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Rouge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_Khmer_Rouge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cambodian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Cambodian Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_bombing_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_bombing_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 United States bombing campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_bombing_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_supporters_of_the_Khmer_Rouge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_supporters_of_the_Khmer_Rouge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 International supporters of the Khmer Rouge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_supporters_of_the_Khmer_Rouge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mao_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mao_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1.1 Mao era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mao_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1.2 Transition period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deng_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deng_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1.3 Deng era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deng_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_supporters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_supporters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Other supporters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_supporters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Massacres </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Massacres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Massacres subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Androcide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Androcide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Androcide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Androcide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Classicide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ethnic victims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vietnamese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Vietnamese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Chinese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cham_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cham_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Cham Muslims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cham_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Religious groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_purges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_purges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Internal purges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_purges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Use of children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torture_and_human_experimentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torture_and_human_experimentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Torture and human experimentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torture_and_human_experimentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Number of deaths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Democratic_Kampuchea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Democratic_Kampuchea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 After Democratic Kampuchea </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_Democratic_Kampuchea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle After Democratic Kampuchea subsection </button> <ul id="toc-After_Democratic_Kampuchea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 War crimes trials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Cambodian_Genocide_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Cambodian_Genocide_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 The Cambodian Genocide Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Cambodian_Genocide_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denial_of_the_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denial_of_the_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Denial of the genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denial_of_the_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denial_of_support_of_the_Khmer_Rouge_by_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denial_of_support_of_the_Khmer_Rouge_by_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Denial of support of the Khmer Rouge by China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denial_of_support_of_the_Khmer_Rouge_by_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_of_rescuers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_of_rescuers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Recognition of rescuers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_of_rescuers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In literature and media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cambodian genocide</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الإبادة الجماعية في كمبوديا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإبادة الجماعية في كمبوديا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamb%C3%B3ja_ret%C3%A3yguaku%C3%A9ra_jejuka_heta" title="Kambója retãyguakuéra jejuka heta – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kambója retãyguakuéra jejuka heta" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamboca_soyq%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Kamboca soyqırımı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kamboca soyqırımı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="কম্বোডিয়ার গণহত্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কম্বোডিয়ার গণহত্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ng-sek_Khmer_To%C4%81-t%C3%B4%CD%98-sat" title="Âng-sek Khmer Toā-tô͘-sat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Âng-sek Khmer Toā-tô͘-sat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Геноцид в Камбоджа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Геноцид в Камбоджа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambod%C5%BEanski_genocid" title="Kambodžanski genocid – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kambodžanski genocid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidi_de_Cambodja" title="Genocidi de Cambodja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genocidi de Cambodja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambod%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_genocida" title="Kambodžská genocida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kambodžská genocida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genozid_in_Kambodscha" title="Genozid in Kambodscha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genozid in Kambodscha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Γενοκτονία της Καμπότζης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενοκτονία της Καμπότζης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidio_camboyano" title="Genocidio camboyano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genocidio camboyano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambo%C4%9Da_Genocido" title="Kamboĝa Genocido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kamboĝa Genocido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AC" title="نسل‌کشی کامبوج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسل‌کشی کامبوج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nocide_cambodgien" title="Génocide cambodgien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génocide cambodgien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinedh%C3%ADoth%C3%BA_na_gCamb%C3%B3dach" title="Cinedhíothú na gCambódach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cinedhíothú na gCambódach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocidio_camboxano" title="Xenocidio camboxano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenocidio camboxano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%84%EB%B3%B4%EB%94%94%EC%95%84_%EC%A7%91%EB%8B%A8%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4" title="캄보디아 집단학살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캄보디아 집단학살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կամբոջայի ցեղասպանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կամբոջայի ցեղասպանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कम्बोडियाई नरसंहार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कम्बोडियाई नरसंहार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genosida_Kamboja" title="Genosida Kamboja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genosida Kamboja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0armor%C3%B0i%C3%B0_%C3%AD_Kamb%C3%B3d%C3%ADu" title="Þjóðarmorðið í Kambódíu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjóðarmorðið í Kambódíu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidio_cambogiano" title="Genocidio cambogiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Genocidio cambogiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="רצח העם בקמבודיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רצח העם בקמבודיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panumpes_ing_Kamboja" title="Panumpes ing Kamboja – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Panumpes ing Kamboja" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="കംബോഡിയയിലെ വംശഹത്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കംബോഡിയയിലെ വംശഹത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E5%A4%A7%E8%99%90%E6%AE%BA" title="カンボジア大虐殺 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カンボジア大虐殺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkemordet_i_Kambodsja" title="Folkemordet i Kambodsja – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkemordet i Kambodsja" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="کمبوڈیائی نسل کشی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کمبوڈیائی نسل کشی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoc%C3%ADdio_cambojano" title="Genocídio cambojano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genocídio cambojano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Геноцид в Камбодже – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геноцид в Камбодже" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotz%C3%ACdiu_cambogi%C3%A0nu" title="Genotzìdiu cambogiànu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Genotzìdiu cambogiànu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cambodian genocide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambo%C5%A1ki_genocid" title="Kamboški genocid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kamboški genocid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%9F%D0%B8" title="Геноцид у Камбоџи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Геноцид у Камбоџи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambod%C5%BEanski_genocid" title="Kambodžanski genocid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kambodžanski genocid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="கம்போடிய இனப்படுகொலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கம்போடிய இனப்படுகொலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3" title="การฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธ์ุชาวเขมร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธ์ุชาวเขมร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambo%C3%A7ya_Soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Kamboçya Soykırımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamboçya Soykırımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Cambodian genocide</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a> and the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg/300px-Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg/450px-Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg/600px-Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Skulls at the <a href="/wiki/Choeung_Ek" title="Choeung Ek">Choeung Ek</a> memorial in Cambodia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">17 April 1975 – 7 January 1979 (3 years, 8 months and 20 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">Cambodia's previous military and political leadership, middle-class professionals, businesspeople, intellectuals, ethnic and religious minorities</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">classicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicide">politicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass rape">mass rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">1.2 to 2.8 million<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampuchea_Revolutionary_Army" title="Kampuchea Revolutionary Army">Kampuchea Revolutionary Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defenders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian socialist">agrarian socialist</a> society based on <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> principles</li> <li>Cultural reset (<a href="/wiki/Year_Zero_(political_notion)" title="Year Zero (political notion)">Year Zero</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia#Cambodia" title="Racism in Asia">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-Western sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Anti-religious sentiment</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Cambodia" title="Category:History of Cambodia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">History of Cambodia</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Angkor Wat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/75px-Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/113px-Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/150px-Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Cambodia" title="Early history of Cambodia">Early history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Khmer–Cham wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t%E2%80%93Khmer_War" title="Đại Việt–Khmer War">Đại Việt–Khmer War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> <a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_period" title="Post-Angkor period">Post-Angkor period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaktomuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaktomuk">Chaktomuk era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longvek" title="Longvek">Longvek era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Cambodian_War_(1591%E2%80%931594)" title="Siamese–Cambodian War (1591–1594)">Siamese-Cambodian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Spanish_War" title="Cambodian–Spanish War">Cambodian–Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Cambodian–Dutch War">Cambodian–Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudong#History" title="Oudong">Oudong era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom#History" title="Khmer Krom">Loss of Mekong Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_invasions_of_Cambodia" title="Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia">Nguyễn Kingdom's invasion</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> Colonial period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">French protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Japanese occupation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Cambodia in 1945</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> Independence and conflict</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">Post-independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">US bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihanouk_Trail" title="Sihanouk Trail">Sihanouk Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">Cambodian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 coup</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal" title="Operation Freedom Deal">US bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">Fall of Phnom Penh</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayaguez_incident" title="Mayaguez incident">Mayaguez incident</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambodian genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">exiled coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K5_Plan" title="K5 Plan">K5 Plan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> Peace process</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Agreements" title="1991 Paris Peace Agreements">1991 Paris Peace Agreements</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">United Nations Transitional Authority (UNTAC, 1992–93)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Cambodian_general_election" title="1993 Cambodian general election">1993 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_unrecognized_government_(1994%E2%80%931998)" title="Khmer Rouge unrecognized government (1994–1998)">Khmer Rouge PGNUNSC</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1997 Cambodian coup d'état">1997 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Phnom_Penh_riots" title="2003 Phnom Penh riots">2003 Phnom Penh riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Cambodian_protests" title="2013–2014 Cambodian protests">2013–2014 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> By topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="History of Buddhism in Cambodia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia" title="Economic history of Cambodia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_humanitarian_crisis" title="Cambodian humanitarian crisis">Humanitarian crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cambodia" title="Military history of Cambodia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Cambodia" title="Names of Cambodia">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambodian_history" title="Timeline of Cambodian history">Timeline</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cambodia" title="Portal:Cambodia">Cambodia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Cambodia" title="Template:History of Cambodia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Cambodia" title="Template talk:History of Cambodia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Cambodia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Cambodia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Cambodian genocide<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodian citizens<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime Minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>. It resulted in the deaths of 1.5 to 2 million people from 1975 to 1979, nearly 25% of Cambodia's population in 1975 (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7.8 million).<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Locard-6">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> were supported for many years by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) and its chairman, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>;<a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a> it is estimated that at least 90% of the foreign aid which the Khmer Rouge received came from China, including at least US$1 billion in interest-free economic and military aid in 1975 alone.<a href="#cite_note-:7-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-15">[12]</a> After it seized power in April 1975, the Khmer Rouge wanted to turn the country into an agrarian <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a>, founded on the policies of ultra-<a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> and influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[d]</a> Pol Pot and other Khmer Rouge officials met with Mao in Beijing in June 1975, receiving approval and advice, while high-ranking CCP officials such as <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee</a> member <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a> later visited Cambodia to offer help.<a href="#cite_note-21">[e]</a> To fulfill its goals, the Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and frogmarched Cambodians to <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a> in the countryside, where mass executions, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a>, physical abuse, torture, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, and disease were rampant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheson2005119-22">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuveline199849–65-23">[18]</a> In 1976, the Khmer Rouge renamed the country <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a>. The massacres ended when the Vietnamese military <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">invaded in 1978</a> and toppled the Khmer Rouge regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayersan2013182-24">[19]</a> By January 1979, 1.5 to 2 million people had died due to the Khmer Rouge's policies, including 200,000–300,000 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cambodian">Chinese Cambodians</a>, 90,000–500,000<a href="#cite_note-28">[f]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cambodian Cham</a> (who are mostly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>),<a href="#cite_note-UoM-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> and 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Cambodians" title="Vietnamese Cambodians">Vietnamese Cambodians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-32">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> 20,000 people passed through the <a href="/wiki/Security_Prison_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Prison 21">Security Prison 21</a>, one of the 196 prisons the Khmer Rouge operated,<a href="#cite_note-Locard-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a> and only seven adults survived.<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> The prisoners were taken to the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Killing_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer Rouge Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a>, where they were executed (often with <a href="/wiki/Pickaxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickaxes">pickaxes</a>, to save bullets)<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> and buried in <a href="/wiki/Mass_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass graves">mass graves</a>. Abduction and indoctrination of children was widespread, and many were persuaded or forced to commit atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-:10-37">[31]</a> As of 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Documentation_Center_of_Cambodia" title="Documentation Center of Cambodia">Documentation Center of Cambodia</a> has mapped 23,745 mass graves containing approximately 1.3 million suspected victims of execution. Direct execution is believed to account for up to 60% of the genocide's death toll,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeyboltAronsonFischoff2013238-38">[32]</a> with other victims succumbing to starvation, exhaustion, or disease. The genocide triggered <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_humanitarian_crisis" title="Cambodian humanitarian crisis">a second outflow of refugees</a>, many of whom escaped to neighboring Thailand and, to a lesser extent, Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> In 2003, by agreement<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> between the Cambodian government and the United Nations, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Court of Cambodia (<a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a>) were established to try the members of the Khmer Rouge leadership responsible for the Cambodian genocide. Trials began in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendes201113-41">[35]</a> On 26 July 2010, the Trial Chamber convicted <a href="/wiki/Kang_Kek_Iew" title="Kang Kek Iew">Kang Kek Iew</a> for crimes against humanity and grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions. The Supreme Court Chamber increased his sentence to life imprisonment. <a href="/wiki/Nuon_Chea" title="Nuon Chea">Nuon Chea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a> were tried and convicted in 2014 of <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions. On 28 March 2019, the Trial Chamber found Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan guilty of crimes against humanity, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, and genocide of the Vietnamese ethnic, national and racial group. The Chamber additionally convicted Nuon Chea of genocide of the Cham ethnic and religious group under the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Superior_responsibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior responsibility">superior responsibility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unfile2019-3">[2]</a> Both Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan were sentenced to terms of life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">History of Cambodia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_the_Khmer_Rouge">Rise of the Khmer Rouge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise of the Khmer Rouge">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodian_Civil_War">Cambodian Civil War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cambodian Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></div> In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> officially launched a nation-wide <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> across Cambodia. Even though the government of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> were not informed about the Khmer Rouge's decision, its forces provided shelter and weapons to the Khmer Rouge after the insurgency began. North Vietnamese support for the Khmer Rouge's insurgency made it impossible for the Cambodian military to effectively counter it. For the next two years, the insurgency grew because <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> did very little to stop it. As the insurgency grew in strength, the party openly declared itself to be the Communist Party of Kampuchea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrey2009266–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm569AfPJkB4CqCercleMarxisteKhmerStudentsAssociationpgPA267_267]-43">[37]</a> Sihanouk was <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_coup_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian coup of 1970">deposed</a> in 1970 by Premier <a href="/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol">Lon Nol</a>, with the support of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Cambodia">National Assembly</a>, establishing the pro-United States <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a>. On the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP)'s advice, Sihanouk, who was in exile in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, formed an alliance with the Khmer Rouge, and became the nominal head of a Khmer Rouge–dominated government-in-exile (known by its French acronym, <a href="/wiki/GRUNK" title="GRUNK">GRUNK</a>) backed by China. Although thoroughly aware of the weakness of Lon Nol's forces and loath to commit American military force to the new conflict in any form other than air power, the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon administration">Nixon administration</a> announced its support for the new Khmer Republic.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> On 29 March 1970, North Vietnam launched an offensive against the Cambodian army. Documents which were uncovered from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s archives reveal that the invasion was launched at the Khmer Rouge's explicit request after negotiations were held with Nuon Chea.<a href="#cite_note-Mosyakov-45">[39]</a> A North Vietnamese force quickly overran large parts of eastern Cambodia, reaching within 15 miles (24 km) of <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> before being pushed back. By June, three months after Sihanouk's removal, they had swept government forces from the entire northeastern third of the country. After defeating those forces, the Vietnamese turned the newly won territories over to the local insurgents. The Khmer Rouge also established "liberated" areas in the southern and southwestern parts of the country, where they operated independently of the Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> After Sihanouk demonstrated his support for the Khmer Rouge by visiting them in the field, their ranks swelled from 6,000 to 50,000 fighters. Many of the Khmer Rouge's new recruits were apolitical peasants who fought in support of the King, rather than for <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, of which they had little understanding.<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> By 1975, with Lon Nol's government running out of ammunition due to its loss of support from the U.S., it was clear that its collapse was imminent. On 17 April 1975, the Khmer Rouge <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">captured Phnom Penh</a> and ended the civil war. Mortality estimates for the Cambodian Civil War vary widely. Sihanouk used a figure of 600,000 civil war deaths,<a href="#cite_note-Sharp-48">[42]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Becker_(journalist)" title="Elizabeth Becker (journalist)">Elizabeth Becker</a> reported over a million civil war deaths, military and civilian included.<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> Other researchers were unable to corroborate such high estimates.<a href="#cite_note-Tufts.edu-50">[44]</a> Marek Sliwinski notes that many estimates of the dead are open to question and may have been used for propaganda, suggesting that the true number lies between 240,000 and 310,000.<a href="#cite_note-Sliwinski-51">[45]</a> Judith Banister and E. Paige Johnson described 275,000 war deaths as "the highest mortality that we can justify".<a href="#cite_note-Banister,_Judith_1993-52">[46]</a> Patrick Heuveline states that "Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less".<a href="#cite_note-Heuveline,_Patrick_2001-53">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_bombing_campaign">United States bombing campaign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States bombing campaign">edit</a>]</div> From 1970 to 1973, a massive United States <a href="/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal" title="Operation Freedom Deal">bombing campaign</a> against the Khmer Rouge devastated rural Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Survival_Quarterly-55">[49]</a> An earlier U.S. bombing campaign of Cambodia began on 18 March 1969 with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Operation Breakfast</a>, but U.S. bombing in Cambodia had commenced years before that.<a href="#cite_note-Tufts.edu-50">[44]</a> The number of Cambodian civilian and Khmer Rouge deaths caused by U.S. bombing is disputed and difficult to disentangle from the broader <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sliwinski-51">[45]</a> Estimates range from 30,000 to 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-Valentino-56">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-PBS_Frontline-59">[53]</a> Sliwinski estimates that approximately 17% of total civil war deaths can be attributed to U.S. bombing, noting that this is far behind the leading causes of death, as the U.S. bombing was concentrated in underpopulated border areas.<a href="#cite_note-Sliwinski-51">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Ben Kiernan</a> attributes 50,000 to 150,000 deaths to the U.S. bombing.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> The relationship between the United States' massive bombing of Cambodia and the growth of the Khmer Rouge in recruitment and popular support has been a matter of interest to historians. Some scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Adam Jones</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Grandin" title="Greg Grandin">Greg Grandin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> have cited the United States intervention and bombing campaign from 1965 to 1973 as a significant factor that led to increased support for the Khmer Rouge among the Cambodian peasantry.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> According to Ben Kiernan, the Khmer Rouge "would not have won power without U.S. economic and military destabilization of Cambodia. ... It used the bombing's devastation and massacre of civilians as recruitment propaganda and as an excuse for its brutal, radical policies and its purge of moderate communists and Sihanoukists."<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> Pol Pot biographer <a href="/wiki/David_P._Chandler" title="David P. Chandler">David P. Chandler</a> writes that the bombing "had the effect the Americans wanted—it broke the Communist encirclement of Phnom Penh", but also accelerated the collapse of rural society and increased social polarization.<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> Craig Etcheson agrees that U.S. intervention increased recruitment for the Khmer Rouge but disputes that it was a primary cause of the Khmer Rouge victory.<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/William_Shawcross" title="William Shawcross">William Shawcross</a>, the United States bombing and ground incursion plunged Cambodia into the chaos that Sihanouk had worked for years to avoid.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_supporters_of_the_Khmer_Rouge">International supporters of the Khmer Rouge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International supporters of the Khmer Rouge">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cambodia–China relations">Cambodia–China relations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mao_era">Mao era</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mao era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PolPot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/PolPot.jpg/160px-PolPot.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/PolPot.jpg/240px-PolPot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/PolPot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> in 1978</figcaption></figure> Since the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> made frequent visits to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, where he received political and military training—especially on the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>—from the personnel of the CCP.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-69">[63]</a> From November 1965 to February 1966, high-ranking CCP officials such as <a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a> trained him on topics such as the <a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist revolution in China">communist revolution in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflicts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-:02-69">[63]</a> Pol Pot also met with other officials, including <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-70">[64]</a> He was particularly impressed by <a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a>'s lecture on how to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">political purge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-69">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Sihanouk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mao_Sihanouk.jpg/220px-Mao_Sihanouk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mao_Sihanouk.jpg/330px-Mao_Sihanouk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mao_Sihanouk.jpg/440px-Mao_Sihanouk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (1965)</figcaption></figure> In 1970, Lon Nol overthrew Sihanouk, who fled to Beijing, where Pol Pot was also visiting. On the advice of the CCP, the Khmer Rouge changed its position, and in order to support Sihanouk, it established the <a href="/wiki/National_United_Front_of_Kampuchea" title="National United Front of Kampuchea">National United Front of Kampuchea</a>. In 1970 alone, the Chinese reportedly gave the United Front 400 tons of military aid.<a href="#cite_note-:15-71">[65]</a> In April 1974, Sihanouk and Khmer Rouge leaders <a href="/wiki/Ieng_Sary" title="Ieng Sary">Ieng Sary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a> met with Mao in Beijing; Mao supported many of the policies proposed by the Khmer Rouge, but he did not want the Khmer Rouge to marginalize Sihanouk after they won the civil war and established a new Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-:9-70">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> In June 1975, Pol Pot and other Khmer Rouge officials met with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> in Beijing, where Mao lectured Pol Pot on his "Theory of Continuing Revolution under the Dictatorship of the Proletariat (无产阶级专政下继续革命理论)", recommending two articles which were written by <a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a> and sending Pol Pot over 30 books which were authored by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> as gifts.<a href="#cite_note-:32-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-70">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-69">[63]</a> During this meeting, Mao said to Pol Pot:<a href="#cite_note-:32-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-73">[67]</a> <blockquote>We agree with you! Much of your experience is better than ours. China is not qualified to criticize you. We committed errors of the political routes for ten times in fifty years—some are national, some are local…Thus I say China has no qualification to criticize you but to applaud you. You are basically correct…During the transition from the democratic revolution to adopting a socialist path, there exist two possibilities: one is socialism, the other is capitalism. Our situation now is like this. Fifty years from now, or one hundred years from now, the struggle between two lines will exist. Even ten thousand years from now, the struggle between two lines will still exist. When Communism is realized, the struggle between two lines will still be there. Otherwise, you are not a Marxist. This is unity existing among opposites. If one mentions only one side of the two, this is metaphysics. I believe in what Marx and Lenin have said, that the path [of advance] would be tortuous ... Our state now is, as Lenin said, a capitalist state without capitalists. This state protects capitalist rights, and the wages are not equal. Under the slogan of equality, a system of inequality has been introduced. There will exist a struggle between two lines, the struggle between the advanced and the backward, even when Communism is realized. Today we cannot explain it completely.</blockquote> Pol Pot replied: "The issue of lines of struggle raised by Chairman Mao is an important strategic issue. We will follow your words in the future. I have read and learned various works of Chairman Mao since I was young, especially the theory on <a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">people's war</a>. Your works have guided our entire party."<a href="#cite_note-:9-70">[64]</a> On the other hand, during another meeting in August 1975, Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> warned Sihanouk as well as Khmer Rouge leaders including Khieu Samphan and Ieng Sary of the danger of radical movement towards communism, citing the mistakes in China's own <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-74">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-76">[70]</a> Zhou urged them not to repeat the mistakes that had caused havoc.<a href="#cite_note-:14-74">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-76">[70]</a> Sihanouk later recalled that Khieu Samphan and Ieng Thirith responded only with "an incredulous and superior smile".<a href="#cite_note-:16-76">[70]</a> During the genocide, China was the largest military and economic supporter of the Khmer Rouge, supplying "more than 15,000 military advisers" and most of its external aid.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlantzick2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaWyP8-fXlsYCq193_193]-77">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlantzick2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaWyP8-fXlsYCpgPA193_193]-78">[72]</a> It is estimated that at least 90% of foreign aid to Khmer Rouge came from China, with 1975 alone seeing <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>1 billion in interest-free economic and military aid, "the biggest aid ever given to any one country by China".<a href="#cite_note-:7-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-15">[12]</a> A series of internal crises in 1976 prevented Beijing from exerting substantial influence over Khmer Rouge policies.<a href="#cite_note-:17-75">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Transition_period">Transition period</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transition period">edit</a>]</div> After Mao's death in September 1976, China underwent a two-year transitionary period that ended with the appointment of Deng Xiaoping as its new <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> in December of 1978. During the transition period, Pol Pot made an official visit to China in July 1977 and he was welcomed by chairman <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> and other high-ranking CCP officials, with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> calling him the "Comrade from Cambodia" (柬埔寨战友).<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> Pot also toured around the agricultural production model of <a href="/wiki/Dazhai" title="Dazhai">Dazhai</a>, a product of Mao's era. <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonggui" title="Chen Yonggui">Chen Yonggui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premier of China</a> and the leader of Dazhai, visited Cambodia in December 1977, commending the achievement of its movement towards communism.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Son_Sen" title="Son Sen">Son Sen</a>, a Khmer Rouge leader and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Cambodia)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Cambodia)">Minister of National Defense</a> of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a>, visited China and obtained its approval for military aid.<a href="#cite_note-:132-81">[75]</a> In the same year, high-ranking CCP officials such as <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Yingchao" title="Deng Yingchao">Deng Yingchao</a> visited Cambodia to offer support.<a href="#cite_note-:132-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Deng_era">Deng era</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deng era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></div>Soon after Deng became the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Leader_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Leader of China">Paramount Leader of China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian-Vietnamese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian-Vietnamese War">Vietnamese invaded Cambodia</a> and ended the genocide by defeating the Khmer Rouge in January 1979.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayersan2013182-24">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> was then established. In order to counter the power of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and Vietnam in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, China officially condemned the Vietnamese invasion and continued its material support to the Khmer Rouge. In early 1979, China launched <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">an invasion of Vietnam</a> to retaliate against Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-auto-83">[77]</a> Deng was convinced by a conversation with Singapore's prime minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> to limit the scale and duration of the war. Following the one-month war, Singapore attempted to serve as a mediator between Vietnam and China on the Cambodian issue.<a href="#cite_note-auto-83">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_supporters">Other supporters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other supporters">edit</a>]</div> As a result of Chinese and Western opposition to the Vietnamese invasion of 1978 and 1979, the Khmer Rouge continued to hold Cambodia's <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) seat until 1982, after which the seat was filled by a Khmer Rouge-dominated coalition which was known as the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea</a> (CGDK).<a href="#cite_note-Locard-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoKempner1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSQ7VlnNw0ACpgPA106_106]-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarDesai1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4nWqBAAAQBAJq163_163]-85">[79]</a> Owing to support from China, Thailand, other South East Asian countries, the U.S., and some Western countries, the CGDK held Cambodia's UN seat until 1993, long after the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> ended.<a href="#cite_note-Tufts.edu-50">[44]</a> China trained Khmer Rouge soldiers on its soil from 1979 to at least 1986, "stationed military advisers with Khmer Rouge troops as late as 1990",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoKempner1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSQ7VlnNw0ACpgPA106_106]-84">[78]</a> and "supplied at least $1 billion in military aid" during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidC3bsidxFIuECpgPA64_64]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidC3bsidxFIuECpgPA65_65]-86">[80]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_United_States_support_for_the_Khmer_Rouge" title="Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge">allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge</a>, because they wished to weaken Vietnam's influence in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Locard-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas199117–18,_28–29-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer1991180,_187–189-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidC3bsidxFIuECpgPA58_58],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidC3bsidxFIuECpgPA65_65]-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> The UK has also been accused of helping the group as the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">SAS</a> trained non Khmer Rouge soldiers of the CGDK coalition from 1985 to 1989 in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Paris Peace Accords">1991 Paris Peace Accords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> continued to allow the Khmer Rouge "to trade and move across the Thai border to sustain their activities ... although international criticism, particularly from the United States and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> ... caused it to disavow passing any direct military support."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoKempner1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSQ7VlnNw0ACpgPA107_107]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRSQ7VlnNw0ACpgPA108_108]-92">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ideology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a> played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. Pol Pot was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> and he wanted to transform Cambodia into an entirely <a href="/wiki/Self-sustainability" title="Self-sustainability">self-sufficient</a> <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">agrarian socialist</a> society that would be free from foreign influences. Stalin's works have been described as a "crucial formative influence" on his thought. Mao's works were also heavily influential, particularly influential was Mao's booklet which was titled <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy" title="New Democracy">On New Democracy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> was one of Pol Pot's favorite authors, according to historian David Chandler. In the mid-1960s, Pol Pot reformulated his ideas about Marxism–Leninism to suit the Cambodian situation by advocating goals such as bringing Cambodia back to an alleged and mythical past of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>, eradicating influences which he viewed as "corrupting", such as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, as well as restoring Cambodia's <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> Pol Pot's strong belief that Cambodia needed to be transformed into an agrarian <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a> stemmed from his experience in Cambodia's rural northeast—where he developed an affinity for the agrarian self-sufficiency of the area's isolated tribes—while the Khmer Rouge gained power.<a href="#cite_note-History.com-94">[88]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Attempts to implement these goals (formed upon the observations of small, rural communes) into a larger society were key factors in the ensuing genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez200150-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez200716-96">[90]</a> One Khmer Rouge leader said that the killings were meant for the "purification of the populace."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannum198988–89-97">[91]</a> The Khmer Rouge virtually forced Cambodia's entire population to divide itself into mobile work teams.<a href="#cite_note-Hunt-98">[92]</a> Michael Hunt has written that it was "an experiment in social mobilization unmatched in twentieth-century revolutions."<a href="#cite_note-Hunt-98">[92]</a> The Khmer Rouge used a <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> regime, starvation, <a href="/wiki/Forced_resettlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced resettlement">forced resettlement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">land collectivization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="State terror">state terror</a> to keep the population in line.<a href="#cite_note-Hunt-98">[92]</a> The Khmer Rouge's economic plan was named the "Maha Lout Ploh",[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Translation#not_English-inline" title="Wikipedia:Template index/Translation">needs translation</a>] a direct allusion to the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>" of China that caused tens of millions of deaths in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-99">[93]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Quinn" title="Kenneth M. Quinn">Kenneth M. Quinn</a>, the author of a doctoral dissertation about the "origins of the radical Pol Pot regime"<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> is "widely acknowledged as the first person to report on the genocidal policies of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge."<a href="#cite_note-:19-101">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> While he was employed as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Service Officer">Foreign Service Officer</a> for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> in Southeast Asia, Quinn was stationed at the South Vietnamese border for nine months between 1973 and 1974.<a href="#cite_note-:22-103">[97]</a> While there, Quinn "interviewed countless Cambodian refugees who had escaped the brutal clutches of the Khmer Rouge."<a href="#cite_note-:22-103">[97]</a> Based upon the compiled interviews and the atrocities he witnessed firsthand, Quinn wrote "a 40-page report about it, which was submitted throughout the U.S. government."<a href="#cite_note-:19-101">[95]</a> In the report, he wrote that the Khmer Rouge had "much in common with those of totalitarian regimes in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower200296-104">[98]</a> Quinn has written of the Khmer Rouge that "[w]hat emerges as the explanation for the terror and violence that swept Cambodia during the 1970s is that a small group of alienated intellectuals, enraged by their perception of a corrupt society and imbued with a Maoist plan to create a pure socialist order in the shortest possible time, recruited extremely young, poor, and envious cadres, instructed them in harsh and brutal methods learned from Stalinist mentors, and used them to destroy physically the cultural underpinnings of the Khmer civilization and to impose a new society through purges, executions, and violence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHintonLifton200423-105">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Ben Kiernan</a> has compared the Cambodian genocide to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> which was perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> which was perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. While each genocide was unique, certain features were common in all three genocides, and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> was a major part of the ideology of all three regimes. All three regimes targeted religious minorities and they also tried to use force in order to expand their rule into what they believed were their historic heartlands (the Khmer Empire, <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a>, respectively), and all three regimes "idealized their ethnic peasantry as the true 'national' class, the ethnic soil from which the new state grew."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a29-106">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Massacres">Massacres</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Massacres">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000000;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/200px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/300px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/400px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">List of genocides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li>In relation to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism_and_genocide" title="Colonialism and genocide">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetrators,_victims,_and_bystanders" title="Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders">Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_genocide" title="Psychology of genocide">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Recognition politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_for_genocide" title="Risk factors for genocide">Risk factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_stages_of_genocide" title="Ten stages of genocide">Stages</a></li></ul></li> <li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Anti-Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_studies" title="Genocide studies">Studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_genocide_studies" title="Bibliography of genocide studies">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_sidebar" title="Template:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_sidebar" title="Template talk:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Androcide">Androcide</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Androcide">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></div> Analysis of existing mortality estimates show that men accounted for 81% of all violent deaths and 67% of all excess deaths in this period.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> The killing of about 50–70% of Cambodia's working-age men led to a shift in norms regarding the sexual division of labor and correlates with present-day indicators of women's economic advancements and increased representation in local-level elected office.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classicide">Classicide</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classicide">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></div> The Khmer Rouge regime frequently arrested and executed anyone whom it suspected of having connections with the former Cambodian government along with anyone whom it suspected of having connections with foreign governments, as well as professionals, intellectuals, the <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monkhood</a>, and ethnic minorities. Even those people who were stereotypically thought of as having <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a> qualities, such as wearing <a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">glasses</a> or speaking <a href="/wiki/Multiple_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple languages">multiple languages</a>, were executed out of fear that they would rebel against the Khmer Rouge.<a href="#cite_note-History.com-94">[88]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] As a result, Pol Pot has been described as "a genocidal tyrant" by journalists and historians such as William Branigin.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> The British sociologist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Shaw_(sociologist)" title="Martin Shaw (sociologist)">Martin Shaw</a> described the Cambodian genocide as "the purest genocide of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era".<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> The attempt to purify Cambodian society along racial, social and political lines led to <a href="/wiki/Purges" class="mw-redirect" title="Purges">purges</a> of Cambodia's previous military and political leadership, along with business leaders, journalists, students, doctors, and lawyers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez200112-111">[105]</a> Due to the fact that the perpetrators and the victims of the mass murder were largely members of the same ethnic group, the term autogenocide was coined to describe the unique character of the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Samuel Totten</a>, 25% of the urban Khmer population or 500,000 people perished under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>, along with 16% of the rural Khmer population or 825,000 people<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> putting the killing at a scale comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">genocide of the Roma</a> (25% of the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> population of Europe, or 130,000 to 500,000 people)<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_persecution_of_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II persecution of Serbs">genocide of Serbians</a> (300,000 to 500,000 people)<a href="#cite_note-Žerjavić-117">[111]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_victims">Ethnic victims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnic victims">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison_%282%29.JPG/220px-Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison_%282%29.JPG/330px-Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison_%282%29.JPG/440px-Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3732" data-file-height="2723" /></a><figcaption>Rooms of the <a href="/wiki/Tuol_Sleng_Genocide_Museum" title="Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum">Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum</a> contain thousands of photos taken by the Khmer Rouge of their victims</figcaption></figure> Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a>, ethnic <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a>, ethnic <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodians" title="Chinese Cambodians">Chinese</a>, ethnic <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Cham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia#Christianity" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodian Christians</a>, and other minorities were also targeted for persecution and genocide. The Khmer Rouge forcibly relocated minority groups and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">banned their languages</a>. By decree, the Khmer Rouge banned the existence of more than 20 minority groups, which constituted 15% of Cambodia's population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspecterofgenocid00robepage313_313]–314-118">[112]</a> While Cambodians in general were victims of the Khmer Rouge regime, the persecution, torture, and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Killing_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer Rouge Killing Fields">killings committed by the Khmer Rouge</a> are considered an act of genocide according to the United Nations as ethnic and religious minorities were systematically targeted by Pol Pot and his regime.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> Scholars and historians have varying opinions on whether the persecution and killings which occurred during the rule of the Khmer Rouge should be considered genocide. These conflicting opinions exist because scholars who conducted research in Cambodia immediately after the fall of the Khmer Rouge regime in 1979 claimed that the victims could have been killed due to the circumstances which they were living under. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Vickery" title="Michael Vickery">Michael Vickery</a> opined that the killings were "largely the result of the spontaneous excesses of a vengeful, undisciplined peasant army."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1984-121">[115]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This point of view was also supported by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Hinton">Alexander Hinton</a>, who cited an account by a former Khmer Rouge cadre who claimed that the killings were acts of retribution for the atrocities which were perpetrated by Lon Nol's soldiers when they killed people who were known to be former <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> agents<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200545–47-122">[116]</a> before Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge's rise to power. Vickery—erroneously, as has been proven by the research which was more recently conducted by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Ben Kiernan</a>—argued that the number of Cham victims who were killed during the Khmer Rouge's rule of Cambodia was around 20,000<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> which would still be a substantial part of the Cham group and would thus constitute the crime of genocide by Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge. The killings were a centralized and bureaucratic effort which was undertaken by the Khmer Rouge regime, according to documents which were recently published by the <a href="/wiki/Documentation_Center_of_Cambodia" title="Documentation Center of Cambodia">Documentation Center of Cambodia</a> (DC-Cam) as a result of the discovery of Khmer Rouge internal security documents which instructed the killings across Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200578–79-124">[118]</a> However there were also instances of "indiscipline and spontaneity in the mass killings."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200584–85-125">[119]</a> On top of that, Etcheson has also proven that as a result of the systematic and mass killings which were based on political affiliations, ethnicity, religion, and citizenship, a third of Cambodia's population perished, so the Khmer Rouge is effectively guilty of committing genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200510–11-126">[120]</a> David Chandler has argued that, even though ethnic minorities fell victim to the Khmer Rouge regime, they were not specifically targeted by it because of their ethnic backgrounds, instead, they were targeted because they were considered enemies of the regime.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> Chandler also rejects the use of the terms "chauvinism" and "genocide" just to avoid drawing possible parallels to Hitler. This indicates that Chandler does not believe in the argument of charging the Khmer Rouge regime with the crime of genocide. Similarly, Michael Vickery holds a similar position to Chandler's, and refuses to acknowledge the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge regime as genocide; Vickery regarded the Khmer Rouge a "chauvinist" regime, due to its anti-Vietnam and anti-religion policies.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> Stephen Heder also believed that the Khmer Rouge were not guilty of genocide, stating that the atrocities of the regime were not motivated by <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> Ben Kiernan makes the argument that it was indeed a genocide and he disagrees with these three scholars, by bringing forth examples from the history of the Cham people in Cambodia, as did an international tribunal finding <a href="/wiki/Nuon_Chea" title="Nuon Chea">Nuon Chea</a> and Khieu Samphan guilty of 92 and 87 counts of said crime respectively.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> Genocide scholar <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stanton" title="Gregory Stanton">Gregory Stanton</a> concluded that the mass killings and starvation by the Khmer Rouge did constitute genocide, both as defined in the Genocide Convention and in the broader definition of Raphael Lemkin, which includes destruction of political, social, and economic groups. The crimes were genocide under the Genocide Convention because they included the intentional destruction of a significant part of two ethnic groups, the Vietnamese and the Cham.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnamese">Vietnamese</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vietnamese">edit</a>]</div> The Khmer Rouge officially blamed minority groups, particularly the Cham and the Vietnamese, for the country's ills.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> The regime initially ordered the expulsion of ethnic Vietnamese from Cambodia but then conducted large scale massacres of large numbers of Vietnamese civilians who were being deported out of Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> The regime then prevented the remaining 20,000 ethnic Vietnamese from fleeing, and much of this group was also executed.<a href="#cite_note-:8-32">[26]</a> The Khmer Rouge also used the media to support their goals of genocide. Radio Phnom Penh called on Cambodians to "exterminate the 50 million Vietnamese."<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> Additionally, the Khmer Rouge conducted many cross-border raids into Vietnam, where they slaughtered an estimated 30,000 Vietnamese civilians.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> Most notably, during the <a href="/wiki/Ba_Ch%C3%BAc_massacre" title="Ba Chúc massacre">Ba Chúc massacre</a> in April 1978, the Khmer Rouge military crossed the border and entered the village, slaughtering 3,157 Vietnamese civilians. This caused an urgent response from the Vietnamese government, precipitating the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a> in which the Khmer Rouge was ultimately defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidC3bsidxFIuECpgPA56_56]-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarDesai1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4nWqBAAAQBAJq161_161]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4nWqBAAAQBAJq163_163]-138">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese">Chinese</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chinese">edit</a>]</div> The state of the Chinese Cambodians during the rule of the Khmer Rouge regime was alleged to be "the worst disaster ever to befall any ethnic Chinese community in Southeast Asia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspecterofgenocid00robepage313_313]–314-118">[112]</a> Cambodians of Chinese descent were massacred by the Khmer Rouge under the justification that they "used to exploit the Cambodian people".<a href="#cite_note-rpg-139">[133]</a> The Chinese were stereotyped as traders and moneylenders associated with capitalism, while historically the group attracted resentment due to their lighter <a href="/wiki/Skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin color">skin color</a> and cultural differences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHintonLifton200454–58-140">[134]</a> Hundreds of Cham, Chinese and Khmer families were rounded up in 1978 and told that they were to be resettled, but were actually executed.<a href="#cite_note-rpg-139">[133]</a> At the beginning of the rule of the Khmer Rouge regime in 1975, there were 425,000 ethnic Chinese in Cambodia. By the end of 1979, there were just 200,000, most of them were stuck in Thai refugee camps and the rest of them were stuck in Cambodia. 170,000 Chinese fled from Cambodia and moved to Vietnam, and others were repatriated.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> The Chinese were predominantly city-dwellers, making them vulnerable to the Khmer Rouge's revolutionary ruralism and its evacuation of city residents to farms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspecterofgenocid00robepage313_313]–314-118">[112]</a> The government of the People's Republic of China did not protest against the killings of ethnic Chinese in Cambodia,<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> despite its awareness of the atrocities and its simultaneous condemnation of the Vietnamese government's mistreatment of ethnic Chinese who lived in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cham_Muslims">Cham Muslims</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cham Muslims">edit</a>]</div> According to Ben Kiernan, the "fiercest extermination campaign was directed against the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a>, Cambodia's Muslim minority."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a30-144">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was seen as an "alien" and "foreign" culture that did not belong in the new Communist system. Initially, the Khmer Rouge aimed for the "<a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">forced assimilation</a>" of Chams through population dispersal. Pol Pot then began using intimidation efforts against the Chams that included the assassination of village elders, but he ultimately ordered the full-scale mass killing of the Cham people. American professor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Samuel Totten</a> and Australian professor <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Bartrop" title="Paul R. Bartrop">Paul R. Bartrop</a> estimate that these efforts would have completely wiped out the Cham population were it not for the overthrow of the Khmer Rouge in 1979. In a Khmer Rouge official meeting took place in Sector 41, <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Cham_province" title="Kampong Cham province">Kampong Cham province</a> in 1977, a plan was proclaimed up to "smash enemies of the revolution", stating that "the enemies of the revolution are many, but our biggest enemy are Cham. So the Plan calls for the destruction of all the Cham people before 1980." In fact, more telegrams were sent from Pol Pot to local governments between 1978 and 1979 than usual hastily ordered the total eradication of the Cham must be achieved before 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Totten-145">[139]</a> The Cham began to rise in prominence when they joined the communists as early as the 1950s, with a Cham elder, Sos Man joining the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochina Communist Party</a> and rising through the ranks to become a major in the Party's forces. He then returned home to the Eastern Zone in 1970 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a> (CPK), and he co-established the Eastern Zone Islamic Movement with his son, Mat Ly. Together, they became the mouthpiece of the Khmer Rouge and they encouraged the Cham people to participate in the revolution. Sos Man's Islamic Movement was also tolerated by the Khmer Rouge's leadership between 1970 and 1975. The Chams were gradually forced to abandon their faith and their distinct practices, a campaign which was launched in the Southwest as early as 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2002258-146">[140]</a> Ten Cham villages were taken over by the Khmer Rouge in 1972–1973, where new Cham leaders were installed, and they forced the villagers to work in the fields which were located away from their hometowns. A witness who was interviewed by Kiernan asserts that at that time, they were well-treated by the Khmer Rouge, and in 1974, they were allowed to return to their homes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2002259-147">[141]</a> Moreover, the Cham were classified as "depositee base people", making them vulnerable to persecution.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Despite their plight, the Cham and the locals live side by side in many areas, speaking the Khmer language, and even inter-marrying with the majority Khmers as well as with the minority Chinese and Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan200257-148">[142]</a> The diverse ethnic and cultural practices of Cambodians began to deteriorate during the rise of the Khmer Rouge in 1972, when the Cham were prohibited from practising their faith and culture: Cham women were required to keep their hair short like the Khmers; Cham men were not allowed to wear the <a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarong</a>; farmers were forced to wear rudimentary dark or black clothing; religious activities like the recitation of the <a href="/wiki/Salah_times" title="Salah times">mandatory daily prayers</a> were forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2002258-146">[140]</a> Vickery notes that the Cambodian Cham were discriminated against by the Khmer before the beginning of the war "in some localities", partly because the Cham were stereotyped as being practitioners of black magic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2002256-149">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1984[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambodia197519820000vickpage181_181]-150">[144]</a> In other localities, the Cham were well-assimilated within the host communities, speaking the Khmer language and marrying Khmers, Vietnamese, and Chinese.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Between 1972 and 1974, the Khmer Rouge intensified the enforcement of the restrictions which they imposed on the Cham because they believed that the Cham were a threat to their communist agenda due to the existence of their unique language, their culture, their beliefs, and their independent communal system. Additionally, the Cham were renamed "Islamic Khmers" in an attempt to disassociate them from their ancestral heritage and ethnicity and force them to assimilate into the larger and Khmer-dominated Democratic Kampuchea. The Khmer Rouge believed that the Cham would jeopardize their attempts to establish close-knit communities where everyone could be easily monitored. As a result, the regime decided to disperse the Cham by deporting them from their respective localities and forcing them to work as peasants across Cambodia, hence forcing them to directly contribute to the creation and maintenance of the new Cambodian economy. This move was undertaken in an attempt to ensure that the Cham would not congregate in an attempt to form their own community again, which would have undermined the regime's plan to establish centralized economic cooperatives. Slowly, those Cham who defied the restrictions which the Khmer Rouge imposed on them were arrested by the regime. Hence, in October 1973, Cham Muslims in the Eastern Zone demonstrated their displeasure with the Khmer Rouge's restrictions by beating their drums—they traditionally beat their drums in order to inform locals that it is time to recite the daily prayers—at local <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>. This act of communal defiance prompted the blanket arrest of many Cham Muslim leaders and religious teachers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspecterofgenocid00robepage260_260]–261-151">[145]</a> In February 1974, the Cham who lived in Region 31, which was located in the Western Zone, protested against the Khmer Rouge's policy which required fishermen to register their daily catch with the local cooperative and sell it to the cooperative at a low price. At the same time, the locals were also forced to buy those fish from the cooperative at a higher price. This policy prompted the locals to confront the cooperative to express their discontent, the locals were shot at, "killing and wounding more than 100", as one account put it. By December 1974, a rebellion by the Cham in Region 21 of the Eastern Zone had broken out against the Khmer Rouge after community leaders were arrested. The rebellion was forcefully repressed by the regime and no records of casualties were documented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspecterofgenocid00robepage260_260]–261-151">[145]</a> As much as there are records of these restrictions, resistance, and repressions, there are also accounts by members of the Cham community which deny the oppression which it was subjected to by the regime between 1970 and early 1975. While restrictions on certain activities like trade and travel were imposed during that period, they were understood to be the by-products of the ongoing civil war. Moreover, some Cham had also joined the revolution as soldiers and members of the Khmer Rouge. According to some local accounts, people had confidence in the Khmer Rouge when they first came to the village communities which assisted the locals by providing food and provisions to them, and there were no bans on local cultures or religions; even if restrictions were imposed, the consequences of them were not harsh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspecterofgenocid00robepage262_262]-152">[146]</a> Many regarded the Khmer Rouge as heroes because they believed that the Khmer Rouge supported the peasantry during its war against the United States backed government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHintonLifton200454–58-140">[134]</a> Because the Cham communities could be found across Cambodia, various Cham communities might have experienced the effects of the Khmer Rouge's pre-1975 rule differently; some communities experienced the repressions and restrictions but other communities did not. When Pol Pot consolidated his power by the end of 1975, the persecution became more severe, and it indiscriminately affected all of the Cham people. This could well be one of the simpler reasons as to why the Cambodian government and the <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia">Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</a> (ECCC) have not prosecuted any Khmer Rouge members who perpetrated atrocities during the pre-1975 period, the period before Pol Pot consolidated his power. As a result, the accounts of those Cham who experienced the repressions prior to 1975 were not considered parts of the genocide[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], mainly because according to the Article 1 of the Law on the Establishment of the Extraordinary Chambers, jurisdiction ratione temporis is limited to the period from 17 April 1975 to 6 January 1979<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/legal-documents/KR_Law_as_amended_27_Oct_2004_Eng.pdf">https://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/legal-documents/KR_Law_as_amended_27_Oct_2004_Eng.pdf</a> In 1975, upon the victory of the Khmer Rouge over the Khmer Republic's forces, two brothers of Cham descent who had joined the Khmer Rouge as soldiers returned home to Region 21 within the <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Cham_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Cham Province">Kampong Cham Province</a>, where the largest Cham Muslim community could be found. The brothers told their father about the adventures which they had experienced as participants in the revolution, adventures which included the killing of Khmers and the consumption of pork, in the hope that they would be able to convince their father to join the communist cause. The father, who remained silent, was clearly not impressed by the accounts which were given by his sons. Instead, he grabbed a cleaver, killed his sons, and told his fellow villagers that he killed the enemy. When the villagers pointed out that he murdered his own sons, he recounted the stories which his sons had previously told to him, citing the Khmer Rouge's hatred for Islam and the Cham people. This event prompted the villagers to make a unanimous agreement, that night, they would kill all Khmer Rouge soldiers who were stationed in the area. The next morning, more Khmer Rouge soldiers descended upon the area with heavy weapons, and they surrounded the village, killing every single villager in it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspecterofgenocid00robepage263_263]-153">[147]</a> Similarly, in June or July 1975, the Khmer Rouge authorities in Region 21 of the Eastern Zone tried to confiscate all copies of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> from the people, and at the same time, they tried to impose a mandatory short haircut on Cham women. The authorities encountered a mass demonstration which was staged by members of the local Cham community who were shot at by the regime's soldiers. The Cham forcefully retaliated with swords and blades, killing a few soldiers, only to be retaliated against by the regime's military reinforcements, which annihilated the villagers and their property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspecterofgenocid00robepage263_263]–264-154">[148]</a> In another account which was given by Cham refugees in Malaysia, thirteen leading figures within the Cham Muslim community were killed by the regime in June 1975. The supposed reason for the killings was because some of them were "leading prayers instead of attending a CPK meeting", while the others were purportedly "petitioning for the permission on marriage ceremonies."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2002263-155">[149]</a> The events went from bad to worse in mid-1976 due to the rebellion, when the ethnic minorities were only allowed to pledge allegiance to the Khmer nationality and religion: there were to be no other identities besides the Khmer identity. Consequently, the Cham language was not spoken, communal eating in which everyone eats the same food became mandatory, forcing Cham Muslims to violate their religious beliefs by raising pigs and consuming pork.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2002269-156">[150]</a> One reason for the occurrence of such rebellions which has been offered by locals is the fact that some of the Cham who were involved in the Khmer Rouge as soldiers were anticipating the acquisition of positions of power once Pol Pot consolidated his power. In 1975, these soldiers were dismissed from the Khmer Rouge's forces, deprived of their Islamic practices and robbed of their ethnic identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2002264-157">[151]</a> The patterns were consistent throughout the killings of the Cham people: first, the communal structures were dismantled as a result of the murder of Cham Muslim leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">muftis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a>, and other learned men of influence. Second, the Cham's Islamic and ethnic identities were both dismantled when the practices that distinguished the Cham from the Khmers were restricted. Third, the Cham were dispersed from their communities, they were either forced to perform labour in the fields or they were accused of plotting to incite acts of resistance or rebellions against the Khmer Rouge and arrested.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the Khmer Rouge's rule of Cambodia, all religions, including <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and Islam, were banned and adherents of them were persecuted. According to Cham sources, 132 mosques were destroyed during the Khmer Rouge's rule, many other mosques were desecrated, and Muslims were not allowed to practice their faith. Muslims were forced to eat pork and they were murdered when they refused to eat it. Whole Cham villages were exterminated. Chams were not permitted to speak their language. Cham children were separated from their parents and raised as Khmers.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> Orders which were given by the Khmer Rouge government in 1979 stated: "The Cham nation no longer exists on Kampuchean soil belonging to the Khmer. Accordingly, Cham nationality, language, customs and religious beliefs must be immediately abolished. Those who fail to obey this order will suffer all the consequences for their acts of opposition to <a href="/wiki/Angkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Angkar">Angkar</a>."<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> After the end of the Khmer Rouge's rule, all religions were restored. Vickery believes that about 185,000 Cham lived in Cambodia in the mid-1980s and he also believes that the number of mosques was about the same then as it was before 1975. In early 1988, there were six mosques in the Phnom Penh area and a "good number" of mosques also existed in the provinces, but Muslim dignitaries were thinly stretched; only 20 of the previous 113 most prominent Cham clergy in Cambodia survived the rule of the Khmer Rouge period.<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> According to Ben Kiernan, the racialization of the Cham during the colonial and post-colonial eras could be the main reason behind the Khmer Rouge's hatred of the Cham people. Misinformation and racial stereotypes were used to disconnect the Cham from their ancestral homelands, including the Cham extinction theory that was proposed by colonial scholars, according to that theory, the "real" Cham were extinct. Kiernan writes: "In the twentieth century, Chams have suffered from two myths: the glory of their "empire" has been exaggerated, and so has their present plight. A romanticized view of Cham doom helped deprive them of rights in 1975–79. They were called "Malays" by the French, and after Cambodia's independence, received a new, equally inaccurate label: "Islamic Khmers." Again their ethnic origin was denied, in the perverse sense, Chams became victims of History."<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> Scholars also compare the denial of the Khmer Rouge's racist motivation for its genocide against the Cham to the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">denial of the Holocaust</a>, both forms of <a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">genocide denial</a> are analogous narrational canards that seek to use victims' religions to justify the actions of genocide perpetrators but they ignore wider race and ethnic hatreds and discriminatory backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_groups">Religious groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religious groups">edit</a>]</div> Under the leadership of Pol Pot, who was an ardent <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_atheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist atheism">Marxist atheist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> the Khmer Rouge enforced a policy of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>. According to Catherine Wessinger, "Democratic Kampuchea was officially an atheist state, and the persecution of religion by the Khmer Rouge was only matched in severity by the persecution of religion in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a> of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania#Communism" title="Religion in Albania">Religion in communist Albania</a>) and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_Korea" title="Freedom of religion in North Korea">Freedom of religion in North Korea</a>)."<a href="#cite_note-Wessinger2000-166">[160]</a> All religions were banned, and the repression of adherents of Islam,<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> and Buddhism was extensive. It is estimated that up to 50,000 Buddhist monks were massacred by the Khmer Rouge.<a href="#cite_note-NYTi-169">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-rummel-170">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_purges">Internal purges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Internal purges">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zone_massacres" title="Eastern Zone massacres">Eastern Zone massacres</a></div> In 1978, in order to purge the Eastern Military Zone of those he perceived to have been contaminated by the Vietnamese, Pol Pot ordered military units from the Southwest Zone to move into eastern Kampuchea and eliminate the "hidden traitors". Unable to withstand an attack from the Kampuchea Government, <a href="/wiki/So_Phim" title="So Phim">So Phim</a> committed suicide while his deputy <a href="/wiki/Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a> defected to Vietnam. The series of massacres in the Eastern Zone were the most serious of all of the massacres which took place during the Pol Pot regime's genocide.<a href="#cite_note-Ben_Kiernan_1987-171">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_children">Use of children</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Use of children">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Cambodia" title="Child soldiers in Cambodia">Child soldiers in Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">History of children in the military</a></div> The Khmer Rouge exploited thousands of desensitized, conscripted children in their early teens to commit mass murder and other atrocities during and after the genocide. The indoctrinated children were taught to follow any order without hesitation.<a href="#cite_note-:10-37">[31]</a> The organization continued to use children extensively until at least 1998, often forcibly recruiting them. During this period, the children were deployed mainly in unpaid support roles, such as ammunition-carriers, and also as combatants. Many children had fled the Khmer Rouge without a means to feed themselves and believed that joining the government forces would enable them to survive, although local commanders frequently denied them any pay.<a href="#cite_note-:4-172">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Torture_and_human_experimentation">Torture and human experimentation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Torture and human experimentation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Security_Prison_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Prison 21">Security Prison 21</a></div> The Khmer Rouge regime is also well known for practicing <a href="/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation" title="Unethical human experimentation">torturous medical experiments</a> on prisoners. People were imprisoned and tortured merely on suspicion of opposing the regime or because other prisoners gave their names under torture. Whole families (including women and children) ended up in prisons and were tortured because the Khmer Rouge feared that if they did not do this, their intended victims' relatives would seek revenge. Pol Pot said, "if you want to kill the grass, you also have to kill the roots".<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> Most prisoners did not even know why they were imprisoned and, if they dared to ask the prison guards, the guards would answer only by saying that <a href="/wiki/Angkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Angkar">Angkar</a> (the Communist Party of Kampuchea) never makes mistakes, which meant that they must have done something illegal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVannak201032–35-174">[168]</a> There are many accounts of torture in both the Security Prison 21 records and the documents of the trial; as told by the survivor <a href="/wiki/Bou_Meng" title="Bou Meng">Bou Meng</a> in his book (written by Huy Vannak), tortures were so atrocious and heinous that the prisoners tried in every way to commit suicide, even using spoons, and their hands were constantly tied behind their back to prevent them from committing suicide or trying to escape. When it was believed that they could not provide any further useful information, they were blindfolded and sent to the <a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a>, which were mass graves where prisoners were killed at night with metal tools such as scythes or nails and hammers (since bullets were too expensive). Often times, their screams were covered with loudspeakers playing propaganda music of Democratic Kampuchea and noise from generator sets.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChoeungEk-Darter-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ChoeungEk-Darter-7.jpg/220px-ChoeungEk-Darter-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ChoeungEk-Darter-7.jpg/330px-ChoeungEk-Darter-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ChoeungEk-Darter-7.jpg/440px-ChoeungEk-Darter-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chankiri_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Chankiri Tree">Chankiri Tree</a>. The sign reads "Chankiri Tree against which executioners beat children"</figcaption></figure> Inside S-21, a special treatment was given to babies and children; they were taken away from their mothers and relatives, and sent to the Killing Fields, where they were smashed against the so-called <a href="/wiki/Chankiri_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Chankiri Tree">Chankiri Tree</a>. A similar treatment is supposed to have been given to babies of other prisons like S-21, spread all over Democratic Kampuchea. S-21 also incarcerated a few Westerners who were captured by the regime. One was the British teacher <a href="/wiki/John_Dawson_Dewhirst" title="John Dawson Dewhirst">John Dawson Dewhirst</a>, captured by the Khmer Rouge while he was on a yacht. One guard of S-21, Cheam Soeu, said that one of the Westerners had been burned alive, but <a href="/wiki/Kang_Kek_Iew" title="Kang Kek Iew">Kang Kek Iew</a> ("Comrade Duch") denied that. He said that Pol Pot asked him to burn their corpses (after death) and that "nobody would dare to violate my order".<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> Tortures were meant not only to force prisoners to confess but for the prison guards' amusement. They feared that they would themselves become prisoners if they treated the prisoners well.<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> The previous doctors were killed or sent to the countryside to work as farmers during the Khmer Rouge and the library of the Medical Faculty in Phnom Penh was set on fire. The regime then employed child medics, who were just teenagers with no or very little training. They did not have any knowledge of Western medicine (which was forbidden since it was considered a capitalist invention), and they had to practice their own medical experiments and make progress by themselves. They did not have Western medicines (since Cambodia, according to the Khmer Rouge, had to be self-sufficient) and all medical experiments were systematically conducted without proper anesthetics.<a href="#cite_note-d.dccam.org-177">[171]</a> A medic who worked inside S-21 said that a 17-year-old girl had her throat slit and her abdomen pierced before being beaten and put into water for an entire night. This procedure was repeated many times and carried out without anesthetics.<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> In a hospital of <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Cham_province" title="Kampong Cham province">Kampong Cham province</a>, child medics cut out the intestines of a living non-consenting person and joined their ends to study the healing process. The patient died after three days due to the "operation".<a href="#cite_note-d.dccam.org-177">[171]</a> In the same hospital, other "physicians" trained by the Khmer Rouge opened the chest of a living person, just to see the heart beating. The operation resulted in the patient's immediate death.<a href="#cite_note-d.dccam.org-177">[171]</a> Other testimonies, as well as Khmer Rouge policy, suggest that these were not isolated cases.<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-cambodia_daily-181">[175]</a> They also performed drug testing, for instance by injecting <a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">coconut juice</a> into a living person's body and studying the effects. Coconut juice injection is often lethal.<a href="#cite_note-d.dccam.org-177">[171]</a> Witness at Tribunal hearing also disclosed that in Tbong Khmum province, he saw a medical staff at the hospital carrying out experiments on the wives of arrested cadre at night, when it was quiet. The victims' bodies were cut open and injected with some liquid that other reports stated that the injection could be some form of coconut fluid.<a href="#cite_note-cambodia_daily-181">[175]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Genocide_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuol Sleng genocide museum"><img alt="Tuol Sleng genocide museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Genocide_museum.jpg/120px-Genocide_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Genocide_museum.jpg/180px-Genocide_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Genocide_museum.jpg/240px-Genocide_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="633" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tuol Sleng genocide museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Genocide_phnom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photo from genocide museum"><img alt="Photo from genocide museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Genocide_phnom.jpg/80px-Genocide_phnom.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Genocide_phnom.jpg/120px-Genocide_phnom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Genocide_phnom.jpg/160px-Genocide_phnom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="633" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photo from genocide museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_phnom_pen_genoc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuol Sleng"><img alt="Tuol Sleng" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Museum_phnom_pen_genoc.jpg/120px-Museum_phnom_pen_genoc.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Museum_phnom_pen_genoc.jpg/180px-Museum_phnom_pen_genoc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Museum_phnom_pen_genoc.jpg/240px-Museum_phnom_pen_genoc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="633" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tuol Sleng</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_fash_gen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuol Sleng"><img alt="Tuol Sleng" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Museum_fash_gen.jpg/120px-Museum_fash_gen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Museum_fash_gen.jpg/180px-Museum_fash_gen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Museum_fash_gen.jpg/240px-Museum_fash_gen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="633" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tuol Sleng</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koluchaya_prov.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genocide museum"><img alt="Genocide museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Koluchaya_prov.jpg/120px-Koluchaya_prov.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Koluchaya_prov.jpg/180px-Koluchaya_prov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Koluchaya_prov.jpg/240px-Koluchaya_prov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="633" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Genocide museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazarma_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the museum"><img alt="In the museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kazarma_museum.jpg/120px-Kazarma_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kazarma_museum.jpg/180px-Kazarma_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kazarma_museum.jpg/240px-Kazarma_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="633" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">In the museum</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_deaths">Number of deaths</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Number of deaths">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_of_Cambodia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Life_expectancy_of_Cambodia.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Life_expectancy_of_Cambodia.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Life_expectancy_of_Cambodia.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Impact of the genocide on the country's average life expectancy</figcaption></figure> Ben Kiernan estimates that between 1.671 million and 1.871 million Cambodians died as a result of Khmer Rouge policy, or between 21% and 24% of Cambodia's 1975 population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003b586–587-182">[176]</a> A study by French demographer Marek Sliwinski calculated slightly fewer than 2 million unnatural deaths under the Khmer Rouge out of a 1975 Cambodian population of 7.8 million; 33.5% of Cambodian men died under the Khmer Rouge compared to 15.7% of Cambodian women.<a href="#cite_note-Locard-6">[4]</a> According to a 2001 academic source, the most widely accepted estimates of excess deaths under the Khmer Rouge range from 1.5 million to 2 million, although figures as low as 1 million and as high as 3 million have been cited; conventionally accepted estimates of deaths due to Khmer Rouge executions range from 500,000 to 1 million, "a third to one half of excess mortality during the period."<a href="#cite_note-Heuveline,_Patrick_2001-53">[47]</a> However, a 2013 academic source (citing research from 2009) indicates that execution may have accounted for as much as 60% of the total, with 23,745 mass graves containing approximately 1.3 million suspected victims of execution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeyboltAronsonFischoff2013238-38">[32]</a> While considerably higher than earlier and more widely-accepted estimates of Khmer Rouge executions, the Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-Cam)'s Craig Etcheson defended such estimates of over one million executions as "plausible, given the nature of the mass grave and DC-Cam's methods, which are more likely to produce an under-count of bodies rather than an over-estimate."<a href="#cite_note-Sharp-48">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tufts.edu-50">[44]</a> Demographer Patrick Heuveline estimated that between 1.17 million and 3.42 million Cambodians died unnatural deaths between 1970 and 1979, with between 150,000 and 300,000 of those deaths occurring during the civil war. Heuveline's central estimate is 2.52 million excess deaths, of which 1.4 million were the direct result of violence.<a href="#cite_note-Tufts.edu-50">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heuveline,_Patrick_2001-53">[47]</a> Despite being based on a house-to-house survey of Cambodians, the estimate of 3.3 million deaths promulgated by the Khmer Rouge's successor regime, the People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK), is generally considered to be an exaggeration;<a href="#cite_note-Locard-6">[4]</a> among other methodological errors, the PRK authorities added the estimated number of victims that had been found in the partially-exhumed mass graves to the raw survey results, meaning that some victims would have been double-counted.<a href="#cite_note-Tufts.edu-50">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_Democratic_Kampuchea">After Democratic Kampuchea</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: After Democratic Kampuchea">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Commemoration">edit</a>]</div> Although executions of public officials of the old regime had taken place after Phnom Penh fell, 20 May 1975 is commemorated in Cambodia as the date that the Khmer Rouge campaign against private citizens began<a href="#cite_note-nyt-183">[177]</a> and 20 May is now observed annually as the <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Remembrance_(Cambodia)" title="National Day of Remembrance (Cambodia)">"National Day of Remembrance"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: ទិវាជាតិនៃការចងចាំ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer" title="Romanization of Khmer">romanized</a>: Tivea Cheate nei kar Changcham) and marked by a national holiday.<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_crimes_trials">War crimes trials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: War crimes trials">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_building_of_Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Main_building_of_Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia.jpg/200px-Main_building_of_Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Main_building_of_Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia.jpg/300px-Main_building_of_Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Main_building_of_Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia.jpg/400px-Main_building_of_Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The tribunal's main building with the court room</figcaption></figure> The Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia ended the genocide by defeating and overthrowing the Khmer Rouge regime in January 1979. On 15 July 1979, the new Vietnamese installed government of Cambodia passed "Decree Law No. 1." This allowed for the trial of Pol Pot and Ieng Sary for the crime of genocide. They were given an American defense lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Hope_Stevens" title="Hope Stevens">Hope Stevens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200514-185">[179]</a> and were <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">tried in absentia</a> and convicted of genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonlon2012103-186">[180]</a> The war continued until 1989 as an insurgency against the Vietnamese occupation by the Khmer Rouge and several other groups. Following the Vietnamese withdrawal, the <a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Agreements" title="1991 Paris Peace Agreements">1991 Paris Peace Agreements</a> were signed to mark the official end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayersan2013182-24">[19]</a> In order to include the Khmer Rouge in the agreement, the major powers agreed to avoid using the word "genocide" to describe their actions between 1975 and 1979.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> Nearly every major leader in Cambodia in 1991 had at one point allied themselves with the Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge, so they were reluctant to advocate bringing him to trial. The United States had avoided describing Khmer Rouge atrocities as genocide until 1989, claiming it was "counterproductive to finding peace" and only approved capturing and holding a trial for Pol Pot in 1997. There was also speculation that a trial might examine the U.S. bombing of Cambodia during the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Cambodian_Genocide_Project">The Cambodian Genocide Project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The Cambodian Genocide Project">edit</a>]</div> The Cambodian Genocide Project was founded by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stanton" title="Gregory Stanton">Gregory Stanton</a> in 1982. Stanton started the project after directing the Church World Service and CARE relief program in Phnom Penh in 1980. Stanton proposed that the Khmer Rouge regime, which still held Cambodia's seat in the United Nations, should be charged in the International Court of Justice for violation of the Genocide Convention, to which Cambodia is a State-Party.<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> Stanton undertook investigations in Cambodia with Dr. Ben Kiernan of Yale University in the 1980s. They interviewed many survivors, visited mass graves and extermination prisons, and collected hours of videotaped eye-witness testimony. Kiernan wrote several books about the history of the Khmer Rouge regime. Stanton wrote the legal analyses for an ICJ case, which could be filed by any State-Party to the Genocide Convention without reservations. After meeting with Stanton, the Foreign Minister of Australia, Bill Hayden, spoke in favor of his country taking the case to the ICJ. However, the Australian Prime Minister received a call from the US State Department urging him to overrule Hayden. Other countries were also approached, but any indicating interest were promptly asked not to file the case by the US State Department. The Khmer Rouge were part of a coalition in Thailand and the Cambodian mountains that opposed the new Soviet and Vietnamese backed government in Phnom Penh. The coalition also included the non-communist resistance and the Royalist party. The US opposed the new government because of its Soviet support. Stanton likened the tripartite coalition to an alliance between a collie, a poodle, and a wolf. To reverse State Department opposition to trials for the Khmer Rouge, Dr. Stanton, Dr. Kiernan, Sally Benson, and Dr. Craig Etcheson co-founded the Campaign to Oppose the Return of the Khmer Rouge.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> They drafted the Cambodian Genocide Justice Act, introduced by Senator Charles Robb. It ordered the State Department to make it US policy to try the Khmer Rouge, to create a State Department Office of Cambodian Investigations, to conduct a study by legal scholars to recommend how trials should be conducted, and it earmarked $800,000 to fund the effort. In 1992, Dr. Stanton left his law professorship at Washington and Lee University to join the State Department Foreign Service. He realized that in order for the trials to take place, a committed advocate had to join the State Department to promote the project. In 1994, President Clinton signed the Cambodian Genocide Justice Act. That same year, the genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda killed 800,000 Rwandans. The Director General of the Foreign Service, Genta Hawkins Holmes, directed Dr. Stanton back to Washington, DC and assigned him to the Office of UN Political Affairs in the Bureau of International Organizations, with the mandate to deal with the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide. Stanton joined the UN Commission of Inquiry on Rwanda and drafted UN Security Council Resolutions <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">955</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_978" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 978">978</a>, which established the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a>. The Office of Cambodian Genocide Investigations was led by Ambassador Alphonse LaPorta and included Dr. Stanton. The Office issued a Request for Proposals to document the Khmer Rouge genocide. Stanton recused himself from any decision making on the bidding. Yale University's Cambodian Genocide Program, a successor to Stanton's Cambodian Genocide Project, won the contract. It was directed by Dr. Kiernan, Dr. Craig Etcheson, and Dr. Susan Cook. With Cambodian Youk Chang, they established the Documentation Center for Cambodia (DCCam). Dr. Helen Jarvis, working with DCCam, discovered thousands of pages of detailed records collected by the Khmer Rouge that documented their crimes. DCCam also conducted a survey of mass graves, and hundreds of eyewitness testimonies. In 1997, Thomas Hammarberg, UN Human Rights chief in the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia that followed the 1991 Paris Peace Accords, persuaded the two prime ministers of Cambodia to appeal to the UN to assist Cambodia in establishing a tribunal to try the senior leaders of the Khmer Rouge. In 1997, Cambodia's two Co-Prime Ministers wrote a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> requesting assistance to set up trial proceedings against the senior leaders of the Khmer Rouge. In January 2001, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cambodia)" title="National Assembly (Cambodia)">Cambodian National Assembly</a> passed legislation to form a tribunal to try additional members of the Khmer Rouge regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton2013411-191">[185]</a> Following lengthy negotiations, an agreement between the Royal Government of Cambodia and the United Nations was reached and signed on 6 June 2003. The agreement was then endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> Dr. Helen Jarvis became a senior advisor to Deputy Prime Minister Sok An. She established the Cambodian government Task Force to plan creation of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), commonly called the Khmer Rouge Tribunal. Dr. Stanton worked with the Task Force and drafted the Internal Rule of Procedure for the Tribunal. The rules established the first active participation by victims in an international tribunal and provided for a Victims Support Unit. The UN and government of Cambodia signed the agreement to establish the ECCC in 2003. Judges and other personnel were appointed by the government and the UN. Financing was pledged by UN members and the Tribunal was established in 2006. The tribunal tried and convicted three of the senior Khmer Rouge leaders, Kang Kek Iew (Duch) chief of the Tuol Sleng extermination prison in Phnom Penh, Nuon Chea (Brother Number Two) chief ideologist, and Khieu Samphan Head of State. Pol Pot, Brother Number One, died before trials began. Ieng Sary, Khmer Rouge Foreign Minister was tried but died before his verdict. Although only a few Khmer Rouge leaders were tried, over 350,000 Cambodians attended the trials in person, and they received considerable publicity by radio and television. In polls of Cambodians taken by the International Republican Institute and the University of California at Berkeley over two thirds of Cambodians surveyed expressed their support for the ECCC and said it had contributed significantly to their understanding of the crimes of the Khmer Rouge. In 1999, Duch was interviewed by Nic Dunlop and <a href="/wiki/Nate_Thayer" title="Nate Thayer">Nate Thayer</a> and admitted his guilt for crimes carried out in Tuol Sleng prison, where up to 17,000 political prisoners were executed. He expressed sorrow for his actions, stating that he was willing to stand trial and give evidence against his former comrades. During his trial in February and March 2009, Duch admitted that he was responsible for the crimes carried out at Tuol Sleng. On 26 July 2010, he was found guilty on charges of <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, torture, and murder and was sentenced to 35 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartrop2012166–167-193">[187]</a> On 3 February 2012 his previous sentence was replaced with life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEECCC-Kaing2012-194">[188]</a> Duch died of lung disease in September 2020.<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> Nuon Chea ("Brother Number Two") was arrested on 19 September 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2011855-196">[190]</a> At the end of his 2013 trial he denied all charges, stating that he had not given orders "to mistreat or kill people to deprive them of food or commit any genocide." He was convicted in 2014 and sentenced to life imprisonment. He has expressed remorse and accepted moral responsibility for his crimes, stating "I would like to sincerely apologize to the public, the victims, the families, and all Cambodian people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuon_Chea2013-197">[191]</a> After being located in an opulent Phnom Penh villa, Ieng Sary was arrested on 12 November 2007 and indicted for crimes against humanity, as was his wife <a href="/wiki/Ieng_Thirith" title="Ieng Thirith">Ieng Thirith</a>, who had been an unofficial adviser to the regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon2007-198">[192]</a> On 17 November 2011, following evaluations from medical experts, Thirith was found to be unfit to stand trial due to a mental condition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_los_ReyesMattesLeeVan_Tuyl20121-199">[193]</a> Sary died of heart failure in 2013 while his trial was in progress.<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> Another senior Khmer Rouge leader, Khieu Samphan, was arrested on 19 November 2007 and charged with crimes against humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunthit2007-201">[195]</a> He was convicted in 2014 and sentenced to life imprisonment. At a hearing on 23 June 2017, Samphan stated a desire to bow to the memory of his guiltless victims, while also claiming that he suffered for those who fought for their ideal to have a brighter future.<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denial_of_the_genocide">Denial of the genocide</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Denial of the genocide">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian genocide denial</a></div> In 1979, some members of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_(Canada)" title="Workers' Communist Party (Canada)">Canadian Workers' Communist Party</a> published a pamphlet after their visit to Cambodia. The pamphlet stated that reports of mass killings and other atrocities were made up by the USA and it also stated that the reports were then used by the Soviet Union and Vietnam. According to them, a part of the death toll was made up by the US embassy in Thailand and then, it was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ponchaud" title="François Ponchaud">François Ponchaud</a>. They also claimed that the reports and images of the Khmer Rouge's atrocities were made up by Thai intelligence and supporters of Lon Nol.<a href="#cite_note-kww-203">[197]</a> A few months before his death on 15 April 1998,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan2004256-204">[198]</a> Pol Pot was interviewed by Nate Thayer. During the interview, he stated that he had a clear conscience and denied being responsible for the genocide. Pol Pot asserted that he "came to carry out the struggle, not to kill people." According to Alex Alvarez, Pol Pot "portrayed himself as a misunderstood and unfairly vilified figure".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez200156-205">[199]</a> In 2013, Cambodian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hun_Sen" title="Hun Sen">Hun Sen</a> unanimously passed legislation that prohibits the denial of the Cambodian genocide and other war crimes committed by the Khmer Rouge; a bill that mirrors <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial" title="Legality of Holocaust denial">legislation</a> passed in European nations after the conclusion of the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> The legislation was passed despite comments by opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Kem_Sokha" title="Kem Sokha">Kem Sokha</a>, who is the deputy president of the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_National_Rescue_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian National Rescue Party">Cambodian National Rescue Party</a>. Sokha stated that exhibits at the <a href="/wiki/Tuol_Sleng_Genocide_Museum" title="Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum">Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum</a> were fabricated and that the artifacts were faked by the Vietnamese following their invasion in 1979. Sokha's party has claimed that his comments were taken out of context.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuncombe2013-207">[201]</a> Cambodia scholar Ben Kiernan and Genocide Scholar Gregory Stanton personally saw the records and photographs at Tuol Sleng prison in 1980 and vouch for their authenticity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denial_of_support_of_the_Khmer_Rouge_by_China">Denial of support of the Khmer Rouge by China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Denial of support of the Khmer Rouge by China">edit</a>]</div> In 1988, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, who was once a member of the Khmer Rouge, described China as "the root of everything that was evil" in Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[6]</a> But after he ousted his domestic rivals in a bloody factional <a href="/wiki/1997_Cambodian_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Cambodian coup">coup d'état</a> in July 1997, prompting outrage in the West, China immediately recognized the status quo and offered military aid.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[6]</a> New interests soon came into alignment. Then, in 2000, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP General Secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">Chinese President</a>, arrived in Cambodia for an official visit, the first by a Chinese leader since 1963.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[6]</a> In December 2000, while Jiang was visiting Cambodia, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China</a> issued a statement in which it claimed that Beijing never supported the wrong policies of the Khmer Rouge while it was governing Cambodia and it refused to apologize.<a href="#cite_note-:3-208">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-209">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-210">[204]</a> Yang Yanyi (杨燕怡), then the Deputy Director of the Asian Department in the Foreign Ministry of China, claimed: "This is an internal affair to be addressed by the Cambodians themselves. China had never interfered in the internal affairs of another country. Our assistance and support during that certain historical period was to support Cambodia's effort to safeguard its sovereignty and national independence. We never support wrong policies of other countries."<a href="#cite_note-:3-208">[202]</a> During the visit, Jiang met with Norodom Sihanouk and Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, signing an agreement to offer <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>12 million in aid to Cambodia. Even though the Cambodian government never mentioned the issue of the Khmer Rouge during Jiang's visit, protesters asked for an apology and they even asked for <a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">restitution</a> from China, and the said request still persists.<a href="#cite_note-:3-208">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> In 2015, Youk Chhang, the executive director of the Documentation Center of Cambodia, pointed out that "Chinese advisers were there with the prison guards and all the way to the top leader. China has never admitted or apologized for this."<a href="#cite_note-:7-12">[10]</a> In 2009, during the court trials of some of the former Khmer Rouge leaders, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Yu" title="Jiang Yu">Jiang Yu</a> claimed: "For a long time China has ... had normal and friendly relations with previous Cambodian governments, including that of Democratic Kampuchea. As everyone knows, the government of Democratic Kampuchea had a legal seat at the United Nations, and had established broad foreign relations with more than 70 countries."<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition_of_rescuers">Recognition of rescuers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Recognition of rescuers">edit</a>]</div> The Rescuers exhibition, which ran from 2011 to 2015, recognized individuals who risked their lives to save others. The Cambodian rescuers are paired alongside similar profiles of courage from other world genocides.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> Similar recognition to rescuers of the Cambodian Genocide by the Australian social harmony group, <a href="/wiki/Courage_to_Care" title="Courage to Care">Courage to Care</a>, which published an educational resource on the subject.<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature_and_media">In literature and media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In literature and media">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The book Cambodge année zéro ("Cambodia Year Zero") by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ponchaud" title="François Ponchaud">François Ponchaud</a> was published in French in 1977 and translated into English in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeachler201145-215">[209]</a> Ponchaud was one of the first authors to bring the Cambodian genocide to the world's attention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartrop2012261-216">[210]</a> Ponchaud has said that the genocide "was above all, the translation into action the particular vision of a man [sic]: A person who has been spoiled by a corrupt regime cannot be reformed, he must be physically eliminated from the brotherhood of the pure."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyner2012145-217">[211]</a> Murder of a Gentle Land: The Untold Story of a Communist Genocide in Cambodia by <a href="/wiki/John_Barron_(American_journalist)" title="John Barron (American journalist)">John Barron</a> and Anthony Paul was published in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarronPaul1977-218">[212]</a> The book drew on accounts from refugees, and an abridged version published in <a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a> was widely read.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayersan2013183–184-219">[213]</a></li> <li>Filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Rithy_Panh" title="Rithy Panh">Rithy Panh</a>, a survivor of the genocide, is "considered by many to be the cinematic voice of Cambodia." Panh has directed several documentaries on the genocide, including <a href="/wiki/S-21:_The_Khmer_Rouge_Killing_Machine" title="S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine">S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine</a>, which has been noted by critics for "allow[ing] us to observe how memory and time may collapse to render the past as present and by doing so reveal the ordinary face of evil."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle200995-220">[214]</a></li> <li>The genocide is portrayed in the 1984 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>–winning film <a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Fields_(film)" title="The Killing Fields (film)">The Killing Fields</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Patricia_McCormick_(author)" title="Patricia McCormick (author)">Patricia McCormick</a>'s 2012 novel Never Fall Down.<a href="#cite_note-Debra_Lau_Whelan-222">[216]</a></li> <li>The genocide is also recounted by <a href="/wiki/Loung_Ung" title="Loung Ung">Loung Ung</a> in her memoir <a href="/wiki/First_They_Killed_My_Father" title="First They Killed My Father">First They Killed My Father</a> (2000).<a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Debra_Lau_Whelan-222">[216]</a> The book was adapted into a <a href="/wiki/First_They_Killed_My_Father_(film)" title="First They Killed My Father (film)">2017 biographical film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a>. Set in 1975, the film depicts five-year-old Ung who is forced to be trained as a <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldiers">child soldier</a> while her siblings are sent to labor camps by the Khmer Rouge regime.<a href="#cite_note-Variety:Telluride_Film_Review:_'First_They_Killed_My_Father:_A_Daughter_of_Cambodia_Remembers'-224">[218]</a></li> <li>The film <a href="/wiki/Year_Zero:_The_Silent_Death_of_Cambodia" title="Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia">Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia</a> is a 1979 British television documentary written and presented by the Australian journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Pilger" title="John Pilger">John Pilger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-:yearzero-226">[220]</a> First broadcast on British television on 30 October 1979, the film recounts the extensive <a href="/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal" title="Operation Freedom Deal">bombing of</a> Cambodia by the United States in the 1970s as a secret chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the subsequent brutality and genocide that occurred when Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge militia took over, the poverty and suffering of the people, and the limited aid since given by the West. Pilger's first report on Cambodia was published in a special issue of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:yearzero-226">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pilger1986-227">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pilger2011-228">[222]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cambodia" title="Portal:Cambodia">Cambodia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/22px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/33px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/43px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="261" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Genocide" title="Portal:Genocide">Genocide portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_United_States_support_for_the_Khmer_Rouge" title="Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge">Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Ch%C3%BAc_massacre" title="Ba Chúc massacre">Ba Chúc massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity_under_communist_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against humanity under communist regimes">Crimes against humanity under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangrek_genocide" title="Dangrek genocide">Dangrek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zone_massacres" title="Eastern Zone massacres">Eastern Zone massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects of genocide on youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Intelligenzaktion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal" title="Operation Freedom Deal">Operation Freedom Deal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: ប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍នៅកម្ពុជា, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Genocide in Cambodia', or អំពើប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍ខ្មែរ, 'Khmer genocidal act(s)' </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia">Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</a> ruled for the indictment of <a href="/wiki/Nuon_Chea" title="Nuon Chea">Nuon Chea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a> that both former Khmer Rouge officials are guilty of committing ethnic cleansing exclusively against <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Vietnamese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Vietnamese">ethnic Vietnamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unfile2019-3">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> See:<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-12">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> See:<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1983-18">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> See:<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Estimates may vary according to scholars:<a href="#cite_note-mit-25">[20]</a> * 90,000 deaths ~ 36% (Kiernan's 1982 estimate). * 500,000 to 560,000 deaths ~ 71,4% to 80% of total Cham population (<a href="/wiki/Documentation_Center_of_Cambodia" title="Documentation Center of Cambodia">DC-Cam</a> and <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> estimates).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003b-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bruckmayr-27">[22]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeuveline2015" class="citation journal cs1">Heuveline, Patrick (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4562795">"The Boundaries of Genocide: Quantifying the Uncertainty of the Death Toll During the Pol Pot Regime (1975-1979)"</a>. Population Studies. 69 (2): 201–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00324728.2015.1045546">10.1080/00324728.2015.1045546</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4562795">4562795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26218856">26218856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Boundaries+of+Genocide%3A+Quantifying+the+Uncertainty+of+the+Death+Toll+During+the+Pol+Pot+Regime+%281975-1979%29&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-218&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4562795%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26218856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00324728.2015.1045546&rft.aulast=Heuveline&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4562795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unfile2019-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unfile2019_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unfile2019_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/ola/media/info_from_lc/mss/speeches/MSS-Phnom-Penh-November-2018-ECCC-2-2-summary-of-judgement.pdf">"Trial Chamber Summary of Judgement Case 002/02"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">United Nations Office of Legal Affairs</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trial+Chamber+Summary+of+Judgement+Case+002%2F02&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+of+Legal+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegal.un.org%2Fola%2Fmedia%2Finfo_from_lc%2Fmss%2Fspeeches%2FMSS-Phnom-Penh-November-2018-ECCC-2-2-summary-of-judgement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHeuveline2001">Heuveline 2001</a>, pp. 102–105: "As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Cambodian population, then less than eight million. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2003b">Kiernan 2003b</a>, pp. 586–587: "We may safely conclude, from known pre- and post-genocide population figures and from professional demographic calculations, that the 1975–79 death toll was between 1.671 and 1.871 million people, 21 to 24 percent of Cambodia's 1975 population."</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Meg (16 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-demographer-produces-best-estimate-yet-of-cambodias-death-toll-under-pol-pot">"UCLA demographer produces best estimate yet of Cambodia's death toll under Pol Pot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>. Retrieved 12 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA&rft.atitle=UCLA+demographer+produces+best+estimate+yet+of+Cambodia%27s+death+toll+under+Pol+Pot&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Meg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.ucla.edu%2Freleases%2Fucla-demographer-produces-best-estimate-yet-of-cambodias-death-toll-under-pol-pot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Tyner, James A.; Molana, Hanieh Haji (1 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/gsi.13.2.03">"Ideologies of Khmer Rouge Family Policy: Contextualizing Sexual and Gender-Based Violence during the Cambodian Genocide"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Studies_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genocide Studies International (page does not exist)">Genocide Studies International</a>. 13 (2): 168–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi.13.2.03">10.3138/gsi.13.2.03</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2291-1847">2291-1847</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216505042">216505042</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409102134/https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/gsi.13.2.03">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+International&rft.atitle=Ideologies+of+Khmer+Rouge+Family+Policy%3A+Contextualizing+Sexual+and+Gender-Based+Violence+during+the+Cambodian+Genocide&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=168-189&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216505042%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2291-1847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.13.2.03&rft.aulast=Tyner&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Molana%2C+Hanieh+Haji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futpjournals.press%2Fdoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.13.2.03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Locard-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Locard_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Locard_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Locard_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Locard_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Locard_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Locard_6-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocard2005" class="citation journal cs1">Locard, Henri (March 2005). "State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)". <a href="/wiki/European_Review_of_History" title="European Review of History">European Review of History</a>. 12 (1): 121–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13507480500047811">10.1080/13507480500047811</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144712717">144712717</a>. <q>Between 17 April 1975 and 7 January 1979 the death toll was about 25% of a population of some 7.8 million; 33.5% of men were massacred or died unnatural deaths as against 15.7% of the women, and 41.9% of the population of Phnom Penh. ... Since 1979, the so-called Pol Pot regime has been equated to Hitler and the Nazis. This is why the word 'genocide' (associated with Nazism) has been used for the first time in a distinctly Communist regime by the invading Vietnamese to distance themselves from a government they had overturned. This 'revisionism' was expressed in several ways. The Khmer Rouge were said to have killed 3.3 million, some 1.3 million more people than they had in fact killed. There was one abominable state prison, S–21, now the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum. In fact, there were more than 150 on the same model, at least one per district. ... For the United States in particular, denouncing the crimes of the Khmer Rouge was not at the top of their agenda in the early 1980s. Instead, as in the case of Afghanistan, it was still at times vital to counter what was perceived as the expansionist policies of the Soviets. The USA prioritised its budding friendship with the Democratic Republic of China to counter the 'evil' influence of the USSR in Southeast Asia, acting through its client state, revolutionary Vietnam. All the ASEAN countries shared that vision. So it became vital, with the military and financial help of China, to revive and develop armed resistance to the Vietnamese troops, with the resurrected KR at its core. ... [France] was instrumental in forcing the Sihanoukists and the Republicans to form an obscene alliance with its former tormentors, the KR, under the name of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK) in 1982. In so doing, the international community officially reintegrated some of the worst perpetrators of crimes against humanity into the world diplomatic sphere...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+History&rft.atitle=State+Violence+in+Democratic+Kampuchea+%281975%E2%80%931979%29+and+Retribution+%281979%E2%80%932004%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-143&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13507480500047811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144712717%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Locard&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2018" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David P. (2018). Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4299-8161-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4299-8161-6"><bdi>978-0-4299-8161-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brother+Number+One%3A+A+Political+Biography+of+Pol+Pot&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-4299-8161-6&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_8-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrangio2012" class="citation web cs1">Strangio, Sebastian (16 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/chinas-aid-emboldens-cambodia">"China's Aid Emboldens Cambodia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201217133253/https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/chinas-aid-emboldens-cambodia">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+University&rft.atitle=China%27s+Aid+Emboldens+Cambodia&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft.aulast=Strangio&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyaleglobal.yale.edu%2Fcontent%2Fchinas-aid-emboldens-cambodia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-chinese-communist-partys-relationship-the-khmer-rouge-the-1970s-ideological-victory">"The Chinese Communist Party's Relationship with the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s: An Ideological Victory and a Strategic Failure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>. 13 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025336/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-chinese-communist-partys-relationship-the-khmer-rouge-the-1970s-ideological-victory">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party%27s+Relationship+with+the+Khmer+Rouge+in+the+1970s%3A+An+Ideological+Victory+and+a+Strategic+Failure&rft.date=2018-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fthe-chinese-communist-partys-relationship-the-khmer-rouge-the-1970s-ideological-victory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood1990" class="citation journal cs1">Hood, Steven J. (1990). "Beijing's Cambodia Gamble and the Prospects for Peace in Indochina: The Khmer Rouge or Sihanouk?". <a href="/wiki/Asian_Survey" title="Asian Survey">Asian Survey</a>. 30 (10): 977–991. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644784">10.2307/2644784</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644784">2644784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Beijing%27s+Cambodia+Gamble+and+the+Prospects+for+Peace+in+Indochina%3A+The+Khmer+Rouge+or+Sihanouk%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=977-991&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2644784%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2644784&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/special/chinacambodia/relation.html">"China-Cambodia Relations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025422/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/special/chinacambodia/relation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China-Cambodia+Relations&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fspecial%2Fchinacambodia%2Frelation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2015" class="citation web cs1">Levin, Dan (30 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/30/cambodian-historians-call-for-china-to-confront-its-own-past">"China Is Urged to Confront Its Own History"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520075847/https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/30/cambodian-historians-call-for-china-to-confront-its-own-past">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China+Is+Urged+to+Confront+Its+Own+History&rft.date=2015-03-30&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F30%2Fcambodian-historians-call-for-china-to-confront-its-own-past&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2008" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2008). The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-4299-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-4299-0"><bdi>978-0-3001-4299-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pol+Pot+Regime%3A+Race%2C+Power%2C+and+Genocide+in+Cambodia+Under+the+Khmer+Rouge%2C+1975%E2%80%9379&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-4299-0&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura2019" class="citation book cs1">Laura, Southgate (2019). ASEAN Resistance to Sovereignty Violation: Interests, Balancing and the Role of the Vanguard State. Policy Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54iUDwAAQBAJ&q=By+mid-september+China+was+prepared+to+extend+to+Cambodia+a+total+of+US$1+billion&pg=PA84">84</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5292-0221-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5292-0221-2"><bdi>978-1-5292-0221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ASEAN+Resistance+to+Sovereignty+Violation%3A+Interests%2C+Balancing+and+the+Role+of+the+Vanguard+State&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5292-0221-2&rft.aulast=Laura&rft.aufirst=Southgate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1989" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Karl D (1989). Cambodia, 1975–1978: Rendezvous with Death. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h27D3EYGwzgC&pg=PA219">219</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6910-2541-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6910-2541-4"><bdi>978-0-6910-2541-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambodia%2C+1975%E2%80%931978%3A+Rendezvous+with+Death&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-6910-2541-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Karl+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Ervin Staub. The roots of evil: the origins of genocide and other group violence. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29u-vt_KgGEC&pg=PA202">p. 202</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1983-18"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1983_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Chandler_&_Ben_Kiernan1983" class="citation book cs1">David Chandler & Ben Kiernan, ed. (1983). Revolution and its Aftermath. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9386-9205-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9386-9205-8"><bdi>978-0-9386-9205-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+its+Aftermath&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Southeast+Asia+Studies&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-9386-9205-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang, Youqin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2016_12_30.pdf">"2016: 张春桥幽灵"</a> (PDF) (in Chinese). The University of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625142035/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2016_12_30.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016%3A+%E5%BC%A0%E6%98%A5%E6%A1%A5%E5%B9%BD%E7%81%B5&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Youqin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fywang.uchicago.edu%2Fhistory%2Fdocs%2F2016_12_30.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheson2005119-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEtcheson2005119_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEtcheson2005">Etcheson 2005</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuveline199849–65-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuveline199849–65_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeuveline1998">Heuveline 1998</a>, pp. 49–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayersan2013182-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayersan2013182_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayersan2013182_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayersan2013182_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayersan2013">Mayersan 2013</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-mit-25"><a href="#cite_ref-mit_25-0">^</a> Ben Kiernan, Wendy Lower, Norman Naimark, Scott Straus et al. The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Volume 3. Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://mitpressbookstore.mit.edu/book/9781108487078">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003b-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003b_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiernan2003b">Kiernan 2003b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruckmayr-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruckmayr_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruckmayr2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bruckmayr, Philipp (1 July 2006). "The Cham Muslims of Cambodia: From Forgotten Minority to Focal Point of Islamic Internationalism". 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College of Liberal Arts. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191106192538/https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/cambodia">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+of+Liberal+Arts.+University+of+Minnesota&rft.atitle=Cambodia%3A+Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcla.umn.edu%2Fchgs%2Fholocaust-genocide-education%2Fresource-guides%2Fcambodia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/cambodia/the-genocide">"Genocide in Cambodia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Day_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Day Trust">Holocaust Memorial Day Trust</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502030939/https://www.hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/cambodia/the-genocide">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Memorial+Day+Trust&rft.atitle=Genocide+in+Cambodia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmd.org.uk%2Flearn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides%2Fcambodia%2Fthe-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hmh.org/library/research/genocide-in-cambodia-guide">"Genocide in Cambodia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Museum_Houston" title="Holocaust Museum Houston">Holocaust Museum Houston</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613210822/https://hmh.org/library/research/genocide-in-cambodia-guide">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2021. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.people.com.cn/n/2014/0425/c372327-24944481.html">the original</a> on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Renmin+Wang&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%8E%E4%BE%A8%E5%BF%86%E7%BA%A2%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%89%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%BF%85%E6%AD%BB&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Zhifeng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.people.com.cn%2Fn%2F2014%2F0425%2Fc372327-24944481.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326190928/http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/MappingKillingField.htm">"Mapping the Killing Fields"</a>. Documentation Center of Cambodia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/MappingKillingField.htm">the original</a> on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2018. <q>Through interviews and physical exploration, DC-Cam identified 19,733 mass burial pits, 196 prisons that operated during the Democratic Kampuchea (DK) period, and 81 memorials constructed by survivors of the DK regime.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documentation+Center+of+Cambodia&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Killing+Fields&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.d.dccam.org%2FProjects%2FMaps%2FMappingKillingField.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2014). The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-4299-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-4299-0"><bdi>978-0-3001-4299-0</bdi></a>. <q>Like all but seven of the twenty thousand Tuol Sleng prisoners, she was murdered anyway.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pol+Pot+Regime%3A+Race%2C+Power%2C+and+Genocide+in+Cambodia+Under+the+Khmer+Rouge%2C+1975%E2%80%9379&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-4299-0&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Landsiedel, Peter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://p-eworldtour.com/2017/03/27/the-killing-fields/">"The Killing Fields: Genocide in Cambodia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421173838/https://p-eworldtour.com/2017/03/27/the-killing-fields/">Archived</a> 21 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, P&E World Tour, 27 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoutherland2006" class="citation web cs1">Southerland, D. (20 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfa.org/english/features/blogs/cambodiablog/blog6_cambodia_southerland-20060720.html">"Cambodia Diary 6: Child Soldiers – Driven by Fear and Hate"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320105641/https://www.rfa.org/english/features/blogs/cambodiablog/blog6_cambodia_southerland-20060720.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambodia+Diary+6%3A+Child+Soldiers+%E2%80%93+Driven+by+Fear+and+Hate&rft.date=2006-07-20&rft.aulast=Southerland&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2Fblogs%2Fcambodiablog%2Fblog6_cambodia_southerland-20060720.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeyboltAronsonFischoff2013238-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeyboltAronsonFischoff2013238_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeyboltAronsonFischoff2013238_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeyboltAronsonFischoff2013">Seybolt, Aronson & Fischoff 2013</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bad0.html">State of the World's Refugees, 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190217012219/http://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bad0.html">Archived</a> 17 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, p. 92. Retrieved 21 January 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unakrt-online.org/documents/agreement-between-united-nations-and-royal-government-cambodia-concerning-prosecution">"Agreement between the United Nations and the Royal Government of Cambodia concerning the prosecution under Cambodian law of crimes committed during the period of Democratic Kampuchea"</a>. United Nations Assistance to the Khmer Rouge Trials. 11 April 2022. 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Retrieved 29 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eccc.gov.kh&rft.atitle=Judgement+in+Case+002%2F01+to+be+pronounced+on+7+August+2014+%7C+Drupal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eccc.gov.kh%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fjudgement-case-00201-be-pronounced-7-august-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrey2009266–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm569AfPJkB4CqCercleMarxisteKhmerStudentsAssociationpgPA267_267]-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrey2009266–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm569AfPJkB4CqCercleMarxisteKhmerStudentsAssociationpgPA267_267]_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrey2009">Frey 2009</a>, pp. 266–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m569AfPJkB4C&q=Cercle+Marxiste+Khmer+Students+Association&pg=PA267">267</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Shawcross, pp. 181–182, 194. 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Mekong.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115041409/http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/deaths.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mekong.net&rft.atitle=Counting+Hell&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mekong.net%2Fcambodia%2Fdeaths.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings">"Mass Atrocity Endings | Documenting declines in civilian fatalities"</a>. sites.tufts.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220200600/https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mass+Atrocity+Endings+%7C+Documenting+declines+in+civilian+fatalities&rft.pub=sites.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.tufts.edu%2Fatrocityendings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tufts.edu-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tufts.edu_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tufts.edu_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tufts.edu_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tufts.edu_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tufts.edu_50-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tufts.edu_50-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/cambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge">"Cambodia: U.S. bombing, civil war, & Khmer Rouge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Foundation" title="World Peace Foundation">World Peace Foundation</a>. 7 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714181839/https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/cambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019. <q>On the higher end of estimates, journalist Elizabeth Becker writes that 'officially, more than half a million Cambodians died on the Lon Nol side of the war; another 600,000 were said to have died in the Khmer Rouge zones.' However, it is not clear how these numbers were calculated or whether they disaggregate civilian and soldier deaths. Others' attempts to verify the numbers suggest a lower number. Demographer Patrick Heuveline has produced evidence suggesting a range of 150,000 to 300,000 violent deaths from 1970 to 1975. In an article reviewing different sources about civilian deaths during the civil war, Bruce Sharp argues that the total number is likely to be around 250,000 violent deaths. ... Many attempts have been made to count or estimate the scale of deaths under the KR. While the KR officials claim that only around 20,000 civilians were killed, the true estimate likely falls somewhere between 1–3 million total deaths, with upper range estimates of those directly killed by the regime approaching 1 million. ... One of the more thorough demographic studies, conducted by Patrick Heuveline, also attempts to separate out violent civilian deaths from a general increase in mortality caused by famine, disease, working conditions, or other indirect causes. He does so by grouping deaths within different age and sex brackets and analyzing treatment of these age and sex groups by the Khmer Rouge and violent regimes in general. His conclusion is that an average of 2.52 million people (range of 1.17–3.42 million) died as a result of regime actions between 1970 and 1979, with an average estimate of 1.4 million (range of 1.09–2.16 million) directly violent deaths.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambodia%3A+U.S.+bombing%2C+civil+war%2C+%26+Khmer+Rouge&rft.pub=World+Peace+Foundation&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.tufts.edu%2Fatrocityendings%2F2015%2F08%2F07%2Fcambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sliwinski-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sliwinski_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sliwinski_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sliwinski_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSliwinski1995" class="citation book cs1">Sliwinski, Marek (1995). Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique. <a href="/wiki/L%27Harmattan" title="L'Harmattan">L'Harmattan</a>. pp. 42–43, 48. <q>Le bilan humain de cette périod de guerre civile est difficile à établir. Les chiffres avancés ne sont pas irréfutables, et ils peuvent bien avoir été lancés à des fins de propagande ou d'intoxication. Ils oscillent, pour le nombre des morts, entre 600 000 et 700 000, soit entre 7.7% et 9.6% de la population du pays selon les évaluations les plus extrêmes. La cause principale de ces pertes serait les bombardements massifs de l'aviation américaine dont le but principal était l'anéantissement des pistes Ho-Chi-Minh et la destruction d'un mythique Q.G. du Viêt-cong. A cet égard, il est intéressant de rappeler que la population de toutes les régions traversées par les pistes Ho-Chi-Minh, régions situées sur la rive gauche du Mékong, ne comptait au total qu'environ 1 165 000 personnes, et que les trois plus grandes provinces longeant la frontiére laotienne et vietnamienne, Stung Treng, Ratanakiri et Mondolkiri, étaient pratiquement inhabitées. L'impact des bombardments américains sur l'état de la population du Cambodge durant les années 1970–1975 ne paraît donc pas aussi évident que certain auteurs le supposent. Nos propres statistiques sur les causes précises des décés ne situent d'ailleurs les victimes des bombardments qu'à la troisiéme place, loin derriére les victimes des armes à feu portatives et des assassinats. ... Pour la période de guerre civile, l'augmentation totale de la mortalité est donc de 7.5% Si l'on considére que la mortalité naturelle frappe chaque anné quelque 132 000 personnes, on pourrait facilement en déduire que la surmortalité due à la guerre se chiffre par un nombre de décés ne dépassant pas 50 000 personnes durant la périod allant de mars 1970 à avril 1975. Toutefois, en tenant compte du fait que la guerre a eu une forte incidence tant sur la dimunution de la mortalité naturelle que sur l'agumentation de la mortalité infantile, on peut estimer la proportion annuelle des victimes elles-mêmes de cette guerre à 0,64% de la population du pays, soit, pour toutes ces années, 240 000 personnes environ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+G%C3%A9nocide+Khmer+Rouge%3A+Une+Analyse+D%C3%A9mographique&rft.pages=42-43%2C+48&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Sliwinski&rft.aufirst=Marek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banister,_Judith_1993-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Banister,_Judith_1993_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanisterJohnson1993" class="citation book cs1">Banister, Judith; Johnson, E. Paige (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genocidedemocrac00kier">"After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genocidedemocrac00kier/page/87">Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community</a>. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genocidedemocrac00kier/page/87">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9386-9249-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9386-9249-2"><bdi>978-0-9386-9249-2</bdi></a>. <q>An estimated 275,000 excess deaths. We have modeled the highest mortality that we can justify for the early 1970s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=After+the+Nightmare%3A+The+Population+of+Cambodia&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Democracy+in+Cambodia%3A+The+Khmer+Rouge%2C+the+United+Nations+and+the+International+Community&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Yale+University+Southeast+Asia+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-9386-9249-2&rft.aulast=Banister&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Johnson%2C+E.+Paige&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenocidedemocrac00kier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heuveline,_Patrick_2001-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heuveline,_Patrick_2001_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heuveline,_Patrick_2001_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heuveline,_Patrick_2001_53-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeuveline2001">Heuveline 2001</a>, pp. 102–105: "As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Cambodian population, then less than eight million. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less." </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> William Shawcross, "1979 Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia," (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979) </li> <li id="cite_note-Cultural_Survival_Quarterly-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_Survival_Quarterly_55-0">^</a> Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine, September 1990, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/roots-genocide-new-evidence-us-bombardment-cambodia">"Roots of Genocide: New Evidence on the US Bombardment of Cambodia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918071426/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/roots-genocide-new-evidence-us-bombardment-cambodia">Archived</a> 18 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valentino-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Valentino_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentino2005" class="citation book cs1">Valentino, Benjamin (2005). Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7273-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7273-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-7273-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Solutions%3A+Mass+Killing+and+Genocide+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7273-2&rft.aulast=Valentino&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgokDwAAQBAJ&q=over+500%2C000&pg=PT97">James A. Tyner, The Killing of Cambodia: Geography, Genocide and the Unmaking of Space</a> (Routledge, 2017) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rummel, Rudolph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP4.HTM">"Statistics of Cambodian Democide: Estimates, Calculations, And Sources"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192528/https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP4.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+Cambodian+Democide%3A+Estimates%2C+Calculations%2C+And+Sources&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FSOD.CHAP4.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS_Frontline-59"><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_Frontline_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/cambodia/tl02.html">"FRONTLINE/WORLD . Cambodia – Pol Pot's Shadow . Chronicle of Survival . 1969–1974: Caught in the crossfire"</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216164713/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/cambodia/tl02.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FRONTLINE%2FWORLD+.+Cambodia+%E2%80%93+Pol+Pot%27s+Shadow+.+Chronicle+of+Survival+.+1969%E2%80%931974%3A+Caught+in+the+crossfire&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffrontlineworld%2Fstories%2Fcambodia%2Ftl02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howpolpotcametop00kier_0">How Pol Pot Came to Power: Colonialism, Nationalism, and Communism in Cambodia, 1930–1975</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-0262-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-0262-8"><bdi>978-0-3001-0262-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Pol+Pot+Came+to+Power%3A+Colonialism%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Communism+in+Cambodia%2C+1930%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-0262-8&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowpolpotcametop00kier_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Adam (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805203324/https://www.mcvts.net/cms/lib07/NJ01911694/Centricity/Domain/155/Textbook.pdf">Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</a> (PDF). Routledge. pp. 189–190. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcvts.net/cms/lib07/NJ01911694/Centricity/Domain/155/Textbook.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pages=189-190&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcvts.net%2Fcms%2Flib07%2FNJ01911694%2FCentricity%2FDomain%2F155%2FTextbook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandin2015" class="citation book cs1">Grandin, Greg (2015). Kissinger's Shadow: The Long Reach of America's Most Controversial Statesman. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 179–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6277-9450-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6277-9450-3"><bdi>978-1-6277-9450-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kissinger%27s+Shadow%3A+The+Long+Reach+of+America%27s+Most+Controversial+Statesman&rft.pages=179-180&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-6277-9450-3&rft.aulast=Grandin&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Kiernan, Ben (Winter 1989). "The American Bombardment of Kampuchea 1969–1973". Vietnam Generation. 1 (1): 4–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2008). The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–1979. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 16–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-4299-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-4299-0"><bdi>978-0-3001-4299-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pol+Pot+Regime%3A+Race%2C+Power%2C+and+Genocide+in+Cambodia+under+the+Khmer+Rouge%2C+1975%E2%80%931979&rft.pages=16-19&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-4299-0&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_P._Chandler" title="David P. 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"Gender After Genocide: How Violence Shapes Long-Term Political Representation". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3801980">3801980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Gender+After+Genocide%3A+How+Violence+Shapes+Long-Term+Political+Representation&rft.date=2021-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3801980%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Gaikwad&rft.aufirst=Nikhar&rft.au=Lin%2C+Erin&rft.au=Zucker%2C+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"><a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238081361">238081361</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3801980">10.2139/ssrn.3801980</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> William Branigin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509211319/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-664002.html">Architect of Genocide Was Unrepentant to the End</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, 17 April 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Theory of the Global State: Globality as Unfinished Revolution by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Shaw_(sociologist)" title="Martin Shaw (sociologist)">Martin Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2000, pp 141, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5215-9730-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5215-9730-2">978-0-5215-9730-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez200112-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez200112_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlvarez2001">Alvarez 2001</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="/wiki/MSN_Encarta" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Encarta">MSN Encarta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861587842/autogenocide.html">– Dictionary – autogenocide definition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828224351/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861587842/autogenocide.html">Archived</a> 28 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2009-10-31. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kh.boell.org/en/2015/01/13/cambodian-auto-genocide-musings-concept-neednt-exist">"The Cambodian 'auto-genocide' – musings on a concept that needn't exist | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Phnom Penh Office – Cambodia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich-B%C3%B6ll-Stiftung" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung">Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110051412/https://kh.boell.org/en/2015/01/13/cambodian-auto-genocide-musings-concept-neednt-exist">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heinrich-B%C3%B6ll-Stiftung&rft.atitle=The+Cambodian+%27auto-genocide%27+%E2%80%93+musings+on+a+concept+that+needn%27t+exist+%7C+Heinrich+B%C3%B6ll+Stiftung+%7C+Phnom+Penh+Office+%E2%80%93+Cambodia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkh.boell.org%2Fen%2F2015%2F01%2F13%2Fcambodian-auto-genocide-musings-concept-neednt-exist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVittal2001" class="citation journal cs1">Vittal, Nalini (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410192">"Tribulation before Trial in Cambodia: Confronting Autogenocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a>. 36 (3): 199–203. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410192">4410192</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220200632/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410192">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Tribulation+before+Trial+in+Cambodia%3A+Confronting+Autogenocide&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=199-203&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4410192%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Vittal&rft.aufirst=Nalini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4410192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation web cs1">White, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Cambodia">"20th Century death tolls larger than one million but fewer than 5 million people – Cambodia"</a>. necrometrics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305175626/http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Cambodia">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=necrometrics&rft.atitle=20th+Century+death+tolls+larger+than+one+million+but+fewer+than+5+million+people+%E2%80%93+Cambodia&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2F20c1m.htm%23Cambodia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000" class="citation book cs1">Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). 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Yugoslavia - Manipulations with the number of Second World War victims. Croatian Information Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919817-32-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-919817-32-7"><bdi>0-919817-32-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+-+Manipulations+with+the+number+of+Second+World+War+victims&rft.pub=Croatian+Information+Centre&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-919817-32-7&rft.aulast=%C5%BDerjavi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspecterofgenocid00robepage313_313]–314-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspecterofgenocid00robepage313_313]–314_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspecterofgenocid00robepage313_313]–314_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspecterofgenocid00robepage313_313]–314_118-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiernan2003a">Kiernan 2003a</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe/page/313">313</a>–314. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/11/1025981">"UN genocide adviser welcomes historic conviction of former Khmer Rouge leaders"</a>. UN News. 16 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501121636/https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/11/1025981">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+News&rft.atitle=UN+genocide+adviser+welcomes+historic+conviction+of+former+Khmer+Rouge+leaders&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2018%2F11%2F1025981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeech2018" class="citation news cs1">Beech, Hannah (16 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/15/world/asia/khmer-rouge-cambodia-genocide.html">"Khmer Rouge's Slaughter in Cambodia Is Ruled a Genocide (Published 2018)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413204224/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/15/world/asia/khmer-rouge-cambodia-genocide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Khmer+Rouge%27s+Slaughter+in+Cambodia+Is+Ruled+a+Genocide+%28Published+2018%29&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Beech&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F11%2F15%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fkhmer-rouge-cambodia-genocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1984-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery1984_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickery1984">Vickery 1984</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200545–47-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200545–47_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEtcheson2005">Etcheson 2005</a>, pp. 45–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2002). The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79 (2nd ed.). New Haven and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 254–255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pol+Pot+Regime%3A+Race%2C+Power+and+Genocide+in+Cambodia+under+the+Khmer+Rouge%2C+1975%E2%80%9379&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=254-255&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200578–79-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200578–79_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEtcheson2005">Etcheson 2005</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200584–85-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200584–85_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEtcheson2005">Etcheson 2005</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200510–11-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200510–11_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEtcheson2005">Etcheson 2005</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFKiernan2002">Kiernan 2002</a>, p. 252; see also the footnote on Chandler's The Tragedy of Cambodian History, pp. 4, 263–265, 285) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiernan2002">Kiernan 2002</a>, p. 252; see <a href="#CITEREFVickery1984">Vickery 1984</a>, pp. 181–182, 255, 258, 264–265 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Kiernan, 2002:252; see Heder's From Pol Pot to Pen Sovan to the Villages, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeech2018" class="citation news cs1">Beech, Hannah (16 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/15/world/asia/khmer-rouge-cambodia-genocide.html">"Khmer Rouge's Slaughter in Cambodia Is Ruled a Genocide Photographs of victims of the Khmer Rouge at the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on Thursday. Credit Adam Dean for The New York Times Image"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413204224/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/15/world/asia/khmer-rouge-cambodia-genocide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Khmer+Rouge%27s+Slaughter+in+Cambodia+Is+Ruled+a+Genocide+Photographs+of+victims+of+the+Khmer+Rouge+at+the+Tuol+Sleng+Genocide+Museum+in+Phnom+Penh%2C+Cambodia%2C+on+Thursday.+Credit+Adam+Dean+for+The+New+York+Times+Image&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft.aulast=Beech&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F11%2F15%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fkhmer-rouge-cambodia-genocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2012" class="citation web cs1">Stanton, Gregory (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genocidewatch.com/_files/ugd/d0bbf9_a5d6d6efc58f4c6b93e1c66d0dbf5486.pdf">"Why the Khmer Rouge Murdered Two Million People"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide Watch">Genocide Watch</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Watch&rft.atitle=Why+the+Khmer+Rouge+Murdered+Two+Million+People&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidewatch.com%2F_files%2Fugd%2Fd0bbf9_a5d6d6efc58f4c6b93e1c66d0dbf5486.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2004" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2004). How Pol Pot Came to Power: Colonialism, Nationalism, and Communism in Cambodia, 1930–1975 (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-0262-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-0262-8"><bdi>978-0-3001-0262-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Pol+Pot+Came+to+Power%3A+Colonialism%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Communism+in+Cambodia%2C+1930%E2%80%931975&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-0262-8&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Kissi2006" class="citation book cs1">Edward Kissi (2006). Revolution and Genocide in Ethiopia and Cambodia. Lexington Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZeaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6037-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6037-4"><bdi>978-0-7391-6037-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Genocide+in+Ethiopia+and+Cambodia&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-6037-4&rft.au=Edward+Kissi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill_Podmore2008" class="citation book cs1">Will Podmore (2008). British Foreign Policy since 1870. 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Genocide Since 1945. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27W92eiEuY4C&pg=PA69">71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4156-0634-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4156-0634-9"><bdi>978-0-4156-0634-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+Since+1945&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-4156-0634-9&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidC3bsidxFIuECpgPA56_56]-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkley2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidC3bsidxFIuECpgPA56_56]_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrinkley2011">Brinkley 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3bsidxFIuEC&pg=PA56">56</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarDesai1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4nWqBAAAQBAJq161_161]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4nWqBAAAQBAJq163_163]-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarDesai1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4nWqBAAAQBAJq161_161]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4nWqBAAAQBAJq163_163]_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarDesai1998">SarDesai 1998</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nWqBAAAQBAJ&q=161">161</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nWqBAAAQBAJ&q=163">163</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-rpg-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rpg_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpg_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2008). The Pol Pot regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 431.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pol+Pot+regime%3A+Race%2C+Power%2C+and+Genocide+in+Cambodia+under+the+Khmer+Rouge&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHintonLifton200454–58-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHintonLifton200454–58_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHintonLifton200454–58_140-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHintonLifton2004">Hinton & Lifton 2004</a>, pp. 54–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanHainesLee2014" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Yuk Wah; Haines, David; Lee, Jonathan (2014). The Age of Asian Migration: Continuity, Diversity, and Susceptibility. Vol. 1. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-ExBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244">244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6569-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6569-2"><bdi>978-1-4438-6569-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Asian+Migration%3A+Continuity%2C+Diversity%2C+and+Susceptibility&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-6569-2&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Yuk+Wah&rft.au=Haines%2C+David&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2003" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Sucheng (2003). Remapping Asian American History. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remapping+Asian+American+History&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Sucheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-chinese-communist-partys-relationship-the-khmer-rouge-the-1970s-ideological-victory">"The Chinese Communist Party's Relationship with the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s: An Ideological Victory and a Strategic Failure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025336/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-chinese-communist-partys-relationship-the-khmer-rouge-the-1970s-ideological-victory">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2021. <q>An examination of the available sources, then, suggests that the CCP did not raise with the Khmer Rouge, whether officially or privately, the issue of the ethnic Chinese and the Huayun members, who had served the CCP's cause for many years. ... It is ironic that the departure and ill-treatment of the ethnic Chinese in Vietnam turned out to be a much bigger issue than the developments in Cambodia. The ethnic Chinese issue in Vietnam notably generated tensions and undermined the Sino-Vietnamese relationship while the CCP turned a blind eye to the atrocities committed by the Khmer Rouge against the Huayun.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party%27s+Relationship+with+the+Khmer+Rouge+in+the+1970s%3A+An+Ideological+Victory+and+a+Strategic+Failure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fthe-chinese-communist-partys-relationship-the-khmer-rouge-the-1970s-ideological-victory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a30-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003a30_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiernan2003a">Kiernan 2003a</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Totten-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Totten_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottenBartrop2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, Samuel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Bartrop" title="Paul R. 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Retrieved 5 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Now+or+never&rft.atitle=Dealing+with+Cambodia%27s+past+and+life+nowadays&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnowornever2015.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F07%2F01%2Fdealing-with-cambodias-past-and-life-nowadays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVannak201032–35-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVannak201032–35_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVannak2010">Vannak 2010</a>, pp. 32–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/05/cambodia-war-crimes-trial">"Westerner was burned alive, says Cambodia trial witness"</a>. The Guardian. Phnom Penh. Associated Press. 5 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212234621/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/05/cambodia-war-crimes-trial">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Westerner+was+burned+alive%2C+says+Cambodia+trial+witness&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Faug%2F05%2Fcambodia-war-crimes-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMydans2009" class="citation web cs1">Mydans, Seth (1 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/world/asia/01iht-guard.1.20501994.html">"For Khmer Rouge guard, it was kill or be killed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403213435/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/world/asia/01iht-guard.1.20501994.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Khmer+Rouge+guard%2C+it+was+kill+or+be+killed&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft.aulast=Mydans&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F01%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F01iht-guard.1.20501994.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-d.dccam.org-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d.dccam.org_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d.dccam.org_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d.dccam.org_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d.dccam.org_177-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilim2012" class="citation web cs1">Vilim, Laura (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103200/http://www.d.dccam.org/Tribunal/Analysis/pdf/Prosecuting_Khmer_Rouge_Medical_Practices_as_Crimes_against_Humanity.pdf">"Keeping Them Alive, One Gets Nothing; Killing Them, One Loses Nothing: Prosecuting Khmer Rouge Medical Practices as Crimes against Humanity"</a> (PDF). dccam.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.d.dccam.org/Tribunal/Analysis/pdf/Prosecuting_Khmer_Rouge_Medical_Practices_as_Crimes_against_Humanity.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dccam.org&rft.atitle=Keeping+Them+Alive%2C+One+Gets+Nothing%3B+Killing+Them%2C+One+Loses+Nothing%3A+Prosecuting+Khmer+Rouge+Medical+Practices+as+Crimes+against+Humanity&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Vilim&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.d.dccam.org%2FTribunal%2FAnalysis%2Fpdf%2FProsecuting_Khmer_Rouge_Medical_Practices_as_Crimes_against_Humanity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/2016/06/16/propaganda-torture-and-french-colonial-heritage-looking-into-the-methods-of-the-khmer-rouge">"Propaganda, Torture and French Colonial Heritage: Looking into the Methods of the Khmer Rouge | Cambodia Tribunal Monitor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925180707/http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/2016/06/16/propaganda-torture-and-french-colonial-heritage-looking-into-the-methods-of-the-khmer-rouge">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Propaganda%2C+Torture+and+French+Colonial+Heritage%3A+Looking+into+the+Methods+of+the+Khmer+Rouge+%26%23124%3B+Cambodia+Tribunal+Monitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambodiatribunal.org%2F2016%2F06%2F16%2Fpropaganda-torture-and-french-colonial-heritage-looking-into-the-methods-of-the-khmer-rouge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2012/08/chilling-evidence-in-khmer-rouge-trial">"Chilling Evidence in Khmer Rouge Trial"</a>. The Diplomat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418232013/https://thediplomat.com/2012/08/chilling-evidence-in-khmer-rouge-trial">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Chilling+Evidence+in+Khmer+Rouge+Trial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2012%2F08%2Fchilling-evidence-in-khmer-rouge-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/barbarous-kr-medical-experiments-uncovered">"Barbarous KR medical experiments uncovered"</a>. 23 June 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403213710/https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/barbarous-kr-medical-experiments-uncovered">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barbarous+KR+medical+experiments+uncovered&rft.date=2000-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phnompenhpost.com%2Fnational%2Fbarbarous-kr-medical-experiments-uncovered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambodia_daily-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cambodia_daily_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambodia_daily_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/tribunal-hears-secret-medical-experiments-118305">"Tribunal Hears of Secret Medical Experiments"</a>. The Cambodia Daily. 22 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518143351/https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/tribunal-hears-secret-medical-experiments-118305">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tribunal+Hears+of+Secret+Medical+Experiments&rft.pub=The+Cambodia+Daily&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.cambodiadaily.com%2Fnews%2Ftribunal-hears-secret-medical-experiments-118305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003b586–587-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2003b586–587_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiernan2003b">Kiernan 2003b</a>, pp. 586–587: "We may safely conclude, from known pre- and post-genocide population figures and from professional demographic calculations, that the 1975–79 death toll was between 1.671 and 1.871 million people, 21 to 24 percent of Cambodia's 1975 population." </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-183"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_183-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/21/world/around-the-world-cambodian-day-of-hate-marks-pol-pot-s-victims.html">Cambodian Day of Hate Marks Pol Pot's Victims</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520124702/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/21/world/around-the-world-cambodian-day-of-hate-marks-pol-pot-s-victims.html">Archived</a> 20 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/day-anger-becomes-kingdoms-latest-national-holiday">"'Day of Anger' becomes Kingdom's latest national holiday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Phnom_Penh_Post" title="The Phnom Penh Post">The Phnom Penh Post</a>. 20 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627013535/https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/day-anger-becomes-kingdoms-latest-national-holiday">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phnom+Penh+Post&rft.atitle=%27Day+of+Anger%27+becomes+Kingdom%27s+latest+national+holiday&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phnompenhpost.com%2Fnational%2Fday-anger-becomes-kingdoms-latest-national-holiday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200514-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEtcheson200514_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEtcheson2005">Etcheson 2005</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonlon2012103-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonlon2012103_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonlon2012">Donlon 2012</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpooner2003" class="citation book cs1">Spooner, Andrew (2003). Footprint Cambodia. London: Footprint Handbooks. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9034-7140-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9034-7140-1"><bdi>978-1-9034-7140-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Footprint+Cambodia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Footprint+Handbooks&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-9034-7140-1&rft.aulast=Spooner&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1998" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Becker_(journalist)" title="Elizabeth Becker (journalist)">Becker, Elizabeth</a> (17 April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/17/world/death-of-pol-pot-the-diplomacy-pol-pot-s-end-won-t-stop-us-pursuit-of-his-circle.html">"Death of Pol Pot: The Diplomacy; Pol Pot's End Won't Stop U.S. Pursuit of His Circle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025258/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/17/world/death-of-pol-pot-the-diplomacy-pol-pot-s-end-won-t-stop-us-pursuit-of-his-circle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Death+of+Pol+Pot%3A+The+Diplomacy%3B+Pol+Pot%27s+End+Won%27t+Stop+U.S.+Pursuit+of+His+Circle&rft.date=1998-04-17&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F04%2F17%2Fworld%2Fdeath-of-pol-pot-the-diplomacy-pol-pot-s-end-won-t-stop-us-pursuit-of-his-circle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.genocidewatch.com/_files/ugd/d0bbf9_36fa3acbb9504391ae587c3ad82a28b4.pdf">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.genocidewatch.com/_files/ugd/d0bbf9_0fdb8cecce7d41fb9981172dce15f392.pdf">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton2013411-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton2013411_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanton2013">Stanton 2013</a>, p. 411. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703061139/http://www.unakrt-online.org/Docs/GA%20Documents/A-Res-57-228B.pdf">"A/RES/57/228B"</a> (PDF). 2 May 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unakrt-online.org/Docs/GA%20Documents/A-Res-57-228B.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%2FRES%2F57%2F228B&rft.date=2003-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funakrt-online.org%2FDocs%2FGA%2520Documents%2FA-Res-57-228B.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartrop2012166–167-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartrop2012166–167_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartrop2012">Bartrop 2012</a>, pp. 166–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEECCC-Kaing2012-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECCC-Kaing2012_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFECCC-Kaing2012">ECCC-Kaing 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMydans2020" class="citation news cs1">Mydans, Seth (2 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/01/world/asia/duch-kaing-guek-eav-dead.html">"Duch, Prison Chief Who Slaughtered for the Khmer Rouge, Dies at 77"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200903070147/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/01/world/asia/duch-kaing-guek-eav-dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Duch%2C+Prison+Chief+Who+Slaughtered+for+the+Khmer+Rouge%2C+Dies+at+77&rft.date=2020-09-02&rft.aulast=Mydans&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F09%2F01%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fduch-kaing-guek-eav-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2011855-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2011855_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorfield2011">Corfield 2011</a>, p. 855. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENuon_Chea2013-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuon_Chea2013_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNuon_Chea2013">Nuon Chea 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon2007-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon2007_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKinnon2007">MacKinnon 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_los_ReyesMattesLeeVan_Tuyl20121-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_los_ReyesMattesLeeVan_Tuyl20121_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_los_ReyesMattesLeeVan_Tuyl2012">de los Reyes et al. 2012</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMydans2013" class="citation news cs1">Mydans, Seth (14 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/15/world/asia/ieng-sary-khmer-rouge-leader-tied-to-genocide-dies-at-87.html">"Ieng Sary, Khmer Rouge Leader Tied to Genocide, Dies at 87"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314170339/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/15/world/asia/ieng-sary-khmer-rouge-leader-tied-to-genocide-dies-at-87.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ieng+Sary%2C+Khmer+Rouge+Leader+Tied+to+Genocide%2C+Dies+at+87&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.aulast=Mydans&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F03%2F15%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fieng-sary-khmer-rouge-leader-tied-to-genocide-dies-at-87.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunthit2007-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunthit2007_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMunthit2007">Munthit 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMydans2017" class="citation news cs1">Mydans, Seith (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/23/world/asia/cambodia-khmer-rouge-vietnam.html">"Khmer Rouge Trial, Perhaps the Last, Nears End in Cambodia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403233845/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/23/world/asia/cambodia-khmer-rouge-vietnam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Khmer+Rouge+Trial%2C+Perhaps+the+Last%2C+Nears+End+in+Cambodia&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Mydans&rft.aufirst=Seith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F23%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fcambodia-khmer-rouge-vietnam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kww-203"><a href="#cite_ref-kww_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Communist_League_(Marxist-Leninist)1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist)</a> (February 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.secondwave/ccl-kamp-win.pdf">Kampuchea Will Win</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227054202/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.secondwave/ccl-kamp-win.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2023. 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Retrieved 4 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Courage+to+Care+NSW&rft.atitle=Unknown+Heroes+of+Cambodia&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Strozek&rft.aufirst=Karolina&rft.au=Seldowitz%2C+Dovi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcouragetocare.com.au%2Fexhibition%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F08%2FUnknown-Heroes-of-Cambodia-2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeachler201145-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeachler201145_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeachler2011">Beachler 2011</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartrop2012261-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartrop2012261_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartrop2012">Bartrop 2012</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyner2012145-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyner2012145_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTyner2012">Tyner 2012</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarronPaul1977-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarronPaul1977_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarronPaul1977">Barron & Paul 1977</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayersan2013183–184-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayersan2013183–184_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayersan2013">Mayersan 2013</a>, pp. 183–184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle200995-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle200995_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyle2009">Boyle 2009</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/mar/11/the-killing-fields-reel-history">"The Killing Fields: authentically good"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. 12 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204211721/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/mar/11/the-killing-fields-reel-history">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Killing+Fields%3A+authentically+good&rft.date=2009-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2009%2Fmar%2F11%2Fthe-killing-fields-reel-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debra_Lau_Whelan-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debra_Lau_Whelan_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debra_Lau_Whelan_222-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelan2012" class="citation web cs1">Whelan, Debra Lau (10 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slj.com/2012/10/awards/national-book-award-finalists-in-young-peoples-lit-unveiled/#_">"SLJ Speaks to National Book Award Finalists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/School_Library_Journal" title="School Library Journal">School Library Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130210010354/http://www.slj.com/2012/10/awards/national-book-award-finalists-in-young-peoples-lit-unveiled/#_">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=School+Library+Journal&rft.atitle=SLJ+Speaks+to+National+Book+Award+Finalists&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=Debra+Lau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slj.com%2F2012%2F10%2Fawards%2Fnational-book-award-finalists-in-young-peoples-lit-unveiled%2F%23_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoung2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Loung_Ung" title="Loung Ung">Loung, Ung</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firsttheykilledm00loun_0">First They Killed My Father: A Daughter of Cambodia Remembers</a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="HarperCollins Publishers">HarperCollins Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0601-9332-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0601-9332-4"><bdi>978-0-0601-9332-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41482326">41482326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+They+Killed+My+Father%3A+A+Daughter+of+Cambodia+Remembers&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41482326&rft.isbn=978-0-0601-9332-4&rft.aulast=Loung&rft.aufirst=Ung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirsttheykilledm00loun_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Variety:Telluride_Film_Review:_'First_They_Killed_My_Father:_A_Daughter_of_Cambodia_Remembers'-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Variety:Telluride_Film_Review:_'First_They_Killed_My_Father:_A_Daughter_of_Cambodia_Remembers'_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebruge2017" class="citation web cs1">Debruge, Peter (3 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/first-they-killed-my-father-review-angelina-jolie-1202545717">"Telluride Film Review: 'First They Killed My Father: A Daughter of Cambodia Remembers'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024851/https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/first-they-killed-my-father-review-angelina-jolie-1202545717">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Telluride+Film+Review%3A+%27First+They+Killed+My+Father%3A+A+Daughter+of+Cambodia+Remembers%27&rft.date=2017-09-03&rft.aulast=Debruge&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2017%2Ffilm%2Freviews%2Ffirst-they-killed-my-father-review-angelina-jolie-1202545717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Independent Movie Database (IMDB), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0275085/">"Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia (1979)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212234638/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0275085/">Archived</a> 12 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:yearzero-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:yearzero_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:yearzero_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://johnpilger.com/videos/year-zero-the-silent-death-of-cambodia">"Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia"</a>. johnpilger.com. 30 October 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329062520/https://johnpilger.com/videos/year-zero-the-silent-death-of-cambodia">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=johnpilger.com&rft.atitle=Year+Zero%3A+The+Silent+Death+of+Cambodia&rft.date=1979-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjohnpilger.com%2Fvideos%2Fyear-zero-the-silent-death-of-cambodia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pilger1986-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Pilger1986_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilger2001" class="citation book cs1">Pilger, John (2001). Heroes. London: South End Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dcL6w-VmjWwC&pg=PA417">417</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8960-8666-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8960-8666-1"><bdi>978-0-8960-8666-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8960-8666-1&rft.aulast=Pilger&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> (Originally published by Jonathan Cape, London, 1986), p. 410 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pilger2011-228"><a href="#cite_ref-Pilger2011_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilger2011" class="citation book cs1">Pilger, Joh (2011). Tell Me No Lies: Investigative Journalism and its Triumphs. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOtwM8UdwgoC&pg=PA121">121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4070-8570-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4070-8570-8"><bdi>978-1-4070-8570-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tell+Me+No+Lies%3A+Investigative+Journalism+and+its+Triumphs&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4070-8570-8&rft.aulast=Pilger&rft.aufirst=Joh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez2001" class="citation book cs1">Alvarez, Alex (2001). Governments, Citizens, and Genocide: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approach. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2533-3849-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2533-3849-5"><bdi>978-0-2533-3849-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governments%2C+Citizens%2C+and+Genocide%3A+A+Comparative+and+Interdisciplinary+Approach&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-2533-3849-5&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez2007" class="citation book cs1">Alvarez, Alex (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genocidecritical0000unse/page/7">"The Prevention and Intervention of Genocide During the Cold War Years"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, Samuel</a> (ed.). The Prevention and Intervention of Genocide. Transaction Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genocidecritical0000unse/page/7">7–30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0384-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0384-9"><bdi>978-0-7658-0384-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Prevention+and+Intervention+of+Genocide+During+the+Cold+War+Years&rft.btitle=The+Prevention+and+Intervention+of+Genocide&rft.pages=7-30&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0384-9&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenocidecritical0000unse%2Fpage%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarronPaul1977" class="citation book cs1">Barron, John; Paul, Anthony (1977). Murder of a gentle land: the untold story of a Communist genocide in Cambodia. Reader's Digest Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8834-9129-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8834-9129-4"><bdi>978-0-8834-9129-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murder+of+a+gentle+land%3A+the+untold+story+of+a+Communist+genocide+in+Cambodia&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8834-9129-4&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Paul%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartrop2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Bartrop" title="Paul R. Bartrop">Bartrop, Paul R.</a> (2012). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-8678-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-8678-7"><bdi>978-0-3133-8678-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Genocide&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-8678-7&rft.aulast=Bartrop&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuon_Chea2013" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24756631">"Khmer Rouge trial ends with defendants denying charges"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 31 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228203356/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24756631">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Khmer+Rouge+trial+ends+with+defendants+denying+charges&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-24756631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeachler2011" class="citation book cs1">Beachler, Donald W. (2011). The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2301-1414-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2301-1414-2"><bdi>978-0-2301-1414-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genocide+Debate%3A+Politicians%2C+Academics%2C+and+Victims&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-2301-1414-2&rft.aulast=Beachler&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2009" class="citation journal cs1">Boyle, Deirdre (2009). "Shattering Silence: Traumatic Memory and Reenactment in Rithy Panh's S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine". Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media. 50 (1/2): 95–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ffrm.0.0049">10.1353/frm.0.0049</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41552541">41552541</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194050428">194050428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Framework%3A+The+Journal+of+Cinema+and+Media&rft.atitle=Shattering+Silence%3A+Traumatic+Memory+and+Reenactment+in+Rithy+Panh%27s+S-21%3A+The+Khmer+Rouge+Killing+Machine&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=95-106&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194050428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41552541%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ffrm.0.0049&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Brinkley" title="Joel Brinkley">Brinkley, Joel</a> (2011). 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China's Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin America and the United States. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-7554-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-7554-6"><bdi>978-0-8157-7554-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%27s+Growing+Influence+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.btitle=China%27s+Expansion+into+the+Western+Hemisphere%3A+Implications+for+Latin+America+and+the+United+States&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-7554-6&rft.aulast=Kurlantzick&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon2007" class="citation news cs1">MacKinnon, Ian (12 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/12/ianmackinnon">"Leading Khmer Rouge figures arrested"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111100149/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/12/ianmackinnon">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Leading+Khmer+Rouge+figures+arrested&rft.date=2007-11-12&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fnov%2F12%2Fianmackinnon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayersan2013" class="citation book cs1">Mayersan, Deborah (2013). "'Never Again' or Again and Again". In Mayersen, Deborah; Pohlman, Annie (eds.). Genocide and Mass Atrocities in Asia: Legacies and Prevention. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4156-4511-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4156-4511-9"><bdi>978-0-4156-4511-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Never+Again%27+or+Again+and+Again&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Mass+Atrocities+in+Asia%3A+Legacies+and+Prevention&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-4156-4511-9&rft.aulast=Mayersan&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendes2011" class="citation book cs1">Mendes, Errol (2011). Peace and Justice at the International Criminal Court: A Court of Last Resort. Edward Elgar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8498-0382-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8498-0382-3"><bdi>978-1-8498-0382-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+and+Justice+at+the+International+Criminal+Court%3A+A+Court+of+Last+Resort&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-8498-0382-3&rft.aulast=Mendes&rft.aufirst=Errol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunthit2007" class="citation news cs1">Munthit, Ker (19 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140610220737/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D8T0S8OG0.html">"Ex-Khmer Rouge Head of State Charged"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D8T0S8OG0.html">the original</a> on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ex-Khmer+Rouge+Head+of+State+Charged&rft.date=2007-11-19&rft.aulast=Munthit&rft.aufirst=Ker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1A1-D8T0S8OG0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoKempner1995" class="citation book cs1">PoKempner, Dinah (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a7dd8.html">Cambodia at War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5643-2150-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5643-2150-3"><bdi>978-1-5643-2150-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803085338/http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a7dd8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambodia+at+War&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-5643-2150-3&rft.aulast=PoKempner&rft.aufirst=Dinah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3ae6a7dd8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Power, Samantha</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/problemfromhella00powe_0">A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4650-6150-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4650-6150-1"><bdi>978-0-4650-6150-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Problem+from+Hell%3A+America+and+the+Age+of+Genocide&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-4650-6150-1&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproblemfromhella00powe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarDesai1998" class="citation book cs1">SarDesai, D. 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(1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vietnampastprese00sard">Vietnam, Past and Present</a>. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4308-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4308-2"><bdi>978-0-8133-4308-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4308-2&rft.aulast=SarDesai&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvietnampastprese00sard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyboltAronsonFischoff2013" class="citation book cs1">Seybolt, Taylor B.; Aronson, Jay D.; Fischoff, Baruch (2013). Counting Civilian Casualties: An Introduction to Recording and Estimating Nonmilitary Deaths in Conflict. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1999-7731-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1999-7731-4"><bdi>978-0-1999-7731-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counting+Civilian+Casualties%3A+An+Introduction+to+Recording+and+Estimating+Nonmilitary+Deaths+in+Conflict&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-1999-7731-4&rft.aulast=Seybolt&rft.aufirst=Taylor+B.&rft.au=Aronson%2C+Jay+D.&rft.au=Fischoff%2C+Baruch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stanton" title="Gregory Stanton">Stanton, Gregory H.</a> (2013). "The Call". In <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, Samuel</a>; Jacobs, Steven Leonard (eds.). Pioneers of Genocide Studies. Transaction. pp. 401–428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4974-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4974-6"><bdi>978-1-4128-4974-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Call&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Genocide+Studies&rft.pages=401-428&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4974-6&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Gregory+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nate_Thayer" title="Nate Thayer">Thayer, Nate</a> (1991). "Cambodia: Misperceptions and Peace". <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Quarterly" title="The Washington Quarterly">The Washington Quarterly</a>. 14 (2): 179–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01636609109477687">10.1080/01636609109477687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Cambodia%3A+Misperceptions+and+Peace&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-191&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01636609109477687&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=Nate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyner2012" class="citation book cs1">Tyner, James A. (2012). Genocide and the Geographical Imagination: Life and Death in Germany, China, and Cambodia. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0898-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-0898-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+the+Geographical+Imagination%3A+Life+and+Death+in+Germany%2C+China%2C+and+Cambodia&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0898-8&rft.aulast=Tyner&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVannak2010" class="citation book cs1">Vannak, Huy (2010). Bou Meng: A Survivor From Khmer Rouge Prison S-21, Justice for the Future Not Just for the Victims. <a href="/wiki/Documentation_Center_of_Cambodia" title="Documentation Center of Cambodia">Documentation Center of Cambodia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-9950-6019-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-9950-6019-0"><bdi>978-9-9950-6019-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bou+Meng%3A+A+Survivor+From+Khmer+Rouge+Prison+S-21%2C+Justice+for+the+Future+Not+Just+for+the+Victims&rft.pub=Documentation+Center+of+Cambodia&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9-9950-6019-0&rft.aulast=Vannak&rft.aufirst=Huy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickery1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Vickery" title="Michael Vickery">Vickery, Michael</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambodia1975198200mich">Cambodia: 1975–1982</a>. Boston: South End Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambodia%3A+1975%E2%80%931982&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Vickery&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambodia1975198200mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Telegraph2014" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/cambodia/11017876/Cambodia-sentence-two-top-Khmer-Rouge-leaders-to-life-in-prison.html">"Cambodia sentence two top Khmer Rouge leaders to life in prison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 7 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/cambodia/11017876/Cambodia-sentence-two-top-Khmer-Rouge-leaders-to-life-in-prison.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cambodia+sentence+two+top+Khmer+Rouge+leaders+to+life+in+prison&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fcambodia%2F11017876%2FCambodia-sentence-two-top-Khmer-Rouge-leaders-to-life-in-prison.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMello2013" class="citation book cs1">DeMello, Margo (2013). Body Studies: An Introduction. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4156-9930-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4156-9930-3"><bdi>978-0-4156-9930-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Body+Studies%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-4156-9930-3&rft.aulast=DeMello&rft.aufirst=Margo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton2007" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, Donald G. (2007). The Psychology of Genocide, Massacres, and Extreme Violence: Why Normal People Come to Commit Atrocities. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-9000-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-9000-8"><bdi>978-0-2759-9000-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Genocide%2C+Massacres%2C+and+Extreme+Violence%3A+Why+Normal+People+Come+to+Commit+Atrocities&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-2759-9000-8&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolarz1990" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">Solarz, Stephen</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/1990-03-01/cambodia-and-international-community">"Cambodia and the International Community"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230647/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/1990-03-01/cambodia-and-international-community">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cambodia+and+the+International+Community&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Solarz&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fasia%2F1990-03-01%2Fcambodia-and-international-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry2002" class="citation book cs1">Terry, Fiona (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/condemnedtorepea00terr">Condemned to Repeat?: The Paradox of Humanitarian Action</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8796-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8796-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-8796-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Condemned+to+Repeat%3F%3A+The+Paradox+of+Humanitarian+Action&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8796-5&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcondemnedtorepea00terr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyner2018" class="citation book cs1">Tyner, James A. (2018). The Politics of Lists: Bureaucracy and Genocide Under the Khmer Rouge. Morgantown: <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University_Press" title="West Virginia University Press">West Virginia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9466-8442-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9466-8442-4"><bdi>978-1-9466-8442-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Lists%3A+Bureaucracy+and+Genocide+Under+the+Khmer+Rouge&rft.place=Morgantown&rft.pub=West+Virginia+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-9466-8442-4&rft.aulast=Tyner&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerkoren2008" class="citation book cs1">Verkoren, Willemijn (2008). The Owl and the Dove: Knowledge Strategies to Improve the Peacebuilding. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press">Amsterdam University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0562-9506-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0562-9506-6"><bdi>978-9-0562-9506-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Owl+and+the+Dove%3A+Knowledge+Strategies+to+Improve+the+Peacebuilding&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9-0562-9506-6&rft.aulast=Verkoren&rft.aufirst=Willemijn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Waller, James. "Communist Mass Killings: Cambodia (1975–1979)". Keene State College. Cohen Center, Keene, NH. 17 February 2015. Powerpoint Lecture.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cambodian_genocide" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cambodian_genocide" title="Template talk:Cambodian genocide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cambodian_genocide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cambodian genocide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cambodian_genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambodian genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People_(Cambodia)" title="New People (Cambodia)">New People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_Zero_(political_notion)" title="Year Zero (political notion)">Year Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_caves_of_Phnom_Sampeau" title="Killing caves of Phnom Sampeau">Killing caves of Phnom Sampeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Ch%C3%BAc_massacre" title="Ba Chúc massacre">Ba Chúc massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_Chu_Island_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thổ Chu Island massacre (page does not exist)">Thổ Chu Island massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuol_Sleng_Genocide_Museum" title="Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum">S-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zone_massacres" title="Eastern Zone massacres">Eastern Zone massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choeung_Ek" title="Choeung Ek">Choeung Ek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangrek_genocide" title="Dangrek genocide">Dangrek genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Angkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Angkar">Angkar</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuon_Chea" title="Nuon Chea">Nuon Chea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ieng_Sary" title="Ieng Sary">Ieng Sary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_Sen" title="Son Sen">Son Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Mok" title="Ta Mok">Ta Mok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampuchea_Revolutionary_Army" title="Kampuchea Revolutionary Army">Liberation Army of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santebal" title="Santebal">Santebal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Kek_Iew" title="Kang Kek Iew">Kang Kek Iew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_Nai" title="Mam Nai">Mam Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_Sin_Hean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tang Sin Hean (page does not exist)">Tang Sin Hean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bun_Chanmol" title="Bun Chanmol">Bun Chanmol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chau_Seng" title="Chau Seng">Chau Seng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chou_Chet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chou Chet (page does not exist)">Chou Chet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Nim" title="Hu Nim">Hu Nim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dawson_Dewhirst" title="John Dawson Dewhirst">John Dawson Dewhirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chhmar_Salas" title="Joseph Chhmar Salas">Joseph Chhmar Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keo_Meas" title="Keo Meas">Keo Meas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerry_Hamill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerry Hamill (page does not exist)">Kerry Hamill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoy_Thoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoy Thoun">Koy Thuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ly_Theam_Teng" title="Ly Theam Teng">Ly Theam Teng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_S._Deeds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael S. Deeds (page does not exist)">Michael S. Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ney_Sarann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ney Sarann (page does not exist)">Ney Sarann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non_Suon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non Suon (page does not exist)">Non Suon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phouk_Chhay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phouk Chhay (page does not exist)">Phouk Chhay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tauch_Phoeun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tauch Phoeun (page does not exist)">Tauch Phoeun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinh_Hoanh" title="Trinh Hoanh">Trinh Hoanh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tep_Im_Sotha" title="Paul Tep Im Sotha">Paul Tep Im Sotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_Phim" title="So Phim">So Phim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv_Ol" title="Tiv Ol">Tiv Ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorn_Vet" title="Vorn Vet">Vorn Vet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Survivors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bou_Meng" title="Bou Meng">Bou Meng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chum_Mey" title="Chum Mey">Chum Mey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dith_Pran" title="Dith Pran">Dith Pran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haing_S._Ngor" title="Haing S. Ngor">Haing S. Ngor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Sathavy" title="Kim Sathavy">Kim Sathavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengly_Jandy_Quach" class="mw-redirect" title="Mengly Jandy Quach">Mengly Jandy Quach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prum_Manh" title="Prum Manh">Prum Manh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vann_Nath" title="Vann Nath">Vann Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investigations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Tribunal_(Cambodia)" title="People's Revolutionary Tribunal (Cambodia)">People's Revolutionary Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentation_Center_of_Cambodia" title="Documentation Center of Cambodia">Documentation Center of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bophana_Center" title="Bophana Center">Bophana Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cambodia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cambodia_topics" title="Template:Cambodia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cambodia_topics" title="Template talk:Cambodia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cambodia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cambodia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cambodia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cambodia-related_articles" title="Index of Cambodia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambodian_history" title="Timeline of Cambodian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Cambodia" title="Early history of Cambodia">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokor_Phnom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokor Phnom">Nokor Phnom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_period" title="Post-Angkor period">Post-Angkor period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">French protectorate of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Japanese occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Puppet state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">Sihanouk era (1953–70)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambodian genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea#Transition" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">State of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">UNTAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia" title="Royal arms of Cambodia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg/110px-Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg/165px-Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg/220px-Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="591" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cambodia" title="Geography of Cambodia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Cambodia" title="Administrative divisions of Cambodia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Cambodia" title="Template:Borders of Cambodia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Cambodia" title="List of cities and towns in Cambodia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Cambodia" title="Climate change in Cambodia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Cambodia" title="Deforestation in Cambodia">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Cambodia" title="List of ecoregions in Cambodia">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Cambodia" title="List of islands of Cambodia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Cambodia" title="List of lakes of Cambodia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Cambodia" title="List of protected areas of Cambodia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Cambodia" title="List of rivers of Cambodia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cambodia" title="Wildlife of Cambodia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cambodia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cambodia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cambodia" title="Politics of Cambodia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Cambodia" title="Cabinet of Cambodia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cambodia" title="Elections in Cambodia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cambodia" title="Foreign relations of Cambodia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Cambodia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cambodia" title="Human rights in Cambodia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cambodia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Cambodia" title="Judiciary of Cambodia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Cambodia" title="Law of Cambodia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cambodia" title="Law enforcement in Cambodia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Cambodian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation,_Religion,_King" title="Nation, Religion, King">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cambodia" title="Parliament of Cambodia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cambodia" title="List of political parties in Cambodia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cambodia" title="Agriculture in Cambodia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Cambodia" title="List of banks in Cambodia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Cambodia" title="Child labour in Cambodia">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cambodia" title="Energy in Cambodia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia" title="Economic history of Cambodia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Cambodia" title="Mineral industry of Cambodia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Cambodia" title="Natural resources of Cambodia">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_riel" title="Cambodian riel">Riel (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Cambodia" title="Science and technology in Cambodia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_of_Cambodia" title="Special Economic Zones of Cambodia">Special Economic Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cambodia" title="Telecommunications in Cambodia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cambodia" title="Tourism in Cambodia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cambodia" title="Transport in Cambodia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Cambodia" title="Category:Society of Cambodia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Cambodia" title="Crime in Cambodia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cambodia" title="Demographics of Cambodia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia" title="Ethnic groups in Cambodia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Cambodia" title="Gambling in Cambodia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cambodia" title="Health in Cambodia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia" title="HIV/AIDS in Cambodia">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia" title="Hunting in Cambodia">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cambodia" title="Human trafficking in Cambodia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cambodia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Cambodia" title="Prostitution in Cambodia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Cambodia" title="Sex trafficking in Cambodia">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization_in_Cambodia" title="Social organization in Cambodia">Social organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Cambodia" title="Squatting in Cambodia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Cambodia" title="Youth in Cambodia">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_architecture" title="Khmer architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship,_marriage,_and_divorce_in_Cambodia" title="Courtship, marriage, and divorce in Cambodia">Courtship, marriage, and divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodian_royal_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian royal cuisine">royal cuisine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia" title="Dance in Cambodia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_inscriptions" title="Khmer inscriptions">Epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_jewellery" title="Khmer jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_keyboard" title="Khmer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_literature" title="Cambodian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81str%C4%81_sleuk_rith" title="Sāstrā sleuk rith">Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_mat" title="Cambodian mat">Mat weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Cambodia" title="Mass media in Cambodia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kbach" title="Kbach">Ornamentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cambodia" title="Public holidays in Cambodia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cambodia" title="Sport in Cambodia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cambodia" title="Theatre of Cambodia">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cambodia" title="Outline of Cambodia">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cambodia-related_articles" title="Index of Cambodia-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cambodia" title="Category:Cambodia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cambodia" title="Portal:Cambodia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genocide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_navbox" title="Template talk:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">list by death toll</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Before_1490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Before_1490" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Before 1490</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)#146_BC" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Destruction of Carthage</a> (146 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a> (88 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gauls</a> (50s BCE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eburones#Genocide_(53–51_BC)" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a> (132–136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egica#Legislation" title="Egica">Visigothic Jews under Egica</a> (693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ancestral Puebloans</a> (800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a> (1069–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquests</a> (1200s–1360s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Cathars</a> (1209–1229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate">Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate</a> (1311)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Tamerlane" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Assyria</a> (1393–1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Guanches</a> (1402–1496)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1490_to_1912" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#1490_to_1914" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">1490 to 1912</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno</a> (1493–1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Japanese_colonization_of_Hokkaido" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ainu</a> (1500s–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_the_11th_Parallel" title="Massacre at the 11th Parallel">11th Parallel massacre</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_the_Hole" title="Man of the Hole">Tanaru</a> (1970s–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_massacre" title="Helmet massacre">Helmet massacre</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu" title="Akuntsu">Akuntsu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haximu_massacre" title="Haximu massacre">Haximu</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaragua_massacre" title="Jaragua massacre">Jaragua massacre</a> (1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Aztecs</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui</a> (1533–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Kashmiri_Shias" title="Persecution of Kashmiri Shias">Kashmiri Shias</a> (1548–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">Huguenots</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Lameyans</a> (1636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Indigenous peoples in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequots</a> (1636–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodhead%27s_Coshocton_expedition" title="Brodhead's Coshocton expedition">Coshocton Expedition</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten_massacre" title="Gnadenhutten massacre">Gnadenhutten massacre</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> (1830–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> (1830–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California</a> (1846–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> (1918–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Cultural genocide in the United States">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> (1700s–1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential school system</a> (1874–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a> (1951–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungars</a> (1750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a> (1780–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechens</a> (1785–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre" title="1804 Haitian massacre">French Hatians</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (1869–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawazi_massacre" title="Al-Jawazi massacre">al-Jawazi</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino massacre</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Siege of Tripolitsa</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a> (1830–1875) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_El_Ouffia" title="Massacre of El Ouffia">El Ouffia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Charrúa</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Manchus</a> (1850–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassians</a> (1860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Mapuche</a> (1870s–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Indigenous peoples in Putumayo</a> (1879–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Congolese</a> (1885–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_Hazara_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 Hazara uprisings">Hazaras</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam</a> (1890s–1900s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuruyuki" title="Battle of Kuruyuki">Ava Guaraní</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama</a> (1904–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Ukame</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1913_to_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">1913 to 1945</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Thracian Bulgarians</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrians</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Christians in Diyarbekir</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Kurds</a> (1916–1934)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Duala</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Kyrgyz</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Jews during the Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1920) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russian White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">Cossacks</a> (1919–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">Hungarian White Terror</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Genocide of the Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinder_der_Landstrasse" title="Kinder der Landstrasse">Kinder der Landstrasse</a> (1926–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan Arabs</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakhs</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> (1932–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (1935–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spanish White Terror</a> (1936–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (1939–1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Baltic lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Czech_Question" title="Final Solution of the Czech Question">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Muslims and Croats in Serbia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechens and Ingush</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (1944–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1946_to_1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">1946 to 1999</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_massacres" title="Hyderabad massacres">Hyderabadi Muslims</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Indigenous peoples in Paraguay</a> (1956–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Maya</a> (1962–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Arabs_during_the_Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution">Arab and Indian Zanzibaris</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Biafra_(1966–1970)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Biafra</a> (1966–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Feyli_Kurds_under_Saddam_Hussein" title="Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein">Feyli Kurds</a> (1970–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Idi_Amin's_regime" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Acholi and Lango</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li>Burundi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor</a> (1974–1999)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambodian</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Jummas</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Bush_War_(1981–1985)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Baganda</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> (1983–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoon#Kuwait" title="Bedoon">Kuwaiti Bedoon</a> (1985–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal</a> (1986–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_Program" title="National Population Program">National Population Program</a> (1987–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara genocide">Amhara</a> (1990–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Ahwaris</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> (1992–1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Hutus during the First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(21st_century)" title="Genocides in history (21st century)">21st century</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur</a> (2003–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masalit_massacres_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Masalit massacres (2023–present)">Masalit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Tigray" title="Genocide in Tigray">Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaduna_genocide" title="Southern Kaduna genocide">Southern Kaduna</a> (2011–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidis</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Shias under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Christians under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Las Anod conflict (2023–present)">Dhulbahante</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza Strip</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Autogenocide">Autogenocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide#Genocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoricide" title="Memoricide">Memoricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policide" title="Policide">Policide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cleansing_of_population#Politicide" title="Political cleansing of population">Politicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliticide" title="Eliticide">Eliticide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption" title="Forced adoption">Forced adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Holocaust" title="Names of the Holocaust">Names of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology of the Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_terminology" title="Category:Holocaust terminology">Holocaust terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention#Municipal_laws" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">Genocide law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on young survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Politics of recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Holocaust_trials_(1943–2022)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Holocaust trials</a> (1943–2022)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a> (1944–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a> (1944–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> (1945–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_trials" title="Dachau trials">Dachau trials</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsen_trials" title="Belsen trials">Belsen trials</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_trials" title="Euthanasia trials">Euthanasia trials</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga trial</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" title="Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials">Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_trials" title="Hamburg Ravensbrück trials">Hamburg Ravensbrück trials</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Erich_von_Manstein" title="Trial of Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Einsatzkommando_trial" title="Ulm Einsatzkommando trial">Ulm Einsatzkommando trial</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" title="War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia">War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_trial" title="Belzec trial">Belzec trial</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a> (1963–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_trial" title="Sobibor trial">Sobibor trial</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko#Soviet_trial_and_execution" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Fedorenko trial</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Finta#War_crimes_prosecution" title="Imre Finta">Finta trial</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">20th century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">Budak trial</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mihailovi%C4%87_et_al." title="Trial of Mihailović et al.">Belgrade Process</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_War_Crimes_Tribunal" title="Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal">Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_case" title="Bosnian genocide case">Bosnian genocide case</a> (1993–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Trial of Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> (2008–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Trial of Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> (2011–2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Derg_members" title="Trials of the Derg members">Trials of the Derg members</a> (1994–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (1994–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> (1997–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_genocide_case" title="Croatia–Serbia genocide case">Croatia–Serbia genocide case</a> (1999–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal_on_Sri_Lanka" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka">Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka</a> (2010–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al</a> (2023–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-Chinese_sentiment_(Sinophobia)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Template:Anti-Chinese sentiment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Template talk:Anti-Chinese sentiment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Chinese sentiment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-Chinese_sentiment_(Sinophobia)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a> (Sinophobia)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unparalleled_Invasion" title="The Unparalleled Invasion">The Unparalleled Invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Minzoku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-Sinicization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By persecutor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Valckenier" title="Adriaan Valckenier">Adriaan Valckenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Bryant" title="Andrew Jackson Bryant">Andrew Jackson Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Kearney" title="Denis Kearney">Denis Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Plaek Phibunsongkhram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Mainland_China_conflict" title="Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Chinese_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Chinese Indians">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Chinese_Indonesians" title="Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Racism in Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Laos_and_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Malaysia" title="Racism in Malaysia">Racism in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Chinese_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Chinese people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment#Taiwan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Laos_and_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By institution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_Union" title="Anti-Chinese Union">Anti-Chinese Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Exclusion_League" title="Asiatic Exclusion League">Asiatic Exclusion League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Brotherhood_of_Railway_Employees" title="Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees">Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyoku_dantai" title="Uyoku dantai">Uyoku dantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By incident</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangley_Rebellion" title="Sangley Rebellion">Sangley Rebellion</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Sangley_Rebellion_(1639)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)">2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangley_Massacre_(1662)" title="Sangley Massacre (1662)">Sangley Massacre (1662)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782_Saigon_massacre" title="1782 Saigon massacre">1782 Saigon massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckland_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckland Riot">Buckland Riot</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambing_Flat_riots" title="Lambing Flat riots">Lambing Flat riots</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Coolie_Act" title="Anti-Coolie Act">Anti-Coolie Act</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese massacre of 1871">Chinese massacre of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigtail_Ordinance" title="Pigtail Ordinance">Pigtail Ordinance</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout_Creek_Outrage" title="Trout Creek Outrage">Trout Creek Outrage</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_riot_of_1877" title="San Francisco riot of 1877">San Francisco riot of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_head_tax" title="New Zealand head tax">New Zealand head tax</a> (1881–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> (1882–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Chinese_Immigration_(1885)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)">Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Immigration Act of 1885">Chinese Immigration Act of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Squak_Valley_Chinese_laborers,_1885" title="Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885">Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issaquah_riot_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Issaquah riot of 1885">Issaquah riot of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacoma_riot_of_1885" title="Tacoma riot of 1885">Tacoma riot of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Springs_massacre" title="Rock Springs massacre">Rock Springs massacre</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_Chinese_expulsion_from_Eureka" title="1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka">1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_head_tax_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese head tax in Canada">Chinese head tax in Canada</a> (1885–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_riot_of_1886" title="Seattle riot of 1886">Seattle riot of 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_anti-Chinese_riots,_1886" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886">Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hells_Canyon_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hells Canyon Massacre">Hells Canyon Massacre</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act</a> (1892–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Colliery_Co_of_British_Columbia_v_Bryden" title="Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden">Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden</a> (1899)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> (1901–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_anti-Asian_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver anti-Asian riots">Vancouver anti-Asian riots</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre%C3%B3n_massacre" title="Torreón massacre">Torreón massacre</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Kudus_riot" title="1918 Kudus riot">1918 Kudus riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_of_Chinese_people" title="Soviet deportations of Chinese people">Soviet deportations of Chinese people</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act,_1923" title="Chinese Immigration Act, 1923">Chinese Immigration Act, 1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanpaoshan_Incident" title="Wanpaoshan Incident">Wanpaoshan Incident</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937-1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942-1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">Three Alls Policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sook Ching massacre">Sook Ching massacre</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changkiao_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Changkiao massacre">Changkiao massacre</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Office_213/926" title="Home Office 213/926">Home Office 213/926</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bersiap" title="Bersiap">Bersiap</a> (1945–1947) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mergosono_massacre" title="Mergosono massacre">Mergosono massacre</a> (1947)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation_on_Chinese_Indonesians" title="Legislation on Chinese Indonesians">Legislation on Chinese Indonesians</a> (1950s-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Confession_Program" title="Chinese Confession Program">Chinese Confession Program</a> (1956–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Chinese-Indians" title="Internment of Chinese-Indians">Internment of Chinese-Indians</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">1964 race riots in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_anti-Chinese_riots_in_Burma" title="1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma">1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate#Controversy" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_May_incident_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May incident (Malaysia)">13 May incident (Malaysia)</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_race_riots_of_Singapore" title="1969 race riots of Singapore">1969 race riots of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malari_incident" title="Malari incident">Malari incident</a> (1974)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Banjarmasin_riot" title="1997 Banjarmasin riot">1997 Banjarmasin riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">May 1998 riots of Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nuku%CA%BBalofa_riots" title="2006 Nukuʻalofa riots">2006 Nukuʻalofa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abacus_Federal_Savings_Bank#Prosecution_and_exoneration" title="Abacus Federal Savings Bank">Abacus Bank prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kunming_bus_bombings" title="2008 Kunming bus bombings">2008 Kunming bus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kashgar_attacks" title="2011 Kashgar attacks">2011 Kashgar attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Amendment" title="Wolf Amendment">Wolf Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Tiananmen_Square_attack" title="2013 Tiananmen Square attack">2013 Tiananmen Square attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Vietnam_anti-China_protests" title="2014 Vietnam anti-China protests">2014 Vietnam anti-China protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">2014 Kunming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="April 2014 Ürümqi attack">April 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="May 2014 Ürümqi attack">May 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Plaza_Low_Yat_riot" title="2015 Plaza Low Yat riot">2015 Plaza Low Yat riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Aksu_colliery_attack" title="2015 Aksu colliery attack">2015 Aksu colliery attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_tariffs" title="Trump tariffs">Trump tariffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Cold_War" title="Artificial Intelligence Cold War">Artificial Intelligence Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Atlanta_spa_shootings" title="2021 Atlanta spa shootings">2021 Atlanta spa shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Solomon_Islands_unrest" title="2021 Solomon Islands unrest">2021 Solomon Islands unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Papua_New_Guinean_unrest" title="2024 Papua New Guinean unrest">2024 Papua New Guinean unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycotts_of_Chinese_products" title="Boycotts of Chinese products">Boycotts of Chinese products</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By victim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chae_Chan_Ping_v._United_States" title="Chae Chan Ping v. United States">Chae Chan Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fong_Yue_Ting_v._United_States" title="Fong Yue Ting v. United States">Fong Yue Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_v._Hurley" title="Tape v. Hurley">Mary Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">Wong Kim Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Vincent_Chin" title="Killing of Vincent Chin">Vincent Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ita_Martadinata_Haryono" title="Ita Martadinata Haryono">Ita Martadinata Haryono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velma_Demerson" title="Velma Demerson">Velma Demerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Ho_Lee" title="Wen Ho Lee">Wen Ho Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Anming_Hu" title="Trial of Anming Hu">Anming Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Danny_Chen" title="Suicide of Danny Chen">Danny Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ee_Lee" title="Murder of Ee Lee">Ee Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Gu" title="Eileen Gu">Eileen Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Feng_Tao" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Feng Tao">Franklin Feng Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_Chen_(engineer)" title="Gang Chen (engineer)">Gang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haoyang_Yu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haoyang Yu (page does not exist)">Haoyang Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jiansheng_Chen" title="Murder of Jiansheng Chen">Jiansheng Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiayang_Fan" title="Jiayang Fan">Jiayang Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immolation_of_Leung_Chi-cheung" class="mw-redirect" title="Immolation of Leung Chi-cheung">Leung Chi-cheung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Mi_Gao_Huang_Chen" title="Murder of Mi Gao Huang Chen">Mi Gao Huang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Chen_(hydrologist)" title="Sherry Chen (hydrologist)">Sherry Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teoh_Beng_Hock" title="Teoh Beng Hock">Teoh Beng Hock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoxing_Xi#False_accusation_of_spying" title="Xiaoxing Xi">Xiaoxing Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Yao_Pan_Ma" title="Killing of Yao Pan Ma">Yao Pan Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Michelle_Go" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Michelle Go">Michelle Go</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinaman" title="Chinaman">Chinaman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinaman%27s_chance" title="Chinaman's chance">Chinaman's chance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese,_Japanese,_dirty_knees" title="Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees">Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ching_chong" title="Ching chong">Ching chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chink" title="Chink">Chink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locust_(ethnic_slur)" title="Locust (ethnic slur)">Locust/Wongchung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_(word)" title="Shina (word)">Shina/Zhina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_man_of_Asia" title="Sick man of Asia">Sick man of Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Chinese imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2885072#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009125749">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007547895005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&oldid=1259029719">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_genocide&oldid=1259029719</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cambodian_genocide" title="Category:Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_in_Cambodia" title="Category:1970s in Cambodia">1970s in Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1975_in_Cambodia" title="Category:1975 in Cambodia">1975 in Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1976_in_Cambodia" title="Category:1976 in Cambodia">1976 in Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1977_in_Cambodia" title="Category:1977 in Cambodia">1977 in Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1978_in_Cambodia" title="Category:1978 in Cambodia">1978 in Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1979_in_Cambodia" title="Category:1979 in Cambodia">1979 in Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_famines" title="Category:20th-century famines">20th-century famines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Christian_sentiment_in_Cambodia" title="Category:Anti-Christian sentiment in Cambodia">Anti-Christian sentiment in Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Islam_sentiment" title="Category:Anti-Islam sentiment">Anti-Islam sentiment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Buddhism" title="Category:Anti-Buddhism">Anti-Buddhism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Category:Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Chinese_violence_in_Asia" title="Category:Anti-Chinese violence in Asia">Anti-Chinese violence in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Category:Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Anti-Vietnamese sentiment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-intellectualism" title="Category:Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Category:Anti-Thai sentiment">Anti-Thai sentiment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communist_terrorism" title="Category:Communist terrorism">Communist terrorism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_genocide" title="Category:Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Category:Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_cleansing_in_Asia" title="Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia">Ethnic cleansing in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicides" title="Category:Politicides">Politicides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Asia" title="Category:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Asia">Genocide of indigenous peoples in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocides_in_Asia" title="Category:Genocides in Asia">Genocides in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Cambodia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Cambodia">Human rights abuses in Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incidents_of_cannibalism" title="Category:Incidents of cannibalism">Incidents of cannibalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannibalism_in_Asia" title="Category:Cannibalism in Asia">Cannibalism in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Khmer_Rouge" title="Category:Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_Cambodia" title="Category:Massacres in Cambodia">Massacres in Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Murder_in_Cambodia" title="Category:Murder in Cambodia">Murder in Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_persecution_by_communists" title="Category:Religious persecution by communists">Religious persecution by communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_experimentation_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Category:Medical experimentation on prisoners of war">Medical experimentation on prisoners of war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pol_Pot" title="Category:Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_and_cultural_purges" title="Category:Political and cultural purges">Political and cultural purges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Category:Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Category:Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Christians" title="Category:Persecution of Christians">Persecution of Christians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Category:Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_intellectuals" title="Category:Persecution of intellectuals">Persecution of intellectuals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_crimes_in_Cambodia" title="Category:War crimes in Cambodia">War crimes in Cambodia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Khmer-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Khmer-language text">Articles containing Khmer-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2020">Use dmy dates from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles 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5.85% 127.361 3 Template:Langx"," 5.63% 122.578 15 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.94% 107.591 2 Template:Sidebar"," 4.38% 95.363 1 Template:History_of_Cambodia"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.373","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21351570,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlvarez2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlvarez2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanisterJohnson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarronPaul1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartrop2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeachler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeech2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBlainey2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoshart2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyle2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinkley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruckmayr2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuncombe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanadian_Communist_League_(Marxist-Leninist)1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanHainesLee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandler2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChang1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiorciari2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoalition_to_Stop_the_Use_of_Child_Soldiers2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfield2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Chandler_\u0026amp;_Ben_Kiernan1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeMello2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebruge2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonlon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFECCC-Kaing2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Kissi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEtcheson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaikwadLinZucker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaas1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannum1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuveline1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuveline2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuveline2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHintonLifton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHood1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuergensmeyer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2003b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2008\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurlantzick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaura2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Coz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLocard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoung2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKinnon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayersan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunthit2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMydans2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMydans2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMydans2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMydans2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuon_Chea2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Spencer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoKempner1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPower2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoasa2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarDesai1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeyboltAronsonFischoff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSliwinski1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolarz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSongWu2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoutherland2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpooner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrangio2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrozekSeldowitz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerry2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThayer1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Telegraph2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTottenBartrop2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentino2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVannak2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerkoren2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickery1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVilim2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVittal2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWessinger2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestadQuinn-Judge2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhelan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWill_Podmore2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiap\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_los_ReyesMattesLeeVan_Tuyl2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŽerjavić1993\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Anti-Chinese sentiment\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Br\"] = 2,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Cambodia topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Cambodian genocide\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite SSRN\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 73,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 63,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Genocide\"] = 1,\n [\"Genocide topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"History of Cambodia\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox civilian attack\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Not English inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Numero\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S2cid\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 75,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","220","14.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","14.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","11.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","2.6"],["[others]","500","32.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-2n9wp","timestamp":"20241128021844","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cambodian genocide","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cambodian_genocide","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2885072","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2885072","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2013-09-30T11:34:46Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T00:17:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c9\/Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg","headline":"murder of approx. 1.5 to 3 million Cambodians, along with mass detention and torture, carried out by the Khmer Rouge government between 1975 and 1979"}</script> </body> </html>