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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-HTML_document_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Character_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Character encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numeric_character_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numeric_character_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Numeric character references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numeric_character_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Named_character_entities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Named_character_entities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Named character entities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Named_character_entities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_encoding_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_encoding_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Character encoding determination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Character_encoding_determination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Character encoding determination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Character_encoding_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Encoding_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Encoding information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encoding_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encoding_defaults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding_defaults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Encoding defaults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encoding_defaults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encoding_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Encoding trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encoding_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byte_order_mark/Unicode_sniffing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Unicode+and+HTML%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Special:EditPage/Unicode and HTML">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Unicode+and+HTML%22">"Unicode and HTML"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Unicode+and+HTML%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Unicode+and+HTML%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Unicode+and+HTML%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Unicode+and+HTML%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Unicode+and+HTML%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span 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href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">named characters</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unicode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_code" title="Language code">Language code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Object_Model" title="Browser Object Model">Browser Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">Style sheets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_family_(HTML)" title="Font family (HTML)">Font family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebCL" title="WebCL">WebCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTMX" class="mw-redirect" 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Key to the relationship between Unicode and HTML is the relationship between the "document character set", which defines the set of characters that may be present in an HTML document and assigns numbers to them, and the "external character encoding", or "charset", used to encode a given document as a sequence of bytes. </p><p>In RFC 1866, the initial HTML 2.0 standard, the document character set was defined as ISO-8859-1 (later HTML standard defaults to <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">Windows-1252</a> encoding). 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It does not vary between documents of different languages or created on different platforms. The external character encoding is chosen by the author of the document (or the software the author uses to create the document) and determines how the bytes used to store and/or transmit the document map to characters from the document character set. Characters not present in the chosen external character encoding may be represented by character entity references. </p><p>The relationship between <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> and HTML tends to be a difficult topic for many computer professionals, document authors, and <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a> users alike. The accurate representation of text in <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> from different <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> is complicated by the details of <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a> syntax, <a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">font</a>, and varying levels of support by <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HTML_document_characters">HTML document characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: HTML document characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Web pages are typically <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> or <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> documents. Both types of documents consist, at a fundamental level, of <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">characters</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> and grapheme-like units, independent of how they manifest in <a href="/wiki/Computer_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer storage">computer storage</a> systems and <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networks</a>. </p><p>An HTML document is a sequence of Unicode characters. More specifically, HTML 4.0 documents are required to consist of characters in the HTML <i>document character set</i> : a character repertoire wherein each character is assigned a unique, non-negative integer <i>code point</i>. This set is defined in the HTML 4.0 <a href="/wiki/Document_Type_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Document Type Definition">DTD</a>, which also establishes the syntax (allowable sequences of characters) that can produce a valid HTML document. The HTML document character set for HTML 4.0 consists of most, but not all, of the characters jointly defined by <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> and ISO/IEC 10646: the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Character Set">Universal Character Set</a> (UCS). </p><p>Like HTML documents, an XHTML document is a sequence of Unicode characters. However, an XHTML document is an <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> document, which, while not having an explicit "document character" layer of <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstraction</a>, nevertheless relies upon a similar definition of permissible characters that cover most, but not all, of the Unicode/UCS character definitions. The sets used by HTML and XHTML/XML are slightly different, but these differences have little effect on the average document author. </p><p>Regardless of whether the document is HTML or XHTML, when stored on a <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> or transmitted over a network, the document's characters are <i>encoded</i> as a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octets</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a></i>) according to a particular character encoding. This encoding may either be a <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Transformation_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode Transformation Format">Unicode Transformation Format</a>, like <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, that can directly encode any Unicode character, or a legacy encoding, like <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">Windows-1252</a>, that cannot. However, even when using encodings that do not support all Unicode characters, the encoded document may make use of <a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_references" class="mw-redirect" title="Numeric character references">numeric character references</a>. For example, <code>&#x263A;</code> (☺) is used to indicate a smiling face character in the Unicode character set. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_encoding">Character encoding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Character encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to support all Unicode characters without resorting to numeric character references, a web page must have an encoding covering all of Unicode. The most popular is <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> characters, such as English letters, digits, and some other common characters are preserved unchanged against ASCII. This makes HTML code (such as <br> and </div>) unchanged compared to ASCII. Characters outside the ASCII range are stored in 2–4 bytes. It is also possible to use <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> where most characters are stored as two bytes with varying <a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">endianness</a>, which is supported by modern browsers but less commonly used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numeric_character_references">Numeric character references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Numeric character references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></div> <p>In order to work around the limitations of legacy encodings, HTML is designed such that it is possible to represent characters from the whole of Unicode inside an HTML document by using a <a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric character reference</a>: a sequence of characters that explicitly spell out the Unicode code point of the character being represented. A character reference takes the form <b><code>&#</code></b><var>N</var><b><code>;</code></b>, where <var>N</var> is either a <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> number for the Unicode code point, or a <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> number, in which case it must be prefixed by <code>x</code>. The characters that compose the numeric character reference are universally representable in every encoding approved for use on the Internet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The support for hexadecimal in this context is more recent, so older browsers might have problems displaying characters referenced with hexadecimal numbers –  but they will probably have a problem displaying Unicode characters above code point 255 anyway. To ensure better compatibility with older browsers, it is still a common practice to convert the hexadecimal code point into a decimal value (for example <code>&#21512;</code> instead of <code>&#x5408;</code>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Named_character_entities">Named character entities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Named character entities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Character_entity_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Character entity reference">character entity reference</a></div> <p>In HTML 4, there is a standard set of 252 named <i>character entities</i> for characters - some common, some obscure - that are either not found in certain character encodings or are markup sensitive in some contexts (for example angle brackets and quotation marks). Although any Unicode character can be referenced by its numeric code point, some HTML document authors prefer to use these named entities instead, where possible, as they are less cryptic and were better supported by early browsers. </p><p>Character entities can be included in an HTML document via the use of <i>entity references</i>, which take the form <b><code>&</code></b><var>EntityName</var><b><code>;</code></b>, where <var>EntityName</var> is the name of the entity. For example, <code>&mdash;</code>, much like <code>&#8212;</code> or <code>&#x2014;</code>, represents <span title="—"><a href="/wiki/Unicode#Upluslink" title="Unicode">U+</a>2014</span>: the <a href="/wiki/Em_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Em dash">em dash</a> character "—" even if the character encoding used doesn't contain that character. </p><p>For the full list, see: <a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">List of XML and HTML character entity references</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_encoding_determination">Character encoding determination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Character encoding determination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to correctly process HTML, a web browser must ascertain which Unicode characters are represented by the encoded form of an HTML document. In order to do this, the web browser must know what encoding was used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encoding_information">Encoding information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Encoding information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a document is transmitted via a <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> message or a transport that uses MIME content types such as an <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> response, the message may signal the encoding via a Content-Type header, such as <code>Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8</code>. Other external means of declaring encoding are permitted but rarely used. If the document uses a <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Unicode encoding</a>, the encoding info might also be present in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Byte_order_mark" title="Byte order mark">byte order mark</a> (BOM). Finally, the encoding can be declared via the HTML syntax. For the <code>text/html</code> serialisation then, as long as the page is encoded in an extension of <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, and thus, not if the page is using <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a>), a <code>meta</code> element, like <code><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"></code> or (starting with <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>) <code><meta charset="UTF-8"></code> can be used. For HTML pages serialized as XML, then declaration options is to either rely on the encoding default (which for XML documents is UTF-8), or to use an XML encoding declaration. The meta attribute plays no role in HTML served as XML. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encoding_defaults">Encoding defaults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Encoding defaults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An encoding default applies when there is no external or internal encoding declaration and also no byte order mark. While the encoding default for HTML pages served as XML is required to be UTF-8, the encoding default for a regular Web page (that is: for HTML pages serialized as <code>text/html</code>) varies depending on the localization of the browser. For a system set up mainly for Western European languages, it will generally be <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-1#Windows-1252" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-1">Windows-1252</a>. For Cyrillic alphabet locales, the default is typically <a href="/wiki/Windows-1251" title="Windows-1251">Windows-1251</a>. For a browser from a location where <i>legacy</i> multi-byte character encodings are prevalent, some form of auto-detection is likely to be applied. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encoding_trends">Encoding trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Encoding trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the legacy of 8-bit text representations in <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and the desire to avoid burdening users with the need to understand the nuances of encoding, many text editors used by HTML authors are unable or unwilling to offer a choice of encodings when saving files to disk and often do not even allow input of characters beyond a very limited range. Consequently, many HTML authors are unaware of encoding issues and may not have any idea what encoding their documents actually use. Misunderstandings, such as the belief that the encoding declaration affects a change in the actual encoding (whereas it is actually just a label that could be inaccurate), is also a reason for this editor attitude. Another factor contributing in the same direction, is the arrival of UTF-8 –  which greatly diminishes the need for other encodings, and thus modern editors tends to default, as recommended by the HTML5 specification,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to UTF-8. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byte_order_mark/Unicode_sniffing"><span id="Byte_order_mark.2FUnicode_sniffing"></span>Byte order mark/Unicode sniffing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Byte order mark/Unicode sniffing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For both serializations of HTML (content-type "text/html" and content/type "application/xhtml+xml"), the byte order mark (BOM) is an effective way to transmit encoding information within an HTML document. For UTF-8, the BOM is optional, while it is a must for the UTF-16 and the UTF-32 encodings. (Note: UTF-16 and UTF-32 without the BOM are formally known under different names, they are different encodings, and thus needs some form of encoding declaration – see <a href="/wiki/UTF-16BE" class="mw-redirect" title="UTF-16BE">UTF-16BE</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTF-16LE" class="mw-redirect" title="UTF-16LE">UTF-16LE</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTF-32LE" class="mw-redirect" title="UTF-32LE">UTF-32LE</a> and <a href="/wiki/UTF-32BE" class="mw-redirect" title="UTF-32BE">UTF-32BE</a>.) The use of the BOM character (U+FEFF) means that the encoding automatically declares itself to any processing application. Processing applications need only look for an initial 0x0000FEFF, 0xFEFF or 0xEFBBBF in the byte stream to identify the document as UTF-32, UTF-16 or UTF-8 encoded respectively. No additional metadata mechanisms are required for these encodings since the byte-order mark includes all of the information necessary for processing applications. In most circumstances, the byte-order mark character is handled by editing applications separately from the other characters so there is little risk of an author removing or otherwise changing the byte order mark to indicate the wrong encoding (as can happen when the encoding is declared in English/Latin script). If the document lacks a byte-order mark, the fact that the first non-blank printable character in an HTML document is supposed to be "<" (U+003C) can be used to determine a UTF-8/UTF-16/UTF-32 encoding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encoding_overriding">Encoding overriding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Encoding overriding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many HTML documents are served with inaccurate encoding information, or no encoding information at all. In order to determine the encoding in such cases, many browsers allow the user to manually select an encoding name from a list. They may also employ an encoding auto-detection algorithm that works in concert <b>with</b> or –  <i>in the case of the BOM and in case of HTML served as XML</i> –  <b>against</b> the manual override. </p><p>For HTML documents which are <code>text/html</code> serialized, manual override may apply to all documents, or only those for which the encoding cannot be ascertained by looking at declarations and/or byte patterns. The fact that the manual override is present and widely used hinders the adoption of accurate encoding declarations on the Web; therefore the problem is likely to persist. But note that Internet Explorer, Chrome and Safari –  for both XML and <code>text/html</code> serializations –  do not permit the encoding to be overridden whenever the page includes the BOM.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For HTML documents serialized with the preferred XML label –  <code>application/xhtml+xml</code>, manual encoding override is not permitted. To override the encoding of such an XML document would mean that the document stopped being XML, as it is a fatal error for XML documents to have an encoding declaration with detectable errors. Currently, Gecko browsers such as Firefox, abide to this rule, whereas the bulk of the other common browsers that support HTML as XML, such as Webkit browsers (Chrome/Safari) <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> do allow the encoding of XHTML documents to be manually overridden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Web_browser_support">Web browser support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Web browser support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many browsers are only capable of displaying a small subset of the full Unicode repertoire. Here is how your browser displays various Unicode code points: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Example web browser support for Unicode characters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Character </th> <th scope="col">HTML char ref </th> <th scope="col">Unicode name </th> <th scope="col">What your browser displays </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+0041 </th> <td><code>&#65;</code> or <code>&#x41;</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> capital letter <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">A </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+00DF </th> <td><code>&#223;</code> or <code>&#xDF;</code> </td> <td>Latin small letter <a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">Sharp S</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">ß </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+00FE </th> <td><code>&#254;</code> or <code>&#xFE;</code> </td> <td>Latin small letter <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">Thorn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">þ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+0394 </th> <td><code>&#916;</code> or <code>&#x394;</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> capital letter <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Delta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">Δ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+017D </th> <td><code>&#381;</code> or <code>&#x17D;</code> </td> <td>Latin capital letter <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" class="mw-redirect" title="Háček">Z with háček</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">Ž </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+0419 </th> <td><code>&#1049;</code> or <code>&#x419;</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> capital letter <a href="/wiki/Short_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Short I">Short I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">Й </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+05E7 </th> <td><code>&#1511;</code> or <code>&#x5E7;</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Qoph#Hebrew_Qof" title="Qoph">Qof</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">ק </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+0645 </th> <td><code>&#1605;</code> or <code>&#x645;</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem">Meem</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">م </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+0E57 </th> <td><code>&#3671;</code> or <code>&#xE57;</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai</a> <a href="/wiki/Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">digit</a> <a href="/wiki/7_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (number)">7</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">๗ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+1250 </th> <td><code>&#4688;</code> or <code>&#x1250;</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez alphabet">Ge'ez</a> syllable <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qha (page does not exist)">Qha</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">ቐ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+3042 </th> <td><code>&#12354;</code> or <code>&#x3042;</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a> letter A (Japanese) </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">あ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+53F6 </th> <td><code>&#21494;</code> or <code>&#x53F6;</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideograph</a>-53F6 (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a> "Leaf") </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">叶 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+8449 </th> <td><code>&#33865;</code> or <code>&#x8449;</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideograph</a>-8449 (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a> "Leaf") </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">葉 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+B5AB </th> <td><code>&#46507;</code> or <code>&#xB5AB;</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> Tteolp (Korean "Ssangtikeut Eo Rieulbieup") </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">떫 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+16A0 </th> <td><code>&#5792;</code> or <code>&#x16A0;</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Runic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Fe_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fe (rune)">Fehu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">ᚠ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+0D37 </th> <td><code>&#3383;</code> or <code>&#x0D37;</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam alphabet">Malayalam</a> letter ഷ (ṣha) </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">ഷ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U+1F602 </th> <td><code>&#128514;</code> or <code>&#x1F602;</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Face_with_Tears_of_Joy_emoji" title="Face with Tears of Joy emoji">Face with Tears of Joy emoji</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:large;">😂 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="4">To display all of the characters above, you may need to install one or more large multilingual fonts, like <a href="/wiki/Code2000" title="Code2000">Code2000</a>. </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some web browsers, such as <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> (from version 7 on), are able to display multilingual web pages by intelligently choosing a font to display each individual character on the page. They will correctly display any mix of <a href="/wiki/Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Unicode blocks</a>, as long as appropriate <a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces#Unicode_fonts" title="List of typefaces">fonts</a> are present in the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. </p><p>Older browsers, such as <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator</a> 4.77 and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_6" title="Internet Explorer 6">Internet Explorer 6</a>, can only display text supported by the current font associated with the character encoding of the page, and may misinterpret numeric character references as being references to code values within the current character encoding, rather than references to Unicode code points. When you are using such a browser, it is unlikely that your computer has all of those fonts, or that the browser can use all available fonts on the same page. As a result, the browser will not display the text in the examples above correctly, though it may display a subset of them. Because they are encoded according to the standard, though, they <i>will</i> display correctly on any system that is compliant and does have the characters available. Further, those characters given names for use in named entity references are likely to be more commonly available than others. </p><p>For displaying characters outside the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Multilingual_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Multilingual Plane">Basic Multilingual Plane</a>, such as the Gothic letter faihu, which is a variant of the runic letter fehu in the table above, some systems (like Windows 2000) need manual adjustments of their settings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frequency_of_usage">Frequency of usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Frequency of usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to internal data from <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s web index, in December 2007 the <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> Unicode encoding became the most frequently used encoding on web pages, overtaking both <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> (US) and <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">8859-1</a>/<a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">1252</a> (Western European).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters" class="extiw" title="meta:Help:Special characters">Help file for using special characters on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_encodings_in_HTML" title="Character encodings in HTML">Character encodings in HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charset_detection" title="Charset detection">Charset detection</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Unicode/Character_reference" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Unicode/Character reference">Unicode character reference (wikibooks)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Hickson2011" class="citation web cs1">Ian Hickson (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/semantics.html#charset">"HTML5"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2011</span>. <q>Authors are encouraged to use UTF-8. Conformance checkers may advise authors against using legacy encodings. [RFC3629] Authoring tools should default to using UTF-8 for newly created documents. [RFC3629]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTML5&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Ian+Hickson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fhtml5%2Fsemantics.html%23charset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode+and+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/show_bug.cgi?id=12897">"12897 – In some parsers, UTF-8 BOM trumps the HTTP charset attribute (Encoding sniffing algorithm)"</a>. <i>www.w3.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=12897+%E2%80%93+In+some+parsers%2C+UTF-8+BOM+trumps+the+HTTP+charset+attribute+%28Encoding+sniffing+algorithm%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FBugs%2FPublic%2Fshow_bug.cgi%3Fid%3D12897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode+and+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=66189">"66189 – XML parser doesn't emit FATAL ERROR for all, detectable encoding errors"</a>. <i>bugs.webkit.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bugs.webkit.org&rft.atitle=66189+%E2%80%93+XML+parser+doesn%27t+emit+FATAL+ERROR+for+all%2C+detectable+encoding+errors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbugs.webkit.org%2Fshow_bug.cgi%3Fid%3D66189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode+and+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/05/moving-to-unicode-51.html">"Moving to Unicode 5.1"</a>. <i>Official Google Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Google+Blog&rft.atitle=Moving+to+Unicode+5.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoogleblog.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F05%2Fmoving-to-unicode-51.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode+and+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unicode_and_HTML&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/unicode-xml/">Unicode in XML and other Markup Languages</a> - a W3C & Unicode Consortium joint publication that describes issues and provides guidelines relating to Unicode in markup languages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/HTMLlat1.ent">Latin-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/HTMLspecial.ent">"Special"</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/HTMLsymbol.ent">Mathematical, Greek and Symbolic</a> named character entity definitions for HTML 4.01</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicodemap.org/">UnicodeMap.org</a> - Browse Unicode characters, ranges, and other information</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi">SIL's freeware fonts, editors and documentation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/">Alan Wood’s Unicode Resources</a> - Unicode fonts and information.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-unicode.htm">http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-unicode.htm</a> The International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/cjk_compatibility_ideographs.html">http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/cjk_compatibility_ideographs.html</a> CJK Compatibility Ideographs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/">http://www.unicode.org/charts/</a> Unicode character charts; hexadecimal numbers only; PDF files showing all characters independent of browser capabilities</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.coeurlumiere.com/">Table of Unicode characters from 1 to 65535</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103125951/http://unicode.coeurlumiere.com/">Archived</a> 2007-11-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - shows how they look in one's browser</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinyin.info/tools/converter/chars2uninumbers.html">Web tool that converts "special" characters (such as Chinese characters) to Unicode numeric character references</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hotpeachpages.net/a/characters.html">Multi-lingual web pages and Unicode</a> - how to fix display problems</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924073701/http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/semantics.html#charset">w3.org via web.archive.org</a> - Original HTML5 Citation Reference saved via Wayback Machine</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unicode" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unicode_navigation" title="Template:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unicode_navigation" title="Template talk:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unicode_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unicode" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unicode</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">ISO/IEC 10646 (Universal Character Set)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode#Versions" title="Unicode">Versions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">Code points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Block</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode_blocks" title="Category:Unicode blocks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Universal Character Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode_charts" title="Category:Unicode charts">Character charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_character_property" title="Unicode character property">Character property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)" title="Plane (Unicode)">Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Areas" title="Private Use Areas">Private Use Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters#Special-purpose_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Special purpose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byte_order_mark" title="Byte order mark">BOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_grapheme_joiner" title="Combining grapheme joiner">Combining grapheme joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-to-right_mark" title="Left-to-right mark">Left-to-right mark</a> / <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_mark" title="Right-to-left mark">Right-to-left mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_hyphen" title="Soft hyphen">Soft hyphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variant form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_joiner" title="Word joiner">Word joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">Zero-width joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_non-joiner" title="Zero-width non-joiner">Zero-width non-joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_space" title="Zero-width space">Zero-width space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters" title="List of Unicode characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">Duplicate characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerals_in_Unicode" title="Numerals in Unicode">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)#Spaces_in_Unicode" title="Space (punctuation)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_symbol" title="Unicode symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Halfwidth and fullwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_alias_names_and_abbreviations" title="Unicode alias names and abbreviations">Alias names and abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character#Unicode" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_text" title="Bidirectional text">Bidirectional text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_collation_algorithm" title="Unicode collation algorithm">Collation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">ISO/IEC 14651</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variation sequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Comparison of encodings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Ordered_Compression_for_Unicode" title="Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode">BOCU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESU-8" title="CESU-8">CESU-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">Punycode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode" title="Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode">SCSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-1" title="UTF-1">UTF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-7" title="UTF-7">UTF-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16/UCS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32/UCS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On pairs of<br />code points</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_compatibility_characters" title="Unicode compatibility characters">Compatibility characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">Duplicate characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoglyph" title="Homoglyph">Homoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">Precomposed character</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-variant" title="Z-variant">Z-variant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variation sequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_indicator_symbol" title="Regional indicator symbol">Regional indicator symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji#Skin_color" title="Emoji">Emoji skin color</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name">Domain names (IDN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_email" title="Unicode and email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_font" title="Unicode font">Fonts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">entity references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric references</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Input</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Locale_Data_Repository" title="Common Locale Data Repository">Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_anomaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode anomaly">Anomalies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConScript_Unicode_Registry" title="ConScript Unicode Registry">ConScript Unicode Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Research_Group" title="Ideographic Research Group">Ideographic Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_involved_with_Unicode" title="Category:People involved with Unicode">People involved with Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scripts_and_symbols_in_Unicode" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts</a> and symbols in Unicode</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)#Common_and_inherited_scripts" title="Script (Unicode)">Common and <br />inherited scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation#Punctuation_marks_in_Unicode" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)#Spaces_in_Unicode" title="Space (punctuation)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerals_in_Unicode" title="Numerals in Unicode">Numbers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs (Han)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script_in_Unicode" title="Cyrillic script in Unicode">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_script_in_Unicode" title="Greek script in Unicode">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_Khema" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurung Khema">Gurung Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunuoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Rai" title="Kirat Rai">Kirat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Lisu (Fraser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing#Munshi_Mangal_Singh_Masaram_Script" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Mende Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao (Pollard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Alphabet" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Mundari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Mundari">Nag Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong" title="Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong">Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet" title="Osmanya alphabet">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit (Newa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language#Writing_system" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toto_language#Writing_system" title="Toto language">Toto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_script" title="Wancho script">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient and<br />historic scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_alphabet" title="Bassa Vah alphabet">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brāhmī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_script" title="Coptic script">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Imperial Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts#Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi scripts">Inscriptional Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language#Written_Parthian" title="Parthian language">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudawadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a> (Chorasmian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language#Writing_systems" title="Makassarese language">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meetei Mayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Old Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts#Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi scripts">Psalter Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rune" title="Rune">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Tagalog (Baybayin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_alphabet" title="Todhri alphabet">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tulu Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_alphabet" title="Vithkuqi alphabet">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yezidi_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidi (script)">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notational scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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