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class="mw-page-title-main">Pilot ACE</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Pilot ACE – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pilot ACE" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_ACE" title="Pilot ACE – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pilot ACE" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC%EB%9F%BF_%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="파일럿 에이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파일럿 에이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_ACE" title="Pilot ACE – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pilot ACE" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%88ACE" title="パイロットACE – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パイロットACE" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_ACE" title="Pilot ACE – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Pilot ACE" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_ACE" title="Pilot ACE – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pilot ACE" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_ACE" title="Pilot ACE – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Pilot ACE" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_ACE" title="Pilot ACE – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Pilot ACE" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q937690#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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searchaux" style="display:none">One of the first computers built in the United Kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">Pilot ACE</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilot_ACE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pilot_ACE.jpg/220px-Pilot_ACE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pilot_ACE.jpg/330px-Pilot_ACE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pilot_ACE.jpg/440px-Pilot_ACE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a> (NPL)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">1950<span class="noprint">; 74 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1950</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a></th><td class="infobox-data">approximately 800 <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a> @ 1 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">megahertz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memory</th><td class="infobox-data">128 32-bit words; later expanded to 352 words (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> <a href="/wiki/Delay-line_memory" title="Delay-line memory">delay lines</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilot_ACE_console.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pilot_ACE_console.jpg/220px-Pilot_ACE_console.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pilot_ACE_console.jpg/330px-Pilot_ACE_console.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pilot_ACE_console.jpg/440px-Pilot_ACE_console.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Pilot ACE console</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch_cards_in_tray_for_Pilot_ACE_computer_built_at_the_National_Physical_Laboratory_c._1950_(9672239226).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Punch_cards_in_tray_for_Pilot_ACE_computer_built_at_the_National_Physical_Laboratory_c._1950_%289672239226%29.jpg/220px-Punch_cards_in_tray_for_Pilot_ACE_computer_built_at_the_National_Physical_Laboratory_c._1950_%289672239226%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Punch_cards_in_tray_for_Pilot_ACE_computer_built_at_the_National_Physical_Laboratory_c._1950_%289672239226%29.jpg/330px-Punch_cards_in_tray_for_Pilot_ACE_computer_built_at_the_National_Physical_Laboratory_c._1950_%289672239226%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Punch_cards_in_tray_for_Pilot_ACE_computer_built_at_the_National_Physical_Laboratory_c._1950_%289672239226%29.jpg/440px-Punch_cards_in_tray_for_Pilot_ACE_computer_built_at_the_National_Physical_Laboratory_c._1950_%289672239226%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>Punch cards, detail view against dark grey background, for Pilot ACE computer, built at the <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)</a>, circa 1950. <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Museum London">Science Museum London</a><sup id="cite_ref-sciencephoto/ACE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencephoto/ACE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Pilot ACE</b> (Automatic Computing Engine) was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> built in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yastes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yastes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Built at the <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a> (NPL) in the early 1950s, it was also one of the earliest general-purpose, <a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">stored-program computers</a> – joining other UK designs like the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Mark_1" title="Manchester Mark 1">Manchester Mark 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/EDSAC" title="EDSAC">EDSAC</a> of the same era. It was a preliminary version of the full <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Computing_Engine" title="Automatic Computing Engine">ACE</a>, which was designed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, who left NPL before the construction was completed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilot_ACE&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pilot ACE was built to a cut down version of Turing's full ACE design. After Turing left NPL (in part because he was disillusioned by the lack of progress on building the ACE), <a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilkinson" title="James H. Wilkinson">James H. Wilkinson</a> took over the project. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Huskey" title="Harry Huskey">Harry Huskey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Woodger" title="Mike Woodger">Mike Woodger</a> were involved with the design.<sup id="cite_ref-yates97_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yates97-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-woodger51_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodger51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pilot ACE ran its first program on 10 May 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-mck81_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mck81-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was demonstrated to the press in November 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although originally intended as a prototype, it became clear that the machine was a potentially useful resource, especially given the lack of other computing devices at the time. After some upgrades to make operational use practical, it went into service in late 1951 and saw considerable operational service over the next several years. One reason Pilot ACE was useful is that it was able to perform <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating-point arithmetic</a> necessary for scientific calculations. Wilkinson tells the story of how this came to be.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When first built, Pilot ACE did not have hardware for either multiplication or division, in contrast to other computers at that time. (Hardware multiplication was added later.) Pilot ACE started out using <a href="/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic" title="Fixed-point arithmetic">fixed-point</a> multiplication and division implemented as software. It soon became apparent that fixed-point arithmetic was a bad idea because the numbers quickly went out of range. It only took a short time to write new software so that Pilot ACE could do floating-point arithmetic. After that, James Wilkinson became an expert and wrote a book on <a href="/wiki/Round-off_error" title="Round-off error">rounding errors</a> in floating-point calculations, which eventually sold well.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pilot ACE used approximately 800 <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Main_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Main memory">main memory</a> consisted of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> <a href="/wiki/Delay-line_memory" title="Delay-line memory">delay lines</a> with an original capacity of 128 words of 32 bits each, which was later expanded to 352 words. A 4096-word <a href="/wiki/Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">drum memory</a> was added in 1954. Its basic clock rate, 1 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">megahertz</a>, was the fastest of the early British computers. The time to execute instructions was highly dependent on where they were in memory (due to the use of delay-line memory). An addition could take anywhere from 64 to 1024 <a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">microseconds</a>. </p><p>The machine was so successful that a commercial version of it, named the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_DEUCE" title="English Electric DEUCE">DEUCE</a>, was constructed and sold by the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a> Company. </p><p>Pilot ACE was shut down in May 1955, and was given to the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Museum (London)">Science Museum</a>, where it remains today.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilot_ACE&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Installing the magnetic drum in 1954 opened the way to develop a control program for running programs dealing with matrices. Following urging by J. M. Hahn<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the British Aircraft Corporation,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brian W. Munday developed General Interpretive Programme (GIP), which required only simple codewords to run a collection of programs called "bricks". Each brick could perform a single task, such as to solve a set of simultaneous equations, to invert a matrix, and to perform matrix multiplication. Though there was nothing new in this concept, where GIP was unique was in the simplicity of the codewords that did not specify the bounds of the matrices. Bounds were taken from the matrix on the drum, where the bounds were the second and third element stored. When a matrix was punched on cards, the bounds were given as the first two elements. Thus, once a program was written, it could run automatically with different sizes of matrices, without needing to change the program. GIP was running in 1954,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was re-written for DEUCE, the successor to Pilot ACE. </p><p>Bricks to be used with GIP were written by M. Woodger, who devised a unique scheme for storing array elements, namely, "<a href="/wiki/Block_floating_point" title="Block floating point">block floating</a>". To use regular floating-point would have required two words for each element. The compromise was to use a single exponent for all the elements of an array. Thus, only one word was required for each element. Only the largest element(s) were normalized. Smaller elements were scaled accordingly. Though there was some loss of precision associated with the smaller elements, it was not great, considering that elements tended to be within a factor of ten of each other. The exponent was stored with the matrix, along with the dimensions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilot_ACE&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vacuum-tube_computers" title="List of vacuum-tube computers">List of vacuum-tube computers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilot_ACE&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sciencephoto/ACE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sciencephoto/ACE_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencephoto.com/keyword/automatic-computing-engine">"automatic computing engine"</a>. <i>Science Photo Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Photo+Library&rft.atitle=automatic+computing+engine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencephoto.com%2Fkeyword%2Fautomatic-computing-engine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APilot+ACE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?search=1&pixperpage=50&searchtxtkeys=1950+and+ace+and+cards+and+paper&lstorients=All+Orientations">"1950 ace paper cards"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_%26_Society_Picture_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Science & Society Picture Library">Science & Society Picture Library</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Society+Picture+Library&rft.atitle=1950+ace+paper+cards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandsociety.co.uk%2Fresults.asp%3Fsearch%3D1%26pixperpage%3D50%26searchtxtkeys%3D1950%2Band%2Bace%2Band%2Bcards%2Band%2Bpaper%26lstorients%3DAll%2BOrientations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APilot+ACE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yastes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yastes_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates1997" class="citation book cs1">Yates, David M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ToMfAQAAIAAJ"><i>Turing's Legacy: A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945–1995</i></a>. UK: <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum, London</a>. pp. 126–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901805-94-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-901805-94-7"><bdi>0-901805-94-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turing%27s+Legacy%3A+A+history+of+computing+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+1945%E2%80%931995&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=126-146&rft.pub=Science+Museum%2C+London&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-901805-94-7&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DToMfAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APilot+ACE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yates97-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yates97_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates1997" class="citation book cs1">Yates, David M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ToMfAQAAIAAJ"><i>Turing's Legacy: A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945–1995</i></a>. UK: <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum, London</a>. pp. 296, 300, 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901805-94-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-901805-94-7"><bdi>0-901805-94-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turing%27s+Legacy%3A+A+history+of+computing+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+1945%E2%80%931995&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=296%2C+300%2C+316&rft.pub=Science+Museum%2C+London&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-901805-94-7&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DToMfAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APilot+ACE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woodger51-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woodger51_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodger1951" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Woodger" title="Mike Woodger">Woodger, M.</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F167270a0">"Automatic Computing Engine of the National Physical Laboratory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>167</b> (4242): 270. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951Natur.167..270W">1951Natur.167..270W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F167270a0">10.1038/167270a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4286414">4286414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Automatic+Computing+Engine+of+the+National+Physical+Laboratory&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=4242&rft.pages=270&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4286414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F167270a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1951Natur.167..270W&rft.aulast=Woodger&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F167270a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APilot+ACE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mck81-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mck81_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Kelly1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Campbell-Kelly" title="Martin Campbell-Kelly">Campbell-Kelly, Martin</a> (1981). "Programming the Pilot ACE: Early Programming Activity at the National Physical Laboratory". <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing" title="IEEE Annals of the History of Computing">IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>: 133–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.1981.10015">10.1109/MAHC.1981.10015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9711655">9711655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Programming+the+Pilot+ACE%3A+Early+Programming+Activity+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133-162&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.1981.10015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9711655%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Campbell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APilot+ACE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2010" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Paul (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computer0000atki"><i>Computer</i></a></span>. Reaktion Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computer0000atki/page/39">39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861897374" title="Special:BookSources/9781861897374"><bdi>9781861897374</bdi></a>. <q>Pilot ACE 1950.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781861897374&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputer0000atki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APilot+ACE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-51-99425-2">"Automatic Computing Machinery: News – National Physical Laboratory"</a>. <i>Mathematics of Computation</i>. <b>5</b> (35): 174–175. 1951. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-51-99425-2">10.1090/S0025-5718-51-99425-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-5718">0025-5718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+of+Computation&rft.atitle=Automatic+Computing+Machinery%3A+News+%E2%80%93+National+Physical+Laboratory&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=174-175&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2FS0025-5718-51-99425-2&rft.issn=0025-5718&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1090%252FS0025-5718-51-99425-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APilot+ACE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0694599">"9. The ACE Pilot Model, Teddington, England"</a>. <i>Digital Computer Newsletter</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 4. December 1950.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Computer+Newsletter&rft.atitle=9.+The+ACE+Pilot+Model%2C+Teddington%2C+England&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1950-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fdocs%2Fcitations%2FAD0694599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APilot+ACE" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRota1980" class="citation book cs1">Rota, Gian-Carlo; et al., eds. (1980). <i>History of Computing in the Twentieth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Computing+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APilot+ACE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilkinson" title="James H. Wilkinson">Wilkinson, J. H.</a> (1994). <i>Rounding Errors in Algebraic Processes</i>. reprinted by Dover.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rounding+Errors+in+Algebraic+Processes&rft.pub=reprinted+by+Dover&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APilot+ACE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819152811/http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/detail.php?type=related&kv=62349&t=objects">"The Pilot ACE computer"</a>. UK: <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Museum (London)">Science Museum (London)</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/detail.php?type=related&kv=62349&t=objects">the original</a> on 2016-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pilot+ACE+computer&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Science+Museum+%28London%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk%2Fdetail.php%3Ftype%3Drelated%26kv%3D62349%26t%3Dobjects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APilot+ACE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. M. Hahn, Letter to M. Woodger, 20 September 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. M. Hahn, "Some Suggestions for Matrix Routines for Electronic Digital Computers", September 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Campbell-Kelly, op. cit., p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Woodger, "The History and Present Use of Digital Computers at the National Physical Laboratory." Process Control and Automation, November 1958</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilot_ACE&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>James H. Wilkinson, <i>Turing's Work at the National Physical Laboratory and the Construction of Pilot ACE, DEUCE and ACE</i> (in Nicholas Metropolis, J. Howlett, Gian-Carlo Rota, (editors), <i>A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century</i>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>, New York, 1980)</li> <li>Martin Campbell-Kelly, <i>Programming the Pilot ACE</i> (in <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing" title="IEEE Annals of the History of Computing">IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</a></i>, Vol. 3 (No. 2), 1981, pp. 133–162)</li> <li>B. Jack Copeland (editor), <i>Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-856593-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-856593-3">0-19-856593-3</a></li> <li>B. Jack Copeland, <i>Alan Turing's Electronic Brain: The Struggle to Build the ACE, the World's Fastest Computer</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960915-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960915-4">978-0-19-960915-4</a></li> <li>Michael R. Williams, <i>A History of Computing Technology</i>. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8186-7739-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8186-7739-2">0-8186-7739-2</a>. Chap. 8.3.4.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8683369.stm">How Alan Turing's Pilot ACE changed computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 15 May 2010</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilot_ACE&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Simon H. Lavington, <i>Early British Computers: The Story of Vintage Computers and The People Who Built Them</i> (<a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>, 1980)</li> <li>David M. Yates, <i>Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory, 1945–1995</i> (<a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum, London</a>, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901805-94-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-901805-94-7">0-901805-94-7</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilot_ACE&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107241">Oral history interview with Donald W. Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota. Davies describes computer projects at the U.K. <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a>, from the 1947 design work of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> to the development of the two <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Computing_Engine" title="Automatic Computing Engine">ACE computers</a>. Davies discusses a much larger, second ACE, and the decision to contract with <a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a> Company to build the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_DEUCE" title="English Electric DEUCE">DEUCE</a>—possibly the first commercially produced computer in Great Britain.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co62378/main-frame-for-automatic-computing-engine-ace-pilot-model-1949-mainframe-computer">The Pilot ACE in the Science Museum Group Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8683369.stm">How Alan Turing's Pilot ACE changed computing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/video/2011/mar/01/pilot-ace-computer-alan-turing">The world's first multi-tasking computer</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilot_ACE&oldid=1242289324">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilot_ACE&oldid=1242289324</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_computers" title="Category:1950s computers">1950s computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_British_computers" title="Category:Early British computers">Early British computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:One-of-a-kind_computers" title="Category:One-of-a-kind computers">One-of-a-kind computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:32-bit_computers" title="Category:32-bit computers">32-bit computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vacuum_tube_computers" title="Category:Vacuum tube computers">Vacuum tube computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer-related_introductions_in_1950" title="Category:Computer-related introductions in 1950">Computer-related introductions in 1950</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_inventions" title="Category:English inventions">English inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Collection_of_the_Science_Museum,_London" title="Category:Collection of the Science Museum, London">Collection of the Science Museum, London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serial_computers" title="Category:Serial computers">Serial computers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2022">Articles with dead external links from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 August 2024, at 00:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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