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id="toc-Regional_human_rights_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_legal_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_legal_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Secondary legal sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_legal_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_constitutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_constitutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>National constitutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_constitutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_responsibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_responsibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>State responsibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_responsibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring,_enforcement_and_implementation_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring,_enforcement_and_implementation_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Monitoring, enforcement and implementation framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring,_enforcement_and_implementation_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_as_a_human_right" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_as_a_human_right"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education as a human right</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_as_a_human_right-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Advocacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_of_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Theory of rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Economic, social and cultural rights</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonom%C3%A2liih,_sosiaalliih_j%C3%A1_%C4%8Duovviitt%C3%A2sliih_vuoig%C3%A2dvuo%C4%91ah" title="Ekonomâliih, sosiaalliih já čuovviittâsliih vuoigâdvuođah – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ekonomâliih, sosiaalliih já čuovviittâsliih vuoigâdvuođah" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحقوق الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحقوق الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drets_econ%C3%B2mics,_socials_i_culturals" title="Drets econòmics, socials i culturals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Drets econòmics, socials i culturals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_econ%C3%B3micos,_sociales_y_culturales" title="Derechos económicos, sociales y culturales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derechos económicos, sociales y culturales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="حقوق اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%81,_%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%81,_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%A0%81_%EA%B6%8C%EB%A6%AC" title="경제적, 사회적, 문화적 권리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경제적, 사회적, 문화적 권리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin_tattalin_arziki,_zamantakewa_da_al%27adu" title="Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սոցիալական իրավունքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալական իրավունքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomska,_socijalna_i_kulturna_prava" title="Ekonomska, socijalna i kulturna prava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ekonomska, socijalna i kulturna prava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_ekonomi,_sosial,_dan_budaya" title="Hak ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritti_economici,_sociali_e_culturali" title="Diritti economici, sociali e culturali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritti economici, sociali e culturali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iura_oeconomica,_socialia_et_culturalia" title="Iura oeconomica, socialia et culturalia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iura oeconomica, socialia et culturalia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Економски, социјални и културни права – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Економски, социјални и културни права" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_ekonomi,_sosial_dan_budaya" title="Hak ekonomi, sosial dan budaya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hak ekonomi, sosial dan budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3,_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BC,_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85" title="Эдийн засаг, нийгэм, ба соёлын эрх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эдийн засаг, нийгэм, ба соёлын эрх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%8C_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="اقتصادي، ټولنیز او کلتوري حقونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اقتصادي، ټولنیز او کلتوري حقونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5,_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Экономические, социальные и культурные права – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экономические, социальные и культурные права" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Economic, social and cultural rights" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مافەکانی ئابووری، کۆمەڵایەتی و کولتووری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مافەکانی ئابووری، کۆمەڵایەتی و کولتووری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSS-oikeudet" title="TSS-oikeudet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="TSS-oikeudet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomiska,_sociala_och_kulturella_r%C3%A4ttigheter" title="Ekonomiska, sociala och kulturella rättigheter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ekonomiska, sociala och kulturella rättigheter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பொருளாதார சமூக பண்பாட்டு உரிமைகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொருளாதார சமூக பண்பாட்டு உரிமைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomik,_sosyal_ve_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCrel_haklar" title="Ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel haklar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel haklar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96,_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Економічні, соціальні та культурні права – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Економічні, соціальні та культурні права" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist ----"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HumanRightsLogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/75px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/113px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/150px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theoretical distinctions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claim_rights_and_liberty_rights" title="Claim rights and liberty rights">Claim rights and liberty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">Individual and group rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economic, social and cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights by beneficiary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_the_accused" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of the accused">Accused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creditors%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Creditors' rights">Creditors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_rights_movement" title="Deaf rights movement">Deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disabled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_rights" title="Elder rights">Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Treaty_on_Plant_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture#Farmers'_rights" title="International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture">Farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_movement" title="Men's movement">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_rights" title="Mothers' rights">Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patients%27_rights" title="Patients' rights">Patients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_rights" title="Plant rights">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence#Robot_rights" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Robots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_rights" title="Student rights">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims%27_rights" title="Victims' rights">Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other groups of rights</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination of people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rights" title="Template:Rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rights" title="Template talk:Rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Economic, social and cultural rights</b> (<b>ESCR</b>) are <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socio-economic</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">right to housing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">right to an adequate standard of living</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">right to health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victims%27_rights" title="Victims' rights">victims' rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">right to science and culture</a>. Economic, social and cultural rights are recognised and <a href="/wiki/Protection" title="Protection">protected</a> in international and regional human rights instruments. Member states have a legal <a href="/wiki/Obligation" title="Obligation">obligation</a> to respect, protect and fulfil economic, social and cultural rights and are expected to take "<i>progressive action</i>" towards their fulfilment. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_on_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Declaration on Human Rights">Universal Declaration on Human Rights</a> recognises a number of economic, social and cultural rights and the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> (ICESCR) is the primary international legal source of economic, social and cultural rights.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> recognises and protects many of the economic, social and cultural rights recognised in the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">ICESCR</a> in relation to children and women. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a> prohibits discrimination on the basis of racial or ethnic origin in relation to a number of economic, social and cultural rights. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> also prohibits all <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a> including refusal of the <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a> relating to full enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_and_regional_human_rights_instruments">International and regional human rights instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: International and regional human rights instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_Economic_Rights,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Women%27s_Economic_Rights%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Women%27s_Economic_Rights%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Women%27s_Economic_Rights%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Women%27s_Economic_Rights%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Women%27s_Economic_Rights%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Women%27s_Economic_Rights%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Women's economic rights in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Economic, social and cultural rights are recognized and <a href="/wiki/Protection" title="Protection">protected</a> in a number of international and regional human rights instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_human_rights_instruments">International human rights instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International human rights instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_on_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Declaration on Human Rights">Universal Declaration on Human Rights</a> (UDHR), adopted by the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> in 1948, is one of the most important sources of economic, social and cultural rights. It recognizes the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">right to social security</a> in Article 22, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">right to work</a> in Article 23, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_leisure" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to leisure">right to rest and leisure</a> in Article 24, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">right to an adequate standard of living</a> in Article 25, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a> in Article 26, and the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_benefits_of_science_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to benefits of science and culture">right to benefits of science and culture</a> in Article 27.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> (ICESCR) is the primary international legal source of economic, social and cultural rights. The Covenant recognized and protects the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">right to work</a> and to just and favorable working conditions in Article 6 and 7, the right to join <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a> and take collective labor action in Article 8, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">right to social security</a> in Article 9, the right to protection of the family, including protection for mothers and children, in Article 10, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">right to an adequate standard of living</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">right to food</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">right to housing</a>, in Article 11, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">right to health</a> in Article 12, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a> in Article 13, as well as the right to participate in cultural life and the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_benefits_of_science_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to benefits of science and culture">right to benefits of science and culture</a> in Article 15. The <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, adopted at the same time as the ICESCR, recognizes and protects a number of core economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to join <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a> in Article 22, and the right of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a>, religious or linguistic <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minorities</a> to engage in their culture, practice their religion and use their language in Article 27.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of other major international human rights instruments contain provisions relating to economic, social and cultural rights. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> recognizes and protects many of the economic, social and cultural rights recognized in the ICESCR in relation to children. Including the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">right to health</a> in Article 24, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">right to social security</a> in Article 25, the right to an adequate standard of living in Article 27, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a> in Article 28, and the right to protection from economic exploitation (see <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a>) in Article 32.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a> prohibits discrimination on the basis of racial or ethnic origin in relation to a number of economic, social and cultural rights. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> affirms a range of economic, social and cultural rights to women. The <a href="/wiki/ILO_Conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO Conventions">ILO Conventions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (ILO) protect a range of work related economic, social and cultural rights.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common global standards were agreed by some 195 states in the Recommendation on Science and Scientific protect and reassert scientific freedoms, the rights of scientists, and rights of <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> subjects, and the right of everyone to science.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_human_rights_instruments">Regional human rights instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regional human rights instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> protects the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">right to work</a> in Article 15, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">right to health</a> in Article 16, and the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a> in Article 17. The <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">European Social Charter</a> protects a wide range of economic, social and cultural rights, including the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">right to work</a>, to favourable working conditions, the right to join <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a> and to take collective labour action in Article 1 to 10, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">right to health</a> in Article 11, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">right to social security</a>, including the right to medical assistance and the right to social welfare services, in Article 12 to 14, protection of especially <a href="/wiki/Social_vulnerability" title="Social vulnerability">vulnerable groups</a> are enshrined in Article 15 to 17 and 19, and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">right to housing</a> in Article 31. The <a href="/wiki/Protocol_of_San_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol of San Salvador">Protocol of San Salvador</a> protects a range of economic, social and cultural rights within the Inter-American human rights system.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secondary_legal_sources">Secondary legal sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Secondary legal sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A range of secondary legal sources exist on economic, social and cultural rights which provide guidance on their normative definition. An important secondary legal source is the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> which is overseeing the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> (ICESCR). The Committee has been central in developing the normative definition of key economic, social and cultural rights, interpreting the role of State Parties to the ICESCR, and monitoring protection and violation of the ICESCR rights. The Committee issues guiding pronouncements in the form of <i>general comments</i>, and other human rights treaty bodies may also issue comments relevant to economic, social and cultural rights.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other important secondary legal sources on economic, social and cultural rights are the Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1987 and the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Guidelines_on_Violations_of_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> 1997. The Limburg Principles have been extensively used in national legal systems as an interpretive tool for establishing violations of economic, social and cultural rights. The <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> Guidelines build on the Limburg Principles and identify the legal implications of acts and omissions which are violations of economic, social and cultural rights.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteurs" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Special Rapporteurs">United Nations Special Rapporteurs</a> have influenced the normative development of economic, social and cultural rights. Appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Human Rights">Commission on Human Rights</a> and its sub-commissions, key rapporteurs include the Special Rapporteur on the Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Adequate Housing, the Special Rapporteur on the Right to <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a>, and the Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_constitutions">National constitutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National constitutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of national constitutions recognize economic, social and cultural rights. For example, the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a> includes economic, social and cultural rights and the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Constitutional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Constitutional Court">South African Constitutional Court</a> has heard claims under these obligations (see <i>Grootboom</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></i> cases). The Supreme Court of India has interpreted Article 21 of the Constitution to contain positive social rights. </p><p>Constitutional recognition of economic, social and cultural rights has long been thought to be counterproductive, given that courts might be tasked to <a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">adjudicate</a> them, and hence disrupt the democratic chains of accountability of the so-called elected branches.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, a growing literature from the Global South has tracked very different judicial responses.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sympathetic critics argue that socio-economic rights appear 'quite negligible' factors in terms of ensuring overall human development.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary welfare states tend to emphasize <a href="/wiki/Decommodification" title="Decommodification">decommodification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">general welfare</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">common good</a>, not rights. Sweden, Finland, and Denmark, for example, adhere to a comparatively robust welfare effort, built primarily through social democratic parties and trade union mobilisation, without relying on judicial review of socio-economic rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, majoritarian political arenas such as parliaments and trade union structures may remain unresponsive to minorities. The gains won through litigation, modest though they may be, can nonetheless be of value for those who benefit from them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Civil society movements have advanced alternative institutions, norms and practices for constitution-making and making socio-economic rights effective. Participants in recent constitution-making experiments in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> have all linked economic and social rights to new institutional arrangements such as <a href="/wiki/Participatory_budgeting" title="Participatory budgeting">participatory budgeting</a> or technologically-enhanced <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> as well as to new norms and discourses, notably those concerning <a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">ecological stewardship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">commons</a> as well as care and <a href="/wiki/Social_reproduction" title="Social reproduction">social reproduction</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, social movements such as the '<a href="/wiki/Right2Water_Ireland" title="Right2Water Ireland">Right2Water</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/Repeal_the_8th" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal the 8th">Repeal the 8th</a>' campaigns have demonstrated how highly <a href="/wiki/Networked_advocacy" title="Networked advocacy">networked</a> individuals and communities can mobilise both alongside and outside of traditional institutions, act collectively, and advance economic, social and cultural rights.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_responsibility">State responsibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: State responsibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economic, social and cultural right enshrined in international and regional human rights instruments are legally binding. Member states have a legal obligation to respect, protect and fulfil these rights. The exact nature of states' obligations in this respect has been established principally in relation to the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> (ICESCR),<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further <a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_to_the_International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> has been established in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State parties to the ICESCR are required to take "progressive action" towards fulfilment of the ICESR rights. While immediate fulfilment may not be possible due to the economic situation of a country, postponement of proactive action is not permitted. State parties must show genuine efforts to secure the economic, social and cultural rights enshrined in the ICESCR. The burden of proof for progressive action is considered on be with the state party. The prohibition on <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> in relation to economic, social and cultural rights is regarded as having immediate effect. State parties must abolish laws, policies and practices which affect the equal enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights and take action to prevent discrimination in public life. All state parties, regardless of the economic situation in the country or resource scarcity, are required to ensure respect for minimum subsistence rights for all. State parties must also ensure that available resources are accessed and used equitably. Therefore, government decisions on how to allocate resources should be subject to scrutiny. Legislative measures alone are not sufficient to ensure compliance with the ICESCR and state parties are expected to provide judicial remedies in addition to taking administrative, financial, educational and social measures.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitoring,_enforcement_and_implementation_framework"><span id="Monitoring.2C_enforcement_and_implementation_framework"></span>Monitoring, enforcement and implementation framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Monitoring, enforcement and implementation framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisations">Intergovernmental organisations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisations">non-governmental organisations</a> (NGOs) have persistently neglected economic, social and cultural rights over the past 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While all human rights are said to be "equal, indivisible, interrelated, and interdependent", the monitoring, enforcement and implementation framework for economic, social and cultural rights is less advanced than that for <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a>. International enforcement mechanisms are strongest for civil and political rights, and their violation is considered more serious than that of economic, social and cultural rights. There are few international NGOs that focus on economic, social and cultural rights and there are few lawyers who have the knowledge or experience to defend economic, social and cultural rights at a national or international level. Economic, social and cultural rights are less likely than civil and political rights to be protected in national constitutions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the <a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_to_the_International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>, which gives the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> competence to receive and consider communications from individuals claiming that their rights under the Covenant have been violated by a state party. The Protocol entered into force on 5 May 2013. </p><p>In 2017, for the common global standards in the Recommendation on Science and Scientific Researchers relating to the right to science, states agreed at the UNESCO General Conference to adopt four-yearly reporting on implementation, and agreed that UNESCO's Executive Board is competent to manage monitoring, with the networks of UNESCO National Commissions and academic partners mobilized in countries to ensure implementation and monitoring at country level.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the other major international human rights conventions mentioned above there are various other treaty bodies to ensure some monitoring of implementation. And each may transmit to the Human Rights Council reports of individual cases when a state is the subject of a Universal Periodic Review. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_as_a_human_right">Education as a human right</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education as a human right"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> is guaranteed as a <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human right</a> in many human rights <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a>, including:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Convention_against_Discrimination_in_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention against Discrimination in Education">Convention against Discrimination in Education</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(1960, CADE).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(1966, ICESCR).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1979, CEDAW).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(1989, CRC).</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a> places the individual at the centre of education frameworks. </p><p>Education as a human right has the following characteristics:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>It is a right; Education is not a privilege or subject to political or charitable whims. It is a human right. It places mandatory demands on duty-bearers (particularly the state, but also parents, children, and other actors).</li> <li>It is universal; Everyone has the right to education without <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>. This includes <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">youths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adults</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Older_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Older people">older people</a>.</li> <li>It is high priority; Education is a key priority of the state. <a href="/wiki/Obligation" title="Obligation">Obligations</a> to ensure the right to education cannot be dismissed.</li> <li>It is a key right; Education is instrumental in ensuring all other human rights. It has <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a>, civil, and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The right to education places legal <a href="/wiki/Obligation" title="Obligation">obligations</a> on states when they make decisions regarding education and the education system. It offers an internationally agreed normative framework for the standards that states must not fall beneath concerning the education of its <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a> and non-citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Right_to_ed_handbook_Fig_1.2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Right_to_ed_handbook_Fig_1.2.svg/220px-Right_to_ed_handbook_Fig_1.2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Right_to_ed_handbook_Fig_1.2.svg/330px-Right_to_ed_handbook_Fig_1.2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Right_to_ed_handbook_Fig_1.2.svg/440px-Right_to_ed_handbook_Fig_1.2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Education as a multiplier right</figcaption></figure> <p>These standards define what states must do and avoid doing in order to ensure the <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a> of the individual. The right to education is broad and covers many aspects of education. This means that for the specific areas related to education, states must act within the boundaries permitted under <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights law</a> (IHRL).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main aspects of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The aims of education.</li> <li>Non-discrimination and <a href="/wiki/Political_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Political equality">equality</a> in the education system.</li> <li>Free and compulsory universal <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a>.</li> <li>Available and accessible, free education at the secondary level, including <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a>.</li> <li>Accessible (on the basis of capacity), free education at the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary level</a>.</li> <li>Fundamental education for those who have not received all or part of their primary education.</li> <li>Maintenance of an education system at all levels.</li> <li>Provision of a fellowship system.</li> <li>The training of <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teachers</a>, their status, and their working conditions.</li> <li>Educational freedom, that is, the freedom of parents to have their children educated in accordance with their religious and moral convictions.</li> <li>The freedom of individuals and organizations to set-up private schools.</li> <li>quality education, including setting minimum standards regarding infrastructure and human rights education</li> <li>safe and non-violent <a href="/wiki/Learning_environment" title="Learning environment">learning environments</a></li> <li>the allocation of adequate resources</li> <li>academic freedom at all levels of education</li> <li>the settings and contents of the <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a>.</li> <li>Transparent and accountable education systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Networking groups such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=ESCR-Net&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESCR-Net (page does not exist)">ESCR-Net</a> are working to create online resources and spread information about effective cases, initiatives, and working groups promoting ideals and celebrating victories of human rights initiatives and the <a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_to_the_International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>. Currently, human rights advocacy groups are working diligently to fine-tune rules, regulations and implementation schemes; little news of complaint successes or failures is available.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (<a href="/wiki/COHRE" class="mw-redirect" title="COHRE">COHRE</a>) has helped to establish the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_and_Property_Directorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Housing and Property Directorate (page does not exist)">Housing and Property Directorate</a> (HPD/HPCC) in Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory_of_rights">Theory of rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theory of rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Karel_Vasak" title="Karel Vasak">Karel Vasak</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">three generations of human rights</a>, economic, social and cultural rights are considered second-generation rights, while <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">right to a fair trial</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to vote">right to vote</a>, are considered first-generation rights.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory of <a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">negative and positive rights</a> considers economic, social and cultural rights <a href="/wiki/Positive_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive rights">positive rights</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_rights_(social_contract_theory)" title="Social rights (social contract theory)">Social rights</a> are "rights to the meeting of basic needs that are essential for human welfare."<sup id="cite_ref-:02_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of social rights include the right to healthcare and the right to decent working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_security" title="Economic security">Economic security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_inflation" title="Human rights inflation">Human rights inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_security" title="Human security">Human security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_labour_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="International labour standard">International labour standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_according_to_higher_law" title="Rule according to higher law">Rule according to higher law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_pension" title="Social pension">Social pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_floor" title="Social protection floor">Social protection floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Social rights">Social rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">Social safety net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations of human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">Universal health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_rights" title="Welfare rights">Welfare rights</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <i>www.un.org</i>. 2015-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Funiversal-declaration-human-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/womens-economic-rights">"Women's Economic Rights"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3916-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3916-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-3916-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights%3A+a+legal+resource+guide&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3916-4&rft.aulast=Leckie&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Gallanger%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvVqLUM1tiQC%26q%3DEconomic%2C%2Bsocial%2Band%2Bcultural%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeckieGallanger,_Anne2006" class="citation book cs1">Leckie, Scott; Gallanger, Anne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvVqLUM1tiQC&q=Economic,+social+and+cultural+rights"><i>Economic, social and cultural rights: a legal resource guide</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3916-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3916-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-3916-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights%3A+a+legal+resource+guide&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3916-4&rft.aulast=Leckie&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Gallanger%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvVqLUM1tiQC%26q%3DEconomic%2C%2Bsocial%2Band%2Bcultural%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=49455&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">"Recommendation on Science and Scientific Researchers"</a>. <i>portal.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portal.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Recommendation+on+Science+and+Scientific+Researchers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D49455%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeckieGallanger,_Anne2006" class="citation book cs1">Leckie, Scott; Gallanger, Anne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvVqLUM1tiQC&q=Economic,+social+and+cultural+rights"><i>Economic, social and cultural rights: a legal resource guide</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. xv–xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3916-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3916-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-3916-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights%3A+a+legal+resource+guide&rft.pages=xv-xvi&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3916-4&rft.aulast=Leckie&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Gallanger%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvVqLUM1tiQC%26q%3DEconomic%2C%2Bsocial%2Band%2Bcultural%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeckieGallanger,_Anne2006" class="citation book cs1">Leckie, Scott; Gallanger, Anne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvVqLUM1tiQC&q=Economic,+social+and+cultural+rights"><i>Economic, social and cultural rights: a legal resource guide</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3916-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3916-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-3916-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights%3A+a+legal+resource+guide&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3916-4&rft.aulast=Leckie&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Gallanger%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvVqLUM1tiQC%26q%3DEconomic%2C%2Bsocial%2Band%2Bcultural%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2019" class="citation book cs1">Young, Katharine G., ed. 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Ewing, and Adam Tomkins (eds.), 2011, The Legal Protection of Human Rights: Sceptical Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 207–28, pp. 213, 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whyte, 2014, 'The Efficacy of Public Interest Litigation in Ireland' in Maluwa, Tiyanjana (ed.), Law, Politics and Human Rights: Essays in Memory of Kader Asmal. Leiden: Brill, pp. 252–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2016" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Thomas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/contesting-economic-and-social-rights-in-ireland/93A83290186AC020BA1E80934F07A05D"><i>Contesting Economic and Social Rights in Ireland: Constitution, State and Society, 1848–2016</i></a>. Cambridge Studies in Law and Society. 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University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. xvi–xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3916-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3916-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-3916-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights%3A+a+legal+resource+guide&rft.pages=xvi-xvii&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3916-4&rft.aulast=Leckie&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Gallanger%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvVqLUM1tiQC%26q%3DEconomic%2C%2Bsocial%2Band%2Bcultural%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/convention-text">"Convention on the Rights of the Child text"</a>. <i>www.unicef.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3916-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3916-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-3916-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights%3A+a+legal+resource+guide&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3916-4&rft.aulast=Leckie&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Gallanger%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvVqLUM1tiQC%26q%3DEconomic%2C%2Bsocial%2Band%2Bcultural%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000260889">"Records of the 39th UNESCO General Conference, Resolutions, at 39 C/resolution 85"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohchr.org&rft.atitle=OHCHR+%7C+Convention+on+the+Rights+of+the+Child&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fprofessionalinterest%2Fpages%2Fcrc.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Campaign for the Ratification and Implementation of the Optional Protocol to the ICESCR-Justice NOW! Ratify to protect all Human Rights.” ESCR-Net Newsletter December (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. 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Rochester, NY. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1588220">1588220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Case+for+Social+Rights&rft.date=2010-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1588220%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Mantouvalou&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D1588220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366556"><i>Right to education handbook</i></a>, 276, UNESCO, Right to Education Initiative (UK), UNESCO. 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title="Template talk:Human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">Concepts and philosophies</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_law" title="Positive law">Positive law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universal jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal punishment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Distinctions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claim_rights_and_liberty_rights" title="Claim rights and liberty rights">Claim rights and liberty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">Individual and group rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_rights" title="History of human rights">History of human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_awards" title="List of human rights awards">List of human rights awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_organisations" title="List of human rights organisations">List of human rights organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_human_rights_institution" title="National human rights institution">National human rights institutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abuses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crime" title="Atrocity crime">Atrocity crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced migration">Forced migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement to genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Algeria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Angola" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Algeria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Algeria">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Armenia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Australia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Austria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Azad_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Bahrain" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Balochistan" title="Human rights abuses in Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Belarus" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Bolivia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Botswana" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Brazil" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_military_dictatorship_in_Brazil_(1964-1985)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)">1964-1985 military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Burundi" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Cambodia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Canada" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Chile" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Chile_under_Augusto_Pinochet" title="Human rights abuses in Chile under Augusto Pinochet">Chile under Augusto Pinochet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_China" title="Category:Human rights abuses in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Cuba" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Egypt" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_El_Salvador" title="Category:Human rights abuses in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_France" title="Category:Human rights abuses in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Gabon" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ghana" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Germany" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Guatemala" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Hong_Kong" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Egypt" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Haiti" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_India" title="Category:Human rights abuses in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Indonesia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Iran" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Iraq" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ireland" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">ISIS-controlled territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_during_the_Battle_of_Mosul_(2016-2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)">during the 2016-2017 Battle of Mosul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Israel" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Israel">abuses in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">against Palestinians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Italy" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Japan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Kashmir">Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kazakhstan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kenya" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kuwait" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Lebanon" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Libya" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Libya">Libya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Gaddafi_regime" title="Human rights violations during the Gaddafi regime">during the Gaddafi regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Human rights violations during the Libyan civil war (2011)">during the 2011 civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Lithuania" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Malawi" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Manipur" title="Human rights abuses in Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Mexico" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Morocco" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Myanmar" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Nepal" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_New_Zealand" title="Category:Human rights abuses in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_North_Korea" title="Category:Human rights abuses in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Human rights in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the State of Palestine">abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">violations by Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Panama" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Peru" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship">Marcos dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Poland" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Punjab,_India" title="Human rights abuses in Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Romania" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Russia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Sindh" title="Human rights abuses in Sindh">Sindh, Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Human rights abuses in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_South_Korea" title="Category:Human rights abuses in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Sudan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Switzerland" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Syria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Taiwan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Thailand" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_at_Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Human rights violations at Guantánamo Bay detention camp">Guantánamo Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Turkey" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Uganda" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ukraine" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Uzbekistan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Venezuela" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Vietnam" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Yemen" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Zimbabwe" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa" title="Human rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Europe" title="Human rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Oceania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Oceania (page does not exist)">Oceania</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Categories</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights" title="Category:Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses" title="Category:Human rights abuses">Abuses</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_by_country" title="Category:Human rights abuses by country">By country</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Victims_of_human_rights_abuses" title="Category:Victims of human rights abuses">Victims</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Substantive_human_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template talk:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Substantive_human_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Substantive <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Freedom from slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">Legal aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Right to refuse medical treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Right of self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">right to be a candidate</a></li></ul></li> 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title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Right to public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_reply" title="Right of 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