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mw-fr-mobile-message-inline"> <div class="cdx-message__content"> This is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DSpecial:Log%26type%3Dreview%26page%3DNutrient">reviewed</a> on 16 February 2025. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Nutrients" redirects here. For nutrition in humans, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_nutrition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a>. For nutrition in animals, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animal_nutrition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Animal nutrition">Animal nutrition</a>. For nutrition in plants, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plant_nutrition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plant nutrition">Plant nutrition</a>. For the journal, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrients_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nutrients (journal)">Nutrients (journal)</a>. </div> A nutrient is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemical_substance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemical substance">substance</a> used by an organism to survive, grow and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plant">plants</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fungus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fungus">fungi</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protist">protists</a>. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metabolism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metabolism">metabolic purposes</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Excretion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Excretion">excreted</a> by cells to create non-cellular structures such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hair?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hair">hair</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scale_(anatomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (anatomy)">scales</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feather?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feather">feathers</a>, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exoskeleton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeletons</a>. Some nutrients can be metabolically converted into smaller molecules in the process of releasing energy such as for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbohydrate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lipid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lipid">lipids</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protein (nutrient)">proteins</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fermentation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a> products (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethanol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vinegar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>) leading to end-products of water and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. All organisms require water. Essential nutrients for animals are the energy sources, some of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amino_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> that are combined to create <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protein">proteins</a>, a subset of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fatty_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitamin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> and certain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mineral (nutrient)">minerals</a>. Plants require more diverse minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through leaves. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fungus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> live on dead or living organic matter and meet nutrient needs from their host. Different types of organisms have different essential nutrients. Ascorbic acid (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitamin_C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>) is essential to humans and some animal species but most other animals and many plants are able to synthesize it. Nutrients may be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organic_compound?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organic compound">organic</a> or inorganic: organic compounds include most compounds containing carbon, while all other chemicals are inorganic. Inorganic nutrients include nutrients such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selenium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zinc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, while organic nutrients include, protein, fats, sugars and vitamins. A classification used primarily to describe nutrient needs of animals divides nutrients into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_macronutrients?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of macronutrients">macronutrients</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Micronutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>. Consumed in relatively large amounts (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gram">grams</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ounce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ounce">ounces</a>), macronutrients (carbohydrates, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fat">fats</a>, proteins, water) are primarily used to generate energy or to incorporate into tissues for growth and repair. Micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milligram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligram">milligrams</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microgram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microgram">micrograms</a>); they have subtle <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biochemistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biochemistry">biochemical</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physiology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physiology">physiological</a> roles in cellular processes, like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vascular smooth muscle">vascular functions</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Action_potential?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Action potential">nerve conduction</a>. Inadequate amounts of essential nutrients or diseases that interfere with absorption, result in a deficiency state that compromises growth, survival and reproduction. Consumer advisories for dietary nutrient intakes such as the United States <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intake</a>, are based on the amount required to prevent deficiency and provide macronutrient and micronutrient guides for both lower and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_levels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake levels">upper limits</a> of intake. In many countries, regulations require that food product labels display information about the amount of any macronutrients and micronutrients present in the food in significant quantities. Nutrients in larger quantities than the body needs may have harmful effects.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ensminger1994-1">[1]</a> Edible plants also contain thousands of compounds generally called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytochemical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a> which have unknown effects on disease or health including a diverse class with non-nutrient status called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polyphenol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a> which remain poorly understood as of 2024. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Types">1 Types</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Macronutrients">1.1 Macronutrients</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Micronutrients">1.2 Micronutrients</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Essentiality">2 Essentiality</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Essential_nutrients">2.1 Essential nutrients</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Amino_acids">2.1.1 Amino acids</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fatty_acids">2.1.2 Fatty acids</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vitamins_and_vitamers">2.1.3 Vitamins and vitamers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Minerals">2.1.4 Minerals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Choline">2.1.5 Choline</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Conditionally_essential">2.2 Conditionally essential</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Non-essential">2.3 Non-essential</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Non-nutrients">2.4 Non-nutrients</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Deficiencies_and_toxicity">3 Deficiencies and toxicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Plant">4 Plant</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Types">Types</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Types" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Nutrient">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522Nutrient%2522">"Nutrient"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522Nutrient%2522%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522Nutrient%2522%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522Nutrient%2522%2B-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q%3D%2522Nutrient%2522">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query%3D%2522Nutrient%2522%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don">JSTOR</a> (December 2022) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Macronutrients">Macronutrients</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Macronutrients" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Macronutrients are defined in several ways.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kern2005-2">[2]</a> <ul> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemical_element?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> humans consume in the largest quantities are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxygen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phosphorus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulphur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a>, summarized as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CHNOPS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CHNOPS">CHNOPS</a>.</li> <li>The chemical compounds that humans consume in the largest quantities and provide bulk energy are classified as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbohydrate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protein">proteins</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fat">fats</a>. Water must be also consumed in large quantities but does not provide caloric value.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calcium">Calcium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sodium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potassium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnesium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chloride?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chloride">chloride</a> ions, along with phosphorus and sulfur, are listed with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_macronutrients?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of macronutrients">macronutrients</a> because they are required in large quantities compared to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Micronutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>, i.e., vitamins and other minerals, the latter often described as trace or ultratrace minerals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> </ul> Macronutrients provide energy: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbohydrate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a> are compounds made up of types of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sugar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sugar">sugar</a>. Carbohydrates are classified according to their number of sugar units: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monosaccharide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharides</a> (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glucose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fructose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fructose">fructose</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disaccharide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Disaccharide">disaccharides</a> (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sucrose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lactose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lactose">lactose</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oligosaccharide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polysaccharide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a> (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Starch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Starch">starch</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glycogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cellulose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protein">Proteins</a> are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organic_compound?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> that consist of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amino_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> joined by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peptide_bond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peptide bond">peptide bonds</a>. Since the body cannot manufacture some of the amino acids (termed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Essential_amino_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acids</a>), the diet must supply them. Through digestion, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protein">proteins</a> are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protein_catabolism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protein catabolism">broken down</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protease?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protease">proteases</a> back into free amino acids.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fat">Fats</a> consist of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glycerin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerin">glycerin</a> molecule with three <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fatty_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> attached. Fatty acid molecules contain a -COOH group attached to unbranched <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrocarbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> chains connected by single bonds alone (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saturated_fat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saturated fat">saturated fatty acids</a>) or by both double and single bonds (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unsaturated_fat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unsaturated fat">unsaturated fatty acids</a>). Fats are needed for construction and maintenance of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cell_membrane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a>, to maintain a stable body temperature, and to sustain the health of skin and hair. Because the body does not manufacture certain fatty acids (termed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acids</a>), they must be obtained through one's diet.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcoholic_drink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Ethanol</a> is not an essential nutrient, but it does provide calories. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> uses a figure of 6.93 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calorie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calorie">kilocalories</a> (29.0 kJ) per gram of alcohol (5.47 kcal or 22.9 kJ per <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millilitre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Millilitre">ml</a>) for calculating food energy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-USDA-4">[4]</a> For <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Distilled_spirit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled spirit">distilled spirits</a>, a standard serving in the U.S. is 44 ml (1.5 US fl oz), which at 40% ethanol (80 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcohol_proof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcohol proof">proof</a>) would be 14 grams and 98 calories.</li> </ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Biomolecule</th> <th>Kilocalories per 1 gram<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td>Protein</td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Carbohydrate</td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ethanol</td> <td>7<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-USDA-4">[4]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fat</td> <td>9</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Micronutrients">Micronutrients</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Micronutrients" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Micronutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Micronutrient">Micronutrients</a> are essential dietary elements required in varying quantities throughout life to serve <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metabolism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physiology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physiology">physiological functions</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-natrev-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-tucker-7">[7]</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dietary_mineral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potassium_in_biology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potassium in biology">potassium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sodium_in_biology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sodium in biology">sodium</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_in_biology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron in biology">iron</a>, are elements native to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth">Earth</a>, and cannot be synthesized. They are required in the diet in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microgram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microgram">microgram</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milligram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligram">milligram</a> amounts. As plants obtain minerals from the soil, dietary minerals derive directly from plants consumed or indirectly from edible animal sources.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lpimin-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitamin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a> are organic compounds required in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microgram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microgram">microgram</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milligram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligram">milligram</a> amounts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lpivit-9">[9]</a> The importance of each dietary vitamin was first established when it was determined that a disease would develop if that vitamin was absent from the diet.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lpivit-9">[9]</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Essentiality">Essentiality</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Essentiality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Essential_nutrients">Essential nutrients</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Essential nutrients" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> An essential nutrient is a nutrient required for normal physiological function that cannot be synthesized in the body – either at all or in sufficient quantities – and thus must be obtained from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diet (nutrition)">dietary</a> source.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-VaughanGeissler2009-11">[11]</a> Apart from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water">water</a>, which is universally required for the maintenance of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homeostasis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> in mammals,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> essential nutrients are indispensable for various cellular <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metabolic_process?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic process">metabolic processes</a> and for the maintenance and function of tissues and organs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AJCN-13">[13]</a> The nutrients considered essential for humans comprise nine amino acids, two fatty acids, thirteen <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitamin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>, fifteen <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mineral (nutrient)">minerals</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Choline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Choline">choline</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AJCN-13">[13]</a> In addition, there are several molecules that are considered conditionally essential nutrients since they are indispensable in certain developmental and pathological states.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AJCN-13">[13]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Carver-14">[14]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Amino_acids">Amino acids</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Amino acids" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Essential_amino_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Essential amino acid">Essential amino acid</a> </div> An essential amino acid is an amino acid that is required by an organism but cannot be synthesized <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_novo_synthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De novo synthesis">de novo</a> by it, and therefore must be supplied in its diet. Out of the twenty standard protein-producing amino acids, nine cannot be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Endogenous?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenously</a> synthesized by humans: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phenylalanine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phenylalanine">phenylalanine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valine">valine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Threonine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Threonine">threonine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tryptophan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methionine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methionine">methionine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leucine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leucine">leucine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isoleucine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isoleucine">isoleucine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lysine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lysine">lysine</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histidine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histidine">histidine</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DRI-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Fatty_acids">Fatty acids</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Fatty acids" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acid</a> </div> Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fatty_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> that humans and other animals must ingest because the body requires them for good health but cannot <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biosynthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biosynthesis">synthesize</a> them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Only two fatty acids are known to be essential for humans: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">alpha-linolenic acid</a> (an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acid</a>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linoleic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> (an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">omega-6 fatty acid</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Vitamins_and_vitamers">Vitamins and vitamers</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Vitamins and vitamers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitamin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitamin">Vitamin</a> </div> Vitamins occur in a variety of related forms known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitamers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamers">vitamers</a>. The vitamers of a given vitamin perform the functions of that vitamin and prevent symptoms of deficiency of that vitamin. Vitamins are those essential organic molecules that are not classified as amino acids or fatty acids. They commonly function as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enzymatic_cofactor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymatic cofactor">enzymatic cofactors</a>, metabolic regulators or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antioxidant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a>. Humans require thirteen vitamins in their diet, most of which are actually groups of related molecules (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitamin_E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> includes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tocopherol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tocopherol">tocopherols</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tocotrienol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tocotrienol">tocotrienols</a>):<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> vitamins A, C, D, E, K, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thiamine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a> (B1), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riboflavin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a> (B2), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a> (B3), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pantothenic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pantothenic acid">pantothenic acid</a> (B5), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyridoxine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyridoxine">pyridoxine</a> (B6), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biotin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biotin">biotin</a> (B7), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Folate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Folate">folate</a> (B9), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cobalamin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalamin">cobalamin</a> (B12). The requirement for vitamin D is conditional, as people who get sufficient exposure to ultraviolet light, either from the sun or an artificial source, synthesize vitamin D in the skin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lpi-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Minerals">Minerals</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Minerals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Mineral (nutrient)</a> </div> Minerals are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exogenous?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Exogenous">exogenous</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemical_element?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> indispensable for life. Although the four elements: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxygen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CHON?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CHON">CHON</a>) are essential for life, they are so plentiful in food and drink that these are not considered nutrients and there are no recommended intakes for these as minerals. The need for nitrogen is addressed by requirements set for protein, which is composed of nitrogen-containing amino acids. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> is essential, but again does not have a recommended intake. Instead, recommended intakes are identified for the sulfur-containing amino acids <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methionine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methionine">methionine</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cysteine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a>. The essential nutrient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trace_elements?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace elements">trace elements</a> for humans, listed in order of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reference Daily Intake">recommended dietary allowance</a> (expressed as a mass), are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potassium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chloride?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sodium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phosphorus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnesium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zinc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manganese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iodine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iodine">iodine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chromium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Molybdenum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selenium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selenium">selenium</a>. Additionally, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cobalt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> is a component of vitamin B12 which is essential. There are other minerals which are essential for some plants and animals, but may or may not be essential for humans, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boron">boron</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silicon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silicon">silicon</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Choline">Choline</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Choline" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Choline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Choline">Choline</a> </div> Choline is an essential nutrient.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The cholines are a family of water-soluble <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_compound?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary ammonium compound">quaternary ammonium compounds</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Choline_HMDB-25">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Choline is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to the amino function.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Healthy humans fed artificially composed diets that are deficient in choline develop fatty liver, liver damage, and muscle damage. Choline was not initially classified as essential because the human body can produce choline in small amounts through phosphatidylcholine metabolism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Conditionally_essential">Conditionally essential</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Conditionally essential" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Conditionally essential nutrients are certain organic molecules that can normally be synthesized by an organism, but under certain conditions in insufficient quantities. In humans, such conditions include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preterm_birth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preterm birth">premature birth</a>, limited nutrient intake, rapid growth, and certain disease states.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Carver-14">[14]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inositol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inositol">Inositol</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taurine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taurine">taurine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arginine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arginine">arginine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glutamine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glutamine">glutamine</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nucleotides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotides">nucleotides</a> are classified as conditionally essential and are particularly important in neonatal diet and metabolism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Carver-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Non-essential">Non-essential</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Non-essential" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dietary_fiber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a> </div> Non-essential nutrients are substances within foods that can have a significant impact on health. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dietary_fiber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a> is not absorbed in the human digestive tract.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soluble_fiber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble fiber">Soluble fiber</a> is metabolized to butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids by bacteria residing in the large intestine.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Butyrate_synthesis_pathways-30">[30]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lupton-31">[31]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Prebiotic_digestion-32">[32]</a> Soluble fiber is marketed as serving a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">prebiotic</a> function with claims for promoting "healthy" intestinal bacteria.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Non-nutrients">Non-nutrients</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Non-nutrients" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethanol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> (C2H5OH) is not an essential nutrient, but it does supply approximately 29 kilojoules (7 kilocalories) of food energy per gram.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lieber-34">[34]</a> For spirits (vodka, gin, rum, etc.) a standard serving in the United States is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>44 millilitres (1+1⁄2 US fluid ounces), which at 40% ethanol (80 proof) would be 14 grams and 410 kJ (98 kcal). At 50% alcohol, 17.5 g and 513 kJ (122.5 kcal). Wine and beer contain a similar amount of ethanol in servings of 150 and 350 mL (5 and 12 US fl oz), respectively, but these beverages also contribute to food energy intake from components other than ethanol. A 150 mL (5 US fl oz) serving of wine contains 420 to 540 kJ (100 to 130 kcal). A 350 mL (12 US fl oz) serving of beer contains 400 to 840 kJ (95 to 200 kcal).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NHANES?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NHANES">NHANES</a> 2013–2014 surveys, women ages 20 and up consume on average 6.8 grams of alcohol per day and men consume on average 15.5 grams per day.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Ignoring the non-alcohol contribution of those beverages, the average ethanol contributions to daily food energy intake are 200 and 450 kJ (48 and 108 kcal), respectively. Alcoholic beverages are considered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empty_calorie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Empty calorie">empty calorie</a> foods because, while providing energy, they contribute no essential nutrients.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lieber-34">[34]</a> By definition, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytochemical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a> include all nutritional and non-nutritional components of edible plants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lpi1-37">[37]</a> Included as nutritional constituents are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provitamin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provitamin">provitamin</a> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carotenoid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lpi2-38">[38]</a> whereas those without nutrient status are diverse <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polyphenol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavonoid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resveratrol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resveratrol">resveratrol</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lignan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lignan">lignans</a> that are present in numerous plant foods.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lpi3-39">[39]</a> Some phytochemical compounds are under preliminary research for their potential effects on human diseases and health.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lpi1-37">[37]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lpi2-38">[38]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lpi3-39">[39]</a> However, the qualification for nutrient status of compounds with poorly defined properties <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/In_vivo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="In vivo">in vivo</a> is that they must first be defined with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intake</a> level to enable accurate food labeling,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> a condition not established for most phytochemicals that are claimed to provide antioxidant benefits.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nutra-41">[41]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Deficiencies_and_toxicity">Deficiencies and toxicity</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Deficiencies and toxicity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitamin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitamin">Vitamin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Mineral (nutrient)</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein (nutrient)</a> An inadequate amount of a nutrient is a deficiency. Deficiencies can be due to several causes, including an inadequacy in nutrient intake, called a dietary deficiency, or any of several conditions that interfere with the utilization of a nutrient within an organism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ensminger1994-1">[1]</a> Some of the conditions that can interfere with nutrient utilization include problems with nutrient absorption, substances that cause a greater-than-normal need for a nutrient, conditions that cause nutrient destruction, and conditions that cause greater nutrient excretion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ensminger1994-1">[1]</a> Nutrient toxicity occurs when excess consumption of a nutrient does harm to an organism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In the United States and Canada, recommended dietary intake levels of essential nutrients are based on the minimum level that "will maintain a defined level of nutriture in an individual", a definition somewhat different from that used by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Health_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of a "basal requirement to indicate the level of intake needed to prevent pathologically relevant and clinically detectable signs of a dietary inadequacy".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DRITable-44">[44]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EFSA-45">[45]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JapanDRI-46">[46]</a> For example, for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitamin_C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, recommended intakes range from 40 mg/day in India<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NIN-47">[47]</a> to 155 mg/day for the European Union.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EFSA-Recommended-48">[48]</a> The table below shows U.S. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins and minerals, PRIs for the European Union (same concept as RDAs), followed by what three government organizations deem to be the safe upper intake. RDAs are set higher than EARs to cover people with higher-than-average needs. Adequate Intakes (AIs) are set when there is insufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs. Countries establish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_levels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake levels">tolerable upper intake levels</a>, also referred to as upper limits (ULs), based on amounts that cause adverse effects. Governments are slow to revise information of this nature. For the U.S. values, except calcium and vitamin D, all data date from 1997 to 2004.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DRI-17">[17]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Nutrient</th> <th rowspan="2">U.S. EAR<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DRITable-44">[44]</a></th> <th rowspan="2">Highest U.S. RDA or AI<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DRITable-44">[44]</a></th> <th rowspan="2">Highest EU PRI or AI<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EFSA-Recommended-48">[48]</a></th> <th colspan="3">Upper limit</th> <th rowspan="2">Unit</th> </tr> <tr> <th>U.S.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DRITable-44">[44]</a></th> <th>EU <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EFSA-45">[45]</a></th> <th>Japan<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JapanDRI-46">[46]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitamin_A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></td> <td>625</td> <td>900</td> <td>1300</td> <td>3000</td> <td>3000</td> <td>2700</td> <td>μg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitamin_C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></td> <td>75</td> <td>90</td> <td>155</td> <td>2000</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitamin_D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>15</td> <td>15</td> <td>100</td> <td>100</td> <td>100</td> <td>μg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitamin_K?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></td> <td>NE</td> <td>120</td> <td>70</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>μg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tocopherol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tocopherol">α-tocopherol</a> (Vit E)</td> <td>12</td> <td>15</td> <td>13</td> <td>1000</td> <td>300</td> <td>650–900</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thiamin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">Thiamin</a> (Vit B1)</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>0.1 mg/MJ</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riboflavin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin</a> (Vit B2)</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin</a>* (Vit B3)</td> <td>12</td> <td>16</td> <td>1.6 mg/MJ</td> <td>35</td> <td>10</td> <td>60-85</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pantothenic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (Vit B5)</td> <td>NE</td> <td>5</td> <td>7</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitamin_B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>100</td> <td>25</td> <td>40-60</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biotin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biotin">Biotin</a> (Vit B7)</td> <td>NE</td> <td>30</td> <td>45</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>μg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Folate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Folate">Folate</a> (Vit B9)</td> <td>320</td> <td>400</td> <td>600</td> <td>1000</td> <td>1000</td> <td>900-1000</td> <td>μg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cobalamin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalamin">Cobalamin</a> (Vit B12)</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>μg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Choline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Choline">Choline</a></td> <td>NE</td> <td>550</td> <td>520</td> <td>3500</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td> <td>800</td> <td>1000</td> <td>1000</td> <td>2500</td> <td>2500</td> <td>2500</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chloride?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chloride">Chloride</a></td> <td>NE</td> <td>2300</td> <td>NE</td> <td>3600</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chromium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></td> <td>NE</td> <td>35</td> <td>NE</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>μg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copper">Copper</a></td> <td>700</td> <td>900</td> <td>1600</td> <td>10000</td> <td>5000</td> <td>10000</td> <td>μg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fluoride?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fluoride">Fluoride</a></td> <td>NE</td> <td>4</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>10</td> <td>7</td> <td>____</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iodine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></td> <td>95</td> <td>150</td> <td>200</td> <td>1100</td> <td>600</td> <td>3000</td> <td>μg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron">Iron</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>18 (females) 8 (males)</td> <td>16 (females) 11 (males)</td> <td>45</td> <td>ND</td> <td>40-45</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnesium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a>*</td> <td>350</td> <td>420</td> <td>350</td> <td>350</td> <td>250</td> <td>350</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manganese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></td> <td>NE</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>11</td> <td>ND</td> <td>11</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Molybdenum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></td> <td>34</td> <td>45</td> <td>65</td> <td>2000</td> <td>600</td> <td>450-550</td> <td>μg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phosphorus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></td> <td>580</td> <td>700</td> <td>640</td> <td>4000</td> <td>ND</td> <td>3000</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potassium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td> <td>NE</td> <td>4700</td> <td>4000</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>2700-3000</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selenium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></td> <td>45</td> <td>55</td> <td>70</td> <td>400</td> <td>300</td> <td>330-460</td> <td>μg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sodium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td> <td>NE</td> <td>1500</td> <td>NE</td> <td>2300</td> <td>ND</td> <td>3000-3600</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zinc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td> <td>9.4</td> <td>11</td> <td>16.3</td> <td>40</td> <td>25</td> <td>35-45</td> <td>mg</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> * The daily recommended amounts of niacin and magnesium are higher than the tolerable upper limit because, for both nutrients, the ULs identify the amounts that will not increase the risk of adverse effects when the nutrients are consumed as a serving of a dietary supplement. Magnesium supplementation above the UL may cause diarrhea. Supplementation with niacin above the UL may cause flushing of the face and a sensation of body warmth. Each country or regional regulatory agency decides on a safety margin below when symptoms occur so that the ULs may differ based on the source.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DRITable-44">[44]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EFSA-45">[45]</a> EAR U.S. Estimated Average Requirements. RDA U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowances; higher for adults than children and may be even higher for pregnant or lactating women. AI U.S. Adequate Intake; AIs are established when there is insufficient information to set EARs and RDAs. PRI Population Reference Intake is the European Union equivalent of RDA; it is higher for adults than for children and maybe even higher for pregnant or lactating women. For Thiamin and Niacin, the PRIs are expressed as amounts per megajoule (239 kilocalories) of food energy consumed. Upper Limit Tolerable upper intake levels. ND ULs have not been determined. NE EARs, PRIs, or AIs have not yet been established or will not be (EU does not consider chromium an essential nutrient). </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Plant">Plant</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Plant" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plant_nutrition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plant nutrition">Plant nutrition</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fertilizer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a> </div> Plants absorb carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from air and soil as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jones1998-49">[49]</a> Other nutrients are absorbed from soil (exceptions include some parasitic or carnivorous plants). Counting these, there are 17 important nutrients for plants:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BarkerPilbeam2007-50">[50]</a> these are macronutrients; nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), carbon (C), oxygen(O) and hydrogen (H), and the micronutrients; iron (Fe), boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo) and nickel (Ni). In addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phosphorus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> are also needed in relatively large quantities. Together, these <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CHNOPS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CHNOPS">six</a> are the elemental macronutrients for all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biological_life?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological life">organisms</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wsj20101203-51">[51]</a> They are sourced from inorganic matter (for example, carbon dioxide, water, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phosphate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diatomic_molecule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diatomic molecule">diatomic molecules</a> of nitrogen and, especially, oxygen) and organic compounds such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_composition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Food composition">Food composition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient_cycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nutrient cycle">Nutrient cycle</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient_density?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nutrient density">Nutrient density</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutritionism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nutritionism">Nutritionism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_macronutrients?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of macronutrients">List of macronutrients</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_micronutrients?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of micronutrients">List of micronutrients</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_nutrition_guides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of nutrition guides">List of nutrition guides</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_phytochemicals_in_food?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of phytochemicals in food">List of phytochemicals in food</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Continuum_Concept?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Continuum Concept">River Continuum Concept</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Table_of_food_nutrients?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Table of food nutrients">Table of food nutrients</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ensminger1994-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ensminger1994_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ensminger1994_1-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ensminger1994_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEnsminger1994" class="citation book cs1">Ensminger AH (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DXMA9gYIj-C4C%26pg%3DPA527">Foods & nutrition encyclopedia</a>. CRC Press. pp. 527–. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8980-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8980-1"><bdi>978-0-8493-8980-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foods+%26+nutrition+encyclopedia&rft.pages=527-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-8980-1&rft.aulast=Ensminger&rft.aufirst=Audrey+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXMA9gYIj-C4C%26pg%3DPA527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANutrient" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Kern2005-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kern2005_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKern2005" class="citation book cs1">Kern M (12 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/crcdeskreference0000kern">CRC desk reference on sports nutrition</a>. CRC Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/crcdeskreference0000kern/page/117">117</a>–. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2273-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2273-0"><bdi>978-0-8493-2273-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+desk+reference+on+sports+nutrition&rft.pages=117-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005-05-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-2273-0&rft.aulast=Kern&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrcdeskreference0000kern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANutrient" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%253A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/31%253A_Soil_and_Plant_Nutrition/31.1%253A_Nutritional_Requirements_of_Plants/31.1C%253A_Essential_Nutrients_for_Plants">"31.1C: Essential Nutrients for Plants"</a>. 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Retrieved 2020-08-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biology+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=31.1C%3A+Essential+Nutrients+for+Plants&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_and_General_Biology%2FBook%253A_General_Biology_%28Boundless%29%2F31%253A_Soil_and_Plant_Nutrition%2F31.1%253A_Nutritional_Requirements_of_Plants%2F31.1C%253A_Essential_Nutrients_for_Plants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANutrient" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-USDA-4">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-USDA_4-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-USDA_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/Place/12354500/Data/SR26/sr26_doc.pdf">"Composition of Foods Raw, Processed, Prepared USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26 Documentation and User Guide"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USDA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a>. 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Retrieved 14 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+nutrition+manual&rft.pages=34-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-884015-31-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=J.+Benton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNP2exwYMJIC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANutrient" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BarkerPilbeam2007-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BarkerPilbeam2007_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkerPilbeam2007" class="citation book cs1">Barker AV, Pilbeam DJ (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZWjLBQAAQBAJ">Handbook of plant nutrition</a>. CRC Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-5904-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-5904-9"><bdi>978-0-8247-5904-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+plant+nutrition&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-5904-9&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=AV&rft.au=Pilbeam%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWjLBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANutrient" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-wsj20101203-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wsj20101203_51-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703377504575650840897300342?mod%3DITP_pageone_1%23printMode">New Link in Chain of Life</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>, 2010-12-03, accessed 5 December 2010. "Until now, however, they were all thought to share the same biochemistry, based on the Big Six, to build proteins, fats, and DNA."</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nutrient&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nutrients" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nutrients">Nutrients</a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008111338/https://fnic.nal.usda.gov/sites/fnic.nal.usda.gov/files/uploads/recommended_intakes_individuals.pdf">USDA. 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2585%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B0%25DB%258C" title="مواد مغذی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مواد مغذی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutriment" title="Nutriment – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nutriment" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cothaithigh" title="Cothaithigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cothaithigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutriente" title="Nutriente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nutriente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2598%2581%25EC%2596%2591%25EC%2586%258C" title="영양소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영양소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5" title="पोषक तत्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोषक तत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrijent" title="Nutrijent – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nutrijent" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrien" title="Nutrien – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nutrien" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25A6ringarefni" title="Næringarefni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Næringarefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principi_nutritivi" title="Principi nutritivi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Principi nutritivi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2597%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599_%25D7%259E%25D7%2596%25D7%2595%25D7%259F" title="חומרי מזון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומרי מזון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara" title="Hara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25AA%25E0%25B3%258C%25E0%25B2%25B7%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%259F%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%2595" title="ಪೌಷ್ಟಿಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೌಷ್ಟಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virutubishi" title="Virutubishi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Virutubishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibstans_nitritif" title="Sibstans nitritif – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sibstans nitritif" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maistin%25C4%2597s_med%25C5%25BEiagos" title="Maistinės medžiagos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maistinės medžiagos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25A1panyag" title="Tápanyag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tápanyag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Хранлива материја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хранлива материја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%25B7%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B4%2582" title="പോഷകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോഷകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrien" title="Nutrien – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nutrien" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A8%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC_%25D1%2582%25D1%258D%25D0%25B6%25D1%258D%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB" title="Шим тэжээл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шим тэжээл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voedingsstof" title="Voedingsstof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voedingsstof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25A0%2584%25E9%25A4%258A%25E7%25B4%25A0" title="栄養素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="栄養素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25A6ringsstoff" title="Næringsstoff – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Næringsstoff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25A6ringsemne" title="Næringsemne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Næringsemne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%25C5%2582adniki_od%25C5%25BCywcze" title="Składniki odżywcze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Składniki odżywcze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutriente" title="Nutriente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nutriente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nutrient" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2589%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Питательное вещество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Питательное вещество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25ABnd%25C3%25ABt_ushqyese" title="Lëndët ushqyese – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lëndët ushqyese" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B4%25E0%25B7%259D%25E0%25B7%2582%25E0%25B6%259A_%25E0%25B6%25B4%25E0%25B6%25AF%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25AE" title="පෝෂක පදාර්ථ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෝෂක පදාර්ථ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nutrient" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25BDivina" title="Živina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Živina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafaqo" title="Nafaqo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nafaqo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25AF%25DB%2595_%25D8%25AE%25DB%2586%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="ماددە خۆراکییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماددە خۆراکییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrijent" title="Nutrijent – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nutrijent" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrijent" title="Nutrijent – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nutrijent" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravinne" title="Ravinne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ravinne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25A4rings%25C3%25A4mne" title="Näringsämne – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Näringsämne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%258A%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2582%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AF%2581" title="ஊட்டக்கூறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊட்டக்கூறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25AA%25E0%25B1%258B%25E0%25B0%25B7%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B2%25E0%25B1%2581" title="పోషకాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పోషకాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3" title="สารอาหาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารอาหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besin" title="Besin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Besin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Поживна речовина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поживна речовина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%25E1%25BA%25A5t_dinh_d%25C6%25B0%25E1%25BB%25A1ng" title="Chất dinh dưỡng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chất dinh dưỡng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2590%25A5%25E5%2585%25BB%25E7%25B4%25A0" title="营养素 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="营养素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A4%258A%25E5%2588%2586" title="養分 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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