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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%C3%A1%C4%91uvuoig%C3%A2dvuo%C4%91ah" title="Vuáđuvuoigâdvuođah – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Vuáđuvuoigâdvuođah" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحقوق الأساسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحقوق الأساسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fsas_h%C3%BCquq_v%C9%99_azadl%C4%B1qlar" title="Əsas hüquq və azadlıqlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əsas hüquq və azadlıqlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मूल अधिकार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मूल अधिकार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drets_fonamentals" title="Drets fonamentals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Drets fonamentals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuo%C4%91%C4%91ovuoigatvuo%C4%91at" title="Vuođđovuoigatvuođat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vuođđovuoigatvuođat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundrechte" title="Grundrechte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grundrechte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hi%C3%B5igused" title="Põhiõigused – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhiõigused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_fundamentales" title="Derechos fundamentales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derechos fundamentales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaj_rajtoj" title="Bazaj rajtoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bazaj rajtoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oinarrizko_eskubideak" title="Oinarrizko eskubideak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oinarrizko eskubideak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="حقوق بنیادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق بنیادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_fondamentaux" title="Droits fondamentaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droits fondamentaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereitos_fundamentais" title="Dereitos fundamentais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dereitos fundamentais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EA%B6%8C" title="기본권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기본권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मूल अधिकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मूल अधिकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temeljna_ljudska_prava" title="Temeljna ljudska prava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Temeljna ljudska prava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A0_e_diritti_fondamentali" title="Libertà e diritti fondamentali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libertà e diritti fondamentali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="זכויות אדם בסיסיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זכויות אדם בסיסיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मूल अधिकार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मूल अधिकार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Основни права – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Основни права" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="മൗലികാവകാശങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൗലികാവകാശങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85" title="Үндсэн эрх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үндсэн эрх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grondrechten" title="Grondrechten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grondrechten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertats_fondamentalas" title="Libertats fondamentalas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Libertats fondamentalas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮੌਲਿਕ ਅਧਿਕਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੌਲਿਕ ਅਧਿਕਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="اساسي حقونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اساسي حقونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direitos_fundamentais" title="Direitos fundamentais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direitos fundamentais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Основные права и свободы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Основные права и свободы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fundamental rights" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%95_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مافە بنچینەییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مافە بنچینەییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temeljna_ljudska_prava" title="Temeljna ljudska prava – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Temeljna ljudska prava" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusoikeudet" title="Perusoikeudet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perusoikeudet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அடிப்படை உரிமைகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அடிப்படை உரிமைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Основоположні права і свободи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Основоположні права і свободи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%AC%8A" title="基本權 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基本權" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_right&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental right">Fundamental right</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Basic rights protected and upheld by law</div> <p><b>Fundamental rights</b> are a group of rights that have been recognized by a high degree of protection from encroachment. These rights are specifically identified in a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, or have been found under <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> of law. The United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_17" title="Sustainable Development Goal 17">Sustainable Development Goal 17</a>, established in 2015, underscores the link between promoting human rights and sustaining peace.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_important_rights">List of important rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of important rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some universally recognised rights that are seen as fundamental, i.e., contained in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, the U.N. <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, or the U.N. <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>, include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a><sup id="cite_ref-hrweb1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrweb1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Due process of law">Due process of law</a><sup id="cite_ref-hrweb1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrweb1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a><sup id="cite_ref-hrweb2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrweb2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a><sup id="cite_ref-hrweb-18_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrweb-18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a><sup id="cite_ref-hrweb-18_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrweb-18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a><sup id="cite_ref-hrweb-18_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrweb-18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">Freedom of expression</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_jurisdictions">Specific jurisdictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Specific jurisdictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, 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You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> outlines four Fundamental Freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are freedom of: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Conscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religion</a></li> <li>Thought, belief, opinion, and expression, including <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> and other media of communication</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Peaceful assembly</a></li> <li>Association.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On a European level, fundamental rights are protected in three laws: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">Fundamental Freedoms</a> of the European Union</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, fundamental rights protected by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a> include:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a>, including the right to liberty and the right to freedom of expression, thought, conscience and religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Social rights</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to receive education</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">right to maintain the minimum standards of wholesome and cultured living</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are six fundamental rights recognized in the Constitution of India: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India" title="Fundamental rights in India">Fundamental rights in India</a></div> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">right to equality</a> (Articles 14-18): <ul><li>Article 14: Equality before law</li> <li>Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth</li> <li>Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment</li> <li>Article 17: Abolition of untouchability</li> <li>Article 18: Abolition of titles</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">the right to freedom</a> (Article 19, 22): <ul><li>Article 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, expression, assembly, association, movement, and residence</li> <li>Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offenses</li> <li>Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty</li> <li>Article 21A: Right to education</li></ul></li> <li>the right against exploitation (Articles 23-24): <ul><li>Article 23: Prohibition of trafficking in human beings and forced labor</li> <li>Article 24: Prohibition of child labor</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">the right to freedom of religion</a> (Articles 25-28): <ul><li>Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion</li> <li>Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs</li> <li>Article 27: Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion</li> <li>Article 28: Freedom from attending religious instruction or worship in certain educational institutions</li></ul></li> <li>cultural and educational rights (Articles 29-30): <ul><li>Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities</li> <li>Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions</li></ul></li> <li>the right to constitutional remedies (Article 32 and 226):<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Article 32: Right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights</li> <li>Article 226: Power of High Courts to issue certain writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fundamental_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Fundamental rights">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fundamental+rights%22">"Fundamental rights"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fundamental+rights%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fundamental+rights%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fundamental+rights%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fundamental+rights%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fundamental+rights%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Though many fundamental rights are also widely considered human rights, the classification of a right as "fundamental" invokes specific legal tests courts use to determine the constrained conditions under which the United States government and various state governments may limit these rights. In such legal contexts, courts determine whether rights are fundamental by examining the historical foundations of those rights and by determining whether their protection is part of a longstanding tradition. In particular, courts look to whether the right is "so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual states may guarantee other rights as fundamental. That is, States may add to fundamental rights but can never diminish and rarely infringe upon fundamental rights by legislative processes. Any such attempt, if challenged, may involve a "<a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a>" review in court. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States constitutional law">American constitutional law</a>, <i>fundamental rights</i> have special significance under the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>. Those rights enumerated in the U.S. Constitution are recognized as "fundamental" by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>. According to the Supreme Court, enumerated rights that are incorporated are so fundamental that any law restricting such a right must both serve a compelling state purpose and be <a href="/wiki/Narrowly_tailored" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrowly tailored">narrowly tailored</a> to that <a href="/wiki/Compelling_purpose" class="mw-redirect" title="Compelling purpose">compelling purpose</a>. </p><p>The original interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> was that only the Federal Government was bound by it. In 1835, the U.S. Supreme Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Barron_v._Baltimore" title="Barron v. Baltimore">Barron v. Baltimore</a></i> unanimously ruled that the Bill of Rights did not apply to the states. During post-<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> was adopted in 1868 to rectify this condition, and to specifically apply the whole of the Constitution to all U.S. states. In 1873, the Supreme Court essentially nullified the key language of the Fourteenth Amendment that guaranteed all "<a href="/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">privileges or immunities</a>" to all U.S. citizens, in a series of cases called the <a href="/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases" title="Slaughter-House Cases">Slaughterhouse cases</a>. This decision and others allowed post-emancipation racial discrimination to continue largely unabated. </p><p>Later Supreme Court justices found a way around these limitations without overturning the Slaughterhouse precedent: they created a concept called Selective Incorporation. Under this legal theory, the court used the remaining Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal protection and due process to <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">"incorporate" individual elements of the Bill of Rights against the states</a>. "The test usually articulated for determining fundamentality under the Due Process Clause is that the putative right must be '<a href="/wiki/Palko_v._Connecticut#Decision" title="Palko v. Connecticut">implicit in the concept of ordered liberty</a>', or '<a href="/wiki/Moore_v._East_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore v. East Cleveland">deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition.</a>'" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14074967920400304312&q=lutz+york&hl=en&as_sdt=2,48">Compare page 267 Lutz v. City of York, Pa., 899 F. 2d 255 - United States Court of Appeals, 3rd Circuit, 1990</a>. </p><p>This set in motion a continuous process under which each individual right under the Bill of Rights was incorporated, one by one. That process has extended more than a century, with the free speech clause of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a> first incorporated in 1925 in <i><a href="/wiki/Gitlow_v_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Gitlow v New York">Gitlow v New York</a></i>. The most recent amendment completely incorporated as fundamental was the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a> <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">right to keep and bear arms</a> for personal self-defense, in <i><a href="/wiki/McDonald_v_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonald v Chicago">McDonald v Chicago</a></i>, handed down in 2010 and the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighth Amendment</a>'s restrictions on excessive fines in <i><a href="/wiki/Timbs_v._Indiana" title="Timbs v. Indiana">Timbs v. Indiana</a></i> in 2019. </p><p>Not all clauses of all amendments have been incorporated. For example, states are not required to obey the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a>'s requirement of indictment by <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a>. Many states choose to use <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_hearing" title="Preliminary hearing">preliminary hearings</a> instead of grand juries. It is possible that future cases may incorporate additional clauses of the Bill of Rights against the states. </p><p>The Bill of Rights lists specifically enumerated rights. The Supreme Court has extended fundamental rights by recognizing several fundamental rights not specifically enumerated in the Constitution, including but not limited to: </p> <ul><li>The right to interstate travel<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The right to parent one's children<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The right to marriage<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Any restrictions a government statute or policy places on these rights are evaluated with <a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a>. If a right is denied to everyone, it is an issue of <a href="/wiki/Substantive_due_process" title="Substantive due process">substantive due process</a>. If a right is denied to some individuals but not others, it is also an issue of <a href="/wiki/Equal_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal protection">equal protection</a>. However, any action that abridges a right deemed fundamental, when also violating equal protection, is still held to the more exacting standard of strict scrutiny, instead of the less demanding rational basis test. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Lochner_era" title="Lochner era">Lochner era</a>, the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">freedom of contract</a> was considered fundamental, and thus restrictions on that right were subject to <a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a>. Following the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> decision in <i><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Hotel_Co._v._Parrish" title="West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish">West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish</a></i>, though, the right to contract became considerably less important in the context of <a href="/wiki/Substantive_due_process" title="Substantive due process">substantive due process</a> and restrictions on it were evaluated under the <a href="/wiki/Rational_basis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational basis">rational basis</a> standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a> of the European Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalienable_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Inalienable rights">Inalienable rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_human_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal human rights">Universal human rights</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDoss" class="citation web cs1">Doss, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/sdg-16/">"Sustainable Development Goal 16"</a>. <i>United Nations and the Rule of Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+and+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.atitle=Sustainable+Development+Goal+16&rft.aulast=Doss&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fruleoflaw%2Fsdg-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html">"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights+Article+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrweb.org%2Flegal%2Fcpr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrweb1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hrweb1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrweb1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html">"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 9"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights+Article+9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrweb.org%2Flegal%2Fcpr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html">"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 12"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights+Article+12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrweb.org%2Flegal%2Fcpr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrweb2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hrweb2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html">"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 17"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights+Article+17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrweb.org%2Flegal%2Fcpr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrweb-18-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hrweb-18_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrweb-18_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrweb-18_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html">"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 18"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights+Article+18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrweb.org%2Flegal%2Fcpr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html">"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 19"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights+Article+19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrweb.org%2Flegal%2Fcpr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html">"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 21"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights+Article+21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrweb.org%2Flegal%2Fcpr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html">"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 22"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights+Article+22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrweb.org%2Flegal%2Fcpr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212155200/http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/charter/charter.text.html">"Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms"</a>. Efc.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/charter/charter.text.html">the original</a> on 2018-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Charter+Of+Rights+And+Freedoms&rft.pub=Efc.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efc.ca%2Fpages%2Flaw%2Fcharter%2Fcharter.text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/human/race_rep1/intro.html">"Introduction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legislative+Department%2C+Ministry+of+Law+and+Justice%2C+Government+of+India&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+India&rft.pages=37-51&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislative.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FCOI...pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/important-articles-in-constitution-of-india/">"List of Important Articles in Constitution of India"</a>. <i>Adda247</i>. 28 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adda247&rft.atitle=List+of+Important+Articles+in+Constitution+of+India&rft.date=2023-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcurrentaffairs.adda247.com%2Fimportant-articles-in-constitution-of-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97, 105 (1934).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209173200/https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/amdt14_S1_4_3_2_1/">"Constitution Annotated"</a>. <i>Congress.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/amdt14_S1_4_3_2_1/">the original</a> on 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congress.gov&rft.atitle=Constitution+Annotated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.congress.gov%2Fbrowse%2Fessay%2Famdt14_S1_4_3_2_1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Troxel_v._Granville" title="Troxel v. Granville">Troxel v. Granville</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?q=right+to+privacy&hl=en&as_sdt=2,10&case=12998230422916570030&scilh=0"><i>Union Pacific R. Co. v. Botsford</i></a>, 141 U.S. 250 (1891)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. 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