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class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content"> Aller au contenu principal </a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header"> <div class="custom-header"> <div class="custom-header-media"> <div id="wp-custom-header" class="wp-custom-header"><img src="https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2018/10/cropped-Bandeau_Chroniques_new2.jpg" width="2000" height="1200" alt="" srcset="https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2018/10/cropped-Bandeau_Chroniques_new2.jpg 2000w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2018/10/cropped-Bandeau_Chroniques_new2-300x180.jpg 300w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2018/10/cropped-Bandeau_Chroniques_new2-768x461.jpg 768w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2018/10/cropped-Bandeau_Chroniques_new2-1024x614.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 200vw, 100vw" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /></div> </div> <div class="site-branding"> <div class="wrap"> <div class="site-branding-text"> <p class="site-title"><a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/" rel="home">Les Chroniques de Préhméd</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="site-content-contain"> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="wrap"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-399" class="post-399 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-soutenances-de-these"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"><span class="posted-on"><span class="screen-reader-text">Publié le</span> <a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/399" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2015-05-29T12:59:11+02:00">29 mai 2015</time></a></span><span class="byline"> par <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault">renault</a></span></span></div><h1 class="entry-title">Le Capsien de Hergla (Tunisie). Culture, environnement et économie — Ridha Boussoffara, Simone Mulazzani & Maurizio Tosi (dir.)</h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><a href="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2015/05/Mullazani-et-al_Hergla.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-400" src="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2015/05/Mullazani-et-al_Hergla-110x150.jpg" alt="Mullazani et al_Hergla" width="110" height="150" /></a>Franfurt am Main, Africa Magna Verlag, coll. Reports in African Archaeoly, 2013, 436 pages — 978-3-9372483-6-3</p> <p>L’ouvrage, au titre révélateur, réunit 41 auteurs qui présentent les résultats de leurs travaux : la fouille d’un gisement du Sud tunisien, SHM-1, qui, sous la protection d’un dépôt éolien, étire ses 200 m2 sur une petite dune bordant la sebkha-lagune d’Halk el Menjel. Les 439 pages sont ordonnées en trois parties : I. Contexte environnemental, II. Occupation capsienne de Hergla, III. Prospection archéologique à Halk el Menjel et Kelbia, prospection utilisant une plateforme SIG qui inscrit le site dans le contexte d’une centaine d’autres essentiellement épipaléolithiques et néolithiques dont SHM-15, escargotière présentée en détail. Une abondante bibliographie, mais qui n’est pas en totale adéquation avec les appels du texte, le termine. Classique, la première partie présente le cadre géographique, géologique, les dynamiques morphosédimentaires de la lagune-sebkha que divers travaux montreront implantée dans une savane peu boisée avec points d’eau et, en fin de 4° millénaire, dans une steppe à graminées et armoise ; bien que nous soyons là loin du champ chronologique du site préhistorique, une augmentation de la population d’oleo-lentisque à 3300 BC marquant une amélioration de la pluviosité, celle d’<em>Olea</em> à 3000 BC ouvrant un débat sur une possible culture, sont rapportées. Cette première partie s’arrête longuement sur les travaux antérieurs, découverte du site en 1954 par E.G. Gobert, redécouverte en 1968 par M. Riahi-Harbi et J. Zoughlami, résultats de leurs fouilles, assez importants avec la mise en évidence de diverses structures, la découverte de restes humains, pour que des travaux de grande envergure soient programmés. Ils l’ont été au travers d’un « Projet italo-tunisien de recherches archéologiques » qui y mena des fouilles de 2002 à 2007. En une vingtaine de chapitres, la deuxième partie traduit l’excellence du travail de terrain, rapporte de manière détaillée les résultats d’études de géologie, minéralogie, géochimie, micromorphologie, techno-typologie, tracéologie… Elle s’ouvre sur plus de 50 pages traitant de la fouille elle-même. À la coupe dégagée antérieurement qui avait montré la superposition sans discontinuité de deux couches formant un niveau archéologique de 80 cm d’épaisseur dans lequel avait été discernée une succession de phases humides et sèches, une fouille en coordonnées -une première pour une escargotière-, a permis de dresser de nombreux plans de distribution et conduit à identifier 7 niveaux. Ils ont été datés du 7° au milieu du 6° millénaire. À diverses cotes, des trous de poteau, foyers, empierrements, enrichissent les découvertes semblables effectuées lors des premiers travaux. À un aménagement en fossé avec trou de poteau au centre reconnu alors, s’ajoutent les restes de deux alignements parallèles de pierres séparés par une zone vide interprétés comme fossé permettant d’enfoncer une clôture. L’élément le plus remarquable vient néanmoins du niveau 5, avec les vestiges de deux murets, restes d’une cabane subrectangulaire de 4 m de long, dont des réfections ont été perçues dans les niveaux suivants. L’intérieur est couvert d’un sédiment fin, vu comme résultat du piétinement. À l’extérieur, deux structures de combustion empierrées, de 30-40 cm, paraissent protégées par deux alignements arqués de petites pierres placés à 60-80 cm. Ces données sont uniques dans le monde capsien. S’agit-il d’une escargotière ? Seul le niveau 2 a livré l’habituel mélange de coquilles d’Helicidés brisées et entières. Ici, les nombreuses coquilles sont celles de <em>Cerastoderma</em> <em>glaucum</em>, tantôt dispersées, tantôt groupées ; elles avaient été trouvées amassées dans une poche par les premières fouilles. Elles contribuent à la structuration de l’espace et la distribution irrégulière du matériel. Elles font du site plus un amas coquillier qu’une escargotière. Toutes n’ont probablement pas été consommées, certains écarts anormaux notés dans le détail des datations pouvant s’expliquer par l’incorporation de coquilles fossiles qui abondent dans les cordons littoraux voisins. L’ensemble des données, « absence d’interruption dans l’occupation », « constance de la présence de cendres et de la source d’approvisionnement en matériaux argileux », « prédominance des processus anthropiques dans la dynamique de formation des couches », traduit une occupation intensive, avec tout au plus, des abandons de très courte durée. Autre imposant chapitre, celui qui traite des « techno-complexes lithiques » en s’appuyant sur 11757 pièces dont 1651 outils. Du bas en haut de la séquence les mêmes matériaux, essentiellement silex et calcaires, ont été utilisés. Ce sont plutôt des produits locaux, volontiers des galets venant de l’oued voisin, bien que quelques pièces traduisent une aire d’action d’une centaine de kilomètres ; une spécificité est probable, le silex ayant servi essentiellement à la production de lamelles. De nombreuses pages sont consacrées au débitage : dégrossissage des nucleus réalisé sur le site, plans de frappe -un ou deux- préparés de diverses manières, débitage au percuteur tendre selon trois schémas pour la production des lamelles, l’unipolaire étant le principal, nucleus en silex épuisés à l’extrême, production de lamelles calcaires plus grandes que celles en silex, exploitation du calcaire de plus en plus importante jusqu’à l’être autant que le silex dans le niveau 5. À partir du niveau 4, apparaît le débitage pression. Beaucoup seront surpris par l’évocation d’une « pointe » en cuivre utilisée alors, même présentée avec précaution, elle appelle à une grande réserve et de nouveaux travaux. L’analyse typologique rapporte un changement net dans la composition du sac à outils avec, à partir du niveau 5, forte suprématie du groupe pièces à coches-denticulés sur celui des lamelles à dos, antérieurement égaux. Un chapitre est consacré à l’industrie osseuse. Très altérée, sans pièce entière, elle se traduit essentiellement par des « pointes » 74 %, utilise des métapodes de gazelles ou antilopidés dont les figures montrent le façonnage plutôt réduit, conservant poulies et canal médullaire. Elle renferme quelques pièces remarquables avec un fragment d’anneau et une cuillère, pièce peu courante, connue jusqu’alors seulement dans le Néolithique. Comme pour l’étude de l’industrie lithique, les techniques de fabrication sont analysées avec soin, usure en va-et-vient pour les pointes, percussion pour les outils tranchants. L’analyse typologique est délaissée, voire même la terminologie, pourtant devenue courante ; cela conduit à utiliser un terme comme racloir pour nommer un outil en os, ce qui ne manquera pas d’entraîner des confusions. L’ocre est omniprésente, la parure subsiste sous forme de rondelles d’enfilage, de coquillages perforés naturellement ou non (divers Helicidés, <em>Hexaplex, Cerithium, Nassarius, Columbella, Glycymeris</em>…). Des tests d’œuf d’autruche ornés par traits ou courbes, parallèles ou qui se croisent perpendiculairement, obliquement ou de manière très désordonnée, donnent lieu à une tentative originale et séduisante pour restituer ces décors autour de l’orifice, dans leur intégralité ; osé, cet essai doit être vu avec beaucoup de prudence. Outre quelques restes épars, trois individus adultes et deux enfants ont été retrouvés dans des fosses dispersées dans le gisement. Deux, dont celle mise au jour lors des premières fouilles étaient creusées dans le substrat stérile, la troisième dans le niveau 7 ; l’une renfermait aussi les restes perturbés des deux enfants. Déposés dans des fosses exiguës, très contractés, les défunts étaient diversement dirigés (ouest-est, nord-est sud-ouest), deux reposaient sur le côté droit, un paraissait accroupi. Aucun mobilier ne peut leur être associé ; une litière funéraire, lit de graminées, est probable, c’est ce que permet de penser la haute fréquence de graminées dans l’une des tombes. Le collagène de H2 a fourni des données sur l’alimentation : rôle secondaire des ressources de la lagune ou de la mer bien que la pêche soit largement attestée par des daurades, mulets, bars, raies, petits requins…, l’essentiel de la nourriture venait de viande. Les espèces identifiées indiquent la consommation d’herbivores, mésofaune pour une bonne part, particulièrement <em>Lepus</em> et <em>Oryctolagus</em>, avec, en haut de séquence, une plus haute fréquence de grands bovidés, <em>Bos primigenius</em>, <em>Syncerus</em> <em>caffer</em> au niveau 7 ; les parties présentes sur le site appellent l’existence de site d’abattage et un comportement de l’homme qui ne paraît pas le même pour toutes les espèces, les gazelles étant abattues jeunes, les autres espèces, adultes.</p> <p>Le niveau N5 retient singulièrement l’attention. Daté des environs de 7220±40 BP (ENEA838), avec lui interviennent de multiples changements dont la modification du rapport à l’animal, les restes passant de petits et moyens à gros avec prédominance d’<em>Alcelaphus buselaphus.</em> Des nucleus en mitre préparés dans le calcaire local traduisent alors l’existence d’un artisanat proche. Quelques éléments d’obsidienne, dont de petits nucleus, provenant du Balata dei Turchi au sud de l’île de Pantelleria, indiquent la pratique de navigation en haute mer et un colportage. Des têtes de flèche impliquent l’utilisation d’un nouvel instrument, l’arc. Rectangles, pierre polie, céramique supposent des occupations nouvelles, différentes de celles des niveaux précédents, l’intervention de poterie soulignant une transformation fondamentale dans le développement de l’humanité en étant l’amorce du processus d’industrialisation. Une fosse renfermant des agrégats d’argile blanchâtre, proche d’un foyer suggère une fabrication sur place de la poterie. Son décor à motifs d’impressions limités au pourtour de l’orifice est habituel dans ces régions, comme la présence de calcite dans les pâtes ; plus originale est celle de chamotte, assez rare pour être un apport accidentel, mais qui pourrait aussi, dans des tessons sans décor, signaler une intrusion, ce dégraissant n’étant connu au Maghreb que dans la poterie protohistorique. Les températures de cuisson de l’ordre de 500° à 700° sont, elles aussi, classiques et on regrette de ne pas savoir s’il y a ou non des coups de feu qui conforteraient l’idée d’une cuisson en meule comme elle est connue alors. L’herminette retient tout autant l’attention, de tels objets étant traditionnellement liés à un travail de la terre. Malgré l’intervention de ces diverses innovations, leur convergence, l’appellation Capsien a été substituée à celle de Néolithique utilisée antérieurement. Cette position s’appuie sur l’absence de pollen attribuable à une plante cultivée, d’ossement à un animal domestique. On retrouve là un des problèmes fondamentaux de la préhistoire africaine : la négation de la reconnaissance d’un nouvel art de vivre par un biais autre que les seules modifications affectant les plantes et/ou les animaux, ce qui ramène le Néolithique au seul moyen de produire une partie de sa nourriture, négligeant qu’il est avant tout une nouvelle manière d’être.</p> <p>Néanmoins, c’est un ouvrage prenant, mettant en scène un site d’une grande originalité palethnographique, un travail minutieux, faisant appel à un maximum de spécialités, traduisant de nombreuses qualités. À ma suite, beaucoup apprécieront diverses initiatives, des travaux de laboratoire développés dans de nombreuses directions qui donnent un maximum d’indications sur l’environnement, l’utilisation de trois langues, anglais, français, italien, qui permet à chacun de s’exprimer avec subtilité et engage dans la voie de la conservation des identités. Quelques surprises aussi, l’utilisation du terme flandrien et non versilien comme prôné depuis longtemps en Méditerranée, voire quelques regrets, la non-utilisation d’une terminologie osseuse pourtant solidement établie et avec le consensus des spécialistes, et, de même, le ton parfois un peu dépréciatif pour les travaux anciens, le peu d’intérêt pour l’importance des graminées qui s’intensifie à partir du niveau 5 et s’y double de celle de Chenopodiacées, ce qui peut poser problème. Ces quelques déficiences n’enlèvent rien à une œuvre d’un solide apport scientifique, qui respire l’ardeur de la jeunesse, les influences qu’elle subit et à ce titre, elle est émouvante. Par son sérieux, ses initiatives, elle est des plus prometteuses. Aussi, face à ces données inhabituelles, à ces structures diverses, à la présence d’inhumations…, la question peut se poser d’étendre la fouille à une surface bien plus importante, voire à la totalité, ce qui permettrait de saisir, enfin, l’organisation d’un site capsien et son évolution dans sa globalité.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Ginette Aumassip – Préhistorienne</em> — <a href="mailto:guillaume.robin@netcourrier.com">gaumassip@gmail.com</a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <div class="wp-about-author-containter-top" style="background-color:#FFEAA8;"><div class="wp-about-author-pic"><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=100&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=200&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-100 photo' height='100' width='100' /></div><div class="wp-about-author-text" style="margin-left:140px"><h3><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='renault'>renault</a></h3><p></p><p><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='More posts by renault'>More Posts</a> </p></div></div><hr/><div class="citation"><p><span class="citation-title">OpenEdition vous propose de citer ce billet de la manière suivante :</span><br/>renault (29 mai 2015). Le Capsien de Hergla (Tunisie). Culture, environnement et économie — Ridha Boussoffara, Simone Mulazzani & Maurizio Tosi (dir.). <em>Les Chroniques de Préhméd</em>. 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