West New Guinea dispute</a> it is now six <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> provinces: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(Indonesian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Papua (Indonesian province)">West Papua</a> with <a href="/wiki/Manokwari" title="Manokwari">Manokwari</a> as its capital.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(Indonesian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua (Indonesian province)">Papua</a> with the city of <a href="/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura">Jayapura</a> as its capital.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jayawijaya_Regency" title="Jayawijaya Regency">Jayawijaya Regency</a> as its capital.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nabire_Regency" title="Nabire Regency">Nabire Regency</a> as its capital.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a> with <a href="/wiki/Merauke_Regency" title="Merauke Regency">Merauke Regency</a> as its capital.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sorong" title="Sorong">Sorong</a> as its capital</li></ul></li> <li>The eastern part forms the mainland of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, which has been an independent country since 1975. It was formerly the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Territory of Papua and New Guinea</a> governed by Australia, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Trust Territory of New Guinea</a> (northeastern quarter, formerly <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Territory of Papua</a> (southeastern quarter). Three of Papua New Guinea's <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Regions of Papua New Guinea">four regions</a> are parts of New Guinea island: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Region,_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Southern Region, Papua New Guinea">Southern</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Province, Papua New Guinea">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Province" title="Gulf Province">Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Province, Papua New Guinea">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oro_Province" title="Oro Province">Oro (Northern)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milne_Bay_Province" title="Milne Bay Province">Milne Bay</a> provinces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_Region" title="Highlands Region">Highlands</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Highlands,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Highlands, Papua New Guinea">Southern Highlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hela_Province" title="Hela Province">Hela Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiwaka_Province" title="Jiwaka Province">Jiwaka Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enga_Province" title="Enga Province">Enga Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Highlands,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Highlands, Papua New Guinea">Western Highlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simbu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbu Province">Simbu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highlands,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Highlands, Papua New Guinea">Eastern Highlands</a> provinces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momase_Region" title="Momase Region">Momase</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Morobe_Province" title="Morobe Province">Morobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madang_Province" title="Madang Province">Madang</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Sepik" class="mw-redirect" title="East Sepik">East Sepik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandaun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandaun">Sandaun</a> (West Sepik) provinces.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="10_largest_cities_and_towns_in_New_Guinea_(Papua)_by_population"><span id="10_largest_cities_and_towns_in_New_Guinea_.28Papua.29_by_population"></span>10 largest cities and towns in New Guinea (Papua) by population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 10 largest cities and towns in New Guinea (Papua) by population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aww,_Metropolitan,_Jayapura,_Papua,_Indonesia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Aww%2C_Metropolitan%2C_Jayapura%2C_Papua%2C_Indonesia.png/220px-Aww%2C_Metropolitan%2C_Jayapura%2C_Papua%2C_Indonesia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Aww%2C_Metropolitan%2C_Jayapura%2C_Papua%2C_Indonesia.png/330px-Aww%2C_Metropolitan%2C_Jayapura%2C_Papua%2C_Indonesia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Aww%2C_Metropolitan%2C_Jayapura%2C_Papua%2C_Indonesia.png/440px-Aww%2C_Metropolitan%2C_Jayapura%2C_Papua%2C_Indonesia.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura">Jayapura</a>, the most populus and largest cities on the island of New Guinea (Papua)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: solid 1px #AAAAAA;background-color:#cfecec; color:black;"> </span> Provincial capital</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: solid 1px #AAAAAA;background-color:#ccff99; color:black;"> </span> National capital</div></li></ul> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>City</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Province </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;background-color:#cfecec"><b><a href="/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura">Jayapura</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">414,862</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Papua_2.svg/22px-Flag_of_Papua_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Papua_2.svg/33px-Flag_of_Papua_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Papua_2.svg/43px-Flag_of_Papua_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="896" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;background-color:#ccff99"><b><a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">383,000</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_District_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)">NCD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;background-color:#cfecec"><b><a href="/wiki/Sorong" title="Sorong">Sorong</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">294,978</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Southwest_Papua.svg/22px-Flag_of_Southwest_Papua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Southwest_Papua.svg/33px-Flag_of_Southwest_Papua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Southwest_Papua.svg/43px-Flag_of_Southwest_Papua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="896" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left"><b><a href="/wiki/Timika" title="Timika">Timika</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">142,909</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Central_Papua_Province.svg/22px-Flag_of_Central_Papua_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Central_Papua_Province.svg/33px-Flag_of_Central_Papua_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Central_Papua_Province.svg/43px-Flag_of_Central_Papua_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="896" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;background-color:#cfecec"><b><a href="/wiki/Manokwari" title="Manokwari">Manokwari</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">107,325</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_West_Papua_%28vectorised%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_West_Papua_%28vectorised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_West_Papua_%28vectorised%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_West_Papua_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_West_Papua_%28vectorised%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_West_Papua_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;background-color:#cfecec"><b><a href="/wiki/Lae" title="Lae">Lae</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">104,000</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morobe,_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Morobe, Papua New Guinea">Morobe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left"><b><a href="/wiki/Merauke" title="Merauke">Merauke</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">102,351</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_South_Papua_Province.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Papua_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_South_Papua_Province.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Papua_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_South_Papua_Province.svg/43px-Flag_of_South_Papua_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="896" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left"><b><a href="/wiki/Nabire" title="Nabire">Nabire</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">99,848</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Central_Papua_Province.svg/22px-Flag_of_Central_Papua_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Central_Papua_Province.svg/33px-Flag_of_Central_Papua_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Central_Papua_Province.svg/43px-Flag_of_Central_Papua_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="896" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left"><b><a href="/wiki/Sentani,_Jayapura" title="Sentani, Jayapura">Sentani</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">71,174</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Papua_2.svg/22px-Flag_of_Papua_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Papua_2.svg/33px-Flag_of_Papua_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Papua_2.svg/43px-Flag_of_Papua_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="896" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left"><b><a href="/wiki/Wamena" title="Wamena">Wamena</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,080</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Highland_Papua.svg/22px-Flag_of_Highland_Papua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Highland_Papua.svg/33px-Flag_of_Highland_Papua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Highland_Papua.svg/43px-Flag_of_Highland_Papua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="896" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/People_of_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="People of New Guinea">People of New Guinea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yali_man_Baliem_Valley_Papua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yali_man_Baliem_Valley_Papua.jpg/220px-Yali_man_Baliem_Valley_Papua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yali_man_Baliem_Valley_Papua.jpg/330px-Yali_man_Baliem_Valley_Papua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yali_man_Baliem_Valley_Papua.jpg/440px-Yali_man_Baliem_Valley_Papua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a> tribesman in the <a href="/wiki/Baliem_Valley" title="Baliem Valley">Baliem Valley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The current population of the island of New Guinea is about fifteen million. Archaeological evidence indicates that humans may have inhabited the island continuously since 50,000 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first settlement possibly dating back to 60,000 years ago has been proposed. The island is presently populated by almost a thousand different tribal groups and a near-equivalent number of separate languages, which makes New Guinea the most linguistically diverse area in the world. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>'s 14th edition lists 826 languages of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and 257 languages of <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a>, total 1073 languages, with 12 languages overlapping.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="826+257–12=1071 (January 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They can be divided into two groups, the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, and all the others placed in the catch-all category of <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a>, most of which are unrelated.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The separation is not merely linguistic; <a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">warfare</a> among societies was a factor in the evolution of the <i>men's house</i>: separate housing for groups of adult men, away from the single-family houses of women and children.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Pig-based trade between groups and pig-based feasts form a common tradition with the other peoples of southeast Asia and Oceania. Most Papuan societies practice agriculture, supplemented by hunting and gathering. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurulu_Village_War_Chief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kurulu_Village_War_Chief.jpg/220px-Kurulu_Village_War_Chief.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kurulu_Village_War_Chief.jpg/330px-Kurulu_Village_War_Chief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kurulu_Village_War_Chief.jpg/440px-Kurulu_Village_War_Chief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Yali Mabel, Kurulu Village War Chief at Baliem Valley</figcaption></figure> <p>Current evidence indicates that the Papuans (who constitute the majority of the island's peoples) are descended from the earliest human inhabitants of New Guinea. These original inhabitants first arrived in New Guinea at a time around the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (c. 21,000 years ago) when the island was connected to the Australian continent via a <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a>, forming the landmass of <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Sahul</a>. These peoples had made the (shortened) sea-crossing from the islands of <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a> (the present <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>) by at least 40,000 years ago. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KorowaiHombre01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/KorowaiHombre01.jpg/170px-KorowaiHombre01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/KorowaiHombre01.jpg/255px-KorowaiHombre01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/KorowaiHombre01.jpg/340px-KorowaiHombre01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a> tribesman</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancestral Austronesian peoples are believed to have arrived considerably later, approximately 3,500 years ago, as part of a gradual seafaring migration from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, possibly originating in Taiwan. Austronesian-speaking peoples colonized many of the offshore islands to the north and east of New Guinea, such as <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)">New Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, with settlements also on the coastal fringes of the main island in places. Human habitation of New Guinea over tens of thousands of years has led to a great deal of diversity, which was further increased by the later arrival of the Austronesians and the more recent history of European and Asian settlement through events like <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_program" title="Transmigration program">transmigration</a>. </p><p>Large areas of New Guinea are yet to be explored by scientists and anthropologists. The Indonesian province of <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a> is home to an estimated 44 <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">uncontacted tribal groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodiversity_and_ecology">Biodiversity and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biodiversity and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_New_Guinea" title="Fauna of New Guinea">Fauna of New Guinea</a></div> <p>With some 786,000 km<sup>2</sup> of tropical land—less than one-half of one percent (0.5%) of the Earth's surface—New Guinea has an immense <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, containing between 5 and 10 percent of the total species on the planet. This percentage is about the same amount as that found in the United States or Australia. A high percentage of New Guinea's species are <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">endemic</a>, and thousands are still unknown to science: probably well over 200,000 species of insect, between 11,000 and 20,000 plant species, and over 650 resident bird species. Most of these species are shared, at least in their origin, with the continent of Australia, which was until fairly recent geological times part of the same landmass (see <a href="/wiki/Australia-New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia-New Guinea">Australia-New Guinea</a> for an overview). The island is so large that it is considered 'nearly a continent' in terms of its biological distinctiveness. </p><p>In the period from 1998 to 2008, conservationists identified 1,060 new species in New Guinea, including 218 plants, 43 reptiles, 12 mammals, 580 invertebrates, 134 amphibians, 2 birds and 71 fish.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2011 and 2017, researchers described 465 previously undocumented plant species in New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019, the Indonesian portion of New Guinea and the Maluku Islands is estimated to have 9,518 species of vascular plants, of which 4,380 are endemic. In 2020, an international study conducted by a team of 99 experts cataloged 13,634 species representing 1,742 genera and 264 families of vascular plants for New Guinea and its associated islands (<a href="/wiki/Aru_Islands_Regency" title="Aru Islands Regency">Aru Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:D%27Entrecasteaux_Islands" title="Category:D'Entrecasteaux Islands">D'Entrecasteaux Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiade_Archipelago" title="Louisiade Archipelago">Louisiade Archipelago</a>), making it the world's most floristically diverse island, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> (11,488), <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> (11,165), <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> (4,598), and <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">the Philippines</a> (9,432).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg/170px-Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg/255px-Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg/340px-Raggiana_Bird-of-Paradise_wild_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Raggiana_bird-of-paradise" title="Raggiana bird-of-paradise">raggiana bird-of-paradise</a> is native to New Guinea.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malesia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Malesia.png/220px-Malesia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Malesia.png/330px-Malesia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Malesia.png 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>The floristic region of <a href="/wiki/Malesia" title="Malesia">Malesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeographically</a>, New Guinea is part of <a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasia</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Indomalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Indomalaya">Indomalayan</a> realm, although New Guinea's flora has many more affinities with Asia than its fauna, which is overwhelmingly Australian. Botanically, New Guinea is considered part of <a href="/wiki/Malesia" title="Malesia">Malesia</a>, a floristic region that extends from the Malay Peninsula across Indonesia to New Guinea and the <a href="/wiki/East_Melanesian_Islands" title="East Melanesian Islands">East Melanesian Islands</a>. The flora of New Guinea is a mixture of many <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> species with origins in Asia, together with typically Australasian flora. Typical Southern Hemisphere flora include the <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus" title="Podocarpus">Podocarpus</a></i> and the rainforest emergents <i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Agathis</a>,</i> as well as <a href="/wiki/Tree_fern" title="Tree fern">tree ferns</a> and several species of <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></i>. </p><p>New Guinea has 284 species and six orders of mammals: <a href="/wiki/Monotremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotremes">monotremes</a>, three orders of <a href="/wiki/Marsupials" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsupials">marsupials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>; 195 of the mammal species (69%) are endemic. New Guinea has 578 species of breeding birds, of which 324 species are endemic. The island's frogs are one of the most poorly known vertebrate groups, totalling 282 species, but this number is expected to double or even triple when all species have been documented. New Guinea has a rich diversity of coral life and 1,200 species of fish have been found. Also about 600 species of reef-building coral—the latter equal to 75 percent of the world's known total. The entire coral area covers 18 million hectares off a peninsula in northwest New Guinea. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buaya_Irian_Crocodylus_novaeguineae_Bandung_Zoo_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Buaya_Irian_Crocodylus_novaeguineae_Bandung_Zoo_2.JPG/220px-Buaya_Irian_Crocodylus_novaeguineae_Bandung_Zoo_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Buaya_Irian_Crocodylus_novaeguineae_Bandung_Zoo_2.JPG/330px-Buaya_Irian_Crocodylus_novaeguineae_Bandung_Zoo_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Buaya_Irian_Crocodylus_novaeguineae_Bandung_Zoo_2.JPG/440px-Buaya_Irian_Crocodylus_novaeguineae_Bandung_Zoo_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2676" data-file-height="1555" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_crocodile" title="New Guinea crocodile">New Guinea crocodile</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2020, the Western portion of New Guinea, Papua and West Papua, accounts for 54% of the island's primary forest and about 51% of the island's total tree cover, according to satellite data.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecoregions">Ecoregions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ecoregions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_of_New_Guinea" title="Ecoregions of New Guinea">Ecoregions of New Guinea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terrestrial">Terrestrial</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Terrestrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>, New Guinea can be divided into twelve <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial ecoregion">terrestrial ecoregions</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Range_montane_rain_forests" title="Central Range montane rain forests">Central Range montane rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Range_sub-alpine_grasslands" title="Central Range sub-alpine grasslands">Central Range sub-alpine grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huon_Peninsula_montane_rain_forests" title="Huon Peninsula montane rain forests">Huon Peninsula montane rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_mangroves" title="New Guinea mangroves">New Guinea mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_New_Guinea_lowland_rain_and_freshwater_swamp_forests" title="Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests">Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_New_Guinea_montane_rain_forests" title="Northern New Guinea montane rain forests">Northern New Guinea montane rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Papuan_rain_forests" title="Southeastern Papuan rain forests">Southeastern Papuan rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_New_Guinea_freshwater_swamp_forests" title="Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests">Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_New_Guinea_lowland_rain_forests" title="Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests">Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_savanna_and_grasslands" title="Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands">Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogelkop_montane_rain_forests" title="Vogelkop montane rain forests">Vogelkop montane rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogelkop-Aru_lowland_rain_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogelkop-Aru lowland rain forests">Vogelkop-Aru lowland rain forests</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coral_reefs_in_papua_new_guinea.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coral_reefs_in_papua_new_guinea.JPG/220px-Coral_reefs_in_papua_new_guinea.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coral_reefs_in_papua_new_guinea.JPG/330px-Coral_reefs_in_papua_new_guinea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coral_reefs_in_papua_new_guinea.JPG/440px-Coral_reefs_in_papua_new_guinea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a> in Papua New Guinea</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freshwater">Freshwater</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Freshwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nature_Conservancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Conservancy">Nature Conservancy</a> divide New Guinea into five <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater ecoregion">freshwater ecoregions</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vogelkop%E2%80%93Bomberai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vogelkop–Bomberai (page does not exist)">Vogelkop–Bomberai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea_North_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Guinea North Coast (page does not exist)">New Guinea North Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Central_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="New Guinea Central Mountains">New Guinea Central Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwest_New_Guinea%E2%80%93Trans-Fly_Lowland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southwest New Guinea–Trans-Fly Lowland (page does not exist)">Southwest New Guinea–Trans-Fly Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula" title="Papuan Peninsula">Papuan Peninsula</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marine">Marine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Marine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WWF and Nature Conservancy identify several <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecoregion" title="Marine ecoregion">marine ecoregions</a> in the seas bordering New Guinea:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papua_(ecoregion)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papua (ecoregion) (page does not exist)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li>Southeast Papua New Guinea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Papua" title="Gulf of Papua">Gulf of Papua</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="History of Papua New Guinea">History of Papua New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_New_Guinea" title="History of Western New Guinea">History of Western New Guinea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg/200px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg/300px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg/400px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>The continent of Sahul before the rising ocean sundered Australia and New Guinea after the last ice age</figcaption></figure> <p>The first inhabitants <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Indigenous people of New Guinea</a>, from whom the Papuan people are probably descended, adapted to the range of ecologies and, in time, developed one of the earliest known agricultures. Remains of this agricultural system, in the form of ancient irrigation systems in the highlands of Papua New Guinea, are being studied by archaeologists. Research indicates that the highlands were an early and independent center of agriculture, with evidence of irrigation going back at least 10,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a> was cultivated in New Guinea around 6000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gardens of the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands" title="New Guinea Highlands">New Guinea Highlands</a> are ancient, intensive <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">permacultures</a>, adapted to high population densities, very high rainfalls (as high as 10,000 mm per year (400 in/yr)), earthquakes, hilly land, and occasional frost. Complex mulches, crop rotations and tillages are used in rotation on terraces with complex irrigation systems. Western agronomists still do not understand all of the practices, and it has been noted that native gardeners are as, or even more, successful than most scientific farmers in raising certain crops.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that New Guinea gardeners invented crop rotation well before western Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A unique feature of New Guinea permaculture is the <a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">silviculture</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Casuarina_oligodon" title="Casuarina oligodon">Casuarina oligodon</a></i>, a tall, sturdy native <a href="/wiki/Casuarinaceae" title="Casuarinaceae">ironwood</a> tree, suited to use for timber and fuel, with root nodules that fix nitrogen. <a href="/wiki/Palynology" title="Palynology">Pollen studies</a> show that it was adopted during an ancient period of extreme deforestation. </p><p>In more recent millennia, another wave of people arrived on the shores of New Guinea. These were the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian people</a>, who had spread down from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">South-east Asian archipelago</a>, colonising many of the islands on the way. The Austronesian people had technology and skills extremely well adapted to ocean voyaging and Austronesian language speaking people are present along much of the coastal areas and islands of New Guinea. They also introduced pigs and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_singing_dog" title="New Guinea singing dog">dogs</a>. These Austronesian migrants are considered the ancestors of most people in insular Southeast Asia, from <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> to <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, as well as coastal new Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precolonial_history">Precolonial history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Precolonial history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picturesque_New_Guinea_Plate_XXXIX_-_Group_and_Native_House,_Mairy_Pass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Picturesque_New_Guinea_Plate_XXXIX_-_Group_and_Native_House%2C_Mairy_Pass.jpg/220px-Picturesque_New_Guinea_Plate_XXXIX_-_Group_and_Native_House%2C_Mairy_Pass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Picturesque_New_Guinea_Plate_XXXIX_-_Group_and_Native_House%2C_Mairy_Pass.jpg/330px-Picturesque_New_Guinea_Plate_XXXIX_-_Group_and_Native_House%2C_Mairy_Pass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Picturesque_New_Guinea_Plate_XXXIX_-_Group_and_Native_House%2C_Mairy_Pass.jpg/440px-Picturesque_New_Guinea_Plate_XXXIX_-_Group_and_Native_House%2C_Mairy_Pass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2915" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption>Group of natives at Mairy Pass. Mainland of British New Guinea in 1885.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Papoea%27_s_op_de_Lorentzrivier_TMnr_10009529.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Papoea%27_s_op_de_Lorentzrivier_TMnr_10009529.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Papoea%27_s_op_de_Lorentzrivier_TMnr_10009529.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Papoea%27_s_op_de_Lorentzrivier_TMnr_10009529.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Papoea%27_s_op_de_Lorentzrivier_TMnr_10009529.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Papoea%27_s_op_de_Lorentzrivier_TMnr_10009529.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Papoea%27_s_op_de_Lorentzrivier_TMnr_10009529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Papuans on the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_River" title="Lorentz River">Lorentz River</a>, photographed during the third South New Guinea expedition in 1912–13</figcaption></figure> <p>The western part of the island was in contact with kingdoms in other parts of modern-day Indonesia. The <i><a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Negarakertagama</a></i> mentioned the region of Wanin and Sran, in eastern <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>'s tributary. This 'Wanin' has been identified with the Onin Peninsula, part of the <a href="/wiki/Bomberai_Peninsula" title="Bomberai Peninsula">Bomberai Peninsula</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Fakfak" title="Fakfak">Fakfak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while '<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Sran</a>' had been identified as region of <a href="/wiki/Kaimana_Regency" title="Kaimana Regency">Kowiai</a>, just south of Onin peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Wanggai_2008_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wanggai_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sultans of <a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, claimed sovereignty over various coastal parts of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-crocombe_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crocombe-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Tidore's rule, the main exports of the island during this period were resins, spices, slaves and the highly priced feathers of the <a href="/wiki/Bird-of-paradise" title="Bird-of-paradise">bird-of-paradise</a>. In a period of constant conflict called 'hongi wars', in which rival villages or kingdoms would invoke the name of Tidore Sultan, rightly, for punitive expeditions for not fulfilling their tributary obligations, or opportunitively for competitions over resources and prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-crocombe_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crocombe-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nuku_Muhammad_Amiruddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin">Sultan Nuku</a>, one of the most famous Tidore sultans who rebelled against Dutch colonization, called himself "Sultan of Tidore and Papua",<sup id="cite_ref-nuku_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuku-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during his revolt in 1780s. He commanded loyalty from both Moluccan and Papuan chiefs, especially those of <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Ampat">Raja Ampat</a> Islands, from his base in <a href="/wiki/Gebe" title="Gebe">Gebe</a>. Following Tidore's subjugation as Dutch tributary, much of the territory it claimed in western part of New Guinea came under Dutch rule as part of Dutch East Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-nuku_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuku-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_contact">European contact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: European contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known European contact with New Guinea was by Portuguese and Spanish sailors in the 16th century. In 1526–27, Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Menezes" title="Jorge de Menezes">Jorge de Meneses</a> saw the western tip of New Guinea and named it <i>ilhas dos Papuas</i>. In 1528, the Spanish navigator <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Saavedra_Cer%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón">Álvaro de Saavedra</a> also recorded its sighting when trying to return from <a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. In 1545, Spaniard <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B1igo_Ortiz_de_Retez" title="Yñigo Ortiz de Retez">Íñigo Ortíz de Retes</a> sailed along the north coast of New Guinea as far as the <a href="/wiki/Mamberamo_River" title="Mamberamo River">Mamberamo River</a>, near which he landed on 20 June, naming the island 'Nueva Guinea'.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known map of the island was made by F. Hoeiu in 1600<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shows it as 'Nova Guinea'. In 1606, <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Vaz_de_Torres" title="Luís Vaz de Torres">Luís Vaz de Torres</a> explored the southern coast of New Guinea from <a href="/wiki/Milne_Bay" title="Milne Bay">Milne Bay</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Papua" title="Gulf of Papua">Gulf of Papua</a> including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orangerie_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orangerie Bay (page does not exist)">Orangerie Bay</a>, which he named <i>Bahía de San Lorenzo</i>. His expedition also discovered <a href="/wiki/Basilaki_Island" title="Basilaki Island">Basilaki Island</a> naming it <i>Tierra de San Buenaventura</i>, which he claimed for Spain in July 1606.<sup id="cite_ref-Torres_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torres-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 October, his expedition reached the western part of the island in present-day Indonesia, and also claimed the territory for the King of Spain. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Guinea_(1884-1919).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/New_Guinea_%281884-1919%29.png/250px-New_Guinea_%281884-1919%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/New_Guinea_%281884-1919%29.png/375px-New_Guinea_%281884-1919%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/New_Guinea_%281884-1919%29.png/500px-New_Guinea_%281884-1919%29.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>New Guinea from 1884 to 1919. <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">The Netherlands</a> controlled the western half of New Guinea, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> the north-eastern part, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> the south-eastern part.</figcaption></figure> <p>A successive European claim occurred in 1828, when the Netherlands formally claimed the western half of the island as <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands New Guinea">Netherlands New Guinea</a>. Dutch colonial authority built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Du_Bus" title="Fort Du Bus">Fort Du Bus</a> an administrative and trading post established near Lobo, Triton Bay, but by 1835 had been abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-SEJARAH_RAT_SRAN_RAJA_KOMISI_KAIMANA_(History_of_Rat_Sran_King_of_Kaimana)_2017_pp._85–92_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEJARAH_RAT_SRAN_RAJA_KOMISI_KAIMANA_(History_of_Rat_Sran_King_of_Kaimana)_2017_pp._85–92-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering that New Guinea had little economic value for them, the Dutch promoted Tidore as suzerain of Papua. By 1849, Tidore's borders had been extended to the proximity of the current international border between Indonesia and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, as it formed extensive trade pact and custom of <i>Uli-Siwa</i> ( federation of nine ).<sup id="cite_ref-Swadling_Wagner_Laba_p._17_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swadling_Wagner_Laba_p._17-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1883, following a short-lived French annexation of <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)">New Ireland</a>, the British colony of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> annexed south-eastern New Guinea. However, the Queensland government's superiors in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> revoked the claim, and (formally) assumed direct responsibility in 1884, when <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> claimed north-eastern New Guinea as the protectorate of <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Wilhelmsland" title="Kaiser-Wilhelmsland">Kaiser-Wilhelmsland</a>). </p><p>The first Dutch government posts were established in 1898 and in 1902: Manokwari on the north coast, Fak-Fak in the west and Merauke in the south at the border with <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">British New Guinea</a>. The German, Dutch and British colonial administrators each attempted to suppress the still-widespread practices of inter-village warfare and <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunting</a> within their respective territories.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1905, the British government transferred some administrative responsibility over southeast New Guinea to Australia (which renamed the area "<a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Territory of Papua</a>"); and, in 1906, transferred all remaining responsibility to Australia. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Australian forces seized German New Guinea, which in 1920 became the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Territory of New Guinea</a>, to be administered by Australia under a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandate</a>. The territories under Australian administration became collectively known as The Territories of Papua and New Guinea (until February 1942). </p><p>Before about 1930, European maps showed the highlands as uninhabited forests.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When first flown over by aircraft, numerous settlements with agricultural terraces and stockades were observed. The most startling discovery took place on 4 August 1938, when <a href="/wiki/Richard_Archbold" title="Richard Archbold">Richard Archbold</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Baliem_Valley" title="Baliem Valley">Grand Valley</a> of the Baliem River, which had 50,000 yet-undiscovered Stone Age farmers living in orderly villages. The people, known as the <a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a>, were the last society of its size to make first contact with the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1930 expedition led by the prospector Michael Lehay also encountered an indigenous group in the highlands. The inhabitants, believing themselves to be the only people in the world and, having never seen Europeans before, initially believed the explorers to be spirits of the dead due to the local belief that a person's skin turned white when they died and crossed into the land of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1943_World_War_II_Japanese_Aeronautical_Map_of_New_Guinea_-_Geographicus_-_NewGuinea14-wwii-1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1943_World_War_II_Japanese_Aeronautical_Map_of_New_Guinea_-_Geographicus_-_NewGuinea14-wwii-1943.jpg/220px-1943_World_War_II_Japanese_Aeronautical_Map_of_New_Guinea_-_Geographicus_-_NewGuinea14-wwii-1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1943_World_War_II_Japanese_Aeronautical_Map_of_New_Guinea_-_Geographicus_-_NewGuinea14-wwii-1943.jpg/330px-1943_World_War_II_Japanese_Aeronautical_Map_of_New_Guinea_-_Geographicus_-_NewGuinea14-wwii-1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1943_World_War_II_Japanese_Aeronautical_Map_of_New_Guinea_-_Geographicus_-_NewGuinea14-wwii-1943.jpg/440px-1943_World_War_II_Japanese_Aeronautical_Map_of_New_Guinea_-_Geographicus_-_NewGuinea14-wwii-1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3407" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese military map of New Guinea from 1943</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aust_soldiers_Finisterres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aust_soldiers_Finisterres.jpg/220px-Aust_soldiers_Finisterres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aust_soldiers_Finisterres.jpg/330px-Aust_soldiers_Finisterres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aust_soldiers_Finisterres.jpg/440px-Aust_soldiers_Finisterres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Australian soldiers resting in the <a href="/wiki/Finisterre_Range" title="Finisterre Range">Finisterre Ranges</a> of New Guinea while en route to the front line</figcaption></figure> <p>Netherlands New Guinea and the Australian territories (the eastern half ) were invaded in 1942 by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a>. The Netherlands were defeated by that stage and did not put up a fight, and the western section was not of any strategic value to either side, so they did not battle there. The Japanese invaded the north shore of the Australia territories and were aiming to move south and take the southern shore too. The highlands, northern and eastern parts of the island became key battlefields in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific Theatre</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Notable battles were for <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Moresby" title="Battle of Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a> (the naval battle is known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a>), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milne_Bay" title="Battle of Milne Bay">Milne Bay</a> and for the <a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda track</a>. Papuans often gave vital assistance to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, fighting alongside Australian troops, and carrying equipment and injured men across New Guinea. Approximately 216,000 Japanese, Australian and U.S. soldiers, sailors and airmen died during the New Guinea Campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_World_War_II">Since World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Since World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></div> <p>Following the return to civil administration after World War II, the Australian section was known as the Territory of Papua-New Guinea from 1945 to 1949 and then as <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Territory of Papua and New Guinea</a>. Although the rest of the Dutch East Indies achieved independence as Indonesia on 27 December 1949, the Netherlands regained control of western New Guinea. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Guinea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/New_Guinea.png/220px-New_Guinea.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/New_Guinea.png/330px-New_Guinea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/New_Guinea.png/440px-New_Guinea.png 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="1533" /></a><figcaption>Map of New Guinea, with place names as used in English in the 1940s</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1950s, the Dutch government began to prepare Netherlands New Guinea for full independence and allowed elections in 1959; the partial elected <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Council" title="New Guinea Council">New Guinea Council</a> took office on 5 April 1961. The Council decided on the name of West Papua (<i>Papua Barat</i>) for the territory, along with an emblem, <a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_flag" title="Morning Star flag">flag</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hai_Tanahku_Papua" title="Hai Tanahku Papua">anthem</a> to complement those of the Netherlands. On 1 October 1962, after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Trikora" title="Operation Trikora">some military interventions</a> and negotiations, the Dutch handed over the territory to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Temporary_Executive_Authority" title="United Nations Temporary Executive Authority">United Nations Temporary Executive Authority</a>, until 1 May 1963, when Indonesia took control. The territory was renamed West Irian (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Irian Barat</i></span>) and then Irian Jaya. In 1969, Indonesia, under the 1962 <a href="/wiki/New_York_Agreement" title="New York Agreement">New York Agreement</a>, organised a referendum named the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Free_Choice" title="Act of Free Choice">Act of Free Choice</a>, in which the military hand picked Papuan tribal elders to vote for integration with Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been significant reported resistance to Indonesian integration and occupation,<sup id="cite_ref-celerier_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celerier-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both through civil disobedience (such as publicly raising the Morning Star flag) and via the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Papua_Merdeka" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisasi Papua Merdeka">Organisasi Papua Merdeka</a> (OPM, or Free Papua Movement) in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> has estimated more than 100,000 Papuans, one-sixth of the population, have died as a result of government-sponsored violence against West Papuans.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports published by <a href="/wiki/TRT_World" title="TRT World">TRT World</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter_Oldenbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="De Gruyter Oldenbourg">De Gruyter Oldenbourg</a> have put the number of killed Papuans since the start of the conflict at roughly 500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westpapua.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Westpapua.png/240px-Westpapua.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Westpapua.png/360px-Westpapua.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Westpapua.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> was formally annexed by Indonesia in 1969.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1971, the name Papua New Guinea was used for the Australian territory. On 16 September 1975, Australia granted full independence to Papua New Guinea. In 2000, Irian Jaya was formally renamed "The Province of Papua" and a Law on Special Autonomy was passed in 2001. The Law established a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_People%27s_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papuan People's Assembly (page does not exist)">Papuan People's Assembly</a> (MRP) with representatives of the different indigenous cultures of Papua. The MRP was empowered to protect the rights of Papuans, raise the status of women in Papua, and to ease religious tensions in Papua; <a href="/wiki/Block_grants" class="mw-redirect" title="Block grants">block grants</a> were given for the implementation of the Law as much as $266 million in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Court system of Indonesia">Indonesian courts</a>' enforcement of the Law on Special Autonomy blocked further creation of subdivisions of Papua: although President <a href="/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputri" title="Megawati Sukarnoputri">Megawati Sukarnoputri</a> was able to create a separate West Papua province in 2003 as a <a href="/wiki/Fait_accompli" class="mw-redirect" title="Fait accompli">fait accompli</a>, plans for a third province on western New Guinea were blocked by the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics argue that the Indonesian government has been reluctant to establish or issue various government implementing regulations so that the legal provisions of special autonomy could be put into practice, and as a result special autonomy in Papua has "failed".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, the Indonesian Government split Papuan Province into four provinces. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua Province</a> proper (capital <a href="/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura">Jayapura</a>), the three new provinces are <a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a> (capital <a href="/wiki/Merauke_Regency" title="Merauke Regency">Merauke</a>), <a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a> (capital <a href="/wiki/Nabire_Regency" title="Nabire Regency">Nabire</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a> (capital <a href="/wiki/Jayawijaya_Regency" title="Jayawijaya Regency">Jayawijaya</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a> (capital <a href="/wiki/Sorong" title="Sorong">Sorong</a>) was split from <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a> (capital <a href="/wiki/Manokwari" title="Manokwari">Manokwari</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The culture of <a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">inter-tribal warfare</a> and animosity between the neighboring tribes are still present in New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The alternative name <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Nugini</i></span> is generally only used as part of the country name of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Papua Nugini</i></span>, and of the names of the historical territories of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">Dutch New Guinea</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Nugini Belanda</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Nugini Jerman</i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Territory of New Guinea</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Teritori Nugini</i></span>). Thus, <i>Nugini</i> is effectively a <a href="/wiki/Fossil_word" title="Fossil word">fossil word</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-geop-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geop_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geop_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geop_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geop_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geop_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geop_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBilveer_Singh2008" class="citation book cs1">Bilveer Singh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwbO-uRZQx0C"><i>Papua: geopolitics and the quest for nationhood</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1206-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1206-1"><bdi>978-1-4128-1206-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papua%3A+geopolitics+and+the+quest+for+nationhood&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-1206-1&rft.au=Bilveer+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpwbO-uRZQx0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tapol.org/our-work/west-papua">"West Papua – promoting human rights, peace and democracy in Indonesia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tapol" title="Tapol">Tapol</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209234437/https://www.tapol.org/our-work/west-papua">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tapol&rft.atitle=West+Papua+%E2%80%93+promoting+human+rights%2C+peace+and+democracy+in+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tapol.org%2Four-work%2Fwest-papua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tides-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tides_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tides_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tides_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tides_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickellKal_Müller2002" class="citation book cs1">Pickell, David; Kal Müller (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUtz2hjvPvMC&pg=PA153"><i>Between the tides: a fascinating journey among the Kamoro of New Guinea</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0072-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0072-3"><bdi>978-0-7946-0072-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+tides%3A+a+fascinating+journey+among+the+Kamoro+of+New+Guinea&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7946-0072-3&rft.aulast=Pickell&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kal+M%C3%BCller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUtz2hjvPvMC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarmidzy_Thamrin2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarmidzy Thamrin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEl0AAAAMAAJ"><i>Boven Digoel: lambang perlawanan terhadap kolonialisme</i></a> (in Indonesian). Ciscom-Cottage. p. 424.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boven+Digoel%3A+lambang+perlawanan+terhadap+kolonialisme&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=Ciscom-Cottage&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Tarmidzy+Thamrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEl0AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wanggai_2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wanggai_2008_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wanggai_2008_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wanggai_2008_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wanggai_2008_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanggai2008" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wanggai, Tony V.M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/7292/1/Toni%20Victor%20M.%20Wanggai_Rekonstruksi%20Sejarah%20Umat%20Islam%20di%20Tanah%20Papua.pdf"><i>Rekonstruksi Sejarah Islam di Tanah Papua</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis) (in Indonesian). UIN Syarif Hidayatullah<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Rekonstruksi+Sejarah+Islam+di+Tanah+Papua&rft.inst=UIN+Syarif+Hidayatullah&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wanggai&rft.aufirst=Tony+V.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.uinjkt.ac.id%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F7292%2F1%2FToni%2520Victor%2520M.%2520Wanggai_Rekonstruksi%2520Sejarah%2520Umat%2520Islam%2520di%2520Tanah%2520Papua.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPloeg2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ploeg, Anton (2002). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'De Papoea' What's in a name?". <i>Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 75–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14442210210001706216">10.1080/14442210210001706216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145344026">145344026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Pacific+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=%27De+Papoea%27+What%27s+in+a+name%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-101&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14442210210001706216&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145344026%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ploeg&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sollewijn_Gelpke_1993_pp._318–332-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sollewijn_Gelpke_1993_pp._318–332_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSollewijn_Gelpke1993" class="citation journal cs1">Sollewijn Gelpke, J.H.F. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003129">"On the origin of the name Papua"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia</i>. <b>149</b> (2). Brill: 318–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003129">10.1163/22134379-90003129</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2294">0006-2294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde+%2F+Journal+of+the+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=On+the+origin+of+the+name+Papua&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=318-332&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003129&rft.issn=0006-2294&rft.aulast=Sollewijn+Gelpke&rft.aufirst=J.H.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-90003129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geop2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geop2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilveer_Singh2008" class="citation book cs1">Bilveer Singh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwbO-uRZQx0C"><i>Papua: geopolitics and the quest for nationhood</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1206-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1206-1"><bdi>978-1-4128-1206-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papua%3A+geopolitics+and+the+quest+for+nationhood&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-1206-1&rft.au=Bilveer+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpwbO-uRZQx0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krey-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-krey_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamdhani2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramdhani, Jabbar (15 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5374024/mengenal-corinus-krey-pejuang-pembebasan-papua-dan-pencetus-nama-irian">"Mengenal Corinus Krey, Pejuang Pembebasan Papua dan Pencetus Nama Irian"</a>. <i>detiknews</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=detiknews&rft.atitle=Mengenal+Corinus+Krey%2C+Pejuang+Pembebasan+Papua+dan+Pencetus+Nama+Irian&rft.date=2021-02-15&rft.aulast=Ramdhani&rft.aufirst=Jabbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.detik.com%2Fberita%2Fd-5374024%2Fmengenal-corinus-krey-pejuang-pembebasan-papua-dan-pencetus-nama-irian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyuwuragil" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ayuwuragil, Kustin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20180816162950-20-322837/frans-kaisiepo-dan-ikut-republik-indonesia-anti-nederland">"Frans Kaisiepo dan 'Ikut Republik Indonesia Anti Nederland'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>nasional</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasional&rft.atitle=Frans+Kaisiepo+dan+%27Ikut+Republik+Indonesia+Anti+Nederland%27&rft.aulast=Ayuwuragil&rft.aufirst=Kustin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnindonesia.com%2Fnasional%2F20180816162950-20-322837%2Ffrans-kaisiepo-dan-ikut-republik-indonesia-anti-nederland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1972" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Don (1972). <i>Miracles In Indonesia</i>. United States: Tyndale House Publishers. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842343503" title="Special:BookSources/9780842343503"><bdi>9780842343503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miracles+In+Indonesia&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Tyndale+House+Publishers&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780842343503&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prentice, M.L. and G.S. Hope (2006). "Climate of Papua". Ch. 2.3 in Marshall, A.J., and Beehler, B.M. (eds.). The Ecology of Papua. Singapore: Periplus Editions. <i>The authors note that "The magnitude of the recession of the Carstensz Glaciers, its causes, and its implications for local, regional, and global climate change are only qualitatively known. The recession of the Carstensz Glaciers from ~11 km<sup>2</sup> in 1942 to 2.4 km<sup>2</sup> by 2000 represents about an 80% decrease in ice area."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517095529/http://www.easternsnow.org/proceedings/2004/kincaid_and_klein.pdf">"Kincaid and Kline, "Retreat of the Irian Jaya Glaciers from 2000 to 2002 as Measured from IKONOS Satellite Images", paper presented at 61st Eastern Snow Conference, Portland, Maine, 2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easternsnow.org/proceedings/2004/kincaid_and_klein.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kincaid+and+Kline%2C+%22Retreat+of+the+Irian+Jaya+Glaciers+from+2000+to+2002+as+Measured+from+IKONOS+Satellite+Images%22%2C+paper+presented+at+61st+Eastern+Snow+Conference%2C+Portland%2C+Maine%2C+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easternsnow.org%2Fproceedings%2F2004%2Fkincaid_and_klein.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nichols.edu/DEPARTMENTS/Glacier/glacier_retreat.htm">Recent Global Glacier Retreat Overview</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDénes1978" class="citation book cs1">Dénes, Balázs (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookline.ro/product/home.action?_v=Balazs_Denes_Ausztralia_Oceania_Antar&type=20&id=398323"><i>Ausztrália, Óceánia, Antarktisz</i></a>. Gondolat. pp. 286–287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-280-677-8" title="Special:BookSources/963-280-677-8"><bdi>963-280-677-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ausztr%C3%A1lia%2C+%C3%93ce%C3%A1nia%2C+Antarktisz&rft.pages=286-287&rft.pub=Gondolat&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=963-280-677-8&rft.aulast=D%C3%A9nes&rft.aufirst=Bal%C3%A1zs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookline.ro%2Fproduct%2Fhome.action%3F_v%3DBalazs_Denes_Ausztralia_Oceania_Antar%26type%3D20%26id%3D398323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1863" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace, Alfred Russel</a> (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117084201/http://web2.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S078.htm">"On the Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web2.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S078.htm">the original</a> on 17 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Physical+Geography+of+the+Malay+Archipelago&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Russel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb2.wku.edu%2F~smithch%2Fwallace%2FS078.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aims-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aims_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927084419/http://www.aims.gov.au/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=703cba58-6526-44e4-91eb-7ef84e4ba25d&groupId=30301">"Big Bank Shoals of the Timor Sea: An environmental resource atlas"</a>. Australian Institute of Marine Science. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aims.gov.au/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=703cba58-6526-44e4-91eb-7ef84e4ba25d&groupId=30301">the original</a> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Big+Bank+Shoals+of+the+Timor+Sea%3A+An+environmental+resource+atlas&rft.pub=Australian+Institute+of+Marine+Science&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aims.gov.au%2Fc%2Fdocument_library%2Fget_file%3Fuuid%3D703cba58-6526-44e4-91eb-7ef84e4ba25d%26groupId%3D30301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ballard-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ballard_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ballard_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ballard_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ballard_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallard1993" class="citation conference cs1">Ballard, Chris (1993). "Stimulating minds to fantasy? A critical etymology for Sahul". <i>Sahul in review: Pleistocene archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and island Melanesia</i>. Canberra: <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7315-1540-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7315-1540-4"><bdi>0-7315-1540-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Stimulating+minds+to+fantasy%3F+A+critical+etymology+for+Sahul&rft.btitle=Sahul+in+review%3A+Pleistocene+archaeology+in+Australia%2C+New+Guinea+and+island+Melanesia&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7315-1540-4&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen_1977-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_1977_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_1977_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1977" class="citation book cs1">Allen, J. (1977). Golson, J.; Jones, R. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sundasahulprehis0000unse"><i>Sunda and Sahul: Prehistorical studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia</i></a></span>. London: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-051250-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-051250-5"><bdi>0-12-051250-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunda+and+Sahul%3A+Prehistorical+studies+in+Southeast+Asia%2C+Melanesia+and+Australia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-12-051250-5&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsundasahulprehis0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenGosdenJonesWhite1988" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Jim; Gosden, Chris; Jones, Rhys; White, J. Peter (1988). "Pleistocene dates for the human occupation of New Ireland, northern Melanesia". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>331</b> (6158): 707–709. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.331..707A">1988Natur.331..707A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F331707a0">10.1038/331707a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3125483">3125483</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6912997">6912997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Pleistocene+dates+for+the+human+occupation+of+New+Ireland%2C+northern+Melanesia&rft.volume=331&rft.issue=6158&rft.pages=707-709&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F331707a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6912997%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3125483&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Natur.331..707A&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Gosden%2C+Chris&rft.au=Jones%2C+Rhys&rft.au=White%2C+J.+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Melanesia, the ethnogeographic region that includes New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia, contains some of the most remote and inaccessible populations on earth." Highly divergent molecular variants of human T-lymphotropic virus type I from isolated populations in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, A Gessian, R Yanagihara, G Franchini, R M Garruto, C L Jenkins, A B Ajdukiewicz, R C Gallo, and D C Gajdusek, PNAS September 1, 1991 vol. 88 no. 17 7694–7698</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacey2005" class="citation news cs1">Macey, Richard (21 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Map-from-above-shows-Australia-is-a-very-flat-place/2005/01/21/1106110947946.html">"Map from above shows Australia is a very flat place"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2FB570707">"Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas"</a>. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>57</b> (7): 573–583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2FB570707">10.1641/B570707</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=Marine+Ecoregions+of+the+World%3A+A+Bioregionalization+of+Coastal+and+Shelf+Areas&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=573-583&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1641%2FB570707&rft.aulast=Spalding&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rft.au=Fox%2C+Helen+E.&rft.au=Allen%2C+Gerald+R.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1641%252FB570707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The team also dated features consistent with the planting, digging, and tethering of plants and localized drainage systems to 10,000 years ago. Mounds constructed to plant water-intolerant plants such as bananas, sugarcane, and yams are dated to about 6,500 years ago." "Was Papua New Guinea an Early Agriculture Pioneer?" By John Roach, for <i>National Geographic News</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050311082543/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0623_030623_kukagriculture.html">June 23, 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantcultures.org/plants/sugar_cane_history_early_origins_and_spread.html">Sugar cane early origins and spread</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706140248/http://www.plantcultures.org/plants/sugar_cane_history_early_origins_and_spread.html">Archived</a> 2009-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Plant Cultures (2004-11-18). Retrieved on 2013-07-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamond, Jared. <i>Collapse</i>. (German translation), Frankfurt 2005, p. 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamond, Jared. <i>Collapse</i>. (German translation), Frankfurt 2005, p. 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Szvr5hUtD5kC&pg=PA61"><i>Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogeneses of people in Indonesian archipelago:proceedings of the international symposium</i></a>. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 2006. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-26-2436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-26-2436-6"><bdi>978-979-26-2436-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austronesian+diaspora+and+the+ethnogeneses+of+people+in+Indonesian+archipelago%3Aproceedings+of+the+international+symposium&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Yayasan+Obor+Indonesia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-979-26-2436-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzvr5hUtD5kC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiana2009" class="citation book cs1">Riana, I Ketut (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A5p9tEO1_gUC"><i>Nagara Krtagama : Criticism on Desawarnana or Nagarakrtagama, an Old Javanese literature on the golden era of Majapahit Kingdom</i></a>. Penerbit Buku Kompas. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-709-433-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-709-433-1"><bdi>978-979-709-433-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nagara+Krtagama+%3A+Criticism+on+Desawarnana+or+Nagarakrtagama%2C+an+Old+Javanese+literature+on+the+golden+era+of+Majapahit+Kingdom.&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Penerbit+Buku+Kompas&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-979-709-433-1&rft.aulast=Riana&rft.aufirst=I+Ketut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA5p9tEO1_gUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2003" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Clive (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn6-x8lo3a8C"><i>New Guinea: crossing boundaries and history</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2485-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2485-3"><bdi>978-0-8248-2485-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Guinea%3A+crossing+boundaries+and+history&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2485-3&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSn6-x8lo3a8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crocombe-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crocombe_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crocombe_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocombe2007" class="citation book cs1">Crocombe, R. G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC&pg=PA281"><i>Asia in the Pacific Islands: replacing the West</i></a>. University of the South Pacific. Institute of Pacific Studies. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-982-02-0388-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-982-02-0388-4"><bdi>978-982-02-0388-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Pacific+Islands%3A+replacing+the+West&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=University+of+the+South+Pacific.+Institute+of+Pacific+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-982-02-0388-4&rft.aulast=Crocombe&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDg9oAkwsXAC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nuku-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nuku_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuku_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatrio_Widjojo2009" class="citation book cs1">Satrio Widjojo, Muridan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3wsrumdSvrUC"><i>The revolt of Prince Nuku: cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780–1810</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17201-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17201-2"><bdi>978-90-04-17201-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+revolt+of+Prince+Nuku%3A+cross-cultural+alliance-making+in+Maluku%2C+c.1780%E2%80%931810&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17201-2&rft.aulast=Satrio+Widjojo&rft.aufirst=Muridan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3wsrumdSvrUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collingridge, George The discovery of Australia, Sidney, 1895, pp.186–187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFscheme=AGLSTERMS._AglsAgent;_corporateName=State_Library_of_New_South_Wales;_address=1_Shakespeare_Place2016" class="citation web cs1">scheme=AGLSTERMS. AglsAgent; corporateName=State Library of New South Wales; address=1 Shakespeare Place, Sydney (7 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/papua-new-guinea-forty-years-independence/mapping-papua-new-guinea">"Mapping Papua New Guinea"</a>. <i>www.sl.nsw.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sl.nsw.gov.au&rft.atitle=Mapping+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.date=2016-06-07&rft.aulast=scheme%3DAGLSTERMS.+AglsAgent%3B+corporateName%3DState+Library+of+New+South+Wales%3B+address%3D1+Shakespeare+Place&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sl.nsw.gov.au%2Fstories%2Fpapua-new-guinea-forty-years-independence%2Fmapping-papua-new-guinea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torres-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Torres_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation of Torres' report to the king in Collingridge, G. (1895) <i>Discovery of Australia</i> p.229-237. Golden Press Edition 1983, Gladesville, NSW. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85558-956-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85558-956-6">0-85558-956-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEJARAH_RAT_SRAN_RAJA_KOMISI_KAIMANA_(History_of_Rat_Sran_King_of_Kaimana)_2017_pp._85–92-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEJARAH_RAT_SRAN_RAJA_KOMISI_KAIMANA_(History_of_Rat_Sran_King_of_Kaimana)_2017_pp._85–92_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsmany2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Usmany, Desy Polla (3 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jurnalarkeologipapua.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/jpap/article/view/45/0">"SEJARAH RAT SRAN RAJA KOMISI KAIMANA (History of Rat Sran King of Kaimana)"</a>. <i>Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua Dan Papua Barat</i> (in Indonesian). <b>6</b> (1): 85–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24832%2Fpapua.v6i1.45">10.24832/papua.v6i1.45</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2580-9237">2580-9237</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurnal+Penelitian+Arkeologi+Papua+Dan+Papua+Barat&rft.atitle=SEJARAH+RAT+SRAN+RAJA+KOMISI+KAIMANA+%28History+of+Rat+Sran+King+of+Kaimana%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-92&rft.date=2017-06-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24832%2Fpapua.v6i1.45&rft.issn=2580-9237&rft.aulast=Usmany&rft.aufirst=Desy+Polla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjurnalarkeologipapua.kemdikbud.go.id%2Findex.php%2Fjpap%2Farticle%2Fview%2F45%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swadling_Wagner_Laba_p._17-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swadling_Wagner_Laba_p._17_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwadlingWagnerLaba2019" class="citation book cs1">Swadling, Pamela; Wagner, Roy; Laba, Billai (1 December 2019). <i>Plumes from Paradise</i>. Sydney University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30722%2Fsup.9781743325445">10.30722/sup.9781743325445</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74332-544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74332-544-5"><bdi>978-1-74332-544-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240917675">240917675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plumes+from+Paradise&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Sydney+University+Press&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240917675%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30722%2Fsup.9781743325445&rft.isbn=978-1-74332-544-5&rft.aulast=Swadling&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Roy&rft.au=Laba%2C+Billai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, Osmar. <i>Parliament of a Thousand Tribes</i>, Heinemann, London, 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, Michael. Minima ethnographica: Intersubjectivity and the anthropological project. University of Chicago Press, 1998, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamond, Jared. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Third_Chimpanzee" title="The Third Chimpanzee">The Third Chimpanzee</a></i>. Harper Collins, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, Michael. Minima ethnographica: Intersubjectivity and the anthropological project. University of Chicago Press, 1998, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/pages/NT000027A2">Remembering the war in New Guinea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091011112729/http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/pages/NT000027A2">Archived</a> 2009-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Australian War Memorial.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJed_Smith2017" class="citation web cs1">Jed Smith (25 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/wnvgaz/the-west-papuan-warriors-are-a-rugby-league-team-trying-to-stop-a-genocide">"The West Papuan Warriors Are A Rugby League Team Trying To Stop A Genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice.com">Vice.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice.com&rft.atitle=The+West+Papuan+Warriors+Are+A+Rugby+League+Team+Trying+To+Stop+A+Genocide&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.au=Jed+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwnvgaz%2Fthe-west-papuan-warriors-are-a-rugby-league-team-trying-to-stop-a-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNAJ_Taylor2011" class="citation web cs1">NAJ Taylor (19 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/10/19/west-papua-a-history-of-exploitation">"West Papua: A history of exploitation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=West+Papua%3A+A+history+of+exploitation&rft.date=2011-10-19&rft.au=NAJ+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2011%2F10%2F19%2Fwest-papua-a-history-of-exploitation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-celerier-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-celerier_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippe Pataud Celerier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondediplo.com/2010/06/14indonesia">Autonomy isn't independence; Indonesian democracy stops in Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_Diplomatique" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Monde Diplomatique">Le Monde Diplomatique</a>, June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalia_Laurensia_Carmelia_Yewen2021" class="citation web cs1">Natalia Laurensia Carmelia Yewen (4 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3139577/indonesias-restive-papua-region-will-bidens-human-rights-focus">"For Indonesia's restive Papua region, will Biden's human rights focus bring any change?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=For+Indonesia%27s+restive+Papua+region%2C+will+Biden%27s+human+rights+focus+bring+any+change%3F&rft.date=2021-07-04&rft.au=Natalia+Laurensia+Carmelia+Yewen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fweek-asia%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3139577%2Findonesias-restive-papua-region-will-bidens-human-rights-focus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615064843/http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=651">Report claims secret genocide in Indonesia – University of Sydney</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/asia/31-people-have-been-killed-in-west-papua-why-22276">"31 people have been killed in West Papua. Why?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TRT_World" title="TRT World">TRT World</a></i>. 7 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TRT+World&rft.atitle=31+people+have+been+killed+in+West+Papua.+Why%3F&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trtworld.com%2Fasia%2F31-people-have-been-killed-in-west-papua-why-22276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonopoulosCottle2019" class="citation book cs1">Antonopoulos, Paul; Cottle, Drew (5 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110659054-009/html?lang=en"><i>9. Forgotten Genocide in Indonesia: Mass Violence, Resource Exploitation and Struggle for Independence in West Papua</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter_Oldenbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="De Gruyter Oldenbourg">De Gruyter Oldenbourg</a>. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110659054-009">10.1515/9783110659054-009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-065905-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-065905-4"><bdi>978-3-11-065905-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202313147">202313147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=9.+Forgotten+Genocide+in+Indonesia%3A+Mass+Violence%2C+Resource+Exploitation+and+Struggle+for+Independence+in+West+Papua&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Oldenbourg&rft.date=2019-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202313147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110659054-009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-065905-4&rft.aulast=Antonopoulos&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Cottle%2C+Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110659054-009%2Fhtml%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogau2011" class="citation news cs1">Pogau, Oktovianus (13 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/columns/the-thinker-pending-in-papua/416800">"The Thinker: Pending in Papua"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Globe" title="Jakarta Globe">Jakarta Globe</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Thinker%3A+Pending+in+Papua&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft.aulast=Pogau&rft.aufirst=Oktovianus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartaglobe.com%2Fcolumns%2Fthe-thinker-pending-in-papua%2F416800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, 2004, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2015" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Rochelle (22 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/oct/22/west-papua-women-indonesian-rule-violence">"West Papuan women left isolated and beset by violence under Indonesian rule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=West+Papuan+women+left+isolated+and+beset+by+violence+under+Indonesian+rule&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Rochelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2015%2Foct%2F22%2Fwest-papua-women-indonesian-rule-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etan.org/issues/wpapua/1207spaut.htm">"Special Autonomy Issue (West Papua)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_and_Indonesia_Action_Network" title="East Timor and Indonesia Action Network">East Timor and Indonesia Action Network</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Timor+and+Indonesia+Action+Network&rft.atitle=Special+Autonomy+Issue+%28West+Papua%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etan.org%2Fissues%2Fwpapua%2F1207spaut.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.antaranews.com/news/260489/division-of-papua-province-to-promote-development-ministry">"Division of Papua province to promote development: ministry"</a>. <i>Antara News</i>. 15 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antara+News&rft.atitle=Division+of+Papua+province+to+promote+development%3A+ministry&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.antaranews.com%2Fnews%2F260489%2Fdivision-of-papua-province-to-promote-development-ministry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kompas.id/baca/foto/2022/11/17/dpr-sahkan-ruu-pembentukan-papua-barat-daya">"DPR Sahkan RUU Pembentukan Papua Barat Daya"</a>. <i>kompas.id</i> (in Indonesian). 17 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117102647/https://www.kompas.id/baca/foto/2022/11/17/dpr-sahkan-ruu-pembentukan-papua-barat-daya">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kompas.id&rft.atitle=DPR+Sahkan+RUU+Pembentukan+Papua+Barat+Daya&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kompas.id%2Fbaca%2Ffoto%2F2022%2F11%2F17%2Fdpr-sahkan-ruu-pembentukan-papua-barat-daya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-10/png-tribal-massacre-poor-policing-weapons-influx-fuel-violence/11297136">"Papua New Guinea massacre of women and children highlights poor policing, gun influx"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 11 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea+massacre+of+women+and+children+highlights+poor+policing%2C+gun+influx&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-07-10%2Fpng-tribal-massacre-poor-policing-weapons-influx-fuel-violence%2F11297136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel" title="Guns, Germs, and Steel">Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the last 13,000 Years</a></i>, 1997.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwf.panda.org/discover/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/new_guinea_forests/area_forests_new_guinea/new_guinea_forests_ecosystems/savanna_grasslands_new_guinea">"New Guinea savannas and grasslands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WWF&rft.atitle=New+Guinea+savannas+and+grasslands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwf.panda.org%2Fdiscover%2Fknowledge_hub%2Fwhere_we_work%2Fnew_guinea_forests%2Farea_forests_new_guinea%2Fnew_guinea_forests_ecosystems%2Fsavanna_grasslands_new_guinea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Guinea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:New Guinea">New Guinea</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/New_Guinea#Q40285" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:New Guinea">New Guinea</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129025545/http://www.papuaweb.org/gb/peta/sejarah/collingridge/">Facsimile of material from "The Discovery of New Guinea" by George Collingridge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209023212/http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article343740.ece">Scientists hail discovery of hundreds of new species in remote New Guinea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papuaweb.org/">PapuaWeb official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116121904/http://www.papuaweb.org/">Archived</a> 16 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parasiticplants.siu.edu/NewGuineaLoranths/NewGuineaMap.html">Detailed map of New Guinea</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/New Guinea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/New_Guinea">"New Guinea" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Guinea&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Guinea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples#Oceania" title="List of Indigenous peoples">Culture of indigenous Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Ahu" title="Easter Island">Ahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Arts" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa">kapa (Hawaiʻi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magimagi" title="Magimagi">magimagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_art" title="Category:Māori art">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguzu_nguzu" title="Nguzu nguzu">nguzu nguzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimiro" title="Reimiro">reimiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">tā moko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabua" title="Tabua">tabua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala" title="Taʻovala">taʻovala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa ["masi" (Fiji), "ngatu" (Tonga), "siapo" (Sāmoa), " ʻuha" (Rotuma)]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%93fui" title="Tēfui">tēfui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivaevae" title="Tivaevae">tivaevae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broad culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava_culture" title="Kava culture">Kava culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_%27ava_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa 'ava ceremony">Sāmoa 'ava ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving#Aboriginal" title="History of wood carving">Wood carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geo-specific,<br />general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians#Culture" title="Indigenous Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal astronomy</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Culture" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands#People_and_culture" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, <i>-<a href="/wiki/Pwo" title="Pwo">Pwo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori#Revival_of_culture" title="Moriori">Chatham Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands#Culture" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Culture" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands#Culture_and_economy" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fijian_traditions_and_ceremonies" title="Fijian traditions and ceremonies">traditions and ceremonies</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam#Culture" title="Guam">Guam</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lomilomi_massage" title="Lomilomi massage">Lomilomi massage</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kiribati" title="Culture of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islands" title="Culture of the Marquesas Islands">French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia#Culture" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nauru" title="Culture of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia#Culture" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue#Culture" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island#Culture" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau#Culture" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Culture of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands#Culture_and_religion" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Culture of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tonga" title="Culture of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders#Culture" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu#Culture" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vanuatu" title="Culture of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna#Culture" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese culture">Marshall Islands</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick charts of</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Culture" title="Yap">Yap</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yap#Navigation_(sailing)" title="Yap">navigation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weriyeng" title="Weriyeng">Weriyeng navigation school</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_dugout_canoe" title="Aboriginal dugout canoe">Aboriginal dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)#Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)"> Paopao (Tuvalu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sailing#Polynesian_sailing_canoes" title="Canoe sailing">Polynesian sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_waka" title="List of Māori waka">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walap" title="Walap">Walap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAparima" title="ʻAparima">ʻAparima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibi" title="Cibi">cibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fara_(Rotuman_festivity)" title="Fara (Rotuman festivity)">fara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_performance" title="Fire performance">fire dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivinau" title="Hivinau">hivinau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailao" title="Kailao">kailao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meke" title="Meke">meke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27ote%27a" title="'ote'a">'ote'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27o%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'o'a">pa'o'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)" title="Poi (performance art)">poi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Rotuma" title="Dance in Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture#Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tahiti" title="Category:Dances of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamure" title="Tamure">tāmūrē</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautoga" title="Tautoga">tautoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tonga" title="Category:Dances of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27upa%27upa" title="'upa'upa">'upa'upa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garma_Festival_of_Traditional_Cultures" title="Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures">Garma Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hawaiʻi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Festivals" title="Aloha Festivals">Aloha Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival" title="Merrie Monarch Festival">Merrie Monarch Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Invitational_Hula_Festival" title="World Invitational Hula Festival">World Invitational Hula Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Fiji" title="List of festivals in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Matatini" title="Te Matatini">Te Matatini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Pacific_Arts" title="Festival of Pacific Arts">Festival of Pacific Arts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Festivals in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" title="Languages of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Languages of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Languages of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tokelau" title="Languages of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oceania" title="Category:Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literature_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Oceania">Literature of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Vanuatu" title="Literature of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Austral_Islands" title="Music of the Austral Islands">Austral Islands (French Polynesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Music" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Music of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guam" title="Music of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lali_(drum)" title="Lali (drum)">Lali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Caledonia" title="Music of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_music" title="Māori music">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niue" title="Music of Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Music of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_drum" title="Slit drum">Slit drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tahiti" title="Music of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tokelau" title="Music of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fijian_mythology" title="Category:Fijian mythology">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan mythology">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Maohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Oceanian legendary creatures">Oceanian legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vanuatu_mythology" title="Category:Vanuatu mythology">Vanuatuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Policy_Research_Consortium" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium">Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Chatham Islander (Moriori <em>or</em> Rekohu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijian (iTaukei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Islanders" title="Norfolk Islanders">Norfolk Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maohi" title="Maohi">Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotumans" title="Rotumans">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauans" title="Tokelauans">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongans" title="Tongans">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami people">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Religion in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Religion in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tokelau" title="Religion in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For other topics including Oceanian <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Oceania">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_money_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell money in Oceania">indigenous currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Oceanian_clothing" title="Category:History of Oceanian clothing">dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_folklore" title="Category:Oceanian folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_cuisine" title="Category:Oceanian cuisine">cuisine</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Category:Culture of Oceania">Category:Culture of Oceania</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_largest_islands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template talk:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_largest_islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">World's largest islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000 km<sup>2</sup><br />(38,610 sq mi) and greater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greenland" title="Geography of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island" title="Victoria Island">Victoria Island</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000–99,999 km<sup>2</sup><br />(7,722–38,610 sq mi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banks_Island" title="Banks Island">Banks Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tasmania" title="Geography of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Island" title="Devon Island">Devon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severny_Island" title="Severny Island">Severny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Grande_de_Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego">Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)" title="Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)">Melville Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Island" title="Southampton Island">Southampton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3" title="Marajó">Marajó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)">Prince of Wales Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhny_Island" title="Yuzhny Island">Yuzhny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan#Geography" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily#Geography" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Somerset Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotelny_Island" title="Kotelny Island">Kotelny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Geography" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bananal_Island" title="Bananal Island">Bananal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/21px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/32px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/42px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="452" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Guinea" title="Portal:New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/19px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/29px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/38px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/238365035">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfMh4DGVm6DthvP8M9VYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075319-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85091290">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628885">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nová Guinea (ostrov)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge138744&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529300105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10037003">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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