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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contribution to baseball</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contribution_to_baseball-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contribution to baseball subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contribution_to_baseball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negro_leagues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negro_leagues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Negro leagues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negro_leagues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Negro_leagues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Negro_leagues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Post-Negro leagues</span> </div> </a> <ul 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data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gus_Greenlee" title="Special:EditPage/Gus Greenlee">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gus+Greenlee%22">"Gus Greenlee"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gus+Greenlee%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gus+Greenlee%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gus+Greenlee%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gus+Greenlee%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gus+Greenlee%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Baseball player</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334398">.mw-parser-output .ib-baseball-bio{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-baseball-bio td,.mw-parser-output .ib-baseball-bio th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ib-baseball-bio .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .ib-baseball-bio .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-baseball-bio 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.ib-baseball-bio-member[style*="background"]{background:#0c0a6b!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-baseball-bio-member-header{background:#3d0001}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-baseball-bio-member[style*="background"]{background:#0c0a6b!important}}</style><table class="infobox ib-baseball-bio vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:#000000;"><span class="note">Gus Greenlee</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gus_Greenlee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Gus_Greenlee.jpg/220px-Gus_Greenlee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b1/Gus_Greenlee.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Born:</b> William Augustus Greenlee<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1893-12-26</span>)</span>December 26, 1893<br /><a href="/wiki/Marion,_North_Carolina" title="Marion, North Carolina">Marion, North Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Died:</b> July 7, 1952<span style="display:none">(1952-07-07)</span> (aged 58)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Augustus Greenlee</b> (December 26, 1893 – July 7, 1952) was an American businessman in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>, who was born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Marion,_North_Carolina" title="Marion, North Carolina">Marion, North Carolina</a>. After migrating to Pittsburgh as a young man and working in the steel industry, he started to acquire his own businesses. </p><p>There he also bought the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Crawfords" title="Pittsburgh Crawfords">Pittsburgh Crawfords</a> baseball team in 1931, founded the second <a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(the_second)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro National League (the second)">Negro National League</a> in 1933, serving as president; and built <a href="/wiki/Greenlee_Field" title="Greenlee Field">Greenlee Field</a>, one of the few ball parks built for and owned by a Negro league team. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gus_Greenlee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gus Greenlee was born in <a href="/wiki/Marion,_North_Carolina" title="Marion, North Carolina">Marion, North Carolina</a> in 1893. His father was a masonry contractor and his mother was a homemaker. Greenlee did not complete college, but his three older brothers did and pursued professional careers: two became doctors and one a lawyer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1916, Greenlee traveled north by freight car to Pittsburgh, settling in the <a href="/wiki/Hill_District" title="Hill District">Hill District</a>. This was the period of the first <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>, when more than one million black people left the rural South for work and opportunity in the industrial northern cities. In Pittsburgh Greenlee held several jobs in the steel mills, shining shoes and driving a cab. During World War I, he served in the black 367th regiment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Having saved his money, in 1924 Greenlee bought the Collins Inn; he gradually became one of the most influential African-American business owners in Pittsburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He acquired the <a href="/wiki/Crawford_Grill" title="Crawford Grill">Crawford Grill</a> nightclub and in 1931 bought the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Crawfords" title="Pittsburgh Crawfords">Pittsburgh Crawfords</a> Negro league baseball team, which had declined.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933 he founded the <a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(the_second)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro National League (the second)">Negro National League</a>, acting as president.<sup id="cite_ref-gilmore_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilmore-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later built <a href="/wiki/Greenlee_Field" title="Greenlee Field">Greenlee Field</a>, one of the few built and owned by a Negro league team.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathedrals_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathedrals-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greenlee also was known as a <a href="/wiki/Numbers_game" title="Numbers game">numbers</a> runner and racketeer. He acted as a <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">philanthropist</a> to fellow blacks in the community, providing scholarships for students to get education, and grants for adults to buy homes. Such opportunities were not customarily available, because of the segregated policies of white-controlled financial institutions. Scholars suggest that Greenlee's success be read as an enterprising attempt to fill a need created by segregation. For instance, according to Vernell A. Lillie, professor emeritus of Africana studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>, Greenlee and other "runners" were respected. "They made their money probably from the numbers racket, but they turned that money into something very positive. If anybody wanted to buy a house, they could not go to Mellon Bank or Dollar Savings. They had to go to old man Greenlee, or to [William A. "Buzzy"] Robinson."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greenlee died of a stroke July 7, 1952. He is buried in Pittsburgh's <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Cemetery" title="Allegheny Cemetery">Allegheny Cemetery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contribution_to_baseball">Contribution to baseball</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gus_Greenlee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contribution to baseball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greenlee knew little about baseball when he first started out. He took interest when the promoters of the Crawford Giants ran out of money, and he decided to give a charitable donation of the money he made from a speakeasy that he owned and money he made from getting into the banking business. His large payroll attracted some big name players in the Negro leagues. He would eventually make the Crawford Giants his team by getting rid of the players that were there before him and bringing in new players. Greenlee also owned a future light-heavyweight boxing champion, which added to his reputation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negro_leagues">Negro leagues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gus_Greenlee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Negro leagues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933, Greenlee organized the annual East-West Classic, an all-star baseball game in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> at Comiskey Park, between Negro league stars; it became the centerpiece of the baseball season. That same year he was the primary founder of the <a href="/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1933-1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro National League (1933-1948)">second Negro National League</a>, which he served as president for five seasons. </p><p>For a while, the Crawfords were the best-financed team in black baseball. Revenue generated from his <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a> and bootlegging operations enabled Greenlee to sign black baseball's biggest names. The 1935 squad may have been the best ever to play in the Negro leagues, as it fielded five <a href="/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball Hall of Fame">Baseball Hall of Fame</a> players. Money also enabled Greenlee's economic success also resulted in his building a ballpark for his team, known as <a href="/wiki/Greenlee_Field" title="Greenlee Field">Greenlee Field</a>. When he bought the Pittsburgh Crawfords in 1931, he was insulted that his players were not allowed to use the dressing rooms at white-owned or -controlled venues such as <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Field" title="Forbes Field">Forbes Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammon_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammon Field">Ammon Field</a>, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Negro_leagues">Post-Negro leagues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gus_Greenlee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Negro leagues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the 1938 season, Greenlee left baseball. He sold the baseball team and razed the ballpark, partly because he had lost the best players and partly because he owed money on a heavily played number.(Riley) </p><p>In 1945, he made a comeback in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Branch_Rickey" title="Branch Rickey">Branch Rickey</a>, related to Rickey's projected integration of the major leagues. They established the <a href="/wiki/United_States_League" title="United States League">United States League</a> as a method to scout black players specifically to break the color line. It is unclear if the league played the 1945 season, or if it was used only as a front to achieve integration of the major leagues.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October of that year, Rickey signed <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a>, who never played in the USL. The 1946 season lasted only a few weeks before the league folded. Robinson went on the break the Major League color line in 1947 with Rickey's <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers" title="Brooklyn Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</a>. </p><p>Greenlee left baseball permanently after 1946 but continued to operate the Crawford Grill until 1951, when it was destroyed by a fire.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenlee_Field">Greenlee Field</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gus_Greenlee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Greenlee Field"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1932, Greenlee purchased a plot of land and developed <a href="/wiki/Greenlee_Field" title="Greenlee Field">Greenlee Field</a>, one of the early black ballparks. (Contrary to popular opinion, it was not the first; it followed the Walker brothers' ballpark at the corner of Chauncey and Hombre Way, also in the Hill District.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The stadium was made of concrete and steel. It seated 7,500 fans. The ballpark was designed by Pittsburgh's first African-American architect, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Arnett_Stuart_Bellinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Arnett Stuart Bellinger">Louis Arnett Stuart Bellinger</a>. It cost Greenlee nearly $100,000, of which he financed over half. Lights for evening play and a tarp to shield fans from the sun during the day were added in 1933. The first game at the field attracted 4,000 fans as some seating was still under construction. For a time, the field was also used for the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</a> football practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gus_Greenlee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Harper, Colter (2011). <i><span></span>'The Crossroads of the World': A Social and Cultural History of Jazz in Pittsburgh's Hill District, 1920-1970</i> (Ph.D.). University of Pittsburgh. p. 68. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/888190822">888190822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%27The+Crossroads+of+the+World%27%3A+A+Social+and+Cultural+History+of+Jazz+in+Pittsburgh%27s+Hill+District%2C+1920-1970&rft.inst=University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Colter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGus+Greenlee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gilmore-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilmore_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmore_Jr.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gilmore Jr., Richard L. (1996). "A Historical Look at the Pittsburgh Crawfords and the Impact of Black Baseball on American Society". <i>The Sloping Halls Review</i>: 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sloping+Halls+Review&rft.atitle=A+Historical+Look+at+the+Pittsburgh+Crawfords+and+the+Impact+of+Black+Baseball+on+American+Society&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Gilmore+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGus+Greenlee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cathedrals-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cathedrals_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2005" class="citation book cs1">Lowry, Phillip (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9"><i>Green Cathedrals</i></a></span>. New York City: Walker & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1562-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1562-1"><bdi>0-8027-1562-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Cathedrals&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8027-1562-1&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGus+Greenlee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfister2007" class="citation news cs1">Pfister, Bonnie (June 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310182425/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-11283150.html">"Jazz History for Sale in Hill District"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Tribune-Review</i>. pp. B1, B6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-11283150.html">the original</a> on March 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Tribune-Review&rft.atitle=Jazz+History+for+Sale+in+Hill+District&rft.pages=B1%2C+B6&rft.date=2007-06-16&rft.aulast=Pfister&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-11283150.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGus+Greenlee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Branch-Rickey">"Branch Rickey"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170325/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Branch-Rickey">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Branch+Rickey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FBranch-Rickey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGus+Greenlee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley1994" class="citation book cs1">Riley, James A. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicalency00rile/page/338"><i>The Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues</i></a></span>. New York: Carroll & Graf. pp. 338–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-0959-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-0959-6"><bdi>0-7867-0959-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+the+Negro+Baseball+Leagues&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=338-39&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7867-0959-6&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicalency00rile%2Fpage%2F338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGus+Greenlee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmore_Jr.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gilmore Jr., Richard L. (1996). "A Historical Look at the Pittsburgh Crawfords and the Impact of Black Baseball on American Society". <i>The Sloping Halls Review</i>. <b>68</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sloping+Halls+Review&rft.atitle=A+Historical+Look+at+the+Pittsburgh+Crawfords+and+the+Impact+of+Black+Baseball+on+American+Society&rft.volume=68&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Gilmore+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGus+Greenlee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gus_Greenlee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBankes,_James2001" class="citation book cs1">Bankes, James (2001). <i>The Pittsburgh Crawfords</i>. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0992-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0992-4"><bdi>0-7864-0992-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pittsburgh+Crawfords&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7864-0992-4&rft.au=Bankes%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGus+Greenlee" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gus_Greenlee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output 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