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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critolao" title="Critolao – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Critolao" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critolaos" title="Critolaos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Critolaos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critolao" title="Critolao – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Critolao" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קריטולאוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קריטולאוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritolaosz" title="Kritolaosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kritolaosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كريتولاوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كريتولاوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritolaos" title="Kritolaos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kritolaos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritolaos_fra_Faselis" title="Kritolaos fra Faselis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kritolaos fra Faselis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritolaos" title="Kritolaos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kritolaos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critolau" title="Critolau – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Critolau" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84)" title="Критолай (философ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Критолай (философ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritolaos_z_Fas%C3%A9lidy" title="Kritolaos z Fasélidy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kritolaos z Fasélidy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritolaj" title="Kritolaj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kritolaj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritolaos" title="Kritolaos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kritolaos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84)" title="Крітолай (філософ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крітолай (філософ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%9B%BE%E5%8A%B3%E6%96%AF" title="克里图劳斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克里图劳斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1073837#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek philosopher</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Critolaus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Critolaus (disambiguation)">Critolaus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Critolaus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Κριτόλαος</span> <i>Kritolaos</i>; c. 200 – c. 118 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorandi199950_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorandi199950-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Phaselis" title="Phaselis">Phaselis</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosopher</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a>. He was one of three philosophers sent to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 155 BC (the other two being <a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Babylon" title="Diogenes of Babylon">Diogenes of Babylon</a>), where their doctrines fascinated the citizens, but frightened the more conservative statesmen. None of his writings survive. He was interested in <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, and considered <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a> to be an <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>. He maintained the Aristotelian doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Eternity_of_the_world" title="Eternity of the world">eternity of the world</a>, and of the human race in general, directing his arguments against the <a href="/wiki/Stoics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoics">Stoics</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critolaus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was born in <a href="/wiki/Phaselis" title="Phaselis">Phaselis</a>, a Greek colony in <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, c. 200 BC, and studied philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> under <a href="/wiki/Aristo_of_Ceos" title="Aristo of Ceos">Aristo of Ceos</a>, and became one of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a> by his eminence as an orator, a scholar and a moralist. There has been considerable discussion as to whether he was the immediate successor of Aristo, but the evidence is confused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The great reputation which Critolaus enjoyed at Athens, as a philosopher, an orator, and a statesman, induced the Athenians to send him to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 155 BC, together with <a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Babylon" title="Diogenes of Babylon">Diogenes the Stoic</a>, to obtain a remission of the fine of 500 talents which the Romans had imposed upon Athens for the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Oropus" title="Oropus">Oropus</a>. They were successful in the object for which they came; and the embassy excited the greatest interest at Rome. Not only the Roman youth, but the most illustrious men in the state, such as <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus_Africanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scipio Aemilianus Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Laelius_Sapiens" title="Gaius Laelius Sapiens">Laelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Furius_Philus" title="Lucius Furius Philus">Furius</a>, and others, came to listen to their discourses. The novelty of their doctrines seemed to the Romans of the old school to be fraught with such danger to the morals of the citizens, that <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato</a> induced the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senate</a> to send them away from Rome as quickly as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gellius describes his arguments as "elegant and polished" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">scita et teretia</i>). We have no further information respecting the life of Critolaus. He lived upwards of eighty-two years, but died c. 118 BC. By the time <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Crassus" title="Lucius Licinius Crassus">Licinius Crassus</a> arrived at Athens c. 111 BC, he found Critolaus' pupil <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_of_Tyre" title="Diodorus of Tyre">Diodorus of Tyre</a> at the head of the Peripatetic school.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critolaus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critolaus seems to have paid particular attention to <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, though he considered it, like <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, not as an art, but rather as a matter of practice. <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> speaks in high terms of his eloquence.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next to Rhetoric, Critolaus seems to have given his chief attention to the study of moral philosophy, and to have made some additions to Aristotle's system.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, he deviated very little from the philosophy of the founder of the Peripatetic school,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though in some respects he went beyond his predecessors. For example, he held that <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and definitely maintained that the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">aether</a>. The end of existence was to him the general perfection of the natural life, including the goods of the soul and the body, and also external goods. Cicero says in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tusculanae_Quaestiones" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusculanae Quaestiones">Tusculanae Quaestiones</a></i> that the goods of the soul entirely outweighed for him the other goods (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">tantum propendere illam bonorum animi lancem</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further, he defended against the <a href="/wiki/Stoics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoics">Stoics</a> the Peripatetic doctrine of the eternity of the world and the indestructibility of the human race. There is no observed change in the natural order of things; humankind recreates itself in the same manner according to the capacity given by <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a>, and the various ills to which it is heir, though fatal to individuals, do not avail to modify the whole. Just as it is absurd to suppose that humans are merely earth-born, so the possibility of their ultimate destruction is inconceivable. The world, as the manifestation of eternal order, must itself be immortal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Critolaus is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the author of a work on <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>, and of another entitled <i>Phenomena</i>; and <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also speaks of an historical writer of this name. Whether the historian is the same as the Peripatetic philosopher, cannot be determined. A grammarian Critolaus is mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Etymologicum_Magnum" title="Etymologicum Magnum">Etymologicum Magnum</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critolaus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorandi199950-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorandi199950_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorandi1999">Dorandi 1999</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Cato Maj.</i> 22; Aulus Gellius, vii. 14; <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a> <i>Saturnalia</i> i. 5 ; Cicero, <i>de Orat.</i> ii. 37, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucian, <i>Macrobii</i> 20; Cicero, <i>De Oratore</i>, i. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quintillian, ii. 15. § 23, 17. § 15; Sextus Empiricus, <i>adv. Mathem.</i> ii. 12; Cicero, <i>De Finibus</i>, v. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">comp. Cicero, <i><a href="/wiki/Tusculanae_Quaestiones" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusculanae Quaestiones">Tusculanae Quaestiones</a></i> v. 17; Clement of Alexandria, <i><a href="/wiki/Stromata" title="Stromata">Stromata</a></i>, ii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Cicero, <i>De Finibus</i>, v. 5 "C. imitari antiquos voluit".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aulus Gellius, ix. 5. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Parall. min.</i> cc. 6, 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aulus Gellius, xi. 9.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critolaus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDorandi1999" class="citation book cs1">Dorandi, Tiziano (1999). "Chapter 2: Chronology". In Algra, Keimpe; et al. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00algr"><i>The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00algr/page/n69">50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521250283" title="Special:BookSources/9780521250283"><bdi>9780521250283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Chronology&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Hellenistic+Philosophy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521250283&rft.aulast=Dorandi&rft.aufirst=Tiziano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory00algr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritolaus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Critolaus" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Critolaus">Critolaus</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Critolaus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=470&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritolaus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Praxiphanes" title="Praxiphanes">Praxiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachus_(son_of_Aristotle)" title="Nicomachus (son of Aristotle)">Nicomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Phalerum" title="Demetrius of Phalerum">Demetrius of Phalerum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearchus_of_Soli" title="Clearchus of Soli">Clearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_of_Rhodes" title="Hieronymus of Rhodes">Hieronymus of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_of_Troas" title="Lyco of Troas">Lyco of Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristo_of_Ceos" title="Aristo of Ceos">Aristo of Ceos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyrus_the_Peripatetic" title="Satyrus the Peripatetic">Satyrus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Critolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_of_Tyre" title="Diodorus of Tyre">Diodorus of Tyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cratippus_of_Pergamon" title="Cratippus of Pergamon">Cratippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Rhodes" title="Andronicus of Rhodes">Andronicus of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethus_of_Sidon_(Peripatetic)" title="Boethus of Sidon (Peripatetic)">Boethus of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocles_of_Messene" title="Aristocles of Messene">Aristocles of Messene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspasius" title="Aspasius">Aspasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrastus_of_Aphrodisias" title="Adrastus of Aphrodisias">Adrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Elder" title="Olympiodorus the Elder">Olympiodorus the Elder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073837#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118724509">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12348201m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12348201m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Critolaus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMSV109913">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/95000949">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" 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