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The work at Pompeii from 1910 to1923 made" /> <title>(DOC) The Progress of Garden Archaeology | David L Jacques - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/122487270/The_Progress_of_Garden_Archaeology" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732537743000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732537743000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The first garden archaeological excavations in a modern sense were probably when Hadrian’s Villa, near Rome, was taken over by the Italian government in 1870, and the Nilus canal was discovered and restored1. The work at Pompeii from 1910 to1923 made the peristyle garden well known to the public when statues, pergolas and fountains were restored. Across the Atlantic, in Williamsburg, the capital of colonial Virginia, the landscape architect Arthur Shurtleff devised the replanning and replanting of the gardens, which in 1930 and 1931 included the large garden behind the Governor’s residence (see Brown \u0026amp;amp; Chappell below). This work spawned a large number of colonial revival gardens, many sponsored by the Gardens Club of Virginia, and even one restoration in England, at Kirby Hall, Northamptonshire.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"David L Jacques"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2024-07-31","dateModified":"2024-07-31","datePublished":"1997-01-01","headline":"The Progress of Garden Archaeology","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Garden Archaeology"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Journal of Garden History","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/122487270/The_Progress_of_Garden_Archaeology","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F122487270%2FThe_Progress_of_Garden_Archaeology%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":117140626,"identifier":"Attachment_117140626","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":122487270,"created_at":"2024-07-31T14:58:16.993-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-07-31T15:58:16.828-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"The first garden archaeological excavations in a modern sense were probably when Hadrian’s Villa, near Rome, was taken over by the Italian government in 1870, and the Nilus canal was discovered and restored1. The work at Pompeii from 1910 to1923 made the peristyle garden well known to the public when statues, pergolas and fountains were restored. Across the Atlantic, in Williamsburg, the capital of colonial Virginia, the landscape architect Arthur Shurtleff devised the replanning and replanting of the gardens, which in 1930 and 1931 included the large garden behind the Governor’s residence (see Brown \u0026 Chappell below). This work spawned a large number of colonial revival gardens, many sponsored by the Gardens Club of Virginia, and even one restoration in England, at Kirby Hall, Northamptonshire.","publication_date":"1997,,","publication_name":"Journal of Garden History"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Progress of Garden Archaeology","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [65866433]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":117140626,"attachmentType":"docx"}"><div class="ds-work-cover--blank-cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--blank-cover--title">The Progress of Garden Archaeology</div><div class="ds-work-cover--blank-cover--page-count">8 Pages</div></div><img alt="Academia Logo" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A-971495bd31377b9367f5ce5ca92bbc27dd8a843db989cbce3408389c670b62c0.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free DOCX</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Progress of Garden Archaeology</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65866433" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidJacques11"><img alt="Profile image of David L Jacques" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/65866433/43206245/34413397/s65_david.jacques.jpg" />David L Jacques</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1997, Journal of Garden History</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The first garden archaeological excavations in a modern sense were probably when Hadrian’s Villa, near Rome, was taken over by the Italian government in 1870, and the Nilus canal was discovered and restored1. The work at Pompeii from 1910 to1923 made the peristyle garden well known to the public when statues, pergolas and fountains were restored. Across the Atlantic, in Williamsburg, the capital of colonial Virginia, the landscape architect Arthur Shurtleff devised the replanning and replanting of the gardens, which in 1930 and 1931 included the large garden behind the Governor’s residence (see Brown & Chappell below). This work spawned a large number of colonial revival gardens, many sponsored by the Gardens Club of Virginia, and even one restoration in England, at Kirby Hall, Northamptonshire.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":117140626,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/122487270/The_Progress_of_Garden_Archaeology"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":117140626,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/122487270/The_Progress_of_Garden_Archaeology"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="117140626" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/122487270/The_Progress_of_Garden_Archaeology" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="36357739" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36357739/_Building_a_Garden_Historiographic_Analysis_of_Roman_Gardens_in_the_19th_and_20th_Centuries_dans_S_Glatron_and_L_Granchamp_dir_The_Urban_Garden_City_Shaping_the_City_with_Gardens_Through_History_New_York_p_17_32">"Building a Garden: Historiographic Analysis of “Roman Gardens” in the 19th and 20th Centuries", dans S. Glatron & L. Granchamp (dir.), The Urban Garden City. Shaping the City with Gardens Through History, New York, p. 17-32.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42855612" href="https://unibe-ch1.academia.edu/IlseHilbold">Ilse Hilbold</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Pierre Grimal’s 1943 thesis on Roman gardens, the birth of archaeology of gardens and the recent opening of museum spaces dedicated to Roman gardens are three founding moments of the modern history of gardens. Since the Renaissance period, however, successive readings of archaeological remains, and Latin and Greek texts have fed the history of Roman gardens, overlays of interpretations, intellectual disputes, opposing and enriching points of views. “Roman Gardens”, as researchers comprehend the subject today, are the results of this history. The object of this chapter is to question the construction of the history of gardens, what we would otherwise call “historiography of Roman gardens”, by bringing to light the more or less visible presuppositions which define gardens, at a specific moment of the history of research.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Building a Garden: Historiographic Analysis of “Roman Gardens” in the 19th and 20th Centuries\", dans S. Glatron \u0026 L. Granchamp (dir.), The Urban Garden City. Shaping the City with Gardens Through History, New York, p. 17-32.","attachmentId":56266592,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36357739/_Building_a_Garden_Historiographic_Analysis_of_Roman_Gardens_in_the_19th_and_20th_Centuries_dans_S_Glatron_and_L_Granchamp_dir_The_Urban_Garden_City_Shaping_the_City_with_Gardens_Through_History_New_York_p_17_32","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36357739/_Building_a_Garden_Historiographic_Analysis_of_Roman_Gardens_in_the_19th_and_20th_Centuries_dans_S_Glatron_and_L_Granchamp_dir_The_Urban_Garden_City_Shaping_the_City_with_Gardens_Through_History_New_York_p_17_32"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="74913911" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74913911/Technical_aspects_of_the_reconstruction_of_historic_gardens">Technical aspects of the reconstruction of historic gardens</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="70460443" href="https://independent.academia.edu/albertfekete1">albert fekete</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Built elements and structures are a prominent component of our historic gardens, both in terms of function and artistic composition and garden scenery. The surveys of historic garden structures are important research tasks, which also underpins and validates restoration work. In most cases, the neglected state of historic gardens and sites and the unavailable archival materials do not allow an authentic restoration of historic gardens to their original state. Nevertheless, there is a real need to reconstruct our historic gardens, based not only on historical authenticity but also on a systematic reinterpretation of the relationship between society and landscape. The objective of this article is to present a general methodology for renewal of historic gardens through examples of specific garden reconstructions. The case studies are the authors&#39; own design works, which demonstrate the application of different design approaches, highlighting details of the reconstruction of specifi...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Technical aspects of the reconstruction of historic gardens","attachmentId":82895390,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74913911/Technical_aspects_of_the_reconstruction_of_historic_gardens","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74913911/Technical_aspects_of_the_reconstruction_of_historic_gardens"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="43965350" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43965350/The_Landscape_History_of_Kensington_Gardens">The Landscape History of Kensington Gardens</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3331878" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DeborahWiles">Deborah Wiles</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Landscape History of Kensington Gardens","attachmentId":64293219,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43965350/The_Landscape_History_of_Kensington_Gardens","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43965350/The_Landscape_History_of_Kensington_Gardens"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="26482806" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26482806/The_Ancient_World_Society_Anniversary_Lecture_2016_The_Archaeology_Of_The_Garden">The Ancient World Society Anniversary Lecture 2016 The Archaeology Of The Garden</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17577844" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/MichaelHoadley">Michael Hoadley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Throughout most of the history of the formal garden it has been reasonable to think of these ornamental adaptions of the local environment as extensions of our habitations. They might, in many situations, be considered 'rooms'. As such, they are amenable to the same archaeological techniques as the dwellings that they adorn. Features can be surveyed, planned and interpreted by analytical fieldwork. Sites can be discovered and interpreted by using air photographs, geophysical methods and excavation. Any disturbance of the ground is measurable. The archaeology of gardens is a relatively new discipline that is still developing its potential. In the past, the existence of gardens has not been appreciated and, therefore, they have not been looked for. Roman villas in Britain probably had some form of pleasure garden. However, until fairly recently, archaeologists have concentrated on the economic activities of such places. The villa at Apethorpe in Northamptonshire was arranged around a central courtyard. In the centre of the courtyard was a shallow stone-lined depression that was described as an impluvium. It now seems likely that it was a central water feature in a courtyard garden. Long narrow structures on two sides of the central courtyard of a Roman villa at Pitney, Somerset, positioned as they are facing on to the villa's façade, makes it likely that they were garden pavilions of some kind but they were initially interpreted as pigsties and slaves' quarters. The failure to appreciate the existence of gardens has led to confusion on sites of later date. At Steeple Gidding in Cambridgeshire complex earthworks were once wholly interpreted as the remains of a deserted Medieval village. However, the earthworks to the south of the church represent the terraces and ponds of a formal garden laid out on top of the abandoned village in 1648. They belonged to a large newly built house. In Bedfordshire at Old Warden the terraces of a late 16 th century garden partly overlay the extensive earthworks that are the remains of the great Cistercian abbey. None of these gardens was recognised until recently. There are probably hundreds of gardens in Britain which are preserved in pasture or hidden in woodland that remain undiscovered solely because they have not been recognised. There is considerable scope for archaeological techniques to be applied to the search for and examination of gardens. There is no evidence, at present, for pleasure gardens in Britain before the Roman occupation. There were almost certainly vegetable gardens in prehistoric times but these cannot be readily distinguished from small paddocks. In prehistoric contexts we find digging sticks and stone hoes. In late prehistoric times settlements begin to exhibit features like fenced and earthwork protected plots. In theory, fields are ploughed and gardens are not. In many instances, it is possible to see evidence of ploughing. Archaeological methods have become more sophisticated. It is possible to recover evidence of plough marks cut into the subsoil or underlying rock thereby distinguishing between fields and plots. However, modern agriculture activities destroy more and more of the prehistoric sites.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ancient World Society Anniversary Lecture 2016 The Archaeology Of The Garden","attachmentId":46778627,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26482806/The_Ancient_World_Society_Anniversary_Lecture_2016_The_Archaeology_Of_The_Garden","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26482806/The_Ancient_World_Society_Anniversary_Lecture_2016_The_Archaeology_Of_The_Garden"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="16946042" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16946042/Roman_Gardens_in_Spain">Roman Gardens in Spain</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36226586" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/MervynSamuel">Mervyn Samuel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Rome was the paramount power in the Iberian Peninsula from around 200 BC to the fifth century AD, and the gardens enjoyed by Romans in other parts of the Empire would have existed in the prosperous Spanish provinces, though minimal archaelogical evidenence has come to light up to the present.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Roman Gardens in Spain","attachmentId":39270923,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16946042/Roman_Gardens_in_Spain","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16946042/Roman_Gardens_in_Spain"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="49653390" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49653390/Historical_Gardens_as_an_Inspiration_for_the_Future_of_Urban_Horticultural_Gardens">Historical Gardens as an Inspiration for the Future of Urban Horticultural Gardens</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="142672471" href="https://independent.academia.edu/InesBabnik">Ines Babnik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Urban Horticulture - Necessity of the Future [Working Title]</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Historical Gardens as an Inspiration for the Future of Urban Horticultural Gardens","attachmentId":67948376,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49653390/Historical_Gardens_as_an_Inspiration_for_the_Future_of_Urban_Horticultural_Gardens","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49653390/Historical_Gardens_as_an_Inspiration_for_the_Future_of_Urban_Horticultural_Gardens"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="41536896" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41536896/January_2020_124_1_Gardens_of_the_Roman_Empire">January 2020 (124.1) Gardens of the Roman Empire</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="68490857" href="https://williams.academia.edu/NicoleBrown">Nicole G Brown</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Archaeology, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"January 2020 (124.1) Gardens of the Roman Empire","attachmentId":61696886,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41536896/January_2020_124_1_Gardens_of_the_Roman_Empire","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41536896/January_2020_124_1_Gardens_of_the_Roman_Empire"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="77677153" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77677153/Greek_and_Roman_Gardens">Greek and Roman Gardens</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="326443" href="https://gc-cuny.academia.edu/EMacaulay">Elizabeth Macaulay</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Gardens were a fundamental feature of the classical world. In ancient Greece, while gardens were not included within houses, sacred groves and plants, especially trees, were ever-present elements of the Greek landscape throughout Antiquity. Much of our knowledge of Greek gardens and cultivated flora comes primarily from literature and paintings; few gardens have been recovered archaeologically. Greek attitudes to plants also helped shape the values and understanding of plants around the Mediterranean. The transformative catalyst in the development of gardens in classical Antiquity was Alexander the Great’s conquests in the East. He visited some of the major palaces and the gardens of the Persian emperors and satraps and saw firsthand the well-established, extensive garden tradition of the Near East. As a result of Alexander’s conquest, considerable horticultural knowledge (and possibly specimen plants) from the East came back to the Mediterranean region, brought there by his armies ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Greek and Roman Gardens","attachmentId":84982576,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77677153/Greek_and_Roman_Gardens","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77677153/Greek_and_Roman_Gardens"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="108491892" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108491892/The_first_extensive_study_of_an_Imperial_Roman_Garden_in_the_city_of_Rome_the_Horti_Lamiani">The first extensive study of an Imperial Roman Garden in the city of Rome: the Horti Lamiani</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11262248" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/ClaudiaMoricca">Claudia Moricca</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper presents the first systematic results of integrated plant macrofossil and pollen analyses from the Horti Lamiani (1st-3rd century ce), an aristocratic residence with a luxury garden which was established on the Esquilino (Esquiline Hill) in Rome during the time of the first Emperor, Caesar Augustus (27 bce-14 ce) and later became one of the most famous Imperial gardens around the ancient city. Different types of plant remains such as charcoal, seeds and fruits and pollen were recovered from pits and pots in the garden and reflect the presence of plants there. There seem to have been ornamental shrubs which were probably grown as decorative modelled hedges and/or isolated bushes, as well as cultivated trees. Several ornamental flowering plants grew in pots. Although this archaeobotanical assemblage could represent some patches of wild vegetation still growing in the study area at the time of the Imperial garden, it is likely that most of the identified plants were intentionally planted and organised to create a glimpse of the past wild landscape of Rome. They have special characteristics, such as bearing coloured flowers or fruits and offering shade, that made them suitable for embellishing a magnificent garden. Moreover this reflects the Roman desire to control nature, testified by the expansion of luxury gardens during the Imperial period and the spread of decorative horticultural techniques, like the miniaturisation of trees and shaping of trees and shrubs by topiary.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The first extensive study of an Imperial Roman Garden in the city of Rome: the Horti Lamiani","attachmentId":106859527,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108491892/The_first_extensive_study_of_an_Imperial_Roman_Garden_in_the_city_of_Rome_the_Horti_Lamiani","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108491892/The_first_extensive_study_of_an_Imperial_Roman_Garden_in_the_city_of_Rome_the_Horti_Lamiani"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="4564926" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4564926/Gardens_of_the_Renaissance">Gardens of the Renaissance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3716375" href="https://rccd.academia.edu/BryanKeene">Bryan C Keene</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Whether connected to grandiose villas or common kitchens, gardens in the Renaissance (about 1400–1600) were planted and treasured by people in all levels of society. Some cultivated gardens for the display and study of beautiful and rare plants, while others did so for sustenance. Manuscript artists depicted gardens in a variety of texts, and their illustrations attest to the Renaissance spirit for the careful study of the natural world. In a society then dominated by the church, gardens were also integral to a Christian visual tradition, from the paradise of Eden to the enclosed green spaces associated with Mary and Christ. Gardens are cyclical and impermanent; most planted during the Renaissance have changed or been lost. The objects in this exhibition offer a glimpse into how people at the time pictured, used, and enjoyed these idyllic green spaces. The exhibition features over 20 manuscript illuminations, a painting, a drawing and a photograph from the Getty Museum's permanent collection, as well as loaned works from the Getty Research Institute and private collectors James E. and Elizabeth J. Ferrell.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Gardens of the Renaissance","attachmentId":52316298,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4564926/Gardens_of_the_Renaissance","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4564926/Gardens_of_the_Renaissance"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":117140626,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":117140626,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_117140626" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="87421288" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87421288/Restoration_of_the_historic_gardens_of_the_former_royal_estate_of_Tatoi">Restoration of the historic gardens of the former royal estate of Tatoi</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="62371065" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MariaPapafotiou">Maria Papafotiou</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Acta Horticulturae, 2017</p><div 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Brundrett</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Brock Review</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Roman Tomb Gardens: The Construction of Sacred Commemorative Landscapes","attachmentId":72419689,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57593223/Roman_Tomb_Gardens_The_Construction_of_Sacred_Commemorative_Landscapes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/57593223/Roman_Tomb_Gardens_The_Construction_of_Sacred_Commemorative_Landscapes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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F. Jashemski†, K. L. Gleason, K. J. Hartswick, and A. Malek eds., Gardens of the Roman Empire (Cambridge Univ. 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Oxford.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="202171" href="https://manchester.academia.edu/MariaKopsacheili">Maria Kopsacheili</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"'In search of the garden-peristyle in Hellenistic palaces: a reappraisal of the evidence' in Aegis: Essays in Mediterranean Archaeology presented to Matti Egon by scholars of the Greek Archaeological Committee UK. 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnneYentsch">Anne Yentsch</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7898364" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ConradMacGoodwin">Conrad "Mac" Goodwin</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3312043" href="https://bu.academia.edu/KarenMetheny">Karen Metheny</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41962647" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JudsonKratzer">Judson Kratzer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Historical Archaeology 29(1): 35-61, 1995</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Recovering the Lost Landscapes of the Stockton Gardens at Morven, 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