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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission" title="Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission" title="Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRMM" title="TRMM – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="TRMM" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="مأموریت اندازه‌گیری باران حاره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مأموریت اندازه‌گیری باران حاره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission" title="Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission" title="Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission" title="Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Joint space mission between NASA and JAXA</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TRMM_SATELLITE.blurred.medium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TRMM_SATELLITE.blurred.medium.jpg/290px-TRMM_SATELLITE.blurred.medium.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TRMM_SATELLITE.blurred.medium.jpg/435px-TRMM_SATELLITE.blurred.medium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TRMM_SATELLITE.blurred.medium.jpg/580px-TRMM_SATELLITE.blurred.medium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1298" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Artist conception of the TRMM satellite</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1997-074A">1997-074A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001116#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">25063</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">18 years</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">3524 kg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dry mass</th><td class="infobox-data">2634 kg <sup id="cite_ref-JAXA_stats_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAXA_stats-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">1100 watts</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">27 November 1997, 21:27 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data">H-II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_Space_Center" title="Tanegashima Space Center">Tanegashima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshinobu_Launch_Complex" title="Yoshinobu Launch Complex">LA-Y1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries" title="Mitsubishi Heavy Industries">Mitsubishi Heavy Industries</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disposal</th><td class="infobox-data">Deorbited</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deactivated</th><td class="infobox-data">15 April 2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decay date</th><td class="infobox-data">6 June 2015, 06:54 UTC <sup id="cite_ref-Trajectory_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trajectory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric orbit</a><sup id="cite_ref-Trajectory_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trajectory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">366 km (227 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">381 km (237 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35.0°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">92.0 minutes</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b>Programme NASA Earth Probe</b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Global_Precipitation_Measurement" title="Global Precipitation Measurement">Global Precipitation Measurement</a> (GPM) →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission</b> (<b>TRMM</b>) was a joint <a href="/wiki/Space_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space mission">space mission</a> between <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> designed to monitor and study <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a>. The term refers to both the mission itself and the <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> that the mission used to collect data. TRMM was part of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Planet_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission to Planet Earth">Mission to Planet Earth</a>, a long-term, coordinated research effort to study the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> as a global system. The satellite was launched on 27 November 1997 from the <a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_Space_Center" title="Tanegashima Space Center">Tanegashima Space Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanegashima" title="Tanegashima">Tanegashima</a>, Japan. TRMM operated for 17 years, including several mission extensions, before being decommissioned on 15 April 2015. TRMM re-entered Earth's atmosphere on 16 June 2015. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tropical precipitation is a difficult parameter to measure, due to large spatial and temporal variations. However, understanding tropical precipitation is important for weather and climate prediction, as this precipitation contains three-fourths of the energy that drives atmospheric wind circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kummerow_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kummerow-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to TRMM, the distribution of rainfall worldwide was known to only a 50% of certainty.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept for TRMM was first proposed in 1984. The science objectives, as first proposed, were:<sup id="cite_ref-Kummerow_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kummerow-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>To advance understanding of the global energy and water cycles by providing distributions of rainfall and latent heating over the global Tropics.</li> <li>To understand the mechanisms through which changes in tropical rainfall influence global circulation and to improve ability to model these processes in order to predict global circulations and rainfall variability at monthly and longer timescales.</li> <li>To provide rain and latent heating distributions to improve the initialization of models ranging from 24-hour forecasts to short-range climate variations.</li> <li>To help to understand, to diagnose, and to predict the onset and development of the <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a>, and the propagation of the 30- to 60-day oscillations in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropics</a>.</li> <li>To help to understand the effect that rainfall has on the ocean <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulations</a> and the structure of the upper ocean.</li> <li>To allow cross calibration between TRMM and other sensors with life expectancies beyond that of TRMM itself.</li> <li>To evaluate the diurnal variability of tropical rainfall globally.</li> <li>To evaluate a space-based system for rainfall measurements.</li></ul> <p>Japan joined the initial study for the TRMM mission in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Kummerow_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kummerow-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development of the satellite became a joint project between the space agencies of the United States and Japan, with Japan providing the Precipitation Radar (PR) and <a href="/wiki/H-II" title="H-II">H-II</a> launch vehicle, and the United States providing the satellite bus and remaining instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-JAXAHistory_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAXAHistory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project received formal support from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in 1991, followed by spacecraft construction from 1993 through 1997. TRMM launched from Tanegashima Space Center on 27 November 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Kummerow_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kummerow-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), one of the spacecraft in the NASA Earth Probe series of research satellites, is a highly focused, limited-objective program aimed at measuring monthly and seasonal rainfall over the global tropics and subtropics. TRMM is a joint project between the United States and Japan to measure rainfall between 35.0° North and 35.0° South at 350 km altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-Display_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Display-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_extensions_and_de-orbit">Mission extensions and de-orbit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mission extensions and de-orbit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To extend TRMM's mission life beyond its primary mission, NASA boosted the spacecraft's orbit altitude to 402.5 km in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-theend_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theend-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, NASA director <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin" title="Michael D. Griffin">Michael Griffin</a> decided to extend the mission again by using the propellant originally intended for a controlled descent. This came after a 2002 NASA risk review put the probability of a human injury or death caused by TRMM's uncontrolled re-entry at 1-in-5,000, about twice the casualty risk deemed acceptable for re-entering NASA satellites; and a subsequent recommendation from the <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Research Council</a> panel that the mission be extended despite the risk of an uncontrolled entry.<sup id="cite_ref-re-entry_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-re-entry-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Battery issues began to limit the spacecraft in 2014 and the mission operations team had to make decisions about how to ration power. In March 2014, the VIRS instruments was turned off to extend the battery life.<sup id="cite_ref-theend_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theend-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2014, with propellant on TRMM running low, NASA decided to cease station-keeping maneuvers and allow the spacecraft's orbit to slowly decay, while continuing to collect data. The remaining fuel, initially reserved to avoid collisions with other satellites or space debris, was depleted in early March 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-theend_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theend-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Re-entry was originally expected sometime between May 2016 and November 2017, but occurred sooner due to heightened solar activity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The probe's primary sensor, the precipitation radar, was switched off for the final time on 1 April 2015 and the final scientific sensor, LIS, was turned off on 15 April 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-re-entry_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-re-entry-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Re-entry occurred on 16 June 2015 at 06:54 UTC.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments_aboard_the_TRMM">Instruments aboard the TRMM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Instruments aboard the TRMM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precipitation_Radar">Precipitation Radar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Precipitation Radar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Precipitation Radar (PR) was the first space-borne instrument designed to provide three-dimensional maps of storm structure. The measurements yielded information on the intensity and distribution of the rain, on the rain type, on the storm depth and on the height at which the <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> melts into rain. The estimates of the heat released into the atmosphere at different heights based on these measurements can be used to improve models of the global atmospheric circulation. The PR operated at 13.8 GHz and measured the 3-D rainfall distribution over land and ocean surfaces. It defined a layer depth of perception and hence measured rainfall that actually reached the latent heat of atmosphere. It had a 4.3 km resolution at radii with 220 km swath. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TRMM_Microwave_Imager">TRMM Microwave Imager</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: TRMM Microwave Imager"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) was a passive <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> sensor designed to provide quantitative rainfall information over a wide swath under the TRMM satellite. By carefully measuring the minute amounts of microwave energy emitted by the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">its atmosphere</a>, TMI was able to quantify the <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">cloud</a> water, and the rainfall intensity in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. It was a relatively small instrument that consumed little power. This, combined with the wide swath and the quantitative information regarding rainfall made TMI the "workhorse" of the rain-measuring package on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. TMI is not a new instrument. It is based on the design of the highly successful Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) which has been flying continuously on <a href="/wiki/Defense_Meteorological_Satellite_Program" title="Defense Meteorological Satellite Program">Defense Meteorological Satellites</a> since 1987. The TMI measures the intensity of radiation at five separate frequencies: 10.7, 19.4, 21.3, 37.0, 85.5 GHz. These frequencies are similar to those of the SSM/I, except that TMI has the additional 10.7 GHz channel designed to provide a more-linear response for the high rainfall rates common in tropical rainfall. The other main improvement that is expected from TMI is due to the improved ground resolution. This improvement, however, is not the result of any instrument improvements, but rather a function of the lower altitude of TRMM 402 kilometers compared to 860 kilometers of SSM/I). TMI has a 878-kilometer wide swath on the surface. The higher resolution of TMI on TRMM, as well as the additional 10.7 GHz frequency, makes TMI a better instrument than its predecessors. The additional information supplied by the Precipitation Radar further helps to improve algorithms. The improved rainfall products over a wide swath will serve both TRMM as well as the continuing measurements being made by the SSM/I and radiometers flying on the NASA's EOS-PM (<a href="/wiki/Aqua_(satellite)" title="Aqua (satellite)">Aqua (satellite)</a>) and the Japanese <a href="/wiki/ADEOS_II" title="ADEOS II">ADEOS II</a> satellites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visible_and_Infrared_Scanner">Visible and Infrared Scanner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Visible and Infrared Scanner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) was one of the three instruments in the rain-measuring package and serves as a very indirect indicator of rainfall. VIRS, as its name implies, sensed <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> coming up from the Earth in five spectral regions, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible</a> to <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, or 0.63 to 12 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">mm</a>. VIRS was included in the primary instrument package for two reasons. First was its ability to delineate rainfall. The second, and even more important reason, was to serve as a transfer standard to other measurements that are made routinely using <a href="/wiki/Polar_Operational_Environmental_Satellites" title="Polar Operational Environmental Satellites">Polar Operational Environmental Satellites</a> (POES) and <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_Operational_Environmental_Satellite" title="Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite">Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite</a> (GOES) satellites. The intensity of the radiation in the various spectral regions (or bands) can be used to determine the brightness (visible and near infrared) or temperature (infrared) of the source. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clouds_and_the_Earth's_Radiant_Energy_Sensor"><span id="Clouds_and_the_Earth.27s_Radiant_Energy_Sensor"></span>Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy Sensor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy Sensor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clouds_and_the_Earth%27s_Radiant_Energy_System" title="Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System">Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Clouds_and_the_Earth%27s_Radiant_Energy_System" title="Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System">Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System</a> (CERES) measured the energy at the top of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, as well as estimates energy levels within the atmosphere and at the Earth's surface. The CERES instrument was based on the successful <a href="/wiki/Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite" title="Earth Radiation Budget Satellite">Earth Radiation Budget Experiment</a> (ERBS) which used three satellites to provide global energy budget measurements from 1984 to 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-CERES_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CERES-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using information from very high resolution cloud imaging instruments on the same spacecraft, CERES determines cloud properties, including cloud-amount, <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a>, thickness, and the size of the cloud particles. These measurements are important to understanding the Earth's total climate system and improving climate prediction models. </p><p>It only operated during January–August 1998, and in March 2000, so the available data record is quite brief (although later CERES instruments were flown on other missions such as the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a> (EOS) <a href="/wiki/Terra_(satellite)" title="Terra (satellite)">AM</a> (Terra) and <a href="/wiki/Aqua_(satellite)" title="Aqua (satellite)">PM</a> (Aqua) satellites.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lightning_Imaging_Sensor">Lightning Imaging Sensor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lightning Imaging Sensor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) was a small, highly sophisticated instrument that detects and locates <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> over the tropical region of the globe. The lightning detector was a compact combination of optical and electronic elements including a staring imager capable of locating and detecting lightning within individual storms. The imager's field of view allowed the sensor to observe a point on the Earth or a cloud for 80 seconds, a sufficient time to estimate the flashing rate, which told researchers whether a storm was growing or decaying. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Precipitation_Measurement" title="Global Precipitation Measurement">Global Precipitation Measurement</a> (GPM), successor spacecraft launched in February 2014.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JAXA_stats-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JAXA_stats_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/TRMM/about/outline/outline_e.htm">"Satellite Overview"</a> <i>JAXA</i> Retrieved on 5 July 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trajectory-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trajectory_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trajectory_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=1997-074A">"Trajectory: TRMM 1997-074A"</a>. NASA. 14 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trajectory%3A+TRMM+1997-074A&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2020-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2FdisplayTrajectory.action%3Fid%3D1997-074A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+Rainfall+Measuring+Mission" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kummerow-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kummerow_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kummerow_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kummerow_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kummerow_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKummerowJ._SimpsonO._ThieleW._Barnes2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kummerow, C.; J. 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"The Status of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) after Two Years in Orbit". <i>Journal of Applied Meteorology</i>. <b>39</b> (12): 1965–1982. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JApMe..39.1965K">2000JApMe..39.1965K</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.332.5342">10.1.1.332.5342</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0450%282001%29040%3C1965%3ATSOTTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1965:TSOTTR>2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Meteorology&rft.atitle=The+Status+of+the+Tropical+Rainfall+Measuring+Mission+%28TRMM%29+after+Two+Years+in+Orbit&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1965-1982&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.332.5342%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0450%282001%29040%3C1965%3ATSOTTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JApMe..39.1965K&rft.aulast=Kummerow&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=J.+Simpson&rft.au=O.+Thiele&rft.au=W.+Barnes&rft.au=A.+T.+C.+Chang&rft.au=E.+Stocker&rft.au=R.+F.+Adler&rft.au=A.+Hou&rft.au=R.+Kakar&rft.au=F.+Wentz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+Rainfall+Measuring+Mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/overview_dir/why-univ.html">"Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission University"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rain+research+satellite+ends+science+mission%2C+heads+for+re-entry&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2F2015%2F04%2F09%2Frain-research-satellite-ends-science-mission-heads-for-re-entry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+Rainfall+Measuring+Mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1408/15trmm/#.U_Ee3WPF7Qw">"Rainfall Research Satellite Begins Descent from Orbit"</a> <i>Spaceflight Now</i> Retrieved on 17 September 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/rainfall-spacecraft-re-enters-over-tropics">"Rainfall Spacecraft Re-enters over Tropics"</a>. 4 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rainfall+Spacecraft+Re-enters+over+Tropics&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Frainfall-spacecraft-re-enters-over-tropics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+Rainfall+Measuring+Mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CERES-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CERES_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmm.nasa.gov/TRMM/CERES">"Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES)"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clouds+and+the+Earth%27s+Radiant+Energy+System+%28CERES%29&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpmm.nasa.gov%2FTRMM%2FCERES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+Rainfall+Measuring+Mission" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/">TRMM home page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/NASA_Rain">Twitter</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/NASA.Rain">Facebook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103215029/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=TRMM">Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Profile</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov">NASA's Solar System Exploration</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193613/http://www.isse.ucar.edu/trmm/presentations/robertson.pdf">TRMM De-Orbit Alternatives</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_space_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_space_program" title="Template:Japanese space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_space_program" title="Template talk:Japanese space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_space_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japanese space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates projects in development.</li> <li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failed projects.</li> <li><s>Strikethrough lines</s> indicate cancelled projects.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Space_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Space agencies">Space agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National space agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> <ul><li>former <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">ISAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratory_of_Japan" title="National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan">NAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National Space Development Agency of Japan">NASDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">NICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Space_Systems" title="Japan Space Systems">JSS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint development partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Space_Agency_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/30px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/45px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/60px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span>Italy <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Canada <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Russia <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span>Brazil <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a><sup><small>6</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">INPE</a><sup><small>7</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>India <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a><sup><small>8</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomical_observation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical observation">Astronomical observation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akari_(satellite)" title="Akari (satellite)">Akari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Satellite_for_Cosmology_and_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics">ASCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTRO-E" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTRO-E">ASTRO-E</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Astro-G" title="Astro-G">Astro-G</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Radiation_Satellite" title="Cosmic Radiation Satellite">CORSA</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(satellite)" title="Ginga (satellite)">Ginga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakucho" title="Hakucho">Hakucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HALCA" title="HALCA">HALCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinotori_(satellite)" title="Hinotori (satellite)">Hinotori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)">Hitomi</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Suzaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenma" title="Tenma">Tenma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohkoh" title="Yohkoh">Yohkoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisaki_(satellite)" title="Hisaki (satellite)">Hisaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Ray_Imaging_and_Spectroscopy_Mission" title="X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission">XRISM</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">ATHENA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR-C" title="SOLAR-C">SOLAR-C</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GREX-PLUS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GREX-PLUS (page does not exist)">GREX-PLUS</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GREX-PLUS" class="extiw" title="ja:GREX-PLUS">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HiZ-GUNDAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HiZ-GUNDAM (page does not exist)">HiZ-GUNDAM</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiZ-GUNDAM" class="extiw" title="ja:HiZ-GUNDAM">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LAPYUTA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LAPYUTA (page does not exist)">LAPYUTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteBIRD" title="LiteBIRD">LiteBIRD</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nano-JASMINE" title="Nano-JASMINE">JASMINE</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Communications_satellites,_broadcasting_satellites_and_satellite_navigation_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Satellite_(Japanese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Satellite (Japanese)">broadcasting satellites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satellite navigation</a> systems</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>BS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BS-2X" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-2X">2X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BS-3H" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-3H">3H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BS-3N" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-3N">3N</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=COMETS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COMETS (page does not exist)">Kakehashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OICETS" title="OICETS">Kirari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WINDS" title="WINDS">Kizuna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodama_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodama (satellite) (page does not exist)">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MBSat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MBSat (page does not exist)">MBSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-STAR" class="mw-redirect" title="N-STAR">N-STAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-STAR_a" title="N-STAR a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-STAR_b" title="N-STAR b">b</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sakura (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakura_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakura (satellite) (page does not exist)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS-2a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS-2a (page does not exist)">2a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS-2b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS-2b (page does not exist)">2b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS-3a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS-3a (page does not exist)">3a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CS-3b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS-3b (page does not exist)">3b</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(satellite)" title="Yuri (satellite)">Yuri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(satellite)" title="Yuri (satellite)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BS-2a" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-2a">2a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BS-2b" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-2b">2b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BS-3a" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-3a">3a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BS-3b" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-3b">3b</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSN_Corporation" title="DSN Corporation">Kirameki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superbird-B3" title="Superbird-B3">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSN-2" title="DSN-2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">Michibiki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QZS-1" class="mw-redirect" title="QZS-1">1</a></li> <li>2</li> <li>3</li> <li>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QZS-1R" title="QZS-1R">1R</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Functional_Transport_Satellite" title="Multi-Functional Transport Satellite">MTSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-STAR" class="mw-redirect" title="N-STAR">N-STAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-STAR_c" title="N-STAR c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-5A" title="JCSAT-5A">d</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JDRS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JDRS (page does not exist)">JDRS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSN_Corporation" title="DSN Corporation">DSN</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DSN-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DSN-3 (page does not exist)">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZS</a> <ul><li>5</li> <li>6</li> <li>7</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Earth_observation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation" title="Earth observation">Earth observation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akebono_(satellite)" title="Akebono (satellite)">Akebono</a></li> <li>Daichi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Land_Observing_Satellite" title="Advanced Land Observing Satellite">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALOS-3" title="ALOS-3">3</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denpa_(satellite)" title="Denpa (satellite)">Denpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JERS-1" title="JERS-1">Fuyo-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jikiken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jikiken (page does not exist)">Jikiken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyokko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyokko (page does not exist)">Kyokko</a></li> <li>Midori <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADEOS_I" title="ADEOS I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADEOS_II" title="ADEOS II">II</a></li></ul></li> <li>Momo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MOS-1_(satellite)" title="MOS-1 (satellite)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOS-1b_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MOS-1b (satellite) (page does not exist)">1b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohozora_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohozora (satellite) (page does not exist)">Ohozora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRATS" class="mw-redirect" title="SRATS">Taiyo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TRMM</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Ume <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionosphere_Sounding_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionosphere Sounding Satellite (page does not exist)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISS-b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISS-b (page does not exist)">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_(satellite)" title="Aqua (satellite)">Aqua</a><sup><small>1,7</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arase_(satellite)" title="Arase (satellite)">Arase</a></li> <li>ASNARO <ul><li>1</li> <li>2</li></ul></li> <li>Daichi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALOS-2" title="ALOS-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALOS-4" title="ALOS-4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Precipitation_Measurement" title="Global Precipitation Measurement">GPM</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himawari_(satellites)" title="Himawari (satellites)">Himawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_Gases_Observing_Satellite" title="Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite">Ibuki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_Gases_Observing_Satellite" title="Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_Gases_Observing_Satellite-2" title="Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite-2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCOM-C" class="mw-redirect" title="GCOM-C">Shikisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCOM-W" class="mw-redirect" title="GCOM-W">Shizuku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GOSAT-GW" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSAT-GW">GOSAT-GW</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precipitation_Measuring_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precipitation Measuring Mission (page does not exist)">PMM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Engineering_tests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Engineering tests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ayame <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_Communications_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experimental Communications Satellite (page does not exist)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECS-b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ECS-b (page does not exist)">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>DASH</li> <li>EXPRESS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MABES" title="MABES">Jindai</a></li> <li>Kiku <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETS-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETS-I (page does not exist)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETS-II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETS-II (page does not exist)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETS-III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETS-III (page does not exist)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETS-IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETS-IV (page does not exist)">4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETS-V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETS-V (page does not exist)">5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETS-VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETS-VI (page does not exist)">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETS-VII" title="ETS-VII">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETS-VIII" title="ETS-VIII">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LDREX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LDREX (page does not exist)">LDREX</a> <ul><li>1</li> <li>2</li></ul></li> <li>LRE</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro_LabSat-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micro LabSat-1 (page does not exist)">Micro LabSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_Evaluation_Payload&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vehicle Evaluation Payload (page does not exist)">Myojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohsumi_(satellite)" title="Ohsumi (satellite)">Ohsumi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DEBUT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DEBUT (page does not exist)">Orizuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovative_Satellite_Technology_Demonstration_Program" title="Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration Program">RAISE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAISE-2" title="RAISE-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAISE-3" title="RAISE-3">3</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><s><a href="/w/index.php?title=PETSAT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PETSAT (page does not exist)">PETSAT</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAPIS-1" title="RAPIS-1">RAPIS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OREX" title="OREX">Ryusei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERVIS-1" title="SERVIS-1">SERVIS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERVIS-2" title="SERVIS-2">SERVIS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDS-1" title="SDS-1">SDS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit" title="Space Flyer Unit">SFU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-F2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MS-F2 (page does not exist)">Shinsei</a></li> <li><s><a href="/w/index.php?title=SmartSat-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SmartSat-1 (page does not exist)">SmartSat-1</a></s></li> <li>Tansei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tansei" title="Tansei">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-T2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MS-T2 (page does not exist)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-T3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MS-T3 (page does not exist)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-T4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MS-T4 (page does not exist)">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRICOM-1R" title="TRICOM-1R">Tasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Low_Altitude_Test_Satellite" title="Super Low Altitude Test Satellite">Tsubame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDS-1" title="MDS-1">Tsubasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_Space_Experiment_Recovery_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unmanned Space Experiment Recovery System (page does not exist)">USERS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajisai" title="Ajisai">Ajisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimei" title="Reimei">Reimei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDS-4" title="SDS-4">SDS-4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BEAK_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BEAK (satellite) (page does not exist)">BEAK</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETS-IX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETS-IX (page does not exist)">ETS-IX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-SATELLITE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-SATELLITE (page does not exist)">G-SATELLITE</a></li> <li>SERVIS-3</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Human_spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><s><a href="/wiki/Fuji_(spacecraft)" title="Fuji (spacecraft)">Fuji crewed spacecraft</a></s></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/HOPE-X" title="HOPE-X">HOPE-X</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-II_Transfer_Vehicle" title="H-II Transfer Vehicle">H-II Transfer Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station (ISS)</a> & <a href="/wiki/Kib%C5%8D_(ISS_module)" title="Kibō (ISS module)">Japanese Experiment Module (Kibō)</a><sup><small>1,2,3,4,5,6</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTV-X" title="HTV-X">HTV-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Space_Station_Module_(Mitsui)" title="Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)">Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a><sup><small>1,2,4</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Space_probes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_probes" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probes">Space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Japanese Lunar Exploration Program">The Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Lunar-A" title="Lunar-A">Lunar-A</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">Kaguya (SELENE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/SELENE-2" title="SELENE-2">SELENE-2</a></s></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EQUULEUS" title="EQUULEUS">EQUULEUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">Smart Lander for Investigating Moon</a> (SLIM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HERACLES_(spacecraft)" title="HERACLES (spacecraft)">HERACLES</a><sup><small>2,4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Cruiser" title="Lunar Cruiser">Lunar Cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a><sup><small>8</small></sup> (LUPEX)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaoki" title="Yaoki">Yaoki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_Mk2" title="Hayabusa Mk2">Hayabusa Mk2</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27en_(spacecraft)" title="Shin'en (spacecraft)">Shin'en</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)">Suisei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo (MMO/Mio)</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_eXploration" title="Martian Moons eXploration">Martian Moons eXploration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_Small-Body_Sample_Return&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Next Generation Small-Body Sample Return (page does not exist)">Next Generation Small-Body Sample Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera-hertz_Explorer" title="Tera-hertz Explorer">TEREX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Reconnaissance_satellites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance satellites</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Gathering_Satellite" title="Information Gathering Satellite">IGS</a>-Optical <ul><li>1</li> <li>2</li> <li>Experimentally 3</li></ul></li> <li>IGS-Radar <ul><li>1</li> <li>2</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>IGS-Optical <ul><li>3</li> <li>4</li> <li>5</li> <li>6</li> <li>Experimentally 5</li></ul></li> <li>IGS-Radar <ul><li>3</li> <li>4</li> <li>Spare</li> <li>5</li> <li>6</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>IGS-Optical</i> <ul><li><i>7</i></li> <li><i>8</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>IGS-Radar</i> <ul><li><i>7</i></li> <li>8</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncolapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Private_small_satellites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Private <a href="/wiki/Small_satellite" title="Small satellite">small satellites</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPUSAT" title="OPUSAT">CosMoz</a></li> <li>CUTE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CUTE-1.7" class="mw-redirect" title="CUTE-1.7">1.7+APD</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fuji <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuji-OSCAR_12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuji-OSCAR 12 (page does not exist)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuji-OSCAR_20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuji-OSCAR 20 (page does not exist)">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayato_(satellite)" title="Hayato (satellite)">Hayato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIBARI_(satellite)" title="HIBARI (satellite)">HIBARI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HITSat-OSCAR_59&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HITSat-OSCAR 59 (page does not exist)">HIT-SAT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SORUNSAT-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SORUNSAT-1 (page does not exist)">Kagayaki</a></li> <li>Kanta-kun (WEOS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STARS_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STARS (satellite) (page does not exist)">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohla" title="Sohla">Maido-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negai_(satellite)" title="Negai (satellite)">Negai☆″</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niwaka" title="Niwaka">Niwaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAIKO_(satellite)" title="RAIKO (satellite)">RAIKO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waseda-SAT2" title="Waseda-SAT2">Waseda-SAT2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WE_WISH" title="WE WISH">WE WISH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CUTE <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CUTE-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CUTE-I (page does not exist)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUTE-1.7_%2B_APD" title="CUTE-1.7 + APD">1.7+APDII</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuji-OSCAR_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuji-OSCAR 29 (page does not exist)">Fuji-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PRISM_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PRISM (satellite) (page does not exist)">Hitomi</a></li> <li>Hodoyoshi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hodoyoshi_1" title="Hodoyoshi 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISESAT" class="mw-redirect" title="RISESAT">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodoyoshi_3" title="Hodoyoshi 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodoyoshi_4" title="Hodoyoshi 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li>Horyu <ul><li>2</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KKS-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KKS-1 (page does not exist)">Kiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROITERES" title="PROITERES">PROITERES</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPRITE-SAT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPRITE-SAT (page does not exist)">Raijin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raijin-2" title="Raijin-2">Raijin-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEEDS_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEEDS (satellite) (page does not exist)">SEEDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCRATES_(satellite)" title="SOCRATES (satellite)">SOCRATES</a></li> <li>XI <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XI-IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XI-IV (page does not exist)">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XI-V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XI-V (page does not exist)">V</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DRUMS" title="DRUMS">DRUMS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/KITSUNE" title="KITSUNE">KITSUNE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OPUSAT-II" title="OPUSAT-II">OPUSAT-II</a></i></li> <li><i>QSAT-EOS</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RSP-01" title="RSP-01">RSP-01</a></i></li> <li><i>SOMESAT</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceTuna1" title="SpaceTuna1">SpaceTuna1</a></i></li> <li><i>SPROUT</i></li> <li><i>TSUBAME</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisseed_Sat" title="Wisseed Sat">Wisseed Sat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=WNI_satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WNI satellite (page does not exist)">WNI satellite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1996Orbital_launches_in_19971998_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1997" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1997"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1997" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1997"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1997" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1997"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1996Orbital_launches_in_19971998_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1996_in_spaceflight" title="1996 in spaceflight">← 1996</a></div><a href="/wiki/1997_in_spaceflight" title="1997 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1997</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1998_in_spaceflight" title="1998 in spaceflight">1998 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GPS_IIR-1" title="GPS IIR-1">GPS IIR-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC_2" class="mw-redirect" title="AMC 2">GE 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuel_1A" title="Nahuel 1A">Nahuel 1A</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-25" title="Soyuz TM-25">Soyuz TM-25</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-82" title="STS-82">STS-82</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HALCA" title="HALCA">Haruka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2337&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2337 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2337</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2338&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2338 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2338</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2339&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2339 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2339</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonets-D1_No.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonets-D1 No.4 (page does not exist)">Gonets-D1 #4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonets-D1_No.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonets-D1 No.5 (page does not exist)">Gonets-D1 #5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonets-D1_No.6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonets-D1 No.6 (page does not exist)">Gonets-D1 #6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_26" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelsat 26">JCSAT-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-130" title="USA-130">USA-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_801" title="Intelsat 801">Intelsat 801</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozhayets_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozhayets 2 (page does not exist)">Mozhayets 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DirecTV-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DirecTV-6 (page does not exist)">Tempo-2</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-83" title="STS-83">STS-83</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-131&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-131 (page does not exist)">USA-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-34" title="Progress M-34">Progress M-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2340" title="Kosmos 2340">Kosmos 2340</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaicom_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaicom 3">Thaicom 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSAT-1a" title="BSAT-1a">BSAT-1a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2341&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2341 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2341</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minisat_01" title="Minisat 01">Minisat 01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestis" title="Celestis">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_10" title="GOES 10">GOES 10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 4 (page does not exist)">Iridium 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 5 (page does not exist)">Iridium 5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 6 (page does not exist)">Iridium 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_7" title="Iridium 7">Iridium 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 8 (page does not exist)">Iridium 8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinasat_6A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinasat 6A (page does not exist)">Chinasat 6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2342" title="Kosmos 2342">Kosmos 2342</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2343&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2343 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2343</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_1997_Zenit_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="May 1997 Zenit launch failure (page does not exist)">Tselina-2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(satellite)#Thor_2" title="Thor (satellite)">Thor 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_25" title="Galaxy 25">Telstar 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat-3_F4" title="Inmarsat-3 F4">Inmarsat-3 F4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2D" title="INSAT-2D">INSAT-2D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2344&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2344 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun 2A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 9 (page does not exist)">Iridium 9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 10 (page does not exist)">Iridium 10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 11 (page does not exist)">Iridium 11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 12 (page does not exist)">Iridium 12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 13 (page does not exist)">Iridium 13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 14 (page does not exist)">Iridium 14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 16 (page does not exist)">Iridium 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_802" title="Intelsat 802">Intelsat 802</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-94" title="STS-94">STS-94</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-35" title="Progress M-35">Progress M-35</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 15 (page does not exist)">Iridium 15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 17 (page does not exist)">Iridium 17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 18 (page does not exist)">Iridium 18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 20 (page does not exist)">Iridium 20</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 21 (page does not exist)">Iridium 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-132" title="USA-132">USA-132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbird-C" title="Superbird-C">Superbird-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbView-2" class="mw-redirect" title="OrbView-2">OrbView-2</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-26" title="Soyuz TM-26">Soyuz TM-26</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-85" title="STS-85">STS-85</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=CRISTA-SPAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRISTA-SPAS (page does not exist)">CRISTA-SPAS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAS-6" title="PAS-6">PAS-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2345" title="Kosmos 2345">Kosmos 2345</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agila_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Agila 2">Agila 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 22 (page does not exist)">Iridium 22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 23 (page does not exist)">Iridium 23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 24 (page does not exist)">Iridium 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_25" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium 25">Iridium 25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 26 (page does not exist)">Iridium 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_(satellite)" title="Lewis (satellite)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">ACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_5" title="Intelsat 5">PAS-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FORTE" title="FORTE">FORTE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_MFS-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium MFS-1 (page does not exist)">Iridium MFS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_MFS-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium MFS-2 (page does not exist)">Iridium MFS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutelsat_W75/ABS-1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutelsat W75/ABS-1B (page does not exist)">Hot Bird 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat 7">Meteosat 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC-3" title="AMC-3">GE-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 27 (page does not exist)">Iridium 27</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 28 (page does not exist)">Iridium 28</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 29 (page does not exist)">Iridium 29</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 30 (page does not exist)">Iridium 30</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 31 (page does not exist)">Iridium 31</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 32 (page does not exist)">Iridium 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_33" title="Iridium 33">Iridium 33</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2346&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2346 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2346</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FAISAT-2V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FAISAT-2V (page does not exist)">FAISAT-2V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSS-5" title="NSS-5">Intelsat 803</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1T_No.98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1T No.98 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1T #98</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 19 (page does not exist)">Iridium 19</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_34&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 34 (page does not exist)">Iridium 34</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 35 (page does not exist)">Iridium 35</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 36 (page does not exist)">Iridium 36</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 37 (page does not exist)">Iridium 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1D" title="IRS-1D">IRS-1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-36" title="Progress M-36">Progress M-36</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sputnik_40" title="Sputnik 40">Sputnik 40</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=X-Mir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-Mir (page does not exist)">X-Mir</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EchoStar_III" title="EchoStar III">EchoStar III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foton_No.11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foton No.11 (page does not exist)">Foton #11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apstar_2R" title="Apstar 2R">Apstar 2R</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-133&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-133 (page does not exist)">USA-133</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STEP-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STEP-4 (page does not exist)">STEP-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-135" title="USA-135">USA-135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FalconGOLD" class="mw-redirect" title="FalconGOLD">FalconGOLD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqsat-B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maqsat-B (page does not exist)">Maqsat-B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqsat-H&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maqsat-H (page does not exist)">Maqsat-H</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Engineers_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Young Engineers Satellite (page does not exist)">YES</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VLS-1_V01" title="VLS-1 V01">VLS-1 V01</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/SCD-2A" class="mw-redirect" title="SCD-2A">SCD-2A</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-134&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-134 (page does not exist)">USA-134</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-136&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-136 (page does not exist)">USA-136</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 38 (page does not exist)">Iridium 38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 39 (page does not exist)">Iridium 39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 40 (page does not exist)">Iridium 40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 41 (page does not exist)">Iridium 41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_43&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 43 (page does not exist)">Iridium 43</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupon_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kupon (satellite) (page does not exist)">Kupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_5A" title="Astra 5A">Sirius 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IndoStar-1" title="IndoStar-1">IndoStar-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1M_No.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1M No.1 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1M #1</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-87" title="STS-87">STS-87</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARTAN-201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPARTAN-201 (page does not exist)">SPARTAN-201</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TRMM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orihime_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orihime (satellite) (page does not exist)">Orihime</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikoboshi_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hikoboshi (satellite) (page does not exist)">Hikoboshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-1B" title="JCSAT-1B">JCSAT-1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equator-S" title="Equator-S">Equator-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_1G" title="Astra 1G">Astra 1G</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_42&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 42 (page does not exist)">Iridium 42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_44&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 44 (page does not exist)">Iridium 44</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxy_8i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaxy 8i (page does not exist)">Galaxy 8i</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2347 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2347</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2348&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2348 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2348</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-37" title="Progress M-37">Progress M-37</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 45 (page does not exist)">Iridium 45</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_46&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 46 (page does not exist)">Iridium 46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_47&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 47 (page does not exist)">Iridium 47</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_48&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 48 (page does not exist)">Iridium 48</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_49&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 49 (page does not exist)">Iridium 49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_804" title="Intelsat 804">Intelsat 804</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM5 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM6 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM7 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM8 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM9 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM10 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM11 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM12 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Bird_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bird 1">Early Bird 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAS-22" title="PAS-22">AsiaSat 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in <u>underline</u>. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in <i>italics</i>. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission&oldid=1191272731">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Rainfall_Measuring_Mission&oldid=1191272731</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Weather_satellites_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Weather satellites of the United States">Weather satellites of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NASA_satellites" title="Category:NASA satellites">NASA satellites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Satellites_of_Japan" title="Category:Satellites of Japan">Satellites of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_1997" title="Category:Spacecraft launched in 1997">Spacecraft launched in 1997</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1997_in_Japan" title="Category:1997 in Japan">1997 in Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_which_reentered_in_2015" title="Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 2015">Spacecraft which reentered in 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_by_H-II_rockets" title="Category:Spacecraft launched by H-II rockets">Spacecraft launched by H-II rockets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Weather_satellites" title="Category:Weather satellites">Weather satellites</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_November_2020" title="Category:Use American English from November 2020">Use American English from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2020">Use dmy dates from November 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 December 2023, at 15:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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