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https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2018/10/cropped-Bandeau_Chroniques_new2-300x180.jpg 300w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2018/10/cropped-Bandeau_Chroniques_new2-768x461.jpg 768w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2018/10/cropped-Bandeau_Chroniques_new2-1024x614.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 200vw, 100vw" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /></div> </div> <div class="site-branding"> <div class="wrap"> <div class="site-branding-text"> <p class="site-title"><a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/" rel="home">Les Chroniques de Préhméd</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="site-content-contain"> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="wrap"> <header class="page-header"> <h1 class="page-title">Mois : <span>juin 2010</span></h1> </header> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-109" class="post-109 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-recensions tag-archeothanatologie tag-gestes-funeraires tag-mobilier-funeraire tag-mort tag-neolithique tag-paleolithique tag-sepulture"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">Publié le</span> <a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/109" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2010-06-22T11:14:37+02:00">22 juin 2010</time><time class="updated" datetime="2011-11-08T09:41:35+02:00">8 novembre 2011</time></a></div><h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/109" rel="bookmark">L’Homme et la Mort. L’émergence du geste funéraire durant la Préhistoire — Anne Marie Tillier</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em><a href="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/06/4-Tillier-Img1.gif"><img decoding="async" class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-113" src="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/06/4-Tillier-Img1-150x150.gif" alt="" width="150" height="150" /></a>Paris, CNRS Editions 2009, 185 p., 12 € (Coll. </em><em>Le Passé recomposé</em><em> ) — 978-2-271-06878-1</em></p> <p>Situer dans le temps et dans l’espace la prise de conscience de la mort par les hommes de la Préhistoire constitue la question centrale de cet ouvrage. La première partie pose les bases de la réflexion (typologie, principe de l’archéologie de la mort). La seconde commence par la description des premiers témoignages fiables de sépultures en les replaçant dans leur contexte archéologique et chronologique, les chapitres suivants sont consacrés aux regroupements de défunts dans la même tombe ou dans le même lieu, au mobilier associé aux morts, aux manipulations d’ossements.</p> <p>Dès l’introduction, l’auteur rappelle, que les indices témoignant d’une conscience de la mort ne sont accessibles que par la mise en évidence d’une attention particulière portée aux morts, témoignant de l’existence d’une idéologie funéraire. Il est donc curieux que la définition de la sépulture (J.Leclerc et J.Tarrête,1988) apparaisse dans le chapitre 4, et qu’elle ne fasse l’objet d’aucun commentaire alors qu’elle a été discutée à plusieurs reprises. B. Boulestin et H. Duday (2005) ont montré que cette notion est loin d’être clairement définie lorsqu’il s’agit de vestiges archéologiques. Ce concept mérite une place première, en amont de la réflexion. On regrette également que le mobilier découvert dans les tombes paléolithiques soit présenté dans le chapitre 6, alors que ce paramètre fait partie intégrante des gestes funéraires ou commémoratifs et contribue à la mise en évidence d’une idéologie funéraire.</p> <p> </p> <p>Dans le premier chapitre, l’auteur présente une typologie des gestes : traitement du cadavre (inhumation, crémation, anthropophagie), manipulations de restes osseux hors du temps funéraire (ossuaire) et phénomènes sociaux particuliers (mort d’accompagnement, sépulture secondaires souvent liés à un culte des ancêtres). Les gestes funéraires <em>stricto-sensu</em> et ceux intervenant bien après les funérailles, la restitution du geste et son interprétation sont présentés sur un même plan ; la distinction entre sphères descriptive et interprétative aurait nourri les bases de la réflexion. En effet, si la présentation des plus anciennes « inhumations volontaires » et la démonstration qu’il s’agit de sépultures est convaincante, le dernier volet de l’ouvrage, énumérant les vestiges osseux qui ne sont pas liés à des inhumations primaires l’est moins. Y sont abordés les témoignages de prélèvements d’ossements, de squelettes partiels, de décarnisation et de crémation ; ils apportent peu à la démonstration puisque l’interprétation des gestes (n’intervenant pas, d’ailleurs, au même moment du temps funéraire) reste imprécise.</p> <p>L’auteur présente avec justesse et clarté la genèse et le développement de l’archéothanatologie. L’étude des restes osseux sortis du cadre archéologique a longtemps été le mode de fonctionnement des anthropologues qu’ils travaillent sur des populations pléistocènes ou holocènes. Les restes humains sont considérés dans une perspective archéologique et font l’objet d’enregistrements détaillés dès la fouille depuis peu de temps. Auparavant, les restes osseux étaient écartés de l’analyse des tombes alors qu’ils en sont l’élément clé. Ils sont désormais au centre du discours de l’Archéologie de la Mort.</p> <p>Le chapitre consacré au rassemblement des défunts traite également de l’apparition des sépultures multiples considérées comme une attitude nouvelle face au défunt. Pourtant, le témoignage le plus ancien de ce type de tombe est contemporain des premières sépultures individuelles, sur le site de Qafzeh au Proche Orient (environ 90 000 avant notre ère). Discuter du regroupement d’inhumations individuelles dans un espace collectif et des sépultures dans lesquelles plusieurs individus sont inhumés simultanément dans un même chapitre n’est pas habituel. Leur mise en place n’obéit pas aux mêmes types de contraintes et/ou de motivation. Dans le premier cas, les défunts sont liés dans la mort, leur dépouille repose dans un espace circonscrit et à vocation funéraire, dans l’autre, ils sont liés par la mort (cause du décès commune ou mort d’accompagnement). De plus, il est curieux (mais il s’agit probablement de contraintes éditoriales) que ne soit pas fait référence aux deux articles récents sur la question des tombes multiples parus dans les <em>bulletins de la Société Préhistorique Française</em> (Chambon et Leclerc 2007 ; Boulestin 2008). Même si ces deux travaux se basent sur des ensembles funéraires néolithiques, ils mettent la focale sur la façon dont l’interprétation des sépultures multiples doit être abordée.</p> <p>Cet ouvrage appréhende l’émergence du geste funéraire dans le temps et l’espace, la variété des gestes décrits offre un potentiel de discussion sur l’homme préhistorique et ses morts qui a été effleuré. Pourtant, comme l’écrit l’auteur dès l’introduction, les gestes liés aux défunts renseignent sur l’organisation de la société des vivants. C’est, à mon sens, tout l’intérêt de l’archéologie de la mort, mais pour se faire, on ne peut se couper des références de l’anthropologie sociale. Avec justesse, l’auteur met en garde à plusieurs reprises sur l’utilisation de l’ethnologie pour interpréter le geste lié au cadavre et à la manipulation des restes osseux. Toutefois un recours raisonné à l’anthropologie sociale permet de cerner le champ du possible. Si on considère que la pensée qui induit le geste est inaccessible, nous ne pourrons dépasser l’étape descriptive ; dès lors la question est posée, « pourquoi entreprenons-nous des fouilles (Gallay, 2010)? »</p> <ul> <li>Boulestin B., Duday H., 2005 — Ethnologie et archéologie de la mort : de l’illusion des références à l’emploi d’un vocabulaire, <em>in</em> Mordant C., Depierre G. (dir.) — <em>Les pratiques funéraires de l’Age du Bronze en France</em>, Paris, CTHS, p.17-35.</li> <li>Boulestin B. 2008 — Pourquoi mourir ensemble ? A propos des tombes multiples dans le Néolithique français, <em>Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique Française,</em> 105, p.103-130.</li> <li>Chambon P., Leclerc J. 2007 — Les tombes multiples dans le Néolithique français : aléa statistique ou pratique institutionnalisée ?, <em>Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique Française</em>, 104, p. 289-306.</li> <li>Gallay A., 2010 — Archéologie funéraire préhistorique et anthropologie sociale : une collaboration possible ? <em>in</em> Baray L., Boulestin B. (dir.) — <em>Morts anormaux et sépultures bizarres</em>, Dijon, Editions Universitaires de Dijon, p. 5-11.</li> <li>Leclerc J., Tarrête J., 1988 — Sépulture, <em>in</em> Leroi-Gourhan A. (dir.), <em>Dictionnaire de la Préhistoire</em>, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, p. 963-964.</li> </ul> <p lang="fr-FR" dir="ltr">Aurore Schmitt – <em>UMR 6578, Adaptabilité biologique et culturelle, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, Secteur Nord, boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille CEDEX 15, France, e-mail : </em><a href="mailto:aurore.schmitt@univmed.fr"><em>aurore.schmitt@univmed.fr</em></a></p> <p style="color: #e7172c" lang="fr-FR" dir="ltr"><strong>pdf</strong> : <a href="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/06/CPréhméd1-2010_Tillier.pdf">CPréhméd1*-2010_Tillier</a></p> <p lang="fr-FR" dir="ltr"> <div class="wp-about-author-containter-top" style="background-color:#FFEAA8;"><div class="wp-about-author-pic"><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=100&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=200&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-100 photo' height='100' width='100' /></div><div class="wp-about-author-text" style="margin-left:140px"><h3><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='renault'>renault</a></h3><p></p><p><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='More posts by renault'>More Posts</a> </p></div></div> </div> </article> <article id="post-94" class="post-94 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-recensions tag-archeologie tag-egypte-predynastique tag-femmes tag-historiographie tag-jericho tag-prehistoire"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">Publié le</span> <a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/94" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2010-06-07T08:37:50+02:00">7 juin 2010</time><time class="updated" datetime="2011-11-08T09:42:06+02:00">8 novembre 2011</time></a></div><h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/94" rel="bookmark">Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists – Getzel M. Cohen (dir.), Martha Sharp Joukowsky (dir.)</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em><a href="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/06/513nNu1yEVL._SS500_.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-95" src="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/06/513nNu1yEVL._SS500_-300x300.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="300" srcset="https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/06/513nNu1yEVL._SS500_-300x300.jpg 300w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/06/513nNu1yEVL._SS500_-150x150.jpg 150w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/06/513nNu1yEVL._SS500_-50x50.jpg 50w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/06/513nNu1yEVL._SS500_-80x80.jpg 80w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/06/513nNu1yEVL._SS500_-100x100.jpg 100w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/06/513nNu1yEVL._SS500_-200x200.jpg 200w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/06/513nNu1yEVL._SS500_.jpg 500w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a>The University of Michigan Press, 2007, 616 pages, 0-472-03174-0/978-0472031740, 90$</em></p> <p>Parmi les nombreux livres, plus ou moins polémiques, et souvent plus théoriques qu’historiographiques consacrés à la place des femmes en archéologie, ce copieux ouvrage de plus de 600 pages tient une place à part.</p> <p>Le texte de cet ouvrage collectif est constitué de douze chapitres biographiques, précédés et suivis d’une introduction et d’une conclusion des auteurs. Ce sont donc douze femmes pionnières en archéologie, dont le parcours est retracé (J. Delafoy, E. B. Van Deman, M. A. Murray, G. L. Bell, H. Boyd Hawes, E. Howard Hall Dohan, H. Goldman, G. Caton-Thompson, D. A. E. Garrod, W. Lamb, T. B. Goell, K. Kenyon). L’intérêt principal de ce livre tient au contenu des chapitres qui mêle l’origine – souvent privilégiée voire aristocratique de ces personnes – et leur parcours personnel, aux pratiques de terrain et à l’évolution de la discipline. Il ne s’agit pas d’une histoire des concepts ou de l’évolution de la discipline, peu de chose en commun avec les travaux de B. Trigger, N. Richard, A. Schnapp ou N. Coye. Il ne s’agit pas non plus d’une histoire des femmes comme ont pu l’écrire M. Perrot ou d’autres. Il s’agit encore moins d’une évocation littéraire comme en écrit T. Chevalier, bien que les vies de certaines archéologues présentées recèlent un potentiel romanesque et narratif indéniable.</p> <p>Cet entrelacement des parcours académiques et des successions des problématiques archéologiques entre 1860 et 1950 est particulièrement intéressant et novateur. Il situe carrières et publications dans des débats précis dont nous avons perdu la logique d’apparition, de cristallisation, et la saveur polémique parfois forte dans un discours qui s’apparente à une histoire sociale des sciences. Précisons que chaque chapitre est doté d’un appareil critique assez riche comprenant des notes et une bibliographie succincte des femmes évoquées. Un cahier central reproduit des photographies parfois étonnantes.</p> <p>Ce qui est frappant dans l’évocation des carrières des douze femmes présentées est la place tenue par la Préhistoire et la Méditerranée. Le monde méditerranéen est un horizon culturel pour ces femmes issues des milieux privilégiées d’Europe occidentale. Culture classique et biblique, au cours de l’apogée de la Grande Bretagne victorienne ou de l’entre-deux guerres, la Méditerranée est pour elles une évidence, un non-dit, un terrain archéologique qui va de soi. Quant à la Préhistoire, discipline misogyne et androcentrique s’il en est, c’est un trait plus surprenant. Les chapitres consacrés à D. A. E. Garrod et K. Kenyon sont incontournables (deux ouvrages biographiques ont d’ailleurs été consacrés respectivement à la première professeure à « <em>oxbridge</em> » ainsi qu’à la directrice des fouilles de Jéricho). Mais on consultera aussi avec intérêt la biographie de M. A. Murray, élève et collaboratrice de W. M. Flinders Petrie, véritable fondateur des études sur la période prédynastique égyptienne ou encore H. Boyd Hawes et sa contribution à l’archéologie mycénienne.</p> <p>Ajoutons, pour information, l’existence d’un site web prolongeant nos connaissances sur les biographies d’autres femmes archéologues <a href="http://www.brown.edu/Research/Breaking_Ground/" target="_blank">http://www.brown.edu/Research/Breaking_Ground/</a></p> <p>Arrêtons nous ici. Il s’agit à l’évidence d’un ouvrage riche et finalement assez inattendu.</p> <p style="color: #e7172c"><strong>pdf</strong> : <a href="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/06/CPréhméd1-2010_CohenJoukowsky.pdf">CPréhméd1*-2010_Cohen&Joukowsky</a></p> <p style="text-align: right">Maxence Bailly – <em>Maître de Conférence, LAMPEA – UMR 6636 – Université de Provence, Aix-en-Provence</em></p> <div class="wp-about-author-containter-top" style="background-color:#FFEAA8;"><div class="wp-about-author-pic"><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=100&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=200&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-100 photo' height='100' width='100' /></div><div class="wp-about-author-text" style="margin-left:140px"><h3><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='renault'>renault</a></h3><p></p><p><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='More posts by renault'>More Posts</a> </p></div></div> </div> </article> </main> </div> <aside id="secondary" class="widget-area" aria-label="Colonne latérale du blog"> <section id="search-1" class="widget widget_search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://pm.hypotheses.org/"> <label for="search-form-1"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Recherche pour : </span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-1" class="search-field" placeholder="Recherche…" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"><svg class="icon icon-search" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use href="#icon-search" xlink:href="#icon-search"></use> </svg><span class="screen-reader-text"> Recherche </span></button> </form> </section><section id="text-3" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget">L’équipe de rédaction de la revue "Préhistoires méditerranéennes" ouvre un espace d’informations scientifiques "Les Chroniques de Préhméd". 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