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href="#Compositions_and_recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Compositions and recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compositions_and_recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composers_and_performers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composers_and_performers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composers and performers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composers_and_performers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_England_Conservatory_of_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_England_Conservatory_of_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>New England Conservatory of Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_England_Conservatory_of_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical genre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Third stream</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Typical instruments</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Instruments commonly used in jazz</li><li>instruments commonly used in classical music</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Third stream</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a> that is a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>. The term was coined in 1957 by composer <a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schuller" title="Gunther Schuller">Gunther Schuller</a> in a lecture at <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>. There are many ways to define third-stream music. It could refer to a group of jazz musicians playing solely, or a jazz soloist performing with a symphony orchestra, as long as the musicians are able to interpret and play jazz music.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improvisation is generally seen as a vital component of third stream.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In third-stream music, composers incorporated elements of classical music, such as the use of jazz instruments and classical music forms, into their jazz compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fusion of jazz and classical music is also viewed as "born out of a reciprocal interest: the interest of the classical community in the developments in jazz music and the interest of the jazz community in the advances of classical music."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The innovative idea of fusing jazz and classical music pushed the boundaries of traditional classical music and introduced a new genre that blends the two styles into a unique hybrid form. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_critics">Definition and critics</h2></div> <p>In 1961, Schuller defined third stream as "a new genre of music located about halfway between jazz and classical music".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He insisted that "by definition there is no such thing as 'third stream jazz'".<sup id="cite_ref-Schuller_120_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuller_120-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noted that while critics on both sides of third stream objected to tainting their favorite music with the other, more strenuous objections were typically made by jazz musicians who felt such efforts were "an assault on their traditions". He wrote that "by designating the music as a 'separate, third stream', the other two mainstreams could go about their way unaffected by the attempts at fusion".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third-stream music emerged during a time when jazz was seeking recognition as a legitimate art form, and European musical traditions were still widely considered the standard by which all music was judged.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fusion of jazz and classical music, forming a new music genre, worsened the longstanding struggle of African American musicians to gain recognition for their art style within the mainstream of American culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics have argued that third stream—by drawing on two very different styles—dilutes the power of each in combining them.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuller_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuller-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jazz component of the music has been criticized for being too serious and not "<a href="/wiki/Swing_time" title="Swing time">swing</a>" enough.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the history of third-stream music style, bringing in two contrasting music styles forming a new music genre are not welcomed in either side, which has caused advocates and practitioners of this approach to face aesthetic battles on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others reject such notions and consider third stream an interesting musical development.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuller_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuller-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, Schuller offered a list of "What Third Stream Is Not":<sup id="cite_ref-Schuller_120_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuller_120-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>It is not jazz with strings.</li> <li>It is not jazz played on "classical" instruments.</li> <li>It is not classical music played by jazz players.</li> <li>It is not inserting a bit of <a href="/wiki/Ravel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravel">Ravel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a> between bebop changes—nor the reverse.</li> <li>It is not jazz in fugal form.</li> <li>It is not a fugue played by jazz players.</li> <li>It is not designed to do away with jazz or classical music; it is just another option amongst many for today's creative musicians.</li></ul> <p>In 2011, Gunther Schuller published his autobiography, <i>A Life in Pursuit of Music and Beauty</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In chapter 4, he describes discovering jazz music as a teenager and being fully attracted to <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>'s music and how he was fascinated by its "freely, loosely, more personal" music style, which he had not experienced as a classical learner. Later, he discusses how he wanted to combine classical music and jazz together to produce a third-stream, and how he explored this music style in various creative ways. He also shares his experiences of wanting to make the New England Conservatory more inclusive by adding new programs and jazz-related courses when he was the president from 1967 to 1977. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compositions_and_recordings">Compositions and recordings</h2></div> <p>Schuller led a group of musicians in recording the albums <i>Music for Brass</i> (1957) and <i>Modern Jazz Concert</i> (1958), later collected under one album, <i>The Birth of the Third Stream</i>. The first contained compositions by Schuller, <a href="/wiki/J.J._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="J.J. Johnson">J.J. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(pianist)" title="John Lewis (pianist)">John Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Giuffre" title="Jimmy Giuffre">Jimmy Giuffre</a>. The second album combined jazz and classical musicians with compositions by Schuller, Giuffre, <a href="/wiki/George_Russell_(composer)" title="George Russell (composer)">George Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Shapero" title="Harold Shapero">Harold Shapero</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a>. This music was performed for the first time at the Brandeis Festival of the Arts in 1957 and inspired Schuller's comment about "a new synthesis".<sup id="cite_ref-Teachout_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teachout-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composers who were influenced by Schuller's comments include <a href="/wiki/Don_Ellis" title="Don Ellis">Don Ellis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Sauter" title="Eddie Sauter">Eddie Sauter</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Russo_(musician)" title="William Russo (musician)">William Russo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andre_Hodeir" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Hodeir">Andre Hodeir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin" title="Lalo Schifrin">Lalo Schifrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teo_Macero" title="Teo Macero">Teo Macero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_McFarland" title="Gary McFarland">Gary McFarland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gulda" title="Friedrich Gulda">Friedrich Gulda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Teachout_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teachout-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others influenced by Third Stream include <a href="/wiki/Robert_Prince_(composer)" title="Robert Prince (composer)">Robert Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Carter" title="Ron Carter">Ron Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Daniels" title="Eddie Daniels">Eddie Daniels</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Kanengiser" title="William Kanengiser">William Kanengiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Loussier" title="Jacques Loussier">Jacques Loussier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Jazz_Quartet" title="Modern Jazz Quartet">Modern Jazz Quartet</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Newton" title="James Newton">James Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Towner" title="Ralph Towner">Ralph Towner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_Quartet" title="Turtle Island Quartet">Turtle Island Quartet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Williams" title="Mary Lou Williams">Mary Lou Williams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Yanow_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanow-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brad_Mehldau" title="Brad Mehldau">Brad Mehldau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Weber" title="Eberhard Weber">Eberhard Weber</a> and several other <a href="/wiki/ECM_Records" title="ECM Records">ECM Records</a> artists; in Italy, among others, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Tommaso" title="Bruno Tommaso">Bruno Tommaso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gianluigi_Trovesi" title="Gianluigi Trovesi">Gianluigi Trovesi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Pellegrini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Pellegrini (page does not exist)">Andrea Pellegrini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Gaslini" title="Giorgio Gaslini">Giorgio Gaslini</a>. </p><p>Works that fall under the heading of third stream include <i><a href="/wiki/Sketches_of_Spain" title="Sketches of Spain">Sketches of Spain</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gary_McFarland_Orchestra" title="The Gary McFarland Orchestra">The Gary McFarland Orchestra</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gary_McFarland" title="Gary McFarland">Gary McFarland</a>, <i>Focus</i>, a suite for saxophone and strings by Eddie Sauter; <i>Transformation</i> by Schuller, <i>An Image of Man</i> by William Russo, <i>Reimagining Opera</i> by Dario Savino Doronzo | Pietro Gallo, <i>Piece for Clarinet and String Orchestra</i> by Giuffre, <i>Poem for Brass</i> by J.J. Johnson, <i>All About Rosie</i> by George Russell, <i>Seven Songs for Quartet and Chamber Orchestra</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Burton" title="Gary Burton">Gary Burton</a>, <i>Symbiosis</i> by Claus Ogerman, and <i>Arbour Zena</i> by Keith Jarrett.<sup id="cite_ref-Teachout_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teachout-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The piece <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Blue" title="Rhapsody in Blue">Rhapsody in Blue</a> composed by <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a> played an important role during the rise of third stream music. Its "Playful riffs, embellishments, and an extension of the central cadenza in the Rhapsody capture the listener's imagination".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The piece combines elements of jazz and classical music, making it sound distinctive and unique. Its success marked a significant cultural shift in American society during the Jazz Age.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composers_and_performers">Composers and performers</h2></div> <p>The Chicago Jazz Philharmonic, primarily performing compositions by its founder and Chicago based composer, trumpeter, and conductor <a href="/wiki/Orbert_Davis" title="Orbert Davis">Orbert Davis</a>, is the only professional orchestra solely dedicated to performing Third Stream music in North America. The orchestra is composed of Chicago-based jazz and classical performers. </p><p>Schuller suggested <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> had fused his music with the folk music of Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuller1989_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuller1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Whiteman" title="Paul Whiteman">Paul Whiteman</a> employed string sections in his jazz bands in the 1920s, as did <a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a> in the 1940s. These musicians had written parts and supported the improvisers. More dramatic attempts to bridge jazz and classical were made by <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a> in 1949 and in the 1950s by <a href="/wiki/J._J._Johnson" title="J. J. Johnson">J. J. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(pianist)" title="John Lewis (pianist)">John Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Russo_(musician)" title="William Russo (musician)">William Russo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanow_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanow-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a> blended jazz and symphonic music in <i><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Blue" title="Rhapsody in Blue">Rhapsody in Blue</a></i> (1924). French composer <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a> used jazz-inspired elements, including a jazz fugue, in <i><a href="/wiki/La_cr%C3%A9ation_du_monde" title="La création du monde">La création du monde</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> drew from jazz for <i>Ragtime</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Piano-Rag-Music" title="Piano-Rag-Music">Piano-Rag-Music</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Ebony_Concerto_(Stravinsky)" title="Ebony Concerto (Stravinsky)">Ebony Concerto</a></i> composed for clarinetist <a href="/wiki/Woody_Herman" title="Woody Herman">Woody Herman</a> and his orchestra in 1945. Other composers who used jazz include <a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">George Antheil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morton_Gould" title="Morton Gould">Morton Gould</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF" title="Bohuslav Martinů">Bohuslav Martinů</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Grant_Still" title="William Grant Still">William Grant Still</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a>. Although few of these examples can be classified third stream, they demonstrate interest and appreciation for jazz among classical composers. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Williams" title="Mary Lou Williams">Mary Lou Williams</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Zodiac_Suite" title="Zodiac Suite">Zodiac Suite</a></i>, which fused classical and jazz music and was performed by a symphony orchestra, is cited as a forerunner of third stream music.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Foresythe" title="Reginald Foresythe">Reginald Foresythe</a> was among the first musicians to combine the two genres, beginning in the 1930s. He called his style "The New Music". Critics praised "Garden of Weed" "Serenade for a Wealthy Widow" and the Bach-influenced "Dodging a Divorcee", but the British public was baffled. Foresythe's music found a warmer reception in America, resulting in collaborations with Ellington, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hines" title="Earl Hines">Earl Hines</a>. Artie Shaw recorded "Interlude in B-flat" in 1935 with the unusual ensemble of a string quartet, a jazz rhythm section, and Shaw on clarinet and saxophone. Although not third stream in conception, pianist <a href="/wiki/Art_Tatum" title="Art Tatum">Art Tatum</a> drew on classical technique and recorded jazz versions of short pieces by European composers <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Anton Rubinstein</a>. </p><p>A fusion of jazz with <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary classical music</a> came from the pen of <a href="/wiki/Pete_Rugolo" title="Pete Rugolo">Pete Rugolo</a>, chief architect of the <a href="/wiki/Stan_Kenton" title="Stan Kenton">Stan Kenton</a> Progressive Jazz Orchestra from 1947 to 1948 and the Innovations in Modern Music Orchestra of 1950 and 1951. A student of Milhaud, Rugolo studied the scores of Debussy, Ravel, and Stravinsky. The exploratory works of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graettinger" title="Robert Graettinger">Robert Graettinger</a> for Kenton from 1947 to 1952 combine contemporary classical techniques. His use of colorful graphs and charts<sup id="cite_ref-things_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-things-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for big band took his music into a harmonic and rhythmic realm unknown in jazz. <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>'s music has been compared with that of classical composers Debussy, Ravel, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Frederick Delius</a> in impressionistic work such as "<a href="/wiki/Mood_Indigo" title="Mood Indigo">Mood Indigo</a>", "Dusk", and "Reflections in D", as well as in more extended composed works such as "Creole Rhapsody", "Reminiscing in Tempo", and "The Tattooed Bride". These tendencies were shared by his collaborator, composer <a href="/wiki/Billy_Strayhorn" title="Billy Strayhorn">Billy Strayhorn</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kapustin" title="Nikolai Kapustin">Nikolai Kapustin</a> writes fully notated music in a jazz idiom that fuses the Russian piano tradition with the virtuosic styles of Art Tatum and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peterson" title="Oscar Peterson">Oscar Peterson</a>. </p><p>Composer <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a> experimented with compositionally guided free jazz improvisation in his "Actions for Free Jazz Orchestra". <a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a> brought free jazz into his compositions in <i><a href="/wiki/Der_langwierige_Weg_in_die_Wohnung_der_Natascha_Ungeheuer" title="Der langwierige Weg in die Wohnung der Natascha Ungeheuer">Der langwierige Weg in die Wohnung der Natascha Ungeheuer</a></i>. </p><p>American classical and jazz pianist and composer, <a href="/wiki/Uri_Caine" title="Uri Caine">Uri Caine</a>, released his album <a href="/wiki/Uri_Caine_Ensemble_Plays_Mozart" title="Uri Caine Ensemble Plays Mozart">Uri Caine Ensemble Plays Mozart</a> in 2006. This album is a fusion of classical music and jazz, which his ensemble reinterpreting pieces from Mozart's works through a jazz approach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_England_Conservatory_of_Music">New England Conservatory of Music</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gunther_Schuller_leads_NEC_Jazz_Orchestra,_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gunther_Schuller_leads_NEC_Jazz_Orchestra%2C_1990.jpg/220px-Gunther_Schuller_leads_NEC_Jazz_Orchestra%2C_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gunther_Schuller_leads_NEC_Jazz_Orchestra%2C_1990.jpg/330px-Gunther_Schuller_leads_NEC_Jazz_Orchestra%2C_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gunther_Schuller_leads_NEC_Jazz_Orchestra%2C_1990.jpg/440px-Gunther_Schuller_leads_NEC_Jazz_Orchestra%2C_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption>Gunther Schuller leads NEC Jazz Orchestra in rehearsal in Jordan Hall, 1990.</figcaption></figure> <p>During his tenure as president of the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music" title="New England Conservatory of Music">New England Conservatory of Music</a> (NEC) in Boston, <a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schuller" title="Gunther Schuller">Gunther Schuller</a> established a Third Stream Department with associated degree programs, appointing pianist-composer <a href="/wiki/Ran_Blake" title="Ran Blake">Ran Blake</a> as department chair in 1973. Blake would continue to lead this unique department (eventually renamed Contemporary Improvisation, now Contemporary Musical Arts) until his retirement in 2005, meanwhile broadening the concept to center on the "primacy of the ear", development of personal style, and improvisation, drawing on inspiration from all musics of the world. Faculty members have included a number of highly influential performer-composers including <a href="/wiki/Jaki_Byard" title="Jaki Byard">Jaki Byard</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Russell_(composer)" title="George Russell (composer)">George Russell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hankus_Netsky" title="Hankus Netsky">Hankus Netsky</a> (who later became chair). Notable alumni include performers and <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicologists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Don_Byron" title="Don Byron">Don Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christine_Correa" title="Christine Correa">Christine Correa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Eade" title="Dominique Eade">Dominique Eade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Darriau" title="Matt Darriau">Matt Darriau</a>, and many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partimento" title="Partimento">Partimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation#Classical_period" title="Musical improvisation">Musical improvisation#Classical period</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Music+Review&rft.atitle=Analyzing+third+stream&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-87&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191584186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0749-4467&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07494460000640141&rft.aulast=Joyner&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F07494460000640141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+stream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuller-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schuller_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuller_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchuller">Schuller</a>, p. 1986)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:05_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Music+Review&rft.atitle=Analyzing+third+stream&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-87&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191584186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0749-4467&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07494460000640141&rft.aulast=Joyner&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F07494460000640141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+stream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:06-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:06_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyner2000" class="citation journal cs1">Joyner, David (2000-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/07494460000640141">"Analyzing third stream"</a>. <i>Contemporary Music Review</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 63–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07494460000640141">10.1080/07494460000640141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0749-4467">0749-4467</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191584186">191584186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Music+Review&rft.atitle=Analyzing+third+stream&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-87&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191584186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0749-4467&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07494460000640141&rft.aulast=Joyner&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F07494460000640141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+stream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuller2011" class="citation book cs1">Schuller, Gunther (2011-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781580467834"><i>Gunther Schuller</i></a>. 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"Jazz and Classical Music: To the Third Stream and Beyond". In Kirchner, Bill (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00kirc"><i>The Oxford Companion to Jazz</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00kirc/page/353">353</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518359-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518359-7"><bdi>978-0-19-518359-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jazz+and+Classical+Music%3A+To+the+Third+Stream+and+Beyond&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Jazz&rft.pages=353-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518359-7&rft.aulast=Teachout&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00kirc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+stream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yanow-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yanow_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yanow_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanow" class="citation web cs1">Yanow, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/third-stream-ma0000012292">"Third Stream Music Genre Overview"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Third+Stream+Music+Genre+Overview&rft.aulast=Yanow&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fsubgenre%2Fthird-stream-ma0000012292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+stream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jazztimes.com/archives/brad-mehldau-largo/">"Brad Mehldau: Largo"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brad+Mehldau%3A+Largo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjazztimes.com%2Farchives%2Fbrad-mehldau-largo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+stream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKneer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kneer, Joseph (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196318000639">"The Gershwin Moment: Rhapsody in Blue & Concerto in F, St. Louis Symphony; Kirill Gerstein, piano; Storm Large, vocals; Gary Burton, vibraphone; David Robertson, conductor. S Myrios Classics, B0794SPYLJ, 2018, CD and MP3"</a>. <i>Journal of the Society for American Music</i>. <b>13</b>: 137–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1752196318000639">10.1017/s1752196318000639</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-1963">1752-1963</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194232665">194232665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+American+Music&rft.atitle=The+Gershwin+Moment%3A+Rhapsody+in+Blue+%26+Concerto+in+F%2C+St.+Louis+Symphony%3B+Kirill+Gerstein%2C+piano%3B+Storm+Large%2C+vocals%3B+Gary+Burton%2C+vibraphone%3B+David+Robertson%2C+conductor.+S+Myrios+Classics%2C+B0794SPYLJ%2C+2018%2C+CD+and+MP3.&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=137-139&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194232665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1752-1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1752196318000639&rft.aulast=Kneer&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs1752196318000639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+stream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters1947" class="citation journal cs1">Waters, Edward N. (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29780466">"Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-0095">0090-0095</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29780466">29780466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Current+Acquisitions&rft.atitle=Gershwin%27s+%22Rhapsody+in+Blue%22&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=65-66&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29780466%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0090-0095&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Edward+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29780466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+stream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOja1994" class="citation journal cs1">Oja, Carol J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/742505">"Gershwin and American Modernists of the 1920s"</a>. <i>The Musical Quarterly</i>. <b>78</b> (4): 646–668. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2F78.4.646">10.1093/mq/78.4.646</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4631">0027-4631</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/742505">742505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Gershwin+and+American+Modernists+of+the+1920s&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=646-668&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0027-4631&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F742505%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2F78.4.646&rft.aulast=Oja&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F742505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+stream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuller1989-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schuller1989_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuller1989" class="citation book cs1">Schuller, Gunther (3 August 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCqjF8zcN6QC"><i>Musings: The Musical Worlds of Gunther Schuller</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972363-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972363-8"><bdi>978-0-19-972363-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>Bartok's music—originally compounded of Debussyan and Straussian elements—rose to its greatest heights after he was able to fuse his early style with the idiomatic inflections of Eastern European folk music.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musings%3A+The+Musical+Worlds+of+Gunther+Schuller&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989-08-03&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972363-8&rft.aulast=Schuller&rft.aufirst=Gunther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSCqjF8zcN6QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+stream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbisonMoore1997" class="citation book cs1">Harbison, Patrick Lewis; Moore, Gregory Kehl (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxdhoKIKmnsC&dq=%22zodiac+suite%22+williams&pg=PA117">"Jazzwomen Compose"</a>. In Pendle, Karin (ed.). <i>American Women Composers</i>. Psychology Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5702-145-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5702-145-9"><bdi>978-90-5702-145-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jazzwomen+Compose&rft.btitle=American+Women+Composers&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-5702-145-9&rft.aulast=Harbison&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Lewis&rft.au=Moore%2C+Gregory+Kehl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxdhoKIKmnsC%26dq%3D%2522zodiac%2Bsuite%2522%2Bwilliams%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+stream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-things-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-things_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allthingskenton.com/table_of_contents/images_main/image05/">"All Things Kenton – Images: Bob Graettinger"</a>. <i>allthingskenton.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allthingskenton.com&rft.atitle=All+Things+Kenton+%E2%80%93+Images%3A+Bob+Graettinger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallthingskenton.com%2Ftable_of_contents%2Fimages_main%2Fimage05%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+stream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/592493/third-stream">Encyclopædia Britannica entry.</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchuller">Gunther Schuller: <i>Musings: The Musical Worlds of Gunther Schuller</i>; Oxford University Press, 1986; 0195037456.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFYannow">Yannow, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d466">Allmusic.com</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther_Schuller2009" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schuller" title="Gunther Schuller">Gunther Schuller</a> (May 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/gunther-schuller-multiple-streams/">"Multiple Streams"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NewMusicBox" title="NewMusicBox">NewMusicBox</a></i> (video included). Interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Oteri" title="Frank J. Oteri">Frank J. Oteri</a> (published July 1, 2009).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NewMusicBox&rft.atitle=Multiple+Streams&rft.date=2009-05-05&rft.au=Gunther+Schuller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmusicbox.org%2Farticles%2Fgunther-schuller-multiple-streams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+stream" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jazz" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: Pink"><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_jazz" title="Outline of jazz">Outline of jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(word)" title="Jazz (word)">Jazz (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_band" title="Jazz band">Jazz band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_improvisation" title="Jazz improvisation">Jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_session" title="Jam session">Jam session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(jazz_performance_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (jazz performance style)">Swing performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_bass" title="Jazz bass">Jazz bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_drumming" title="Jazz drumming">Jazz drumming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_guitar" title="Jazz guitar">Jazz guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_horn_in_jazz" title="French horn in jazz">French horn in jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_piano" title="Jazz piano">Jazz piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_trombone" title="Jazz trombone">Jazz trombone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_violin" title="Jazz violin">Jazz violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_jazz" title="Vocal jazz">Vocal jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Women in jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_genres" title="List of jazz genres">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Avant-garde jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_bop" title="Hard bop">Hard bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-bop" title="Neo-bop">Neo-bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-bop" title="Post-bop">Post-bop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_jazz" title="Chamber jazz">Chamber jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz">Cool jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">Dixieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_jazz" title="Folk jazz">Folk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">Gypsy jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz-funk" title="Jazz-funk">Jazz-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">Jazz rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Base" title="M-Base">M-Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_jazz" title="Mainstream jazz">Mainstream jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_jazz" title="Modal jazz">Modal jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_jazz" title="Nu jazz">Nu jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_jazz" title="Orchestral jazz">Orchestral jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_trio" title="Organ trio">Organ trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive jazz">Progressive jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_jazz" title="Ska jazz">Ska jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_jazz" title="Smooth jazz">Smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_jazz" title="Soul jazz">Soul jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_jazz" title="Spiritual jazz">Spiritual jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_jazz" title="Sacred jazz">Sacred jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stride_(music)" title="Stride (music)">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swing_revival" title="Swing revival">Swing revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trad_jazz" title="Trad jazz">Trad jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_musicians" title="List of jazz musicians">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_bassists" title="List of jazz bassists">Bassists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_musicians#Clarinet" title="List of jazz musicians">Clarinetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_drummers" title="List of jazz drummers">Drummers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_guitarists" title="List of jazz guitarists">Guitarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_organists" title="List of jazz organists">Organists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_percussionists" title="List of jazz percussionists">Percussionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_pianists" title="List of jazz pianists">Pianists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_saxophonists" title="List of jazz saxophonists">Saxophonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trombonists" title="List of jazz trombonists">Trombonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trumpeters" title="List of jazz trumpeters">Trumpeters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphonists" title="List of vibraphonists">Vibraphonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_violinists" title="List of jazz violinists">Violinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_vocalists" title="List of jazz vocalists">Vocalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Musicians by genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bebop_musicians" title="List of bebop musicians">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chamber_jazz_musicians" title="List of chamber jazz musicians">Chamber jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cool_jazz_and_West_Coast_jazz_musicians" title="List of cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians">Cool jazz and West Coast jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hard_bop_musicians" title="List of hard bop musicians">Hard bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_fusion_musicians" title="List of jazz fusion musicians">Jazz fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scat_singers" title="List of scat singers">Scat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smooth_jazz_musicians" title="List of smooth jazz musicians">Smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soul_jazz_musicians" title="List of soul jazz musicians">Soul jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swing_musicians" title="List of swing musicians">Swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">Standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-1920_jazz_standards" title="List of pre-1920 jazz standards">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1920s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1920s jazz standards">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1930s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1930s jazz standards">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1940s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1940s jazz standards">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-1950_jazz_standards" title="List of post-1950 jazz standards">post-1950</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Discographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Records" title="Bethlehem Records">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Note_Records_discography" title="Blue Note Records discography">Blue Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYG_Records" title="BYG Records">BYG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone_Records" title="Cobblestone Records">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Records" title="Contemporary Records">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTI_Records" title="CTI Records">CTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECM_Records" title="ECM Records">ECM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESP-Disk" title="ESP-Disk">ESP-Disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman_Records" title="Flying Dutchman Records">Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Records" title="Freedom Records">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Merchant" title="Groove Merchant">Groove Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse!_Records_discography" title="Impulse! Records discography">Impulse!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Navigation" title="India Navigation">India Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMT_Records" title="JMT Records">JMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Records" title="Landmark Records">Landmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Records" title="Mainstream Records">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestone_Records_discography" title="Milestone Records discography">Milestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPS_Records" title="MPS Records">MPS Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPS_Records_discography" title="MPS Records discography">MPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muse_Records" title="Muse Records">Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestige_Records_discography" title="Prestige Records discography">Prestige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Records_discography" title="Riverside Records discography">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strata-East_Records" title="Strata-East Records">Strata-East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verve_Records_discography" title="Verve Records discography">Verve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_%26_Winter_Records" title="Winter & Winter Records">Winter & Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_festivals" title="List of jazz festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Beaches International Jazz Festival">Beaches (Toronto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Cape Town International Jazz Festival">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Jazz_Festival" title="Chicago Jazz Festival">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Jazz_Festival" title="Copenhagen Jazz Festival">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_International_Java_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival" title="Monterey Jazz Festival">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreal International Jazz Festival">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreux Jazz Festival">Montreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival" title="New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival" title="Newport Jazz Festival">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Jazz_Festival" title="North Sea Jazz Festival">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pori_Jazz" title="Pori Jazz">Pori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lucia Jazz Festival">Saint Lucia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_contrafacts" title="List of jazz contrafacts">Contrafacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_institutions_and_organizations" title="List of jazz institutions and organizations">Institutions and organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">Jazz funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_poetry" title="Jazz poetry">Jazz poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_royalty" title="Jazz royalty">Jazz royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_harmony" title="Jazz harmony">Jazz theory</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Jazz_theory" title="Template:Jazz theory">See Template: Jazz theory</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">Rare groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_line_(parades)" title="Second line (parades)">Second line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_venues" title="List of jazz venues">Venues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethio-jazz" title="Ethio-jazz">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi#Malawian_jazz" title="Music of Malawi">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_jazz" title="South African jazz">South African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_jazz" title="Zimbabwean jazz">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_jazz" title="Armenian jazz">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_jazz" title="Azerbaijani jazz">Azerbaijani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_mugham" title="Jazz mugham">Jazz mugham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_India" title="Jazz in India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo_jazz" title="Indo jazz">Indo jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar_in_jazz" title="Sitar in jazz">Sitar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_jazz" title="Japanese jazz">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_jazz" title="Balkan jazz">Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_jazz" title="Bulgarian jazz">Bulgarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_jazz" title="Belgian jazz">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_jazz" title="British jazz">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_dance_band" title="British dance band">British dance band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_jazz" title="Continental jazz">Continental European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Jazz in Czechoslovakia">Czech and Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_jazz" title="Danish jazz">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_jazz" title="Dutch jazz">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_free_jazz" title="European free jazz">European free jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_jazz" title="French jazz">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_jazz" title="German jazz">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_jazz" title="Italian jazz">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_jazz" title="Polish jazz">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yass_(music)" title="Yass (music)">Yass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_jazz" title="Spanish jazz">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_jazz" title="Swedish jazz">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">North American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_jazz" title="Canadian jazz">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-jazz" title="Mini-jazz">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Cuban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="American" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Baltimore#Jazz" title="Music of Baltimore">Baltimore jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chicago#Jazz" title="Music of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_jazz" title="Kansas City jazz">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Orleans#Jazz" title="Music of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Blues_and_jazz" title="Music of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington,_D.C.#Jazz" title="Music of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_jazz" title="West Coast jazz">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Oceanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_jazz" title="Australian jazz">Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">South American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jazz" title="Brazilian jazz">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethno_jazz" title="Ethno jazz">Ethno jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_jazz" title="Bibliography of jazz">Bibliography of jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_dance_band" title="British dance band">British dance band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_jazz" title="Continental jazz">Continental jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-ahead_jazz" title="Straight-ahead jazz">Straight-ahead jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-1920_jazz_standards" title="List of pre-1920 jazz standards">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920s_in_jazz" title="1920s in jazz">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930s_in_jazz" title="1930s in jazz">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940s_in_jazz" title="1940s in jazz">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_jazz" title="1950s in jazz">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_jazz" title="1960s in jazz">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_jazz" title="1970s in jazz">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_jazz" title="1980s in jazz">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_jazz" title="1990s in jazz">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_jazz" title="2000s in jazz">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_jazz" title="2010s in jazz">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_jazz" title="2020 in jazz">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_jazz" title="2021 in jazz">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_jazz" title="2022 in jazz">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contradanza" title="Contradanza">Contradanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">Jump blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_blues" title="New Orleans blues">New Orleans blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">Brass band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotica" title="Exotica">Exotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugg (music)">Plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">Quiet storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_piano" title="Novelty piano">Novelty ragtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisti-pop" title="Sophisti-pop">Sophisti-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West African music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_covers_of_Blue_Note_Records" title="Album covers of Blue Note Records">Album covers of Blue Note Records</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bird_(1988_film)" title="Bird (1988 film)">Bird</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(miniseries)" title="Jazz (miniseries)"><i>Jazz</i> (miniseries)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Round_Midnight_(film)" title="Round Midnight (film)">Round Midnight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk:_Straight,_No_Chaser" title="Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser">Straight, No Chaser</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: Pink"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxo_Boca1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/15px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/23px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/30px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="230" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jazz" title="Portal:Jazz">Jazz portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_classical_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_music" title="Template:Classical music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_music" title="Template talk:Classical music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_classical_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_classical_music_eras" title="Dates of classical music eras">Dates of eras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major periods and eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empfindsamkeit_(music)" title="Empfindsamkeit (music)">Empfindsamkeit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil#Art_music" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_music_in_Porto_Alegre" title="History of classical music in Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_classical_music" title="Canadian classical music">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_classical_music" title="French classical music">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Kosovo" title="Classical music in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_classical_music" title="Russian classical music">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classical music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_Birmingham" title="Classical music of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_States" title="Classical music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Students by teacher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_A_to_B" title="List of music students by teacher: A to B">A to B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_C_to_F" title="List of music students by teacher: C to F">C to F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_G_to_J" title="List of music students by teacher: G to J">G to J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_K_to_M" title="List of music students by teacher: K to M">K to M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_N_to_Q" title="List of music students by teacher: N to Q">N to G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_R_to_S" title="List of music students by teacher: R to S">R to S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_T_to_Z" title="List of music students by teacher: T to Z">T to Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_concerts_with_an_unruly_audience_response" title="List of classical music concerts with an unruly audience response">Unruly audience response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conducting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Video game music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Worldwide traditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_lists" title="Classical music lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers_by_era" title="List of classical music composers by era">Composers by era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_festivals" title="List of classical music festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" 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