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Jamie believes in the healing power of breaking down stigma and the importance of validating people’s lived experiences.</p>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/02/MNT-Bio1-500x500-1.png"}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":4049,"name":{"display":"Tiffany Taft, PsyD","first":"Tiffany","last":"Taft, PsyD"},"userLogin":"ttaft","links":{"website":"https://opbmed.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/tiffany-taft-psyd","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"164611","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p>Dr. Tiffany Taft is a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the psychological and social effects of chronic medical illness. She is the founder of Oak Park Behavioral Medicine LLC, an independent private practice of psychologists, social workers, and counselors near Chicago. She previously worked as an associate professor and director of psychogastroenterology research at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.</p>\n<p><strong>Education</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, MA, PsyD</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Keller Graduate School of Management, MIS</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">University of Illinois, Chicago, BA</span></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Certifications</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Licensed Clinical Psychologist</span></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Professional Accomplishments</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Award for Contributions to Meeting Psychological Needs of IBD Patients, Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation</span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Poster of Distinction Award, American Gastroenterology Association </span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Completed fellowship in psychogastroenerology at Northwestern University in 2011</span></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Affiliations</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https://theromefoundation.org/rome-gi-psych-committee/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rome GastroPsych Group</span></a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (founding member) </span></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https://gi.org/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)</span></a></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https://www.nationalregister.org/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Register of Health Service Psychologists (HSP)</span></a></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/?_ga=2.63529321.792246658.1631300892-398546012.1631300892&_gac=1.191565528.1631301177.CjwKCAjwhOyJBhA4EiwAEcJdcVa90Sdg6thEjlkvlX2RMP0lY8Hkl-iGQhe8Xdc50aSaSpHEaIk--BoCzcwQAvD_BwE\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation</span></a></li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https://apfed.org/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders (APFED)</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":1500,"height":2181,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Taft_Headshot_2023.png"}}],"id":"psy-9379","updateReason":[],"editor":"Jamie Smith","factCheckedBy":"","factCheckers":[],"articleHistory":{"2016-05-17":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"John M. 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class="css-4rlg7s">Subscribe</span></button></div><div class="css-2dofw9"></div></div></div></div><div class="css-ifmqwy"></div></div><div class="css-16wahxh"><aside class="css-1wm8u43" data-testid="header-leaderboard" data-sticky="true"><div data-empty="true" class="css-1j2d96m"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="dlb1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="dlb1" data-ad="true" class="css-1jpwf16"></div></div></aside></div><aside data-testid="mobile-leaderboard" class="css-pdceuf"><div class="css-11egx89"><button class="icon-hl-close-thick css-1ik4tkj"></button><div data-empty="true" class="css-1fteite"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="mlb1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="mlb1" data-ad="true" class="css-bcus5s"></div></div></div></aside><div data-placement="subheader"></div><div><div class="css-m260rd"><div data-article-body="0" class="css-blwnmv"><div class="css-z468a2"><h1>What Are the Symptoms of Agoraphobia?</h1><div data-preamp="social-proof-lessons"></div><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-eoj89x"><div class="css-1q67gt9"><div class="css-xc63cd"><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Taft_Headshot_2023.png?w=105&h=105" alt=""/></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/reviewers/tiffany-taft-psyd">Tiffany Taft, PsyD</a></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/authors/jamie-smith">Jamie Smith</a></span></span></span></span> — <span> Updated on January 26, 2021</span></div></section></div><div><nav id="tab-bar-0" data-testid="tab-bar" class="css-7u7i0a"><ul class="css-17ztj4b"><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#symptoms" class="css-yn6ido">Symptoms</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#physical-and-mental" class="css-yn6ido">Physical and mental</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#behavioral" class="css-yn6ido">Behavioral</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#when-to-talk-with-a-doctor" class="css-yn6ido">When to talk with a doctor</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#treatments" class="css-yn6ido">Treatments</a></li></ul></nav><article class="article-body css-d2znx6 undefined"><div class="css-12va8w7"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><div><p class="css-w2pt6r">The main symptom of agoraphobia is an intense fear of being in public or crowded places. Though this is a challenging condition, there are many ways to manage and overcome your fears.</p></div></div><div><p>Agoraphobia is an anxiety condition in which you experience intense fear, worry, or panic in public places. In these situations, you may have the vague feeling that something dreadful might happen.</p></div><div><div data-preamp="serena-chatbot"></div></div><div><p>This anxiety arises because you feel that the situation would be difficult to escape, or that you might not be able to get help if you have a <a href="https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-attack-symptoms" class="content-link css-150s69f">panic attack</a> or experience panic-like symptoms.</p></div><div><p>Agoraphobia affects many people. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reports that around 1.3 percent of U.S. adults experience agoraphobia in their lifetimes.</p></div><div><p>In this article, we take a closer look at the symptoms of agoraphobia, and we discuss when it’s a good time to talk with your doctor.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline2__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="symptoms">Symptoms of agoraphobia</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>According to the <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t10/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)</a></hl-trusted-source>, agoraphobia involves intense fear or anxiety that occurs in, or when anticipating, at least two of the following five situations:</p></div><div><ul><li>using public transportation such as cars, buses, trains, ships, or planes </li><li>being in open spaces such as parking lots, marketplaces, or bridges </li><li>being in enclosed spaces such as shops, theaters, or cinemas </li><li>standing in line or being in a crowd </li><li>being outside the home alone </li></ul></div><div><p>You might receive an agoraphobia diagnosis if your symptoms persist for more than <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554387/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">6 months</a></hl-trusted-source> and occur nearly every time you encounter the place or situation.</p></div><div><p>Agoraphobia is most often diagnosed in young adulthood and usually before the <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554387/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">age of 35</a></hl-trusted-source>.</p></div><div><p>By definition, the fears linked with agoraphobia are irrational. This means the anxiety is out of proportion with the actual danger posed by the situation. </p></div><div><p>Most of the time, people with agoraphobia are aware their fears are irrational, but they still can’t stop believing them. </p></div><div><p>For instance, there’s little potential for danger while waiting in line at the bank, and millions of people do it every day without incident.</p></div><div><p>However, many people with agoraphobia may still feel dreadful at the thought of being in that situation.</p></div><div><p>As with all <a href="https://psychcentral.com/anxiety" class="content-link css-150s69f">anxiety disorders</a>, the symptoms of agoraphobia can be:</p></div><div><ul><li>physical</li><li>mental</li><li>behavioral</li></ul></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="physical-and-mental">Physical and mental symptoms</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>If you have agoraphobia, you’ll notice a strong stress response in your body when exposed to the feared situations. This is part of your body’s <a href="https://psychcentral.com/blog/fight-flight-or-freeze-the-stress-response#1" class="content-link css-150s69f">fight, flight, or freeze</a> response, a natural system that helps protect you from threats.</p></div><div><p>Agoraphobia involves experiencing strong anxiety or panic-like responses when you are in certain public or crowded places.</p></div><div><p>The physical and mental symptoms of agoraphobia can include:</p></div><div><ul><li>a racing heart</li><li>shortness of breath</li><li>sweating</li><li>muscle tension</li><li>shaking</li><li>dizziness</li><li>feeling nauseous</li><li>muscle weakness</li><li>feeling hot or cold</li><li>fear of losing control</li><li>feelings of doom or dread</li><li>a general sense of unease</li><li>feeling detached from your body, known as dissociation</li></ul></div><div><p>Many people with <a href="https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-disorder-symptoms" class="content-link css-150s69f">panic disorder</a> have agoraphobia, though the DSM-5 considers them two separate conditions. </p></div><div><p>Panic disorder involves a fear of having a panic attack, and the anticipation of an attack causes intense anxiety.</p></div><div><p>If you have a panic attack in public once, your brain might associate those intense negative emotions with whatever situation you were in when they occurred. </p></div><div><p>This can mean that you feel anxious again when in a similar situation, which can even cause another panic attack. </p></div><div><p>Many people may begin to avoid situations that might provoke the uncomfortable and distressing symptoms of anxiety or panic attacks. These fears can build over time and lead to a general fear of open spaces, or agoraphobia.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline7__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline7__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="behavioral">Behavioral symptoms</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Avoidance is a major symptom of agoraphobia. You might find yourself spending a lot of time and energy avoiding situations that might trigger your anxiety. Otherwise, you might endure the situations with serious discomfort.</p></div><div><p>You might ask a partner or friend to help you confront the feared situation, such as asking them to come with you to the grocery store or post office.</p></div><div><p>It is common for people with agoraphobia to feel unable to leave the house due to their intense anxieties over what may happen if they do.</p></div><div><p>Anxieties linked to these situations can lead to big changes in your behavior, daily routines, and your ability to show up in the world. </p></div><div><p>Feeling restricted or out of control of your daily life, known as having a lack of autonomy, can have a negative impact on your mental health and well-being.</p></div><div><p>The feelings can cause significant distress and impairment in your life, making it difficult — or sometimes impossible — to hold down a job, attend school or social engagements, or maintain friendships or relationships.</p></div><div><p>Agoraphobia affects each person in different ways. The symptoms can range from serious to mild, depending on how much it affects the person’s life.</p></div><div><p>According to survey data published in 2005, agoraphobia can have mild to severe impacts on a person’s life. The <hl-trusted-source source="National Institute of Mental Health" rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/agoraphobia.shtml" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-150s69f">NIMH</a></hl-trusted-source> states:</p></div><div><ul><li>40.6 percent of people say agoraphobia had a serious impact on their lives</li><li>30.7 percent reported a moderate impact</li><li>28.7 percent reported a mild impact</li></ul></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="when-to-talk-with-a-doctor">When to talk with a doctor</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Talking with a doctor or a mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, about your anxiety may feel daunting, but it can really help.</p></div><div><p>You can do this in a way that feels best to you. Many doctors will offer telephone consultations, online services, direct you to helpful sources, and provide treatment advice.</p></div><div><p>Some symptoms of anxiety or panic overlap with the symptoms of other medical conditions. Your doctor can help rule out other causes. They can also rule out other anxiety disorders that can have similar symptoms, such as:</p></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/social-anxiety-overview" class="content-link css-150s69f">social phobia</a>: anxiety around social or performance situations</li><li><a href="https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/specific-phobia-symptoms" class="content-link css-150s69f">specific phobia</a>: anxiety and avoidance of a specific object or situation, such as spiders or heights</li><li><a href="https://psychcentral.com/ocd" class="content-link css-150s69f">obsessive-compulsive disorder</a>: a condition that involves recurring thoughts or behaviors</li><li><a href="https://psychcentral.com/ptsd" class="content-link css-150s69f">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>: a condition that can arise months or years after exposure to trauma</li><li><a href="https://psychcentral.com/disorders/separation-anxiety-disorder-symptoms/" class="content-link css-150s69f">separation anxiety disorder</a>: anxiety related to separation from people close to you</li></ul></div><div><p>As with all mental health conditions, the symptoms of agoraphobia cannot be explained by the direct bodily effects of substance use, including alcohol, drugs, or medications.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline12__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline12__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="treatments">Treatments</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Agoraphobia is a treatable condition. Psychotherapy, or talking therapy, is an especially effective treatment for agoraphobia. <a href="https://psychcentral.com/lib/in-depth-cognitive-behavioral-therapy" class="content-link css-150s69f">Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)</a> is a common method for anxiety disorders. </p></div><div><p>In CBT for agoraphobia, the therapist will work with you to develop a list of stressful situations that trigger your symptoms, starting from the least scary to those that are more triggering.</p></div><div><p>You will learn skills to work through these situations, and, eventually, the scariest scenario will feel significantly less threatening.</p></div><div><p>For some people, certain medications can also help. These include antidepressants and benzodiazepines.</p></div><div><div id="widget_call_out_63876f24-255b-4d45-9162-fe81d2caf99b" class="css-ubcbi5"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div class="css-14hk5xp"><div class="css-xqvouu"><h3 class="css-9zytxy"><div><span class="css-14sy2z4">Black box warning</span></div></h3><div class="css-1hpp2pt"><p class="standout--body">It’s important to note that benzodiazepines, like Xanax and Ativan, have a black box warning from the FDA and may cause physical dependence or withdrawal.</p></div></div></div><div class="css-1uwjw6e"><div></div><div></div></div></div></div><div><p><a href="https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/agoraphobia-treatment" class="content-link css-150s69f">Learn about the treatments of agoraphobia here.</a></p></div><div><p>People can also take steps to reduce their daily anxiety levels and to cope with anxiety symptoms as and when they arise. <a href="https://psychcentral.com/blog/why-deep-breathing-helps-calm-anxiety#1" class="content-link css-150s69f">Deep breathing</a> exercises and other relaxation methods can calm the body’s stress response in the moment. </p></div><div><p>Bear in mind that learning to breathe deeply to reduce anxiety takes regular practice. If used only when you are feeling panicked, these strategies may not work very well.</p></div><div><p>Psychologists recommend practicing these breathing techniques daily for 5 to 10 minutes so that when you are feeling more anxious, your body will know what to do.</p></div><div><p>Practicing stress reduction techniques regularly can help you feel more in control of the anxiety when it arises, which can make the symptoms of agoraphobia easier to manage.</p></div><div><p><a href="https://psychcentral.com/lib/9-ways-to-reduce-anxiety-right-here-right-now" class="content-link css-150s69f">Read about 9 on-the-spot ways to manage your anxiety here.</a></p></div></div></article><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div><div class="css-w9ag5x"><div class="css-1xn3edc"><div aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="article-resources" class="css-1l48sh1" role="button"><p class="css-1dxissy"><span class="css-1p6d3md icon-hlvideo-minus"></span><span class="css-1p6d3md icon-hlvideo-plus"></span> <span class="css-1xdhyk6">5 sources</span><span class="sro">collapsed</span></p></div><div id="article-resources" role="region" class="css-1ugaz02"><ul class="css-1vedeqe"><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>Agoraphobia. (2017).</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/agoraphobia.shtml">https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/agoraphobia.shtml</a></cite></li><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5<sup>th </sup>ed.) Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm">https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm</a></cite></li><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>Balaram K, et al. (2020). Agoraphobia.</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554387/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554387/</a></cite></li><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span><span style="margin:0cm;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:'color:black;">Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. (2016). </span></span></span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t10/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t10/</a></cite></li><li class="css-f6pdvi"><cite><span>Symptoms: Agoraphobia. (2018).</span><br/><a class="css-150s69f css-138ocmy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/agoraphobia/symptoms/">https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/agoraphobia/symptoms/</a></cite></li></ul></div></div><div class="css-1wkzy2"><div class="css-1ytasfq"><div class="button-wrapper print"><a class="css-1uhtj6l print button icon icon-hl-print" target="_blank" title="Print this page"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper facebook"><a class="css-1uhtj6l facebook button icon icon-hl-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fpsychcentral.com%2Fanxiety%2Fagoraphobia-symptoms%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_source%3Dfacebook%26utm_campaign%3Dsocial-sharebar-referred-desktop" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper twitter"><a class="css-1uhtj6l twitter button icon icon-hl-twitter" 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promo click|/lib/15-small-steps-you-can-take-today-to-improve-anxiety-symptoms;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|15 Small Steps You Can Take Today to Improve Anxiety Symptoms|rn1" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/lib/15-small-steps-you-can-take-today-to-improve-anxiety-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/causes-of-anxiety-disorders;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Causes Anxiety?|rn2" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/causes-of-anxiety-disorders?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="What Causes Anxiety?" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/01/Pool_Overhead_732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/01/Pool_Overhead_732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/causes-of-anxiety-disorders;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Causes Anxiety?|rn2" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/causes-of-anxiety-disorders?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">What Causes Anxiety?</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ymf4ha"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-xc63cd"><lazy-image alt="" src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/New-Matthew-Boland-500x500-Bio.png?w=73&h=73"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/medical-team">Matthew Boland, PhD</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/causes-of-anxiety-disorders;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Causes Anxiety?|rn2" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/causes-of-anxiety-disorders?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Anxiety disorders are caused by a unique combination of genetics, your environment, important life events, and learned coping patterns.</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/causes-of-anxiety-disorders;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Causes Anxiety?|rn2" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/causes-of-anxiety-disorders?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR2" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/living-with-an-anxiety-disorder;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Living with an Anxiety Disorder: Home Remedies for Relief|rn3" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/living-with-an-anxiety-disorder?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Living with an Anxiety Disorder: Home Remedies for Relief" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/02/Male_Floor_Meditation_732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/02/Male_Floor_Meditation_732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/living-with-an-anxiety-disorder;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Living with an Anxiety Disorder: Home Remedies for Relief|rn3" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/living-with-an-anxiety-disorder?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Living with an Anxiety Disorder: Home Remedies for Relief</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ymf4ha"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-xc63cd"><lazy-image alt="" src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Marney-White-500x500-Bio.png?w=73&h=73"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/medical-team">Marney A. White, PhD, MS</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/living-with-an-anxiety-disorder;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Living with an Anxiety Disorder: Home Remedies for Relief|rn3" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/living-with-an-anxiety-disorder?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Learning that you have an anxiety disorder may bring relief, more questions, and more worry. The good news? Anxiety disorders are among the most…</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/living-with-an-anxiety-disorder;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Living with an Anxiety Disorder: Home Remedies for Relief|rn3" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/living-with-an-anxiety-disorder?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/panic-disorder-symptoms;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Panic Disorder Symptoms|rn4" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-disorder-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Panic Disorder Symptoms" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/02/Female_Looking_Up_732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/02/Female_Looking_Up_732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/panic-disorder-symptoms;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Panic Disorder Symptoms|rn4" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-disorder-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Panic Disorder Symptoms</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ymf4ha"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-xc63cd"><lazy-image alt="" src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Akilah-Reynolds-500x500-Bio.png?w=73&h=73"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/medical-team">Akilah Reynolds, PhD</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/panic-disorder-symptoms;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Panic Disorder Symptoms|rn4" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-disorder-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">People with panic disorder have feelings of intense fear that strike suddenly and repeatedly without warning. The frequency and severity of panic…</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/panic-disorder-symptoms;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Panic Disorder Symptoms|rn4" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-disorder-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/panic-attack-symptoms;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Does a Panic Attack Feel Like? 12 Symptoms|rn5" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-attack-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="What Does a Panic Attack Feel Like? 12 Symptoms" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/02/panic-attack-stress-anxiety-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/02/panic-attack-stress-anxiety-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/panic-attack-symptoms;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Does a Panic Attack Feel Like? 12 Symptoms|rn5" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-attack-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">What Does a Panic Attack Feel Like? 12 Symptoms</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ymf4ha"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-xc63cd"><lazy-image alt="" src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Nathan-Greene-500x500-Bio.png?w=73&h=73"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/medical-team">Nathan Greene, PsyD</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/panic-attack-symptoms;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Does a Panic Attack Feel Like? 12 Symptoms|rn5" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-attack-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Panic attack symptoms can be emotional, cognitive, and physical. Here's the formal list and the long-term effect they have on you.</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/panic-attack-symptoms;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Does a Panic Attack Feel Like? 12 Symptoms|rn5" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-attack-symptoms?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/coronavirus-anxiety-ways-to-cope-with-fear;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Coronavirus Anxiety: 7 Tips to Cope|rn6" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/coronavirus-anxiety-ways-to-cope-with-fear?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Coronavirus Anxiety: 7 Tips to Cope" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/03/wash-your-hands-wooden-letters-falling-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/03/wash-your-hands-wooden-letters-falling-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/coronavirus-anxiety-ways-to-cope-with-fear;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Coronavirus Anxiety: 7 Tips to Cope|rn6" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/coronavirus-anxiety-ways-to-cope-with-fear?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Coronavirus Anxiety: 7 Tips to Cope</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ymf4ha"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-xc63cd"><lazy-image alt="" src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Nicole-Washington-500x500-Bio.png?w=73&h=73"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/medical-team">Nicole Washington, DO, MPH</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/coronavirus-anxiety-ways-to-cope-with-fear;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Coronavirus Anxiety: 7 Tips to Cope|rn6" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/coronavirus-anxiety-ways-to-cope-with-fear?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">The coronavirus and the pandemic impacted people in many ways, including causing anxiety in some. But there are ways to cope.</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/coronavirus-anxiety-ways-to-cope-with-fear;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Coronavirus Anxiety: 7 Tips to Cope|rn6" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/coronavirus-anxiety-ways-to-cope-with-fear?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/panic-disorder-treatment;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Is Panic Disorder Treated?|rn7" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-disorder-treatment?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="How Is Panic Disorder Treated?" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/01/journal-writing-notebook-alone-home-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/01/journal-writing-notebook-alone-home-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/panic-disorder-treatment;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Is Panic Disorder Treated?|rn7" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-disorder-treatment?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">How Is Panic Disorder Treated?</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ymf4ha"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-xc63cd"><lazy-image alt="" src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Nathan-Greene-500x500-Bio.png?w=73&h=73"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/medical-team">Nathan Greene, PsyD</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/panic-disorder-treatment;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Is Panic Disorder Treated?|rn7" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-disorder-treatment?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Living with panic disorder can be challenging. Read about treatment options for panic disorder, including psychotherapy, medications, and other…</a></p><a class="css-1culwpr css-2dy712" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/panic-disorder-treatment;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How Is Panic Disorder Treated?|rn7" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-disorder-treatment?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right-bold selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-1uhtj6l" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder-treatment;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|9" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment|rn8" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder-treatment?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/HL_Generic-Thumb.jpeg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/HL_Generic-Thumb.jpeg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder-treatment;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|9" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment|rn8" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder-treatment?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment</a><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder-treatment;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|9" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment|rn8" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder-treatment?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Social Anxiety Disorder — formerly known as social phobia — is commonly treated by either psychotherapy or 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data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Understanding Teraphobia (Fear of Monsters)|rn9" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/teraphobia?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Understanding Teraphobia (Fear of Monsters)" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/06/angry-toy-lizard-monster-on-floor-732x549-thumbnail.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2024/06/angry-toy-lizard-monster-on-floor-732x549-thumbnail.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-h0zs0i"><a class="css-11ivwxm" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/teraphobia;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|10" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Understanding Teraphobia (Fear of Monsters)|rn9" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/teraphobia?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Understanding Teraphobia (Fear of Monsters)</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ymf4ha"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-xc63cd"><lazy-image alt="" src="//i0.wp.com/post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Taft_Headshot_2023.png?w=73&h=73"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-150s69f css-130mbve" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/medical-team">Tiffany Taft, PsyD</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/teraphobia;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|10" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Understanding Teraphobia (Fear of Monsters)|rn9" href="https://www.psychcentral.com/health/teraphobia?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Teraphobia is an intense, irrational fear of monsters or mythical creatures. 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</script><script src="https://rvo-cohesion.psychcentral.com/cohesion/cohesion-tpo.min.js?cDomain=psychcentral.com" async=""></script><link href="https://c.aps.amazon-adsystem.com" rel="preconnect" crossorigin="true"/><script src="https://c.aps.amazon-adsystem.com/apstag.js" async=""></script><script>module={};__NEXT_DATA__={"buildId":"a191d6af-5961-4da6-818d-2f32bdcfcfec","props":{"ga":{"k1":"phobias","k2":"mentalhealth","kmeta":"vraylar24bp","contentType":"Tabbed Article","author":"Jamie Smith","articleType":"regular","sponsoredProgramId":"","articleId":"psy-9379","mainContentCategoryTags":"","publishedDate":"2021-01-08","updatedDate":"2021-10-27","medReviewer":"Tiffany Taft, PsyD","category":"Uncategorized","subcategory":"","trackingTerms":"","ek1":"3958c9d774c8e1","ekmeta":"3f42c7cc71c8e0cfe48176,","contentForm":"Head Term","type":"healthfeature"},"lang":"en","data":{"k1":"phobias","sideEffectsWidget":{},"livedExperience":{},"shareYourExperience":{},"drugSavingsData":null,"comments":[],"topComments":[],"id":"psy-9379","title":["What Are the Symptoms of Agoraphobia?"],"articleHistory":{"2016-05-17":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"John M. Grohol, Psy.D.","medicallyReviewedBy":"Scientific Advisory Board"},"2021-01-26":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Jamie Smith","editor":"Jamie Smith","copyEditor":"Douglas Backstrom","medicallyReviewedBy":"Tiffany Taft, PsyD"}},"updateReason":[],"isFeature":false,"isPaidMedia":false,"isEditorialPaidMedia":false,"isTransactionalPaidMedia":false,"authors":[{"id":899,"name":{"display":"Jamie Smith","first":"Jamie","last":"Smith"},"link":"/authors/jamie-smith","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eJamie is a writer, editor, and researcher with a PhD in psychology, with main interests including mental health advocacy, LGBTQIA+ advocacy, and trauma-informed practice. Jamie believes in the healing power of breaking down stigma and the importance of validating people’s lived experiences.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/02/MNT-Bio1-500x500-1.png"},"bioBlurb":{"nodes":["Jamie is a writer, editor, and researcher with a PhD in psychology, with main interests including mental health advocacy, LGBTQIA+ advocacy, and trauma-informed…"]}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":4049,"name":{"display":"Tiffany Taft, PsyD","first":"Tiffany","last":"Taft, PsyD"},"userLogin":"ttaft","links":{"website":"https://opbmed.com/","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/tiffany-taft-psyd","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"164611","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eDr. Tiffany Taft is a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the psychological and social effects of chronic medical illness. She is the founder of Oak Park Behavioral Medicine LLC, an independent private practice of psychologists, social workers, and counselors near Chicago. She previously worked as an associate professor and director of psychogastroenterology research at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003eThe Chicago School of Professional Psychology, MA, PsyD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003eKeller Graduate School of Management, MIS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003eUniversity of Illinois, Chicago, BA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCertifications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003eLicensed Clinical Psychologist\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfessional Accomplishments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003eAward for Contributions to Meeting Psychological Needs of IBD Patients, Crohn’s \u0026amp; Colitis Foundation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003ePoster of Distinction Award, American Gastroenterology Association \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003eCompleted fellowship in psychogastroenerology at Northwestern University in 2011\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAffiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://theromefoundation.org/rome-gi-psych-committee/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003eRome GastroPsych Group\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003e (founding member) \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://gi.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003eAmerican College of Gastroenterology (ACG)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalregister.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003eNational Register of Health Service Psychologists (HSP)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/?_ga=2.63529321.792246658.1631300892-398546012.1631300892\u0026amp;_gac=1.191565528.1631301177.CjwKCAjwhOyJBhA4EiwAEcJdcVa90Sdg6thEjlkvlX2RMP0lY8Hkl-iGQhe8Xdc50aSaSpHEaIk--BoCzcwQAvD_BwE\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003eCrohn’s and Colitis Foundation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://apfed.org/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003eAmerican Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders (APFED)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":1500,"height":2181,"src":"https://post.psychcentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Taft_Headshot_2023.png"},"bioBlurb":{"nodes":["Dr. Tiffany Taft is a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the psychological and social effects of chronic medical illness. She is the founder of Oak…"]}}],"editors":[{"role":"Editor","name":{"display":"Jamie Smith"}}],"pinterestImage":{"path":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/01/Friends_Talking_Roof_732x549-thumbnail.jpg"},"hideFeedback":false,"isMedicare":false,"isBlog":false,"publishSource":"wordpress","isAmpSupported":false,"categories":[{"name":"Uncategorized","slug":"uncategorized","link":"/uncategorized","children":[]}],"language":{"en":"https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/agoraphobia-symptoms/","x-default":"https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/agoraphobia-symptoms/","current":"en"},"lang":"en","links":[],"colorScheme":"default","isContentSeries":false,"brandCTAs":[],"clusterNavLinks":[],"clusterUrls":[],"clusterLinks":{},"pathingTilesData":{},"pathingCardsData":{},"inArticlePathingCardsData":[],"quantitativeTrustData":{},"isPrependRecipeH2":false,"recipes":[],"hideTabs":false,"tabs":[{"id":"_noHeaderPrefixedContent","title":null,"header":null,"body":[{"tagName":"div","source":"\u003cp class=\"css-w2pt6r\"\u003eThe main symptom of agoraphobia is an intense fear of being in public or crowded places. Though this is a challenging condition, there are many ways to manage and overcome your fears.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Agoraphobia is an anxiety condition in which you experience intense fear, worry, or panic in public places. In these situations, you may have the vague feeling that something dreadful might happen."},{"tagName":"div","attributes":{"data-preamp":"serena-chatbot"},"source":""},{"tagName":"p","source":"This anxiety arises because you feel that the situation would be difficult to escape, or that you might not be able to get help if you have a \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-attack-symptoms\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003epanic attack\u003c/a\u003e or experience panic-like symptoms."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Agoraphobia affects many people. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reports that around 1.3 percent of U.S. adults experience agoraphobia in their lifetimes."},{"tagName":"p","source":"In this article, we take a closer look at the symptoms of agoraphobia, and we discuss when it’s a good time to talk with your doctor."}]},{"id":"symptoms","title":"Symptoms","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Symptoms of agoraphobia"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"According to the \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t10/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e, agoraphobia involves intense fear or anxiety that occurs in, or when anticipating, at least two of the following five situations:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003eusing public transportation such as cars, buses, trains, ships, or planes \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ebeing in open spaces such as parking lots, marketplaces, or bridges \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ebeing in enclosed spaces such as shops, theaters, or cinemas \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003estanding in line or being in a crowd \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ebeing outside the home alone \u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"You might receive an agoraphobia diagnosis if your symptoms persist for more than \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554387/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003e6 months\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e and occur nearly every time you encounter the place or situation."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Agoraphobia is most often diagnosed in young adulthood and usually before the \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554387/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eage of 35\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e."},{"tagName":"p","source":"By definition, the fears linked with agoraphobia are irrational. This means the anxiety is out of proportion with the actual danger posed by the situation. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Most of the time, people with agoraphobia are aware their fears are irrational, but they still can’t stop believing them. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"For instance, there’s little potential for danger while waiting in line at the bank, and millions of people do it every day without incident."},{"tagName":"p","source":"However, many people with agoraphobia may still feel dreadful at the thought of being in that situation."},{"tagName":"p","source":"As with all \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/anxiety\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eanxiety disorders\u003c/a\u003e, the symptoms of agoraphobia can be:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003ephysical\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emental\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ebehavioral\u003c/li\u003e"}]},{"id":"physical-and-mental","title":"Physical and mental","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Physical and mental symptoms"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"If you have agoraphobia, you’ll notice a strong stress response in your body when exposed to the feared situations. This is part of your body’s \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/blog/fight-flight-or-freeze-the-stress-response#1\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003efight, flight, or freeze\u003c/a\u003e response, a natural system that helps protect you from threats."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Agoraphobia involves experiencing strong anxiety or panic-like responses when you are in certain public or crowded places."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The physical and mental symptoms of agoraphobia can include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003ea racing heart\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eshortness of breath\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003esweating\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emuscle tension\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eshaking\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003edizziness\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efeeling nauseous\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emuscle weakness\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efeeling hot or cold\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efear of losing control\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efeelings of doom or dread\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ea general sense of unease\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efeeling detached from your body, known as dissociation\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Many people with \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/panic-disorder-symptoms\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003epanic disorder\u003c/a\u003e have agoraphobia, though the DSM-5 considers them two separate conditions. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Panic disorder involves a fear of having a panic attack, and the anticipation of an attack causes intense anxiety."},{"tagName":"p","source":"If you have a panic attack in public once, your brain might associate those intense negative emotions with whatever situation you were in when they occurred. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"This can mean that you feel anxious again when in a similar situation, which can even cause another panic attack. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Many people may begin to avoid situations that might provoke the uncomfortable and distressing symptoms of anxiety or panic attacks. These fears can build over time and lead to a general fear of open spaces, or agoraphobia."}]},{"id":"behavioral","title":"Behavioral","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Behavioral symptoms"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Avoidance is a major symptom of agoraphobia. You might find yourself spending a lot of time and energy avoiding situations that might trigger your anxiety. Otherwise, you might endure the situations with serious discomfort."},{"tagName":"p","source":"You might ask a partner or friend to help you confront the feared situation, such as asking them to come with you to the grocery store or post office."},{"tagName":"p","source":"It is common for people with agoraphobia to feel unable to leave the house due to their intense anxieties over what may happen if they do."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Anxieties linked to these situations can lead to big changes in your behavior, daily routines, and your ability to show up in the world. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Feeling restricted or out of control of your daily life, known as having a lack of autonomy, can have a negative impact on your mental health and well-being."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The feelings can cause significant distress and impairment in your life, making it difficult — or sometimes impossible — to hold down a job, attend school or social engagements, or maintain friendships or relationships."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Agoraphobia affects each person in different ways. The symptoms can range from serious to mild, depending on how much it affects the person’s life."},{"tagName":"p","source":"According to survey data published in 2005, agoraphobia can have mild to severe impacts on a person’s life. The \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"National Institute of Mental Health\" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/agoraphobia.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eNIMH\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e states:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e40.6 percent of people say agoraphobia had a serious impact on their lives\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e30.7 percent reported a moderate impact\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e28.7 percent reported a mild impact\u003c/li\u003e"}]},{"id":"when-to-talk-with-a-doctor","title":"When to talk with a doctor","isCollapsable":false,"header":["When to talk with a doctor"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Talking with a doctor or a mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, about your anxiety may feel daunting, but it can really help."},{"tagName":"p","source":"You can do this in a way that feels best to you. Many doctors will offer telephone consultations, online services, direct you to helpful sources, and provide treatment advice."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Some symptoms of anxiety or panic overlap with the symptoms of other medical conditions. Your doctor can help rule out other causes. They can also rule out other anxiety disorders that can have similar symptoms, such as:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/social-anxiety-overview\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003esocial phobia\u003c/a\u003e: anxiety around social or performance situations\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/specific-phobia-symptoms\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003especific phobia\u003c/a\u003e: anxiety and avoidance of a specific object or situation, such as spiders or heights\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/ocd\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eobsessive-compulsive disorder\u003c/a\u003e: a condition that involves recurring thoughts or behaviors\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/ptsd\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003epost-traumatic stress disorder\u003c/a\u003e: a condition that can arise months or years after exposure to trauma\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/disorders/separation-anxiety-disorder-symptoms/\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eseparation anxiety disorder\u003c/a\u003e: anxiety related to separation from people close to you\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"As with all mental health conditions, the symptoms of agoraphobia cannot be explained by the direct bodily effects of substance use, including alcohol, drugs, or medications."}]},{"id":"treatments","title":"Treatments","isCollapsable":false,"header":["Treatments"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Agoraphobia is a treatable condition. Psychotherapy, or talking therapy, is an especially effective treatment for agoraphobia. \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/lib/in-depth-cognitive-behavioral-therapy\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)\u003c/a\u003e is a common method for anxiety disorders. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"In CBT for agoraphobia, the therapist will work with you to develop a list of stressful situations that trigger your symptoms, starting from the least scary to those that are more triggering."},{"tagName":"p","source":"You will learn skills to work through these situations, and, eventually, the scariest scenario will feel significantly less threatening."},{"tagName":"p","source":"For some people, certain medications can also help. These include antidepressants and benzodiazepines."},{"widget":{"widgetFormat":"widget-call-out","items":[{"headerTitle":["Black box warning"],"content":[{"tagName":"p","attributes":{"className":"standout--body"},"source":"It’s important to note that benzodiazepines, like Xanax and Ativan, have a black box warning from the FDA and may cause physical dependence or withdrawal."}]}]},"brandPage":{}},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/agoraphobia-treatment\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eLearn about the treatments of agoraphobia here.\u003c/a\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"People can also take steps to reduce their daily anxiety levels and to cope with anxiety symptoms as and when they arise. \u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/blog/why-deep-breathing-helps-calm-anxiety#1\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eDeep breathing\u003c/a\u003e exercises and other relaxation methods can calm the body’s stress response in the moment. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Bear in mind that learning to breathe deeply to reduce anxiety takes regular practice. If used only when you are feeling panicked, these strategies may not work very well."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Psychologists recommend practicing these breathing techniques daily for 5 to 10 minutes so that when you are feeling more anxious, your body will know what to do."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Practicing stress reduction techniques regularly can help you feel more in control of the anxiety when it arises, which can make the symptoms of agoraphobia easier to manage."},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/lib/9-ways-to-reduce-anxiety-right-here-right-now\" class=\"content-link css-150s69f\"\u003eRead about 9 on-the-spot ways to manage your anxiety here.\u003c/a\u003e"}]}],"hasAffiliateLinks":false,"affiliates":[],"propsFor":{"articleResources":[{"displayLink":"nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/agoraphobia.shtml","link":"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/agoraphobia.shtml","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Agoraphobia. (2017)."}},{"displayLink":"psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm","link":"https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5\u003csup\u003eth \u003c/sup\u003eed.) Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association."}},{"displayLink":"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554387/","link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554387/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Balaram K, et al. (2020). Agoraphobia."}},{"displayLink":"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t10/","link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t10/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"\u003cspan style=\"margin:0cm;line-height:150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:'color:black;\"\u003eImpact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. (2016). \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e"}},{"displayLink":"nhs.uk/conditions/agoraphobia/symptoms/","link":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/agoraphobia/symptoms/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Symptoms: Agoraphobia. (2018)."}}],"byline":{"authors":[{"id":899,"name":{"display":"Jamie Smith","first":"Jamie","last":"Smith"},"link":"/authors/jamie-smith","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eJamie is a writer, editor, and researcher with a PhD in psychology, with main interests including mental health advocacy, LGBTQIA+ advocacy, and trauma-informed practice. 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