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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_as_a_tax_haven&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax_haven" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate tax haven">Corporate tax haven</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Taxation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg/100px-10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg/150px-10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg/200px-10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> An aspect of <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax_policy" title="Tax policy">Policies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_revenue" title="Government revenue">Government revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax_equalization" title="Property tax equalization">Property tax equalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">Tax revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-tax_revenue" title="Non-tax revenue">Non-tax revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">Tax law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_bracket" title="Tax bracket">Tax bracket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">Flat tax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax_threshold" title="Income tax threshold">Tax threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">Exemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_credit" title="Tax credit">Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_deduction" title="Tax deduction">Deduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shift" title="Tax shift">Tax shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">Tax cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_holiday" title="Tax holiday">Tax holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_amnesty" title="Tax amnesty">Tax amnesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_advantage" title="Tax advantage">Tax advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_incentive" title="Tax incentive">Tax incentive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_reform" title="Tax reform">Tax reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_harmonization" title="Tax harmonization">Tax harmonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_competition" title="Tax competition">Tax competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_withholding" title="Tax withholding">Tax withholding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_taxation" title="Double taxation">Double taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">Representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_groups" title="Taxpayer groups">Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_savings_account" title="Medical savings account">Medical savings account</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax#Economic_effects" title="Tax">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> General Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_taxes_and_subsidies_on_price" title="Effect of taxes and subsidies on price">Price effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_burden_of_taxation" title="Excess burden of taxation">Excess burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_incidence" title="Tax incidence">Tax incidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_tax" title="Optimal tax">Optimal tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_taxation" title="Theories of taxation">Theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_capital_income_taxation" title="Optimal capital income taxation">Optimal capital income taxation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Distribution of Tax</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_rate" title="Tax rate">Tax rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_tax" title="Regressive tax">Regressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_tax" title="Proportional tax">Proportional</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax collection">Collection</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_service" title="Revenue service">Revenue service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamp" title="Revenue stamp">Revenue stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_assessment" title="Tax assessment">Tax assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxable_income" title="Taxable income">Taxable income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_lien" title="Tax lien">Tax lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_refund" title="Tax refund">Tax refund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shield" title="Tax shield">Tax shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_residence" title="Tax residence">Tax residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_preparation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax preparation">Tax preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_investigation" title="Tax investigation">Tax investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shelter" title="Tax shelter">Tax shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_collector" title="Tax collector">Tax collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatized_tax_collection" title="Privatized tax collection">Private tax collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)" title="Farm (revenue leasing)">Tax farming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax_noncompliance" title="Tax noncompliance">Noncompliance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">Tax avoidance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_tax_avoidance" title="Repatriation tax avoidance">Repatriation tax avoidance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shelter" title="Tax shelter">Tax shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">Debtors' prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreported_employment" title="Unreported employment">Unreported employment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Corporate</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_mispricing" title="Transfer mispricing">Transfer mispricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting" title="Base erosion and profit shifting">Base erosion and profit shifting</a> (BEPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement" title="Double Irish arrangement">Double Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sandwich" title="Dutch Sandwich">Dutch Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Replacement_by_single_malt" title="Double Irish arrangement">Single Malt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Backstop_of_capital_allowances" title="Double Irish arrangement">CAIA</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Locations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_haven" title="Corporate haven">Corporate havens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a> (OFCs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_magic_circle" title="Offshore magic circle">Offshore magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduit_and_sink_OFCs" title="Conduit and sink OFCs">Conduit and sink OFCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">Financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index" title="Financial Secrecy Index">Financial Secrecy Index</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Major examples</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven" title="Ireland as a tax haven">Ireland as a tax haven</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple%27s_EU_tax_dispute" title="Apple's EU tax dispute">Ireland v. Commission</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">Leprechaun economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Liechtenstein_tax_affair" title="2008 Liechtenstein tax affair">Liechtenstein tax affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LuxLeaks" title="LuxLeaks">Luxembourg Leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_Leaks" title="Offshore Leaks">Offshore Leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Papers" title="Paradise Papers">Paradise Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Leaks" title="Swiss Leaks">Swiss Leaks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States as a tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_as_a_tax_haven" title="Panama as a tax haven">Panama as a tax haven</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_taxes" title="List of taxes">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_tax" title="Direct tax">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_tax" title="Indirect tax">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_unit_tax" title="Per unit tax">Per unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_valorem_tax" title="Ad valorem tax">Ad valorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_taxation_and_subsidies" title="Aviation taxation and subsidies">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_improvement_fee" title="Airport improvement fee">Airport improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_fee" title="Landing fee">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_tax_on_airplane_tickets" title="Solidarity tax on airplane tickets">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax" title="Capital gains tax">Capital gains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expatriation_tax" title="Expatriation tax">Expatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_tax" title="Consumption tax">Consumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departure_tax" title="Departure tax">Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel tax">Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_duty" title="Stamp duty">Stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_tax" title="Tourist tax">Tourist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">Value-added</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividend_tax" title="Dividend tax">Dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-tariff" title="Eco-tariff">Eco-tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_tax" title="Landfill tax">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_consumption_tax" title="Natural resources consumption tax">Natural resources consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severance_tax" title="Severance tax">Severance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_tax" title="Steering tax">Steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stumpage" title="Stumpage">Stumpage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excise" title="Excise">Excise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Cigarette taxes in the United States">Cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_tax" title="Fat tax">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tax" title="Meat tax">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_tax" title="Sin tax">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugary_drink_tax" title="Sugary drink tax">Sugary drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Fund" title="Consolidated Fund">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_tax" title="Gift tax">Gift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_receipts_tax" title="Gross receipts tax">Gross receipts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothecated_tax" title="Hypothecated tax">Hypothecated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">Inheritance (estate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_tax" title="Luxury tax">Luxury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payroll_tax" title="Payroll tax">Payroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_rent_tax" title="Resource rent tax">Resource rent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtax" title="Surtax">Surtax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_tax" title="Turnover tax">Turnover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_tax" title="Use tax">Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_charge" title="User charge">User charge</a>/<a href="/wiki/User_fee" title="User fee">fee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">Fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_pricing" title="Road pricing">Road</a>/<a href="/wiki/GNSS_road_pricing" title="GNSS road pricing">GNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_(fee)" title="Toll (fee)">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_miles_traveled_tax" title="Vehicle miles traveled tax">Vehicle miles traveled</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">Corporate profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_profits_tax" title="Excess profits tax">Excess profits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windfall_tax" title="Windfall tax">Windfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">Negative (income)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">Wealth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/International_taxation" title="International taxation">International</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction_tax" title="Financial transaction tax">Financial transaction tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Taxation_of_Financial_Transactions_and_for_Citizens%27_Action" title="Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions and for Citizens' Action">ATTAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_transaction_tax" title="Currency transaction tax">Currency transaction tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Consolidated_Corporate_Tax_Base" title="Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base"><span class="wrap">European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base</span></a> (CCCTB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_minimum_corporate_tax_rate" title="Global minimum corporate tax rate">Global minimum corporate tax rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_tax" title="Robin Hood tax">Robin Hood tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobin_tax" title="Tobin tax">Tobin tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spahn_tax" title="Spahn tax">Spahn tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_equalization" title="Tax equalization">Tax equalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_treaty" title="Tax treaty">Tax treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange of Information">Exchange of Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_establishment" title="Permanent establishment">Permanent establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_pricing" title="Transfer pricing">Transfer pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_financial_transaction_tax" title="European Union financial transaction tax">European Union FTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_against_foreign_revenue_enforcement" title="Rule against foreign revenue enforcement">Foreign revenue rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">Tariff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">Import</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">Export</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">Tariff war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">Trade agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATA_Carnet" title="ATA Carnet">ATA Carnet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Academic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mihir_A._Desai" title="Mihir A. Desai">Mihir A. Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammika_Dharmapala" title="Dhammika Dharmapala">Dhammika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Hines_Jr." title="James R. Hines Jr.">James R. Hines Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Slemrod" title="Joel Slemrod">Joel Slemrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Advocacy groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_on_Taxation_and_Economic_Policy" title="Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy">Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy</a> (ITEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a> (TJN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Policy_Center" title="Tax Policy Center">Tax Policy Center</a> (US)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_tax" title="Church tax">Church tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_per_thousand" title="Eight per thousand">Eight per thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teind" title="Teind">Teind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibzoll" title="Leibzoll">Leibzoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_tax" title="Temple tax">Temple tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolerance_tax" title="Tolerance tax">Tolerance tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">Kharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxation_by_country" title="Category:Taxation by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> All Countries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tax_rates" title="List of countries by tax rates">List of countries by tax rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tax_revenue_to_GDP_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tax revenue to GDP ratio">Tax revenue to GDP ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_rates_in_Europe" title="Tax rates in Europe">Tax rates in Europe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Individual Countries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Algeria" title="Taxation in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Argentina" title="Taxation in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Armenia" title="Taxation in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Azerbaijan" title="Taxation in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Bangladesh" title="Taxation in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Bhutan" title="Taxation in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Bulgaria" title="Taxation in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Taxation in the British Virgin Islands">BVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Colombia" title="Taxation in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Croatia" title="Taxation in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Denmark" title="Taxation in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Finland" title="Taxation in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Greece" title="Taxation in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Taxation in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iceland" title="Taxation in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Indonesia" title="Taxation in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Israel" title="Taxation in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Japan" title="Taxation in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Kazakhstan" title="Taxation in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Lithuania" title="Taxation in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Malta" title="Taxation in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Morocco" title="Taxation in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Namibia" title="Taxation in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand" title="Taxation in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Norway" title="Taxation in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Pakistan" title="Taxation in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Taxation in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Peru" title="Taxation in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Poland" title="Taxation in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Portugal" title="Taxation in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_South_Africa" title="Taxation in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Taxation in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sweden" title="Taxation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Taiwan" title="Taxation in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Tanzania" title="Taxation in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Taxation in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Uruguay" title="Taxation in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color: #efefef;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:17%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The United States "is effectively the biggest tax haven in the world" </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Andrew Penney, <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild & Co.">Rothschild & Co.</a><sup id="cite_ref-BloombergDrucker_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergDrucker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> implemented the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Account_Tax_Compliance_Act" title="Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act">Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act</a>; the law required financial firms around the world to report accounts held by US citizens to the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a>. The US on the other hand refused the <a href="/wiki/Common_Reporting_Standard" title="Common Reporting Standard">Common Reporting Standard</a> set up by the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SwansonApr5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwansonApr5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This means the US receives tax and asset information for American <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> abroad, but does not share information about what happens in the United States with other countries. In other words, it has become attractive as a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergDrucker_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergDrucker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent">Extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_as_a_tax_haven&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a> ranks the US third in terms of the secrecy and scale of its <a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">offshore financial industry</a>, behind <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> but ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SwansonApr5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwansonApr5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> has been popular as a destination for offshore funds for Chinese investors, said <a href="/wiki/Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian">Canadian</a> financial crimes expert Bill Majcher, because investors think it will resist pressure from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NARthird_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NARthird-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrew Penney from <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Co" title="Rothschild & Co">Rothschild & Co</a> described the US as "effectively the biggest tax haven in the world" and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trident_Trust_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trident Trust Co. (page does not exist)">Trident Trust Co.</a>, one of the world's biggest providers of <a href="/wiki/Offshore_trusts" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore trusts">offshore trusts</a>, moved dozens of accounts out of Switzerland and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cayman" title="Grand Cayman">Grand Cayman</a>, and into <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux Falls">Sioux Falls</a>, saying: "Cayman was slammed in December, closing things that people were withdrawing ... I was surprised at how many were coming across that were formerly Swiss bank accounts, but they want out of Switzerland."<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergDrucker_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergDrucker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2012 study by various US universities showed that the US has the most lenient regulations for setting up a <a href="/wiki/Shell_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell company">shell company</a> anywhere in the world outside of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2012Study_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012Study-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tax havens such as the Cayman Islands, <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a> were far less permissive, researchers found, than states such as <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SwansonApr5_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwansonApr5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2012Study_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012Study-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "[Americans] discovered that they really don't need to go to Panama", said James Henry of the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SwansonApr5_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwansonApr5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a single address in <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corporation_Trust_Center" title="Corporation Trust Center">1209 North Orange Street</a>) is listed as the headquarters for at least 285,000 separate businesses<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to <a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">Delaware's desirable corporate taxes and law</a>. As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_as_a_tax_haven&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it was estimated that 9 billion dollars of potential taxes were lost over the past decade, due to the Delaware 'loophole'. Both <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> have firms registered in North Orange Street,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lawyers, trust companies and financial firms including Rothschild & Co are moving offshore accounts from locations such as Switzerland and the Cayman Islands into the US to take advantage of the country's loose regulations, calling it the "new Switzerland" (see <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Banking in Switzerland</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergDrucker_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergDrucker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mark Hays of <a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a> said "the US is one of the easiest places to set up so-called anonymous shell companies",<sup id="cite_ref-SwansonApr5_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwansonApr5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Stefanie Ostfeld from the same organization said that "the US is just as big a secrecy jurisdiction as so many of these Caribbean countries and Panama".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 1.1 million live legal entities were incorporated in Delaware at the end of 2014. An increasing number – more than 70% – of those were <a href="/wiki/Llc" class="mw-redirect" title="Llc">LLC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eye1416p41_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eye1416p41-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Delaware Division of Corporations said in August 2015 that "an LLC entices all types of people since it is easy to operate and oversee", and Delaware is currently one of the few states without sales tax.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delaware does not tax companies which operate there, nor their <a href="/wiki/Royalty_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalty income">royalty income</a>. However, the LLC is more popular and often less expensive in states such as Wyoming, Nevada and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>. Approximately 668,000 anonymous LLCs are registered just in those three states.<sup id="cite_ref-Eye1416p41_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eye1416p41-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parts of the country serve as havens for others, and for <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert governmental actions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-landfall_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landfall-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) used <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> as the location for a trust incorporation.<sup id="cite_ref-landfall_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landfall-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA then used Guam as an offshore haven both from taxes and from scrutiny in the course of operating a Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Front_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Front company">front company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-landfall_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landfall-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 334">: 334 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offshore_tax_avoidance">Offshore tax avoidance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_as_a_tax_haven&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Offshore tax avoidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax avoidance in the United States">Tax avoidance in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pandora_Papers,_2021"><span id="Pandora_Papers.2C_2021"></span>Pandora Papers, 2021</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_as_a_tax_haven&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pandora Papers, 2021"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pandora_Papers" title="Pandora Papers">Pandora Papers</a></div> <p>The October 2021 release of the <a href="/wiki/Pandora_Papers" title="Pandora Papers">Pandora Papers</a> revealed details of a number of non-U.S. figures who have used U.S. tax haven services. These include 35 world leaders and over 100 billionaires, celebrities, and business leaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_as_a_tax_haven&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">Delaware General Corporation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_corporation" title="Nevada corporation">Nevada corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_as_a_tax_haven" title="Panama as a tax haven">Panama as a tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Panama_Papers" title="Reactions to the Panama Papers">Reactions to the Panama Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven" title="Ireland as a tax haven">Ireland as a tax haven</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_as_a_tax_haven&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BloombergDrucker-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BloombergDrucker_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloombergDrucker_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloombergDrucker_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloombergDrucker_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDrucker2016" class="citation news cs1">Drucker, Jesse (January 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-27/the-world-s-favorite-new-tax-haven-is-the-united-states">"The World's Favorite New Tax Haven Is the United States"</a>. <i>Bloomberg Businessweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Favorite+New+Tax+Haven+Is+the+United+States&rft.date=2016-01-27&rft.aulast=Drucker&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-01-27%2Fthe-world-s-favorite-new-tax-haven-is-the-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+as+a+tax+haven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwansonApr5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SwansonApr5_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SwansonApr5_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SwansonApr5_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SwansonApr5_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SwansonApr5_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2016" class="citation news cs1">Swanson, Ana (April 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/04/05/how-the-u-s-became-one-of-the-worlds-biggest-tax-havens/">"How the U.S. became one of the world's biggest tax havens"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+the+U.S.+became+one+of+the+world%27s+biggest+tax+havens&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2016%2F04%2F05%2Fhow-the-u-s-became-one-of-the-worlds-biggest-tax-havens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+as+a+tax+haven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NARthird-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NARthird_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasuo_Awai2016" class="citation news cs1">Yasuo Awai (23 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515152316/http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/A-third-of-Panama-Papers-shell-companies-set-up-from-Hong-Kong-China">"A third of Panama Papers shell companies set up from Hong Kong, China"</a>. <i>Nikkei Asian Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/A-third-of-Panama-Papers-shell-companies-set-up-from-Hong-Kong-China">the original</a> on 15 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=A+third+of+Panama+Papers+shell+companies+set+up+from+Hong+Kong%2C+China&rft.date=2016-04-23&rft.au=Yasuo+Awai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FPolitics-Economy%2FInternational-Relations%2FA-third-of-Panama-Papers-shell-companies-set-up-from-Hong-Kong-China&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+as+a+tax+haven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2012Study-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2012Study_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012Study_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Findley,_University_of_Texas_at_AustinDaniel_Nielson,_Brigham_Young_UniversityJason_Sharman,_Griffith_University" class="citation journal cs1">Michael Findley, University of Texas at Austin; Daniel Nielson, Brigham Young University; Jason Sharman, Griffith University. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Trump+and+Clinton+share+Delaware+tax+%27loophole%27+address+with+285%2C000+firms&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Neate&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2Fapr%2F25%2Fdelaware-tax-loophole-1209-north-orange-trump-clinton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+as+a+tax+haven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrucker2016" class="citation news cs1">Drucker, Jesse (April 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-05/panama-has-company-as-bank-secrecy-holdout-as-u-s-offers-haven">"Panama Has Company as Bank-Secrecy Holdout, as U.S. Offers Haven"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Panama+Has+Company+as+Bank-Secrecy+Holdout%2C+as+U.S.+Offers+Haven&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft.aulast=Drucker&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-04-05%2Fpanama-has-company-as-bank-secrecy-holdout-as-u-s-offers-haven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+as+a+tax+haven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eye1416p41-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eye1416p41_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eye1416p41_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"In the City: Shady sunspots". <i>Private Eye</i>. No. 1416. April 15, 2016. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Private+Eye&rft.atitle=In+the+City%3A+Shady+sunspots&rft.issue=1416&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2016-04-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+as+a+tax+haven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelsen2015" class="citation web cs1">Melsen, Brett (August 31, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delawareinc.com/blog/delaware-2014-annual-report/">"Delaware Division of Corporations 2014 Annual Report"</a>. <i>www.delawareinc.com</i>. Delaware Division of Corporations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.delawareinc.com&rft.atitle=Delaware+Division+of+Corporations+2014+Annual+Report&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft.aulast=Melsen&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delawareinc.com%2Fblog%2Fdelaware-2014-annual-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+as+a+tax+haven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landfall-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-landfall_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landfall_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landfall_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1995" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Robert (1995). <i>Destiny's Landfall : A History of Guam</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%27i_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawai'i Press">University of Hawai'i Press</a>. pp. xi+380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1616-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1616-1"><bdi>0-8248-1616-1</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1678-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1678-1">0-8248-1678-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destiny%27s+Landfall+%3A+A+History+of+Guam&rft.pages=xi%2B380&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8248-1616-1&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+as+a+tax+haven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_as_a_tax_haven&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsi.taxjustice.net/country-detail/#country=US&period=22">USA - Financial Secrecy Index</a> (published by the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/subcommittees/investigations/issues/tax-havens-and-abusive-tax-schemes">Tax Havens and Abusive Tax Schemes</a> (published by the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations">Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Further reading</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasperkevic2016" class="citation news cs1">Kasperkevic, Jana (April 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/apr/06/panama-papers-us-tax-havens-delaware">"Forget Panama: it's easier to hide your money in the US than almost anywhere"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Forget+Panama%3A+it%27s+easier+to+hide+your+money+in+the+US+than+almost+anywhere&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft.aulast=Kasperkevic&rft.aufirst=Jana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2016%2Fapr%2F06%2Fpanama-papers-us-tax-havens-delaware&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+as+a+tax+haven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotorceanu2016" class="citation news cs1">Cotorceanu, Peter (April 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/panama-papers-america-tax-haven-213800">"Why America Loves Being the World's No. 1 Tax Haven"</a>. <i>POLITICO Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=POLITICO+Magazine&rft.atitle=Why+America+Loves+Being+the+World%27s+No.+1+Tax+Haven&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft.aulast=Cotorceanu&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2016%2F04%2Fpanama-papers-america-tax-haven-213800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+as+a+tax+haven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhippen2016" class="citation news cs1">Phippen, J. Weston (April 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2016/04/panama-papers-nevada/476994/">"Nevada, a Tax Haven for Only $174"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Nevada%2C+a+Tax+Haven+for+Only+%24174&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft.aulast=Phippen&rft.aufirst=J.+Weston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnational%2Farchive%2F2016%2F04%2Fpanama-papers-nevada%2F476994%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+as+a+tax+haven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne2012" class="citation news cs1">Wayne, Leslie (June 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/business/how-delaware-thrives-as-a-corporate-tax-haven.html">"How Delaware Thrives as a Corporate Tax Haven"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Delaware+Thrives+as+a+Corporate+Tax+Haven&rft.date=2012-06-30&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F01%2Fbusiness%2Fhow-delaware-thrives-as-a-corporate-tax-haven.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+as+a+tax+haven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/international/21693219-having-launched-and-led-battle-against-offshore-tax-evasion-america-now-part">"The biggest loophole of all"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. February 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+biggest+loophole+of+all&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2F21693219-having-launched-and-led-battle-against-offshore-tax-evasion-america-now-part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+as+a+tax+haven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2015" class="citation news cs1">Wood, Robert W. (November 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertwood/2015/11/03/u-s-ranks-as-top-tax-haven-refusing-to-share-tax-data-despite-fatca/">"U.S. Ranks As Top Tax Haven, Refusing To Share Tax Data Despite FATCA"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=U.S.+Ranks+As+Top+Tax+Haven%2C+Refusing+To+Share+Tax+Data+Despite+FATCA&rft.date=2015-11-03&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Frobertwood%2F2015%2F11%2F03%2Fu-s-ranks-as-top-tax-haven-refusing-to-share-tax-data-despite-fatca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+as+a+tax+haven" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Panama_Papers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Panama_Papers" title="Template:Panama Papers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Panama_Papers" title="Template talk:Panama Papers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Panama_Papers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Panama Papers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Panama_Papers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_named_in_the_Panama_Papers" title="List of people named in the Panama Papers">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Panama_Papers" title="Reactions to the Panama Papers">Reactions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States as a tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_as_a_tax_haven" title="Panama as a tax haven">Panama as a tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers_(Asia)" title="Panama Papers (Asia)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers_(Africa)" title="Panama Papers (Africa)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers_(Europe)" title="Panama Papers (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers_(North_America)" title="Panama Papers (North America)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers_(South_America)" title="Panama Papers (South America)">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations under <br />investigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mossack_Fonseca" title="Mossack Fonseca">Mossack Fonseca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Mossack" title="Jürgen Mossack">Jürgen Mossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Fonseca_Mora" title="Ramón Fonseca Mora">Ramón Fonseca Mora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heads of state or <br />government mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmundur_Dav%C3%AD%C3%B0_Gunnlaugsson" title="Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson">Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former heads of state or<br />government mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidzina_Ivanishvili" title="Bidzina Ivanishvili">Bidzina Ivanishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayad_Allawi" title="Ayad Allawi">Ayad Allawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abu_Al-Ragheb" title="Ali Abu Al-Ragheb">Ali Abu Al-Ragheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Khalifa_Al_Thani" title="Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani">Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Sturza" title="Ion Sturza">Ion Sturza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Mirghani" title="Ahmed al-Mirghani">Ahmed al-Mirghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Jassim_bin_Jaber_Al_Thani" title="Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani">Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Lazarenko" title="Pavlo Lazarenko">Pavlo Lazarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Consortium_of_Investigative_Journalists" title="International Consortium of Investigative Journalists">International Consortium of Investigative Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Papers" title="Paradise Papers">Paradise Papers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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