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Davies – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Donald W. Davies" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Donald Davies" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Donald Davies" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Welsh computer scientist and Internet pioneer (1924–2000)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Donald Davies, the computer scientist. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Donald Davies (disambiguation)">Donald Davies (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Donald Watts Davies</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald-Davies_Welsh_computer_scientist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Donald-Davies_Welsh_computer_scientist.jpg/220px-Donald-Davies_Welsh_computer_scientist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/df/Donald-Davies_Welsh_computer_scientist.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="244" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1924-06-07</span>)</span>7 June 1924<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Treorchy" title="Treorchy">Treorchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a>, Wales</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 2000<span style="display:none">(2000-05-28)</span> (aged 75)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Esher, Surrey, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">Packet switching</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CBE" class="mw-redirect" title="CBE">CBE</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a><br />Distinguished Fellow, <a href="/wiki/British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">BCS</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="National Physical Laboratory, UK">National Physical Laboratory</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Donald Watts Davies</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> (7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000) was a Welsh <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_pioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet pioneer">Internet pioneer</a> who was employed at the UK <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a> (NPL). </p><p>During 1965-67 he invented modern <a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">data communications</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a>, high-speed <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, layered <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocols</a>, hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> and the essence of the <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_principle" title="End-to-end principle">end-to-end principle</a>, concepts that are used today in computer networks worldwide. He envisioned, in 1966, that there would be a "single network" for data and telephone communications. Davies proposed and studied a commercial national data network in the United Kingdom and designed and built the first implementation of packet switching in the local-area <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> in 1966-69 to demonstrate the technology. Many of the wide-area packet-switched networks built in the late 1960s and 1970s were similar "in nearly all respects" to his original 1965 design. Davies' work influenced the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> project in France, and was key to the development of the data communications technology used in <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, which is a network of networks. </p><p>Davies' work was independent of the work of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a> in the United States who had some similar ideas in the early 1960s, and who also provided input to the ARPANET project, after his work was highlighted by Davies' team. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davies was born in <a href="/wiki/Treorchy" title="Treorchy">Treorchy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rhondda" title="Rhondda">Rhondda</a> Valley, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. His father, a clerk at a coalmine, died a few months later, and his mother took Donald and his twin sister back to her home town of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, where he went to school.<sup id="cite_ref-thocp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thocp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_College" title="Portsmouth College">Southern Grammar School for Boys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He received a BSc degree in physics (1943) at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>, and then joined the war effort working as an assistant to <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a><sup id="cite_ref-thocp_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thocp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the nuclear weapons <a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a> project at Birmingham University.<sup id="cite_ref-MCK_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then returned to Imperial taking a first class degree in mathematics (1947); he was also awarded the Lubbock memorial Prize as the outstanding mathematician of his year.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, he married Diane Burton; they had a daughter and two sons.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_history">Career history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Physical_Laboratory">National Physical Laboratory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: National Physical Laboratory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1947, he worked at the <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="National Physical Laboratory, UK">National Physical Laboratory (NPL)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Teddington" title="Teddington">Teddington</a>, just outside London, where <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> was designing the <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Computing_Engine" title="Automatic Computing Engine">Automatic Computing Engine</a> (ACE) computer. It is said that Davies spotted mistakes in Turing's seminal 1936 paper <i>On Computable Numbers</i>, much to Turing's annoyance. These were perhaps some of the first "programming" <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bugs</a> in existence, even if they were for a theoretical computer, the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">universal Turing machine</a>. The ACE project was overambitious and floundered, leading to Turing's departure.<sup id="cite_ref-MCK_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davies took over the project and concentrated on delivering the less ambitious <a href="/wiki/Pilot_ACE" title="Pilot ACE">Pilot ACE</a> computer, which first worked in May 1950. A commercial spin-off, <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_DEUCE" title="English Electric DEUCE">DEUCE</a> was manufactured by <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="English Electric Computers">English Electric Computers</a> and became one of the best-selling machines of the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-MCK_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davies also worked on applications of traffic simulation and machine translation. In the early 1960s, he worked on government technology initiatives designed to stimulate the British computer industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packet_switching">Packet switching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Packet switching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></div> <p>In 1965, Davies became interested in <a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">data communications</a> following a seminar he gave at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw that a significant problem with the new <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> computer systems was the cost of keeping a phone connection open for each user.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davies' key insight came in the realisation that computer network traffic was inherently "bursty" in nature with periods of silence, compared with relatively constant telephone traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MCK_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He applied the principle of time-sharing to the data communications line as well as the computer to invent the concept of what he called <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MCK_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davies forecast today's "killer app" for his new communication service:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The greatest traffic could only come if the public used this means for everyday purposes such as shopping... People sending enquiries and placing orders for goods of all kinds will make up a large section of the traffic... Business use of the telephone may be reduced by the growth of the kind of service we contemplate.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Donald Davies (1965)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Davies proposed dividing computer messages into very "short messages in fixed format" that are routed independently across a network, with differing routes allowed for related packets, which are reassembled at the destination.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davies used the word "packet" after consulting with a linguist because it was capable of being translated into languages other than English without compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year, he returned to work at the NPL, where he became Superintendent of the Computer Science Division and transformed its computing activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He designed and proposed a commercial national data network based on packet switching in his 1966 <i>Proposal for the Development of a National Communications Service for On-line Data Processing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work was the first to describe the concept of high-speed "switching nodes", today known as <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a> as well as "interface computers".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davies applied <a href="/wiki/Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">queueing theory</a> to show that "there is an ample margin between the estimated performance of the [packet-switched] system and the stated requirement" in terms of a satisfactory <a href="/wiki/Response_time_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Response time (telecommunications)">response time</a> for a human user.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This addressed a key question about the viability of computer networking.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this paper, he predicted there would be a "single network" for data and telephone communications:<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Computer developments in the distant future might result in one type of network being able to carry speech and digital messages efficiently.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Donald Davies (1966)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Davies and his team were the first to write <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocols</a> in a modern data-commutation context in an April 1967 memorandum <i>A Protocol for Use in the NPL Data Communications Network</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scantlebury" title="Roger Scantlebury">Roger Scantlebury</a> and Keith Bartlett.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3b2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3b2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His work on packet switching, presented by Scantlebury, initially caught the attention of the developers of the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) network, at the <a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a> in October 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed network design was based on a hierarchical structure, with "local networks" communicating with a "high level network".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To deal with packet permutations (due to dynamically updated route preferences) and <a href="/wiki/Datagram" title="Datagram">datagram</a> losses (unavoidable when fast sources send to a slow destinations), he assumed that "all users of the network will provide themselves with some kind of error control",<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus inventing what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_principle" title="End-to-end principle">end-to-end principle</a>. In Scantlebury's report following the conference, he noted "It would appear that the ideas in the NPL paper at the moment are more advanced than any proposed in the USA".<sup id="cite_ref-J._Gillies,_R._Cailliau_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Gillies,_R._Cailliau-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Larry Roberts</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (ARPA) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> (DoD), applied Davies' concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET, which went on to become a predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1968, NPL put on a demonstration of real and simulated networks at an event organised by the <a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Club" title="Real Time Club">Real Time Club</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davies first presented his own ideas on packet switching at a conference in Edinburgh on 5 August 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, Davies was invited to Japan to lecture on packet switching. He gave a series of nine three-hour lectures, concluding with an intense discussion with around 80 people.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1968-9,<sup id="cite_ref-:3b2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3b2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davies directed the construction of the network, elements of which went live in early 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-:72_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hempstead20052_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hempstead20052-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first implementation of packet switching in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local-area <i>Mark I <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></i>, became fully operational in January 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Hempstead20052_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hempstead20052-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was upgraded to the <i>Mark II</i> in 1973 with a layered protocol architecture, and remained in operation until 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-:3b2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3b2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NPL team also carried out <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a> work on packet networks, studying datagrams and <a href="/wiki/Network_congestion" title="Network congestion">network congestion</a> in wide-area networks of a scale to facilitate data communications across the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-MCK_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hempstead20052_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hempstead20052-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:82_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pelkey_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelkey-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early years of computer <a href="/wiki/Shared_resource" title="Shared resource">resource sharing</a> were documented in the 1972 film <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Networks:_The_Heralds_of_Resource_Sharing" title="Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing">Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing</a></i>. Davies' original ideas influenced other research around the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Hempstead20052_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hempstead20052-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pouzin" title="Louis Pouzin">Louis Pouzin's</a> <a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> project in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelkey8.3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelkey8.3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1978 special edition of the <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_IEEE" title="Proceedings of the IEEE">Proceedings of the IEEE</a> on packet switching, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Bob Kahn</a>, the guest editor, quoted Davies' reflections on ten years of experience with packet communication networks:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... there are three factors, above all, which critically affect the quality of the network. The most critical factor is our ability to design man-machine interfaces which are convenient and natural for most people to use. A second factor of some importance is the high reliability and availability of the services. They cannot become an integral part of industry and commerce unless they can be utterly reliable in the way we have come to expect of the traditional telecommunication media. A third requirement is an overall system design which allows for adaptability to changes in the system as well as to new user requirements.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Donald Davies (1978)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internetworking">Internetworking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Internetworking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davies, along with Derek Barber, his deputy, and Roger Scantlebury, conducted research into protocols for <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a>. They participated in the <a href="/wiki/International_Network_Working_Group" title="International Network Working Group">International Network Working Group</a> from 1972, initially chaired by <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> and later by Barber.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ieee201703_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee201703-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davies and Scantlebury were acknowledged by Cerf and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking, <i>A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davies and Barber published <i>Communication networks for computers</i> in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They spoke at the Data Communications Symposium in 1975 about the "battle for access standards" between <a href="/wiki/Datagram" title="Datagram">datagrams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_circuit" title="Virtual circuit">virtual circuits</a>, with Barber saying the "lack of standard access interfaces for emerging public packet-switched communication networks is creating 'some kind of monster' for users".<sup id="cite_ref-:11_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internetworking experiments at NPL under Davies included connecting with the <a href="/wiki/European_Informatics_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="European Informatics Network">European Informatics Network</a> (EIN) by translating between two different host protocols and connecting with the Post Office <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching#EPSS" title="Packet switching">Experimental Packet Switched Service</a> (EPSS) using a common host protocol in both networks. Their research confirmed establishing a common host protocol would be more reliable and efficient than translating between different host protocols using a gateway.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davies published <i>Computer networks and their protocols</i> in 1979, in which he notes:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The problems of routing in interconnected networks have received limited attention in the literature; notable papers are those by Cerf and Kahn and, more recently, Sunshine. ... The gateway nodes must be provided with an adequate packet buffer pool to cater for the likely level of inter-network traffic. Cerf and Kahn suggest that message reassembly should not take place at gateways; this implies that packet ordering need not be maintained if adaptive routing disrupts packet order. If fragmentation of packets is necessary because of different network packet size limits, Cerf and Kahn maintain that the only logical place to locate the reconstruction process is in the destination host (this is because the last network entered may have the least packet size limit, so that the last gateway has to fragment packets). This philosophy goes against the widely held view that packet networks should deliver a data stream exactly equivalent to the received data stream.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Donald Davies (1979)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>For a long period of time, the network engineering community was polarized over the implementation of competing protocol suites, a debate commonly called the <i><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></i>. It was unclear which type of protocol would result in the best and most robust computer networks.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_network_security">Computer network security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Computer network security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davies relinquished his management responsibilities in 1979 to return to research. He became particularly interested in <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">computer network security</a> and his research on <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> led to a number of patents, including methods for providing <a href="/wiki/Secure_communication" title="Secure communication">secure communication</a> to enable the use of <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart cards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He retired from NPL in 1984, becoming a leading consultant on data security to the banking industry and publishing a book on the topic that year.<sup id="cite_ref-MCK_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with David O. Clayden, he designed the <a href="/wiki/Message_Authenticator_Algorithm" title="Message Authenticator Algorithm">Message Authenticator Algorithm</a> (MAA) in 1983, one of the first <a href="/wiki/Message_authentication_code" title="Message authentication code">message authentication code</a> algorithms to gain widespread acceptance. It was adopted as international standard ISO 8731-2 in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_career">Later career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987, Davies became a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway_and_Bedford_New_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Holloway and Bedford New College">Royal Holloway and Bedford New College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epilogue">Epilogue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Epilogue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unbeknown to Davies at first, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a> of the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> in the United States had also worked on a similar concept in the early 1960s, although designed for voice communication using low-cost electronics without communication protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-:5a_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5a-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pelkey6.1a_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelkey6.1a-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Davies became aware of Baran's work in 1966 he acknowledged that they both had equally discovered the concept of packet switching and Davies and his team referenced Baran's earlier published work.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb|Harris|p=9_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb|Harris|p=9-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baran was happy to acknowledge that Davies had come up with the same idea as him independently. In an email to Davies, he wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb|Harris|p=9_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb|Harris|p=9-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You and I share a common view of what packet switching is all about, since you and I independently came up with the same ingredients. ... and [you were] the first to reduce it to practice.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Paul Baran (2000)</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a>, a contemporary working on analysing message delays using <a href="/wiki/Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">queueing theory</a>, developed a mathematical model for the operation of <a href="/wiki/Message_switching" title="Message switching">message switching</a> networks in his PhD thesis during 1961-2, published as a book in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Kleinrock's later claim to have developed the theoretical basis of packet switching networks is disputed by other <a href="/wiki/Internet_pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baran<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Davies.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Donald Davies and Paul Baran are recognized by historians and the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larry Roberts said the computer networks built in the 1970s were similar "in nearly all respects" to Davies' original 1965 design.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davies' work on data communications and computer network design has been described as the "cornerstone" technology used in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, which is a global system of connected computer networks (a network of networks).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davies was appointed a Distinguished Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a> (BCS) in 1975 and was made a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a> in 1983, and later a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MCK_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He received the John Player Award from the BCS in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was awarded a medal by the John von Neumann Computer Society in Hungary in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, Davies shared the inaugural <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Internet_Award" title="IEEE Internet Award">IEEE Internet Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NIHF2007_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIHF2007-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2012 Davies was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davies received a lifetime achievement award in 2001 for his research into secure communications for smart cards.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NPL sponsors a gallery, opened in 2009, about the development of packet switching and "Technology of the Internet" at <a href="/wiki/The_National_Museum_of_Computing" title="The National Museum of Computing">The National Museum of Computing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> commemorating Davies was unveiled in Treorchy in July 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-blue_plaque_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blue_plaque-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davies was survived by his wife Diane, a daughter, two sons and four grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">Internet in the United Kingdom § History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">Peter T. Kirstein</a>, pioneered internetworking at University College London in the early 1970s</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavies1963" class="citation cs2">Davies, Donald Watts (1963), <i>Digital Techniques</i>, Electronic User Series, Blackie & Son</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Techniques&rft.series=Electronic+User+Series&rft.pub=Blackie+%26+Son&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Donald+Watts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Davies, Donald Watts; Barber, Derek L. A. (1973), <i>Communication networks for computers</i>, Computing and Information Processing, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471198741" title="Special:BookSources/9780471198741"><bdi>9780471198741</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+networks+for+computers&rft.series=Computing+and+Information+Processing&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780471198741&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Donald+Watts&rft.au=Barber%2C+Derek+L.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Davies, Donald Watts (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computernetworks00davi"><i>Computer networks and their protocols</i></a>, Computing and Information Processing, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471997504" title="Special:BookSources/9780471997504"><bdi>9780471997504</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+networks+and+their+protocols&rft.series=Computing+and+Information+Processing&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780471997504&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Donald+Watts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputernetworks00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span> with W. Price, D. Barber, C. Solomonides</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Davies, D. W.; Price, W. L. (1984), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/securityforcompu0000davi"><i>Security for computer networks: an introduction to data security in teleprocessing and electronic funds transfer</i></a></span>, New York: John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471921370" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471921370"><bdi>978-0471921370</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+for+computer+networks%3A+an+introduction+to+data+security+in+teleprocessing+and+electronic+funds+transfer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0471921370&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rft.au=Price%2C+W.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecurityforcompu0000davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thocp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thocp_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thocp_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thocp.net/biographies/davies_donald.htm">The History of Computing Project – Donald Davies Biography</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Needham" title="Roger Needham">Needham, R. M.</a> (2002). "Donald Watts Davies, C.B.E. 7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>48</b>: 87–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2002.0006">10.1098/rsbm.2002.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72835589">72835589</a>. <q>The 1967 Gatlinburg paper was influential on the development of ARPAnet, which might otherwise have been built with less extensible technology. ... Davies was invited to Japan to lecture on packet switching.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Donald+Watts+Davies%2C+C.B.E.+7+June+1924+%E2%80%93+28+May+2000&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=87-96&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2002.0006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A72835589%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCK-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MCK_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCK_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCK_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCK_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCK_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCK_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCK_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCK_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambell-Kelly2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cambell-Kelly, Martin (Autumn 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res44.htm">"Pioneer Profiles: Donald Davies"</a>. <i>Computer Resurrection</i> (44). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7403">0958-7403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Resurrection&rft.atitle=Pioneer+Profiles%3A+Donald+Davies&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=44&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0958-7403&rft.aulast=Cambell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerconservationsociety.org%2Fresurrection%2Fres44.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/jun/02/guardianobituaries2">"Donald Davies Obituary"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 2 June 2000</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Donald+Davies+Obituary&rft.date=2000-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2000%2Fjun%2F02%2Fguardianobituaries2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.ucf.edu/~yuksem/teaching/nae/reading/1978-roberts.pdf">"The evolution of packet switching"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i>. <b>66</b> (11): 1307–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11141">10.1109/PROC.1978.11141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26876676">26876676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+packet+switching&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1307-13&rft.date=1978-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26876676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.ucf.edu%2F~yuksem%2Fteaching%2Fnae%2Freading%2F1978-roberts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1995" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324032800/http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html">"The ARPANET & Computer Networks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ARPANET+%26+Computer+Networks&rft.date=1995-05&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.packet.cc%2Ffiles%2Farpanet-computernet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDettmer1998" class="citation journal cs1">Dettmer, R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin+of+the+Computer+Conservation+Society&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Packet+Switching&rft.ssn=spring&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0958-7403&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.man.ac.uk%2FCCS%2Fres%2Fres05.htm%23f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondson-Yurkanan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Edmondson-Yurkanan, Chris (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1230819.1230840">"SIGCOMM's archaeological journey into networking's past"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>50</b> (5): 63–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1230819.1230840">10.1145/1230819.1230840</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-0782">0001-0782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=SIGCOMM%27s+archaeological+journey+into+networking%27s+past&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=63-68&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1230819.1230840&rft.issn=0001-0782&rft.aulast=Edmondson-Yurkanan&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F1230819.1230840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1966" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Donald" title="Donald">Davies, D. W.</a> (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~wpc/grcs/Davies05.pdf"><i>Proposal for a Digital Communication Network</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proposal+for+a+Digital+Communication+Network&rft.pub=National+Physical+Laboratory&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcs.gla.ac.uk%2F~wpc%2Fgrcs%2FDavies05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris">Harris</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScantleburyWilkinsonBarber2001" class="citation conference cs1">Scantlebury, Roger; Wilkinson, Peter; Barber, Derek (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030807200346/http://www.topquark.co.uk/conf/IAP2001.html"><i>NPL, Packet Switching and the Internet</i></a>. Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topquark.co.uk/conf/IAP2001.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>The system first went 'live' early in 1969</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=NPL%2C+Packet+Switching+and+the+Internet&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Scantlebury&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Peter&rft.au=Barber%2C+Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topquark.co.uk%2Fconf%2FIAP2001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkey2007" class="citation book cs1">Pelkey, James (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/donald-davies.html"><i>Entrepreneurial Capitalism & Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968 - 1988</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>paper dated June 1966 ... introduced the concept of an "interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurial+Capitalism+%26+Innovation%3A+A+History+of+Computer+Communications+1968+-+1988&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofcomputercommunications.info%2FIndividuals%2Fabstracts%2Fdonald-davies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:92-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:92_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeartMcKenzieMcQuillianWalden1978" class="citation techreport cs1">Heart, F.; McKenzie, A.; McQuillian, J.; Walden, D. (4 January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527095942/https://walden-family.com/bbn/arpanet-completion-report.pdf"><i>Arpanet Completion Report</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report). Burlington, MA: Bolt, Beranek and Newman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Arpanet+Completion+Report&rft.place=Burlington%2C+MA&rft.pub=Bolt%2C+Beranek+and+Newman&rft.date=1978-01-04&rft.aulast=Heart&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=McKenzie%2C+A.&rft.au=McQuillian%2C+J.&rft.au=Walden%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20230527095942%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwalden-family.com%2Fbbn%2Farpanet-completion-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span> pp. III-40-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton2015" class="citation book cs1">Naughton, John (24 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bbonCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT290"><i>A Brief History of the Future</i></a>. Orion. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4746-0277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4746-0277-8"><bdi>978-1-4746-0277-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Future&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2015-09-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4746-0277-8&rft.aulast=Naughton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbbonCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3b2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3b2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3b2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3b2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Kelly1987" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell-Kelly, Martin (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DataCommunicationsAtTheNationalPhysicalLaboratory">"Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)"</a>. <i>Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>9</b> (3/4): 221–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.1987.10023">10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8172150">8172150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Data+Communications+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+%281965-1975%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=221-247&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.1987.10023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8172150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Campbell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDataCommunicationsAtTheNationalPhysicalLaboratory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2014" class="citation book cs1">Isaacson, Walter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA237"><i>The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476708690" title="Special:BookSources/9781476708690"><bdi>9781476708690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innovators%3A+How+a+Group+of+Hackers%2C+Geniuses%2C+and+Geeks+Created+the+Digital+Revolution&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781476708690&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4V9koAEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA115440.pdf">A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981. pp. 53 of 183 (III-11 on the printed copy). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201013642/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA115440">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+ARPANET%3A+The+First+Decade&rft.pages=53+of+183+%28III-11+on+the+printed+copy%29&rft.pub=Bolt%2C+Beranek+%26+Newman+Inc.&rft.date=1981-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA115440.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesBartlettScantleburyWilkinson1967" class="citation conference cs1">Davies, Donald; Bartlett, Keith; Scantlebury, Roger; Wilkinson, Peter (October 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/teaching/sp07/sys_seminar/how_did_erope_blow_this_vision.pdf"><i>A Digital Communication Network for Computers Giving Rapid Response at remote Terminals</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://people.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/teaching/sp07/sys_seminar/how_did_erope_blow_this_vision.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+Digital+Communication+Network+for+Computers+Giving+Rapid+Response+at+remote+Terminals&rft.date=1967-10&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Bartlett%2C+Keith&rft.au=Scantlebury%2C+Roger&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.mpi-sws.org%2F~gummadi%2Fteaching%2Fsp07%2Fsys_seminar%2Fhow_did_erope_blow_this_vision.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J._Gillies,_R._Cailliau-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-J._Gillies,_R._Cailliau_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gillies,_R._Cailliau2000" class="citation book cs1">J. Gillies, R. Cailliau (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill"><i>How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/23">23</a>–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192862073" title="Special:BookSources/0192862073"><bdi>0192862073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Web+was+Born%3A+The+Story+of+the+World+Wide+Web&rft.pages=23-25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0192862073&rft.au=J.+Gillies%2C+R.+Cailliau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwebwasbornsto00gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Donald_Davies_%26_Derek_Barber">"Oral-History:Donald Davies & Derek Barber"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral-History%3ADonald+Davies+%26+Derek+Barber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FOral-History%3ADonald_Davies_%2526_Derek_Barber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.computer.org/pioneers/davies.html">"Computer Pioneers - Donald W. Davies"</a>. <i>IEEE Computer Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>The design of the ARPA network (ArpaNet) was entirely changed to adopt this technique.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.atitle=Computer+Pioneers+-+Donald+W.+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.computer.org%2Fpioneers%2Fdavies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/donald-davies">"Pioneer: Donald Davies"</a>, Internet Hall of Fame "America’s Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA), and the ARPANET received his network design enthusiastically and the NPL local network became the first two computer networks in the world using the technique."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Abbate" title="Janet Abbate">Abbate, Jane</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BfZxFZpElwC&pg=PA38"><i>Inventing the Internet</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262261332" title="Special:BookSources/0262261332"><bdi>0262261332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0262261332&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BfZxFZpElwC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luke Collins, "Network pioneer remembered", <i>Engineering & Technology</i>, IET, 6 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1968" class="citation cs2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Davies, D. W.</a> (August 1968), "The Principles of a data Communication Network for Computers and Remote Peripherals", <i>Information processing 68: proceedings of IFIP Congress 1968</i>, International Federation for Information Processing, North Holland, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7204-2032-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7204-2032-6"><bdi>0-7204-2032-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Principles+of+a+data+Communication+Network+for+Computers+and+Remote+Peripherals&rft.btitle=Information+processing+68%3A+proceedings+of+IFIP+Congress+1968&rft.series=International+Federation+for+Information+Processing&rft.pub=North+Holland&rft.date=1968-08&rft.isbn=0-7204-2032-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScantleburyWilkinson,_P.T.1974" class="citation conference cs1">Scantlebury, R. A.; Wilkinson, P.T. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerdmoore.ca/PS/NPLPh/NPL1974A.html">"The National Physical Laboratory Data Communications Network"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 2nd ICCC 74</i>. pp. 223–228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+National+Physical+Laboratory+Data+Communications+Network&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2nd+ICCC+74&rft.pages=223-228&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Scantlebury&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+P.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerdmoore.ca%2FPS%2FNPLPh%2FNPL1974A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:72_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaynerBarberScantleburyWilkinson2001" class="citation conference cs1">Rayner, David; Barber, Derek; Scantlebury, Roger; Wilkinson, Peter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030807200346/http://www.topquark.co.uk/conf/IAP2001.html"><i>NPL, Packet Switching and the Internet</i></a>. Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topquark.co.uk/conf/IAP2001.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>The system first went 'live' early in 1969</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=NPL%2C+Packet+Switching+and+the+Internet&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Rayner&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Barber%2C+Derek&rft.au=Scantlebury%2C+Roger&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topquark.co.uk%2Fconf%2FIAP2001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hempstead20052-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hempstead20052_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hempstead20052_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hempstead20052_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hempstead20052_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._HempsteadW._Worthington2005" class="citation book cs1">C. Hempstead; W. Worthington (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZCNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA574"><i>Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 573–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135455514" title="Special:BookSources/9781135455514"><bdi>9781135455514</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+20th-Century+Technology&rft.pages=573-5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781135455514&rft.au=C.+Hempstead&rft.au=W.+Worthington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ZCNAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_SJosiah_C1986" class="citation journal cs1">John S, Quarterman; Josiah C, Hoskins (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F6617.6618">"Notable computer networks"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>29</b> (10): 932–971. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F6617.6618">10.1145/6617.6618</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25341056">25341056</a>. <q>The first packet-switching network was implemented at the National Physical Laboratories in the United Kingdom. It was quickly followed by the ARPANET in 1969.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Notable+computer+networks&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=932-971&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F6617.6618&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25341056%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=John+S&rft.aufirst=Quarterman&rft.au=Josiah+C%2C+Hoskins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F6617.6618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaughney_Dare-Bryan2023" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Haughney Dare-Bryan, Christine (22 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inc.com/computerfreaks"><i>Computer Freaks</i></a> (Podcast). Chapter Two: In the Air. Inc. Magazine. 35:55 minutes in. <q>Leonard Kleinrock: Donald Davies ... did make a single node packet switch before ARPA did</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer+Freaks&rft.series=Chapter+Two%3A+In+the+Air&rft.pub=Inc.+Magazine&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft.aulast=Haughney+Dare-Bryan&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc.com%2Fcomputerfreaks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:82_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1982" class="citation thesis cs1">Clarke, Peter (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/35864/2/Clarke-PN-1982-PhD-Thesis.pdf"><i>Packet and circuit-switched data networks</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Packet+and+circuit-switched+data+networks&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Department+of+Electrical+Engineering%2C+Imperial+College+of+Science+and+Technology%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspiral.imperial.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F10044%2F1%2F35864%2F2%2FClarke-PN-1982-PhD-Thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span> "As well as the packet switched network actually built at NPL for communication between their local computing facilities, some simulation experiments have been performed on larger networks. A summary of this work is reported in [69]. The work was carried out to investigate networks of a size capable of providing data communications facilities to most of the U.K. ... Experiments were then carried out using a method of flow control devised by Davies [70] called 'isarithmic' flow control. ... The simulation work carried out at NPL has, in many respects, been more realistic than most of the ARPA network theoretical studies."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelkey-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pelkey_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkey" class="citation book cs1">Pelkey, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210617093154/https://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html">"6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971-1972"</a>. <i>Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html">the original</a> on 17 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.3+CYCLADES+Network+and+Louis+Pouzin+1971-1972&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurial+Capitalism+and+Innovation%3A+A+History+of+Computer+Communications+1968-1988&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofcomputercommunications.info%2FBook%2F6%2F6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092936/http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf">"The Evolution of Packet Switching"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Invited Paper</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>. <q>In nearly all respects, Davies' original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Invited+Paper&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Packet+Switching&rft.date=1978-11&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ismlab.usf.edu%2Fdcom%2FCh10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelkey8.3-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pelkey8.3_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkey" class="citation book cs1">Pelkey, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/8.3/CYCLADES-Network-and-Louis-Pouzin-1971-1972/">"8.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972"</a>. <i>Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.3+CYCLADES+Network+and+Louis+Pouzin+1971%E2%80%931972&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurial+Capitalism+and+Innovation%3A+A+History+of+Computer+Communications+1968%E2%80%931988&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofcomputercommunications.info%2Fsection%2F8.3%2FCYCLADES-Network-and-Louis-Pouzin-1971-1972%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnUncaphervan_Trees1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kahn, R.E.; Uncapher, K.W.; van Trees, H.L. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1455409/">"Scanning the issue"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i>. <b>66</b> (11): 1303–1306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11140">10.1109/PROC.1978.11140</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9219">0018-9219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Scanning+the+issue&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1303-1306&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11140&rft.issn=0018-9219&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=R.E.&rft.au=Uncapher%2C+K.W.&rft.au=van+Trees%2C+H.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F1455409%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie2011" class="citation journal cs1">McKenzie, Alexander (2011). "INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account". <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 66–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2011.9">10.1109/MAHC.2011.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1547">1934-1547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206443072">206443072</a>. <q>Perhaps the only historical difference that would have occurred if DARPA had switched to the INWG 96 protocol is that rather than Cerf and Kahn being routinely cited as "fathers of the Internet," maybe Cerf, Scantlebury, Zimmermann, and I would have been.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=INWG+and+the+Conception+of+the+Internet%3A+An+Eyewitness+Account&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-71&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206443072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1934-1547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2011.9&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee201703-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ieee201703_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_L._Russell2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Andrew L. Russell (30 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/osi-the-internet-that-wasnt">"OSI: The Internet That Wasn't"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a></i>. Vol. 50, no. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=OSI%3A+The+Internet+That+Wasn%27t&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.au=Andrew+L.+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fosi-the-internet-that-wasnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:18_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/vc1.html">"Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Vinton Cerf"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. 24 April 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2019</span>. <q>Roger Scantlebury was one of the major players. And Donald Davies who ran, at least he was superintendent of the information systems division or something like that. I absolutely had a lot of interaction with NPL at the time. They in fact came to the ICCC 72 and they had been coming to previous meetings of what is now called Datacomm. Its first incarnation was a long title having to do with the analysis and optimization of computer communication networks, or something like that. This started in late 1969, I think, was when the first meeting happened in Pine Hill, Georgia. I didn't go to that one, but I went to the next one that was at Stanford, I think. That's where I met Scantlebury, I believe, for the first time. Then I had a lot more interaction with him. I would come to the UK fairly regularly, partly for IFIP or INWG reasons</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+Oral+and+Video+Histories%3A+Vinton+Cerf&rft.date=1990-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcomphist%2Fvc1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, Shanks, Heart, Barker, Despres, Detwiler and Riml, "Report of Subgroup 1 on Communication System", INWG Note No. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScantlebury2013" class="citation web cs1">Scantlebury, Roger (25 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/25/internet-pioneers-airbrushed-from-history">"<i>Internet pioneers airbrushed from history</i>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Internet+pioneers+airbrushed+from+history&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.aulast=Scantlebury&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2013%2Fjun%2F25%2Finternet-pioneers-airbrushed-from-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerfKahn1974" class="citation journal cs1">Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf">"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Communications</i>. <b>22</b> (5): 637–648. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCOM.1974.1092259">10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-0857">1558-0857</a>. <q>The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Communications&rft.atitle=A+Protocol+for+Packet+Network+Intercommunication&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=637-648&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTCOM.1974.1092259&rft.issn=1558-0857&rft.aulast=Cerf&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Kahn%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.princeton.edu%2Fcourses%2Farchive%2Ffall06%2Fcos561%2Fpapers%2Fcerf74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesBarber1973" class="citation cs2">Davies, Donald Watts; Barber, Derek L. A. (1973), <i>Communication networks for computers</i>, Computing and Information Processing, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471198741" title="Special:BookSources/9780471198741"><bdi>9780471198741</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+networks+for+computers&rft.series=Computing+and+Information+Processing&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780471198741&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Donald+Watts&rft.au=Barber%2C+Derek+L.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:11_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1975" class="citation journal cs1">Frank, Ronald A. (22 October 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRo_E812FNcC&pg=PA17">"Battle for Access Standards Has Two Sides"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>. IDG Enterprise: 17–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Battle+for+Access+Standards+Has+Two+Sides&rft.pages=17-18&rft.date=1975-10-22&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRo_E812FNcC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1">Abbate, Janet (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2BdY6WQo4AC&pg=PA125"><i>Inventing the Internet</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51115-5"><bdi>978-0-262-51115-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-262-51115-5&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2BdY6WQo4AC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1979" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Donald Watts (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computernetworks00davi"><i>Computer networks and their protocols</i></a>. Internet Archive. Chichester, [Eng.]; New York : Wiley. pp. 109, 150–1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471997504" title="Special:BookSources/9780471997504"><bdi>9780471997504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+networks+and+their+protocols&rft.pages=109%2C+150-1&rft.pub=Chichester%2C+%5BEng.%5D%3B+New+York+%3A+Wiley&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780471997504&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Donald+Watts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputernetworks00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesBressan2010" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Howard; Bressan, Beatrice (26 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DN-t8MpZ0-wC&q=%22protocol+wars%22&pg=PA106"><i>A History of International Research Networking: The People who Made it Happen</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-32710-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-32710-2"><bdi>978-3-527-32710-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+International+Research+Networking%3A+The+People+who+Made+it+Happen&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft.isbn=978-3-527-32710-2&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Bressan%2C+Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDN-t8MpZ0-wC%26q%3D%2522protocol%2Bwars%2522%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.justia.com/inventor/donald-watts-davies">"Donald Watts Davies Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search"</a>. <i>patents.justia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=patents.justia.com&rft.atitle=Donald+Watts+Davies+Inventions%2C+Patents+and+Patent+Applications+-+Justia+Patents+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.justia.com%2Finventor%2Fdonald-watts-davies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2000" class="citation news cs1">Feder, Barnaby J. (4 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/04/business/donald-w-davies-75-dies-helped-refine-data-networks.html">"Donald W. Davies, 75, Dies; Helped Refine Data Networks"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2020</span>. <q>Donald W. Davies, who proposed a method for transmitting data that made the Internet possible</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Donald+W.+Davies%2C+75%2C+Dies%3B+Helped+Refine+Data+Networks&rft.date=2000-06-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Barnaby+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F06%2F04%2Fbusiness%2Fdonald-w-davies-75-dies-helped-refine-data-networks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5a-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5a_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldrop2018" class="citation book cs1">Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRnBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT285"><i>The Dream Machine</i></a>. Stripe Press. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-953953-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-953953-36-0"><bdi>978-1-953953-36-0</bdi></a>. <q>Baran had put more emphasis on digital voice communications than on computer communications.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream+Machine&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Stripe+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-953953-36-0&rft.aulast=Waldrop&rft.aufirst=M.+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeRnBEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelkey6.1a-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pelkey6.1a_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkey" class="citation book cs1">Pelkey, James L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/6.1/The-Communications-Subnet-BBN-1969/">"6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969"</a>. <i>Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988</i>. <q>As Kahn recalls: ... Paul Baran's contributions ... I also think Paul was motivated almost entirely by voice considerations. If you look at what he wrote, he was talking about switches that were low-cost electronics. The idea of putting powerful computers in these locations hadn't quite occurred to him as being cost effective. So the idea of computer switches was missing. The whole notion of protocols didn't exist at that time. And the idea of computer-to-computer communications was really a secondary concern.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.1+The+Communications+Subnet%3A+BBN+1969&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurial+Capitalism+and+Innovation%3A+A+History+of+Computer+Communications+1968%E2%80%931988&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofcomputercommunications.info%2Fsection%2F6.1%2FThe-Communications-Subnet-BBN-1969%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinrock1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kleinrock, L. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1455412/">"Principles and lessons in packet communications"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i>. <b>66</b> (11): 1320–1329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11143">10.1109/PROC.1978.11143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9219">0018-9219</a>. <q>Paul Baran ... focused on the routing procedures and on the survivability of distributed communication systems in a hostile environment, but did not concentrate on the need for resource sharing in its form as we now understand it; indeed, the concept of a software switch was not present in his work.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Principles+and+lessons+in+packet+communications&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1320-1329&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11143&rft.issn=0018-9219&rft.aulast=Kleinrock&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F1455412%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvnb|Harris|p=9-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvnb|Harris|p=9_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvnb|Harris|p=9_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris">Harris</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/news/packets-of-data">"<i>Packets of data were the key...</i>"</a>. NPL<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Packets+of+data+were+the+key...&rft.pub=NPL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npl.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpackets-of-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internet-guide.co.uk/DonaldWattsDavies.html">"Donald Watts Davies"</a>. Internet Guide. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Donald+Watts+Davies&rft.pub=Internet+Guide&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internet-guide.co.uk%2FDonaldWattsDavies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/i/iw_packet.htm">Packet Switching</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinrock1961" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Kleinrock, Leonard</a> (1961), "Information flow in large communication nets", <i>RLE Quarterly Progress Report</i> (1)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RLE+Quarterly+Progress+Report&rft.atitle=Information+flow+in+large+communication+nets&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Kleinrock&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_McKenzie2009" class="citation cs2">Alex McKenzie (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alexmckenzie.weebly.com/comments-on-kleinrocks-claims.html"><i>Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock's claim to be "the Father of Modern Data Networking"</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comments+on+Dr.+Leonard+Kleinrock%27s+claim+to+be+%22the+Father+of+Modern+Data+Networking%22&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Alex+McKenzie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falexmckenzie.weebly.com%2Fcomments-on-kleinrocks-claims.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span> "...there is nothing in the entire 1964 book that suggests, analyzes, or alludes to the idea of packetization."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2014" class="citation book cs1">Isaacson, Walter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA245"><i>The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476708690" title="Special:BookSources/9781476708690"><bdi>9781476708690</bdi></a>. <q>This led to an outcry among many of the other Internet pioneers, who publicly attacked Kleinrock and said that his brief mention of breaking messages into smaller pieces did not come close to being a proposal for packet switching</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innovators%3A+How+a+Group+of+Hackers%2C+Geniuses%2C+and+Geeks+Created+the+Digital+Revolution&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781476708690&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4V9koAEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris">Harris</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaughney_Dare-Bryan2023" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Haughney Dare-Bryan, Christine (22 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inc.com/computerfreaks"><i>Computer Freaks</i></a> (Podcast). Chapter Two: In the Air. Inc. Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer+Freaks&rft.series=Chapter+Two%3A+In+the+Air&rft.pub=Inc.+Magazine&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft.aulast=Haughney+Dare-Bryan&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc.com%2Fcomputerfreaks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/22/technology/l-birthing-the-internet-letters-from-the-delivery-room-disputing-a-claim-325210.html">"Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 22 November 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>. <q>Authors who have interviewed dozens of Arpanet pioneers know very well that the Kleinrock-Roberts claims are not believed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Birthing+the+Internet%3A+Letters+From+the+Delivery+Room%3B+Disputing+a+Claim&rft.date=2001-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F11%2F22%2Ftechnology%2Fl-birthing-the-internet-letters-from-the-delivery-room-disputing-a-claim-325210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatie_Hefner2001" class="citation cs2">Katie Hefner (8 November 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/08/technology/a-paternity-dispute-divides-net-pioneers.html?pagewanted=all">"A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, <q>The Internet is really the work of a thousand people," Mr. Baran said. "And of all the stories about what different people have done, all the pieces fit together. It's just this one little case that seems to be an aberration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Paternity+Dispute+Divides+Net+Pioneers&rft.date=2001-11-08&rft.au=Katie+Hefner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F11%2F08%2Ftechnology%2Fa-paternity-dispute-divides-net-pioneers.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Davies2001" class="citation cs2">Donald Davies (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/3/152.extract">"A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching"</a>, <i>Computer Journal, British Computer Society</i>, <q>I can find no evidence that he understood the principles of packet switching.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Journal%2C+British+Computer+Society&rft.atitle=A+Historical+Study+of+the+Beginnings+of+Packet+Switching&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Donald+Davies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomjnl.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F44%2F3%2F152.extract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/">"The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+real+story+of+how+the+Internet+became+so+vulnerable&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsf%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F05%2F30%2Fnet-of-insecurity-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091231/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316">"Inductee Details - Paul Baran"</a>. National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316">the original</a> on 6 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inductee+Details+-+Paul+Baran&rft.pub=National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invent.org%2Fhonor%2Finductees%2Finductee-detail%2F%3FIID%3D316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091936/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328">"Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies"</a>. National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328">the original</a> on 6 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inductee+Details+-+Donald+Watts+Davies&rft.pub=National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invent.org%2Fhonor%2Finductees%2Finductee-detail%2F%3FIID%3D328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:24_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092936/http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf">"The Evolution of Packet Switching"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Invited Paper</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>. <q>In nearly all respects, Davies' original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Invited+Paper&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Packet+Switching&rft.date=1978-11&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ismlab.usf.edu%2Fdcom%2FCh10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates1997" class="citation book cs1">Yates, David M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ToMfAQAAIAAJ&q=%22led+to+the+Internet%22"><i>Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995</i></a>. National Museum of Science and Industry. pp. 132–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901805-94-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901805-94-2"><bdi>978-0-901805-94-2</bdi></a>. <q>Davies's invention of packet switching and design of computer communication networks ... were a cornerstone of the development which led to the Internet</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turing%27s+Legacy%3A+A+History+of+Computing+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+1945-1995&rft.pages=132-34&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Science+and+Industry&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-901805-94-2&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DToMfAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522led%2Bto%2Bthe%2BInternet%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-Lee1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weavingweb00timb/page/7"><i>Weaving the Web: The Past, Present and Future of the World Wide Web by its Inventor</i></a>, London: Orion, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weavingweb00timb/page/7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-75282-090-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-75282-090-7"><bdi>0-75282-090-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weaving+the+Web%3A+The+Past%2C+Present+and+Future+of+the+World+Wide+Web+by+its+Inventor&rft.place=London&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-75282-090-7&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fweavingweb00timb%2Fpage%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span> "The advances by Donald Davies, by Paul Baran, and by Vint Cerf, Bob Khan and colleagues had already happened in the 1970s but were only just becoming pervasive."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2009" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Trevor, University of Wales (2009). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Blue+plaque+to+honour+Welsh+computing+pioneer+Donald+Davies&rft.date=2013-07-26&rft.au=Emily+Gorton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fgadgets-and-tech%2Fnews%2Fblue-plaque-to-honour-welsh-computing-pioneer-donald-davies-8734451.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-23446159">"Treorchy internet pioneer Donald Davies honoured"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Treorchy+internet+pioneer+Donald+Davies+honoured&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-23446159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100920230916/http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/davies.shtml">"Obituary: Data Pioneer Donald Davies Dies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC)</i>. 31 May 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/davies.shtml">the original</a> on 20 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Society+%28ISOC%29&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Data+Pioneer+Donald+Davies+Dies&rft.date=2000-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isoc.org%2Finternet%2Fhistory%2Fdavies.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+Davies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davies&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Donald_Davies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107241">Oral history interview with Donald W. Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota. Davies describes computer projects at the UK <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a>, from the 1947 design work of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> to the development of the two <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Computing_Engine" title="Automatic Computing Engine">ACE computers</a>. Davies discusses a much larger, second ACE, and the decision to contract with <a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a> Company to build the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_DEUCE" title="English Electric DEUCE">DEUCE</a>—one of the first commercially produced computers in Great Britain.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thocp.net/biographies/davies_donald.htm">Biography</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thocp.net/">History of Computing Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/people/donald-davies">Donald Davies profile page at NPL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelinuxmaniac.users.sourceforge.net/docs/be/chc61/">A Tribute to Donald Davies (1924–2000)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118054837/http://thelinuxmaniac.users.sourceforge.net/docs/be/chc61/">Archived</a> 18 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_npl.htm">UK National Physical Laboratory (NPL) & Donald Davies</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/">Living Internet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4989933629762859961">Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing</a>, documentary ca. 1972 about the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>. Includes footage of Donald W. 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Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pioneers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pioneers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Cohen_(computer_scientist)" title="Danny Cohen (computer scientist)">Danny Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Crocker" title="Steve Crocker">Steve Crocker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_J._Feinler" title="Elizabeth J. Feinler">Elizabeth J. Feinler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Herzfeld" title="Charles M. Herzfeld">Charles Herzfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Robert Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">Peter T. Kirstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Klensin" title="John Klensin">John Klensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pouzin" title="Louis Pouzin">Louis Pouzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Lawrence Roberts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Clark" title="David D. Clark">David Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Farber" title="David J. Farber">David Farber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Frank_(network_engineer)" title="Howard Frank (network engineer)">Howard Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchana_Kanchanasut" title="Kanchana Kanchanasut">Kanchana Kanchanasut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Bob Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Murai" title="Jun Murai">Jun Murai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_Neggers" title="Kees Neggers">Kees Neggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nii_Quaynor" title="Nii Quaynor">Nii Quaynor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Ricart" title="Glenn Ricart">Glenn Ricart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wolff" title="Stephen Wolff">Stephen Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Zorn" title="Werner Zorn">Werner Zorn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Estrada" title="Susan Estrada">Susan Estrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Heart" title="Frank Heart">Frank Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Jennings_(Internet_pioneer)" title="Dennis Jennings (Internet pioneer)">Dennis Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Nordhagen_(physicist)" title="Rolf Nordhagen (physicist)">Rolf Nordhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Global_connectors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Global connectors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Bush_(scientist)" title="Randy Bush (scientist)">Randy Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilnam_Chon" title="Kilnam Chon">Kilnam Chon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hafkin" title="Nancy Hafkin">Nancy Hafkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Huston_(scientist)" title="Geoff Huston (scientist)">Geoff Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Karrenberg" title="Daniel Karrenberg">Daniel Karrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru_Takahashi_(Internet)" title="Toru Takahashi (Internet)">Toru Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Tin_Wee" title="Tan Tin Wee">Tan Tin Wee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Banks" title="Karen Banks">Karen Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gihan_Dias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gihan Dias (page does not exist)">Gihan Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anriette_Esterhuysen" title="Anriette Esterhuysen">Anriette Esterhuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Goldstein_(NSF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Goldstein (NSF) (page does not exist)">Steve Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teus_Hagen" title="Teus Hagen">Teus Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Holz" title="Ida Holz">Ida Holz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiheng" title="Hu Qiheng">Qiheng Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruhisa_Ishida" title="Haruhisa Ishida">Haruhisa Ishida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Leiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Leiner (page does not exist)">Barry Leiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sadowsky" title="George Sadowsky">George Sadowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Davies_(internet_pioneer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Davies (internet pioneer) (page does not exist)">Dai Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi_Getschko" title="Demi Getschko">Demi Getschko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masaki_Hirabaru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masaki Hirabaru (page does not exist)">Masaki Hirabaru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Huizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Huizer (page does not exist)">Erik Huizer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Huter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Huter (page does not exist)">Steve Huter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhaya_Induruwa" title="Abhaya Induruwa">Abhaya Induruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_Muthoni" title="Dorcas Muthoni">Dorcas Muthoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabir_Pun" title="Mahabir Pun">Mahabir Pun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Srinivasan_Ramani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srinivasan Ramani (page does not exist)">Srinivasan Ramani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Roberts_(internet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Roberts (internet) (page does not exist)">Michael Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Segal_(computer_scientist)" title="Ben Segal (computer scientist)">Ben Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Van_Houweling" title="Douglas Van Houweling">Douglas Van Houweling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabil_Bukhalid" title="Nabil Bukhalid">Nabil Bukhalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Fuchs" title="Ira Fuchs">Ira Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shigeki_Goto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shigeki Goto (page does not exist)">Shigeki Goto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jensen_(internet_pioneer)" title="Mike Jensen (internet pioneer)">Mike Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermanno_Pietrosemoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ermanno Pietrosemoli (page does not exist)">Ermanno Pietrosemoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadao_Takahashi" title="Tadao Takahashi">Tadao Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florencio_Utreras" title="Florencio Utreras">Florencio Utreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jianping" title="Wu Jianping">Wu Jianping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Innovators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Innovators</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Baker" title="Mitchell Baker">Mitchell Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Jacobson" title="Van Jacobson">Van Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Landweber" title="Lawrence Landweber">Lawrence Landweber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mockapetris" title="Paul Mockapetris">Paul Mockapetris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Newmark" title="Craig Newmark">Craig Newmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Ray Tomlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Zimmermann" title="Phil Zimmermann">Phil Zimmermann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Perry_Barlow" title="John Perry Barlow">John Perry Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fl%C3%BCckiger" title="François Flückiger">François Flückiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kent_(network_security)" title="Stephen Kent (network security)">Stephen Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Eklund_L%C3%B6winder" title="Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder">Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Schulzrinne" title="Henning Schulzrinne">Henning Schulzrinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Allman" title="Eric Allman">Eric Allman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bina" title="Eric Bina">Eric Bina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Brandenburg" title="Karlheinz Brandenburg">Karlheinz Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cioffi" title="John Cioffi">John Cioffi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hualin_Qian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hualin Qian (page does not exist)">Hualin Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Vixie" title="Paul Vixie">Paul Vixie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_Akkerhuis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap Akkerhuis (page does not exist)">Jaap Akkerhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Andres" title="Yvonne Andres">Yvonne Marie Andres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Emtage" title="Alan Emtage">Alan Emtage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Krol" title="Ed Krol">Ed Krol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_LaQuey_Parker" title="Tracy LaQuey Parker">Tracy LaQuey Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Partridge" title="Craig Partridge">Craig Partridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Inductees_since_2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees since 2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiel_Akplogan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adiel Akplogan (page does not exist)">Adiel Akplogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KC_Claffy" title="KC Claffy">Kimberly Claffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Comer" title="Douglas Comer">Douglas Comer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elise_Gerich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elise Gerich (page does not exist)">Elise Gerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Irving" title="Larry Irving">Larry Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Lynch" title="Daniel C. Lynch">Dan Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Armour_Polly" title="Jean Armour Polly">Jean Armour Polly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Soriano_(internet_pioneer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Soriano (internet pioneer) (page does not exist)">José Soriano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Stanton_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Stanton (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Michael Stanton</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stanton" class="extiw" title="pt:Michael Stanton">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaas_Wierenga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaas Wierenga (page does not exist)">Klaas Wierenga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suguru_Yamaguchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suguru Yamaguchi (page does not exist)">Suguru Yamaguchi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3%E8%8B%B1" class="extiw" title="ja:山口英">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Afonso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Afonso (page does not exist)">Carlos Afonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Blokzijl" title="Rob Blokzijl">Rob Blokzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Werner_Braun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Werner Braun (page does not exist)">Hans-Werner Braun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Werner_Braun" class="extiw" title="de:Hans-Werner Braun">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frode_Greisen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frode Greisen (page does not exist)">Frode Greisen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Gruntorad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Gruntorad (page does not exist)">Jan Gruntorad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Hahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saul Hahn (page does not exist)">Saul Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Hubbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Hubbard (page does not exist)">Kim Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Ibarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Ibarra (page does not exist)">Rafael Ibarra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xing_Li_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xing Li (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Xing Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvar_G._Lundh" title="Yngvar G. Lundh">Yngvar Lundh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kaminsky" title="Dan Kaminsky">Dan Kaminsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DaeYoung_Kim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DaeYoung Kim (page does not exist)">DaeYoung Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Klingenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Klingenstein (page does not exist)">Kenneth Klingenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Pisanty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alejandro Pisanty (page does not exist)">Alejandro Pisanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Rekhter" title="Yakov Rekhter">Yakov Rekhter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Smith_(network_engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Smith (network engineer) (page does not exist)">Philip Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5l_Spilling" title="Pål Spilling">Pål Spilling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liane_Tarouco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liane Tarouco (page does not exist)">Liane Tarouco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liane_Margarida_Rockenbach_Tarouco" class="extiw" title="pt:Liane Margarida Rockenbach Tarouco">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Travers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Travers (page does not exist)">Virginia Travers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Varghese" title="George Varghese">George Varghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixia_Zhang" title="Lixia Zhang">Lixia Zhang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_Bhushan" title="Abhay Bhushan">Abhay Bhushan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Breeden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Breeden (page does not exist)">Laura Breeden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Moura_Campos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Moura Campos (page does not exist)">Ivan Moura Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Cisler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Cisler (page does not exist)">Steve Cisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Eckersley_(computer_scientist)" title="Peter Eckersley (computer scientist)">Peter Eckersley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartmut_Richard_Glaser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartmut Richard Glaser (page does not exist)">Hartmut Richard Glaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_S._Lam" title="Simon S. Lam">Simon S. Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Schrader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Schrader (page does not exist)">William Schrader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_T%C3%A9ramond_Peralta" title="Guy de Téramond Peralta">Guy de Téramond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1240482#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1240482#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1240482#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000115693434">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46859041">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJymxGcrdYwfkCj9gp7T73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/107853280">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81132128">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12465148v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12465148v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00437320">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0053717&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071817948">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8049854">Norway</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90080434">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90229345">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000110737&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810547078405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007444762005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00771598?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:davies.donald-w">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/d/DWDavies">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/431983">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd107853280.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/107853280">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033833966">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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