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aria-current="page">About Observer</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1321435" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1321435"><a href="https://observer.com/advertise/">Advertise With Us</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> <a href="/subscribe" class="mobile-subscribe">Newsletters</a> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <!-- Hashtag Labs Ad observer_leaderboard_atf --> <div class="ad-wrapper ad-bottom-margin ad-leaderboard ad-has-disclaimer htlad-observer_leaderboard_atf" id="observer_leaderboard_atf"></div> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <article id="post-1413761" class="page--has-blocks post-1413761 page type-page status-publish"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title">ABOUT OBSERVER</h1> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-content"> <p><strong>Observer</strong> <strong>chronicles</strong> the people and trends rapidly changing our world. <strong>Observer</strong> <strong>curates</strong> expert opinions and recommendations. <strong>Observer</strong> <strong>celebrates</strong> an elite group of leaders in industries we believe matter most. <strong>Observer’s mission</strong> is rooted in <strong>daily exploration of the powerful people</strong> behind the world’s most interesting, successful and innovative ideas, companies and trends.</p> <p class="has-small-font-size">Observer is led by VP of Content Strategy Merin Curotto (merin@observer.com).</p> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes"><table><thead><tr><th class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">EDITORIAL TEAM</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Sissi Cao, Business Editor (pitch: business@observer.com)</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Elisa Carollo, Arts Reporter</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Morgan Halberg, Travel & Lifestyle Editor (pitch: lifestyle@observer.com)</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Joe Levy, Entertainment Editor (pitch: entertainment@observer.com)</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Rex Reed, Film Critic</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Sonia Rubeck, Editorial Assistant</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Christa Terry, Arts Editor (pitch: artnews@observer.com)</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Alexandra Tremayne-Pengelly, Business Reporter</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes"><table class="has-fixed-layout"><thead><tr><th class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">CONTRIBUTING WRITERS</th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><a href="https://observer.com/author/farah-abdessamad/" data-lasso-id="2376821">Farah Abdessamad</a></td><td><a href="https://observer.com/author/oliver-jones/" data-lasso-id="2376826">Oliver Jones</a></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><a href="https://observer.com/author/margaret-abrams/" data-lasso-id="2376831">Margaret Abrams</a></td><td><a href="https://observer.com/author/allie-lebos/" data-lasso-id="2376837">Allie Lebos</a></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><a href="https://observer.com/author/laura-babiak/" data-lasso-id="2376843">Laura Babiak</a></td><td><a href="https://observer.com/author/rob-ledonne/" data-lasso-id="2376849">Rob LeDonne</a></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><a href="https://observer.com/author/christopher-corwin/" data-lasso-id="2376855">Christopher Corwin</a></td><td><a href="https://observer.com/author/meredith-lepore/" data-lasso-id="2376861">Meredith Lepore</a></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><a href="https://observer.com/author/david-cote/" data-lasso-id="2376867">David Cote</a></td><td><a href="https://observer.com/author/annie-levin/" data-lasso-id="2376873">Annie Levin</a></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><a href="https://observer.com/author/dan-duray/" data-lasso-id="2376879">Dan Duray</a></td><td><a href="https://observer.com/author/jasmine-lobe/" data-lasso-id="2376885">Jasmine Lobe</a></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><a href="https://observer.com/author/marissa-desantis/" data-lasso-id="2376891">Marissa DeSantis</a></td><td><a href="https://observer.com/author/neal-pollack/" data-lasso-id="2376896">Neal Pollack</a></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><a href="https://observer.com/author/andrew/" data-lasso-id="2376901">Andrew Eil</a></td><td><a href="https://observer.com/author/dylan-roth/" data-lasso-id="2376907">Dylan Roth</a></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><a href="https://observer.com/author/gabrielle-ferrari/" data-lasso-id="2376912">Gabrielle Ferrari</a></td><td><a href="https://observer.com/author/nadja-sayej/" data-lasso-id="2376916">Nadja Sayej</a></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><a href="https://observer.com/author/daniel-grant/" data-lasso-id="2376921">Daniel Grant</a></td><td><a href="https://observer.com/author/caedra-scott-flaherty/" data-lasso-id="2376926">Caedra Scott-Flaherty</a></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><a href="https://observer.com/author/harry-haun/" data-lasso-id="2376931">Harry Haun</a></td><td><a href="https://observer.com/author/shreyas-sinha/" data-lasso-id="2376936">Shreyas Sinha</a></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><a href="https://observer.com/author/brad-japhe/" data-lasso-id="2376941">Brad Japhe</a></td><td><a href="https://observer.com/author/andy-wang/" data-lasso-id="2376946">Andy Wang</a></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><a href="https://observer.com/author/rich-jaroslovsky/" data-lasso-id="2376951">Rich Jaroslovsky</a></td><td><a href="https://observer.com/author/emily-zemler/" data-lasso-id="2376957">Emily Zemler</a></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><a href="https://observer.com/author/paul-jebara/" data-lasso-id="2376963">Paul Jebara</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></figure> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes"><table><thead><tr><th class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">WORK WITH OBSERVER</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><br><strong>INTERN</strong> <br><br>Observer accepts editorial, photography and social media interns throughout the year, at both the undergraduate and graduate level. <a href="https://observer.com/internships/" data-lasso-id="2376969">Learn more about our internship program</a>.</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><br><strong>FREELANCE</strong> <br><br>Observer is currently<strong> </strong>expanding coverage in the following areas: <a href="https://observer.com/auctions/" data-lasso-id="2376975">Auctions</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/artificial-intelligence/" data-lasso-id="2376981">Artificial Intelligence</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/banking/" data-lasso-id="2376987">Banking</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/books/" data-lasso-id="2376993">Books</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/climate-change/" data-lasso-id="2376999">Climate Change</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/tag/digital-art/" data-lasso-id="2377005">Digital Art/NFTs</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/nightlife-dining/" data-lasso-id="2377011">Dining</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/economy/" data-lasso-id="2377017">Economy</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/electric-vehicles/" data-lasso-id="2377023">Electric Vehicles</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/finance/" data-lasso-id="2377029">Finance</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/galleries/" data-lasso-id="2377035">Galleries</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/media/" data-lasso-id="2377041">Media</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/museums/" data-lasso-id="2377047">Museums</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/philanthropy/" data-lasso-id="2377052">Philanthropy</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/policy/" data-lasso-id="2377058">Policy</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/social-media/" data-lasso-id="2377064">Social Media</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/space/" data-lasso-id="2377070">Space</a>, <a href="https://observer.com/streaming/" data-lasso-id="2377077">Streaming</a> and <a href="https://observer.com/technology/" data-lasso-id="2377082">Technology</a>. To pitch our team, please contact the appropriate section head at the corresponding email addresses listed above (“Editorial Team”), making sure to include links to your recently published work along with at least 2-3 fully fleshed-out story ideas. Due to the volume of pitches we receive, we are unlikely to respond to any emails that omit this information. </td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><br><strong>SHARE OPINIONS & EXPERT INSIGHTS </strong><br><strong><br></strong>Observer welcomes business leaders with robust experience to share informed opinions about the people, events and trends impacting the industries we cover. <a href="https://observer.com/column/expert-insights/" data-lasso-id="2410149"><strong>Expert Insights</strong></a> is a collection of thoughtful and timely opinion pieces from business leaders who bring deep (and often rare) understandings of how and why ideas move across industries to impact the flow of capital and drive innovation. These expert contributors identify, connect and translate trends in media, tech, finance, arts, entertainment, hospitality, retail and beyond. Most importantly, they can explain the roles of policy and culture in shaping these narratives. <br><br>Please email merin@observer.com to learn more about joining our network.</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><br><strong>ADVERTISE</strong><br><br>Email sales@observer.com to learn more about advertising opportunities, including sponsored content and events.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> </div><!-- .entry-content --> </article><!-- #post-## --> </main><!-- #main --> </div><!-- #primary --> <div id="secondary" class="widget-area" role="complementary"> <div id="nyo-before-sidebar"> </div> <!-- For the Home page --> <!-- For Article pages --> <!-- For Tag pages and child channel pages --> </div><!-- #secondary --> <svg aria-hidden="true" style="position: absolute; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden;" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <defs> <symbol id="icon-envelope" viewBox="0 0 28 28"> <path 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