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href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maldegem,_Ursel_and_St._Denijs_Westrem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maldegem,_Ursel_and_St._Denijs_Westrem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Maldegem, Ursel and St. Denijs Westrem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maldegem,_Ursel_and_St._Denijs_Westrem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sint-Truiden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sint-Truiden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sint-Truiden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sint-Truiden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volkel_and_Heesch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volkel_and_Heesch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Volkel and Heesch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volkel_and_Heesch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antwerp-Deurne_and_Woensdrecht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antwerp-Deurne_and_Woensdrecht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Antwerp-Deurne and Woensdrecht </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antwerp-Deurne_and_Woensdrecht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metz-Frescaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metz-Frescaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Metz-Frescaty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metz-Frescaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_Culot_and_Ophoven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_Culot_and_Ophoven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Le Culot and Ophoven </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_Culot_and_Ophoven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Asch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brussels-Evere/Grimbergen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brussels-Evere/Grimbergen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Brussels-Evere/Grimbergen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brussels-Evere/Grimbergen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brussels-Melsbroek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brussels-Melsbroek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Brussels-Melsbroek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brussels-Melsbroek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gilze-Rijen_and_Eindhoven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gilze-Rijen_and_Eindhoven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Gilze-Rijen and Eindhoven </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gilze-Rijen_and_Eindhoven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_V-2_missile_launch_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_V-2_missile_launch_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Possible V-2 missile launch attempts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_V-2_missile_launch_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_of_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_of_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Results of raid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_of_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath and casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Operation Bodenplatte</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="عملية بودنبلات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملية بودنبلات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operace_Bodenplatte" title="Operace Bodenplatte – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Operace Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unternehmen_Bodenplatte" title="Unternehmen Bodenplatte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unternehmen Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Bodenplatte" title="Operación Bodenplatte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Operación Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87" title="عملیات بودن‌پلاته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عملیات بودن‌پلاته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Bodenplatte" title="Opération Bodenplatte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opération Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaasje_Bodenplatte" title="Operaasje Bodenplatte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Operaasje Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%ED%85%90%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%ED%85%8C_%EC%9E%91%EC%A0%84" title="보텐플라테 작전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보텐플라테 작전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasi_Bodenplatte" title="Operasi Bodenplatte – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Operasi Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Bodenplatte" title="Operazione Bodenplatte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Operazione Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%94" title="מבצע בודנפלטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבצע בודנפלטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasi_Bodenplatte" title="Operasi Bodenplatte – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Operasi Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatie_Bodenplatte" title="Operatie Bodenplatte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Operatie Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasjon_Bodenplatte" title="Operasjon Bodenplatte – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Operasjon Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacja_Bodenplatte" title="Operacja Bodenplatte – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Operacja Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Bodenplatte" title="Operação Bodenplatte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Operação Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C8%9Biunea_Bodenplatte" title="Operațiunea Bodenplatte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Operațiunea Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%C2%BB" title="Операция «Боденплатте» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Операция «Боденплатте»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C3%A1cia_Bodenplatte" title="Operácia Bodenplatte – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Operácia Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaatio_Bodenplatte" title="Operaatio Bodenplatte – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Operaatio Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Operation Bodenplatte" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="போடன்பிளாட் நடவடிக்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போடன்பிளாட் நடவடிக்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD" title="ปฏิบัติการโบเดินพลัทเทอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปฏิบัติการโบเดินพลัทเทอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodenplatte_Operasyonu" title="Bodenplatte Operasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bodenplatte Operasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%C2%BB" title="Операція «Боденплатте» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Операція «Боденплатте»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%9D%BF%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" title="地板行動 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地板行動" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q835881#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Bodenplatte</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fw190D_crashed1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Fw190D_crashed1945.jpg/300px-Fw190D_crashed1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Fw190D_crashed1945.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="157" /></a> A <a href="/wiki/List_of_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_variants#Fw_190D-9" title="List of Focke-Wulf Fw 190 variants">Fw 190D-9</a> of 10./<a href="/wiki/JG_54" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 54">JG 54</a> Grünherz, (pilot <a href="/wiki/Leutnant" title="Leutnant">Leutnant</a> Theo Nibel), downed by <a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">a partridge which flew into the nose radiator</a> near Brussels on 1 January 1945.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1 January 1945</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Belgium, the Netherlands and France</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Operation failed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197573-3">[2]</a> <ul><li>German tactical success<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994163–165-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200461-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig1975114-6">[5]</a></li> <li>Strategic German exhaustion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007262-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197512-8">[7]</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Poland</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeszke1980134-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[Notes 1]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Coningham_(RAF_officer)" title="Arthur Coningham (RAF officer)">Arthur Coningham</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle" title="Jimmy Doolittle">Jimmy Doolittle</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schmid" title="Joseph Schmid">Joseph Schmid</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Peltz" title="Dietrich Peltz">Dietrich Peltz</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> Karl Hentschel <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Handrick" title="Gotthard Handrick">Gotthard Handrick</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/RAF_Second_Tactical_Air_Force" title="RAF Second Tactical Air Force">2nd Tactical Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">Eighth Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force" title="Ninth Air Force">Ninth Air Force</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_Fighter_Corps_(Germany)" title="2nd Fighter Corps (Germany)">II. Jagdkorps</a> <a href="/wiki/3rd_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" title="3rd Fighter Division (Germany)">3. Jagddivision</a> <a href="/wiki/5th_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" title="5th Fighter Division (Germany)">5. Jagddivision</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="#Aftermath_and_casualties">See Aftermath and casualties</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="#Aftermath_and_casualties">See Aftermath and casualties</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heartbreak_Crossroads" title="Battle of Heartbreak Crossroads">Wahlerscheid</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Initial German assault</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Losheim_Gap" title="Battle of Losheim Gap">Losheim Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clervaux" title="Battle of Clervaux">Clervaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lanzerath_Ridge" title="Battle of Lanzerath Ridge">Lanzerath Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_St%C3%B6sser" title="Operation Stösser">Stösser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Greif" title="Operation Greif">Greif</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Allied defense and counteroffensive</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elsenborn_Ridge" title="Battle of Elsenborn Ridge">Elsenborn Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Vith" title="Battle of St. Vith">St. Vith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bastogne" title="Siege of Bastogne">Bastogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bure" title="Battle of Bure">Bure</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>German counterattack</dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodenplatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Nordwind</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Massacres</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malmedy_massacre" title="Malmedy massacre">Malmedy massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenogne_massacre" title="Chenogne massacre">Chenogne massacre</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Background</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_forces_for_the_Ardennes_Offensive" title="Wehrmacht forces for the Ardennes Offensive">German forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge_order_of_battle" title="Battle of the Bulge order of battle">Order of battle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Front_ofWorld_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Front_ofWorld_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front of World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Forth" title="Battle of the River Forth">River Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Offensive" title="Saar Offensive">Saar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Heligoland_Bight_(1939)" title="Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)">The Heligoland Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wikinger" title="Operation Wikinger">Wikinger</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schuster_Line" title="Schuster Line">Schuster Line</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maastricht" title="Battle of Maastricht">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mill" title="Battle of Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_The_Hague" title="Battle for The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rotterdam" title="Battle of Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland" title="Battle of Zeeland">Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Grebbeberg" title="Battle of the Grebbeberg">The Grebbeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Afsluitdijk" title="Battle of the Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam Blitz</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Eben-Emael" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Eben-Emael">Fort Eben-Emael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hannut" title="Battle of Hannut">Hannut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_David" title="Operation David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1940)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1940)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1940)" title="Battle of the Lys (1940)">La Lys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ypres%E2%80%93Comines_Canal" title="Battle of the Ypres–Comines Canal">Ypres–Comines Canal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan_(1940)" title="Battle of Sedan (1940)">Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montcornet" title="Battle of Montcornet">Montcornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saumur_(1940)" title="Battle of Saumur (1940)">Saumur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boulogne" title="Battle of Boulogne">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1940)" title="Siege of Calais (1940)">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dynamo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abbeville" title="Battle of Abbeville">Abbeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lille_(1940)" title="Siege of Lille (1940)">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paula" title="Operation Paula">Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">1st Alps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haddock_Force" title="Haddock Force">Haddock Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanalkampf" title="Kanalkampf">Kanalkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlertag" title="Adlertag">Adlertag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hardest_Day" title="The Hardest Day">The Hardest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain_Day" title="Battle of Britain Day">Battle of Britain Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Sea Lion</a></li></ul> 1941–1943 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Donnerkeil" title="Operation Donnerkeil">Donnerkeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">Commando Raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></li></ul></li></ul> 1944–1945 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Baby Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#The_final_year" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">Hürtgen Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen" title="Battle of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Nordwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">2nd Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic Pockets</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Blackcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Veritable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grenade" title="Operation Grenade">Grenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blockbuster" title="Operation Blockbuster">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lumberjack" title="Operation Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remagen" title="Battle of Remagen">Remagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cologne_(1945)" title="Battle of Cologne (1945)">Cologne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gisela" title="Operation Gisela">Gisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undertone" title="Operation Undertone">Undertone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Plunder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Varsity" title="Operation Varsity">Varsity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paderborn_(1945)" title="Battle of Paderborn (1945)">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr Pocket">Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Baum" title="Task Force Baum">TF Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frankfurt" title="Battle of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_(1945)" title="Battle of Würzburg (1945)">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kassel_(1945)" title="Battle of Kassel (1945)">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilbronn_(1945)" title="Battle of Heilbronn (1945)">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nuremberg_(1945)" title="Battle of Nuremberg (1945)">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Hamburg" title="Capture of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li></ul> Strategic campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic Bombing Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">Raids on the Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of Atlantic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> Operation Bodenplatte (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈboːdn̩ˌplatə]</a>; "Baseplate"), launched on 1 January 1945, was an attempt by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> to cripple <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> air forces in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. The goal of Bodenplatte was to gain <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a> during the stagnant stage of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a> so that the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> forces could resume their advance. The operation was planned for 16 December 1944, but was delayed repeatedly due to bad weather until New Year's Day, the first day that happened to be suitable. It resulted in almost 500 destroyed Allied airplanes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197574-9">[8]</a> Secrecy for the operation was so tight that not all German ground and naval forces had been informed of the operation and some units suffered casualties from <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a>. British <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> recorded the movement and buildup of German air forces in the region, but did not realise that an operation was imminent. The operation achieved some surprise and tactical success, but was ultimately a failure. A great many Allied aircraft were destroyed on the ground but replaced within a week. Allied aircrew casualties were quite small, since the majority of Allied losses were grounded aircraft. The Germans, however, lost many pilots who could not be readily replaced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007262-7">[6]</a> Post-battle analysis suggests only 11 of the Luftwaffe's 34 air combat <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)#Gruppe" title="Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)">Gruppen</a> (groups) made attacks on time and with surprise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007262-7">[6]</a> The operation failed to achieve air superiority, even temporarily, while the German ground forces continued to be exposed to Allied air attack. Bodenplatte was the last large-scale strategic offensive operation mounted by the Luftwaffe during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1991311–312-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994no_page_(inside_cover)-11">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fw_190A_Abschuss1_1944-45.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gunsight view: In the bottom left, a fighter aircraft is seen from the rear, its tail plane is separated and above it, a cluster of bright tracer can be seen picture center-right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fw_190A_Abschuss1_1944-45.jpg/220px-Fw_190A_Abschuss1_1944-45.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fw_190A_Abschuss1_1944-45.jpg/330px-Fw_190A_Abschuss1_1944-45.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fw_190A_Abschuss1_1944-45.jpg/440px-Fw_190A_Abschuss1_1944-45.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Focke-Wulf Fw 190A shot down by a fighter of the USAAF XXIX Tactical Air Command in 1944 or 1945. German losses were very heavy by late 1944.</figcaption></figure> The armies of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> were supported by the Allied Air Forces as they advanced across <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> in 1944. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) and its <a href="/wiki/RAF_Second_Tactical_Air_Force" title="RAF Second Tactical Air Force">Second Tactical Air Force</a>—under the command of <a href="/wiki/Air_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Marshal">Air Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Coningham_(RAF_officer)" title="Arthur Coningham (RAF officer)">Arthur Coningham</a>—moved <a href="/wiki/No._2_Group_RAF" title="No. 2 Group RAF">No. 2 Group RAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._83_Expeditionary_Air_Group_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group (United Kingdom)">No. 83 Group RAF</a>, No. 84 Group RAF and No. 85 Group RAF to continental Europe in order to provide constant <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a>. The RAF harassed the German air, sea and ground forces by hitting strong points and interdicting their supply lines while reconnaissance units apprised the Allies of German movements. With Allied <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a>, the German Army could not operate effectively. The Luftwaffe, equally, found it difficult to provide effective air cover for the German Army. Although <a href="/wiki/German_aircraft_production_during_World_War_II" title="German aircraft production during World War II">German aircraft production</a> peaked in 1944 the Luftwaffe was critically short of pilots and fuel, and lacked experienced combat leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks199410-12">[11]</a> The land battles moved towards the <a href="/wiki/River_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Rhine">River Rhine</a>, to the east of which lay the German heartland. Most of France had been liberated, as had the Belgian cities <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> had failed in 1944, by 1945 the Allies had overrun most of the southern Netherlands and the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt_Estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheldt Estuary">Scheldt Estuary</a>. As the ground forces moved across Europe, the Allied tactical air forces moved into new bases on the continent, to continue providing close support. The only limiting factor for the Allies was the weather. As winter came, rain and mud turned airfields into quagmires, so large-scale air and land operations came to a halt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks199410–11-13">[12]</a> The situation might well have continued until the spring thaw had the German High Command (<a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</a>) not launched the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a> on 16 December 1944. This land offensive was intended to improve the German military position by capturing Antwerp and separating the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> forces. Part of the planning for the German land operation required the attack to be conducted under the cover of bad winter weather, which kept the main Allied asset, the Tactical Air Forces, on the ground. It initially succeeded, but the weather also grounded the Luftwaffe for the most part. Nevertheless, the Luftwaffe did manage to put 500 aircraft into the air on 16 December, more than had been achieved for a long time. This first day had been the originally planned date for the strike against Allied airfields, named Operation Bodenplatte.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2001113-14">[13]</a> However, the weather proved particularly bad and operations were shut down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks199411-15">[14]</a> The offensive achieved surprise and much initial success. To counter the attack from the air, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> (USAAF) handed operational control of its <a href="/wiki/XXIX_Tactical_Air_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="XXIX Tactical Air Command">XXIX Tactical Air Command</a> and part of its <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force" title="Ninth Air Force">Ninth Air Force</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg" title="Hoyt Vandenberg">Hoyt Vandenberg</a>, to the RAF and Arthur Coningham. On 23 December, the RAF Second Tactical Air Force provided the American forces with much needed support, and helped prevent a German capture of <a href="/wiki/Malmedy" title="Malmedy">Malmedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bastogne" title="Bastogne">Bastogne</a>. This left the Germans with only the logistical bottleneck of <a href="/wiki/St._Vith" title="St. Vith">St. Vith</a> to support their operations. The German attack faltered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks199411-15">[14]</a> The Luftwaffe had been far from absent over the front in December. It flew several thousand sorties over the theatre. Its encounters with the RAF and USAAF had meant heavy losses in matériel and pilots. On the eight days of operations between 17 and 27 December 1944, 644 fighters were lost and 227 damaged. This resulted in 322 pilots killed, 23 captured and 133 wounded. On the three days of operations 23–25 December, 363 fighters were destroyed. None of the <a href="/wiki/Geschwaderkommodore" title="Geschwaderkommodore">Geschwaderkommodoren</a> expected any large-scale air operations by the end of the month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200410-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plan">Plan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plan">edit</a>]</div> In September 1944, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> resolved to recover Germany's deteriorating fortunes by launching an offensive in the West. On 16 September, Hitler directed Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Werner_Kreipe" title="Werner Kreipe">Werner Kreipe</a>—Chief of the Luftwaffe's General Staff—to prepare the necessary aircraft for the offensive. On 21 October, Kreipe ordered the air fleet defending the Greater German Reich (<a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_Reich" title="Luftflotte Reich">Luftflotte Reich</a>) to hand over seven Jagdgeschwader and Schlachtgeschwader to Air Command West (<a href="/wiki/Luftwaffenkommando_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwaffenkommando West">Luftwaffenkommando West</a>) for a future offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20047-17">[16]</a> On 14 November, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>—Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe—ordered the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Fighter_Corps_(Germany)" title="2nd Fighter Corps (Germany)">2. Jagddivision</a> and the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" title="3rd Fighter Division (Germany)">3. Jagddivision</a> to prepare their units for a large-scale ground attack operation in the Ardennes. Preparations were to be complete by 27 November. The attack was to be carried out on the first day of the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20048-18">[17]</a> Generalmajor <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Peltz" title="Dietrich Peltz">Dietrich Peltz</a> was to plan the operation having been appointed C-in-C of II. Fliegerkorps on 8 December. Luftwaffenkommando West had ordered all units—except <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_300" title="Jagdgeschwader 300">Jagdgeschwader 300</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_301" title="Jagdgeschwader 301">301</a>—to attend the main planning meeting in <a href="/wiki/Flammersfeld" title="Flammersfeld">Flammersfeld</a> on 5 December. On 14 December, Peltz officially initiated plans for a major blow against the Allies in northwest Europe. Peltz was not a <a href="/wiki/Fighter_pilot" title="Fighter pilot">fighter pilot</a>; his combat record was as a <a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">dive bomber</a> pilot, flying the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a> Stuka. His experiences <a href="/wiki/Polish_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Campaign">in Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">in France</a>, and during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">early campaigns on the Eastern Front</a> had moulded him into an outstanding <a href="/wiki/Ground_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground attack">ground attack</a> specialist, making him an ideal candidate for planning Bodenplatte.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks199413-19">[18]</a> On 15 December, this plan was worked out with the help of the Luftwaffe's Jagd-Geschwaderkommodore, among them <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Handrick" title="Gotthard Handrick">Gotthard Handrick</a> (Jagdabschnittsführer Mittelrhein; Fighter Sector Leader Middle Rhine), <a href="/wiki/Walter_Grabmann" title="Walter Grabmann">Walter Grabmann</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hentschel_(General)" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Hentschel (General)">Karl Hentschel</a>, commanders of 3. and <a href="/wiki/5th_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" title="5th Fighter Division (Germany)">5. Jagddivision</a> respectively. It was originally scheduled to support the Battle of the Bulge, the German Army's offensive, which began 16 December 1944. However, the same bad weather that prevented the RAF and USAAF from supporting their own ground forces also prevented the Luftwaffe from carrying out the operation. It was therefore not launched until 1 January 1945. By this time, the German Army had lost momentum owing to Allied resistance and clearing weather, which allowed Allied Air Forces to operate. The German Army attempted to restart the attack by launching <a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Operation Northwind</a> (Unternehmen Nordwind). The Luftwaffe was to support this offensive through Bodenplatte.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks199413-19">[18]</a> The plan of Bodenplatte called for a surprise attack against 17 Allied air bases in Belgium, the Netherlands and France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks199413-19">[18]</a> The object was to destroy or cripple as many Allied aircraft, hangars and airstrips as possible. Every <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">fighter-bomber</a> <a href="/wiki/Geschwader" class="mw-redirect" title="Geschwader">Geschwader</a> (Wing) currently occupied with air defence along the Western Front was redeployed. Additional <a href="/wiki/Night-fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Night-fighter">night-fighter</a> units (Nachtjagdgeschwader) and <a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">medium bomber</a> units (<a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader" title="Kampfgeschwader">Kampfgeschwader</a>) acted as pathfinders. The strike formations themselves were mostly single-engine <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a> and <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Focke-Wulf Fw 190</a> fighters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197573-3">[2]</a> However, in a blunder, the planners had set flight paths that took many units over some of the most heavily defended areas on the continent, namely the <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V2</a> launch sites around <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>. These sites were protected by large numbers of German <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft artillery</a> (AAA) units. At the turn of 1944/45 Air Command West had 267 heavy and 277 medium or light AAA batteries, and in addition to this there were 100 <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> AAA batteries along the Dutch coast. Most of these lay in the sector of the 16th AAA Division, with its control station at <a href="/wiki/Doetinchem" title="Doetinchem">Doetinchem</a>, 15 mi (24 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197575-20">[19]</a> Some of the AAA units had been warned about the air operation but were not kept up to date with developments about changing timetables and the flight plan of German formations. As a result, one quarter of the German fighter units lost aircraft to <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> before the attacks could be initiated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1991311–312-10">[9]</a> After five years of war and heavy attrition many of the Luftwaffe's pilots were inexperienced and poorly trained, deficient in marksmanship and flight skills. There was a shortage of experienced instructors, and many of the training units were forced to fly front-line operations in order to bolster the front-line Jagdgeschwader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007205-21">[20]</a> Aviation fuel supplies were also at a premium, limiting the duration of training. Long-range Allied fighters exacerbated this situation by shooting down many training aircraft. By late 1944 there were no safe areas in which pilots could be trained without the possibility of air attack. The result was a "<a href="/wiki/Vicious_circle" title="Vicious circle">vicious circle</a>": poorly trained pilots were quickly lost in combat or accidents, and the need to replace them put more pressure on the training system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUziel201152-22">[21]</a> Allied personnel who witnessed the attacks remarked on the poor aim of the <a href="/wiki/Strafing" title="Strafing">strafing</a> aircraft, and many of the Luftwaffe aircraft shot down by Allied anti-aircraft fire were caught because they were flying too slowly and too high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2000294–295-23">[22]</a> The plan called for strict radio silence and secrecy in order to maintain surprise. Maps were also only half complete, identified only enemy installations, and left out flight paths, lest the document fall into Allied hands enabling them to trace the whereabouts of German fighter bases. Most commanders were also refused permission to brief their pilots until moments before take-off. This created operational confusion. Commanders got across only the bare essentials of the plan. When the operation got under way, many German pilots still did not understand what the operation was about, or what exactly was required of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197573-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1998375-24">[23]</a> They were convinced it was just a reconnaissance in force over the front, and were happy to follow their flight leaders on this basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197573-3">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targets_and_order_of_battle">Targets and order of battle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Targets and order of battle">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_and_Allied_order_of_battle_for_Operation_Bodenplatte" title="German and Allied order of battle for Operation Bodenplatte">German and Allied order of battle for Operation Bodenplatte</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)" title="Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)">Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)</a></div> It is unclear whether all of the following were deliberately targeted. Evidence suggests that Grimbergen, Knocke and Ophoven were targeted in error,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197577-25">[24]</a> as was Heesch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004125-26">[25]</a> In all, the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe" title="Oberkommando der Luftwaffe">Oberkommando der Luftwaffe</a> (OKL) deployed 1,035 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197576-27">[26]</a> from several <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader" title="Jagdgeschwader">Jagdgeschwader</a> (JG—fighter wings) Kampfgeschwader (KG—bomber wings), <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)#Tactical_level" title="Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)">Nachtjagdgeschwader</a> (NJG—night fighter wings) and Schlachtgeschwader (SG—ground attack wings); of these, 38.5% were Bf 109s, 38.5% Fw 190As, and 23% Fw 190Ds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994188-28">[27]</a> Below is the German target list:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1998377,_381-29">[28]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Target</th> <th>Target Code (Allied)</th> <th>Allied Air Force</th> <th>Main aircraft type(s) targeted</th> <th>Luftwaffe combat wing </th></tr> <tr> <td>Antwerpen—<a href="/wiki/Antwerp_International_Airport" title="Antwerp International Airport">Deurne</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Landing_Ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Landing Ground">B.70</a> </td> <td>RAF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Hawker Typhoon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">North American Mustang</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_77" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 77">JG 77</a> "Herz As" Bf 109G-14 and K-4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zutendaal_Air_Base" title="Zutendaal Air Base">Asch</a> </td> <td>Y-29 </td> <td>USAAF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47D Thunderbolt</a>/P-51D Mustang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_11" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 11">JG 11</a> Fw 190A-8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>—<a href="/wiki/Haren_Airport" title="Haren Airport">Evere</a> </td> <td>B.56 </td> <td>USAAF / RAF </td> <td>Supermarine Spitfire Mk.V and Mk.IX LF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_26" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 26">JG 26</a> "Schlageter" Fw 190D-9, Bf 109G-14, Bf 109K-4<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grimbergen_Airfield" title="Grimbergen Airfield">Grimbergen</a> </td> <td>B.60 </td> <td>USAAF / RAF Regiment<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[29]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress</a>/P-51 Mustang<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994198-31">[30]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_26" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 26">JG 26</a> "Schlageter" and <a href="/wiki/JG_54" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 54">JG 54</a> "Grünherz" Fw 190D-9<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brussels—<a href="/wiki/Melsbroek" class="mw-redirect" title="Melsbroek">Melsbroek</a> </td> <td>B.58 </td> <td>RAF / RCAF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">North American B-25G Mitchell</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994198-31">[30]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_27" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 27">JG 27</a> "Afrika" and <a href="/wiki/JG_54" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 54">JG 54</a> "Grünherz" Bf 109K-4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a> </td> <td>B.78 </td> <td>RAF / RCAF </td> <td>Hawker Typhoon Mk.IIb /Supermarine Spitfire Mk.V and Mk.IX LF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_3" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 3">JG 3</a> "Udet" Fw 190A-8 and Fw 190D-9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>/Sint-Denijs-Westrem </td> <td>B.61 </td> <td>RAF / Polish Wing "Polskie Siły Powietrzne" </td> <td>Supermarine Spitfire Mk.V and Mk.IX </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_1_(World_War_II)" title="Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War II)">JG 1</a> "Oesau" Fw 190A-8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilze_en_Rijen" title="Gilze en Rijen">Gilze en Rijen</a> </td> <td>B.77 </td> <td>RAF </td> <td>Supermarine Spitfire Mk.V and Mk.IX LF/P-51D Mustang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/KG_51" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 51">KG 51</a> "Edelweiss" and <a href="/wiki/JG_3" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 3">JG 3</a> "Udet" Me 262A-1 and Fw 190D-9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heesch_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heesch (Netherlands)">Heesch</a> </td> <td>B.88 </td> <td>RCAF </td> <td>Supermarine Spitfire Mk.V and Mk.IX LF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_6" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 6">JG 6</a> "Horst Wessel" Fw 190G-1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beauvechain_Air_Base" title="Beauvechain Air Base">Le Culot</a> </td> <td>A-89 </td> <td>USAAF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">Lockheed P-38J Lightning</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_4" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 4">JG 4</a> (Sturmgruppe) Fw 190A-8/R8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flugplatz_Maldegem" title="Flugplatz Maldegem">Maldegem</a> </td> <td>B.65 </td> <td>RAF / RNZAF / RAF </td> <td>Supermarine Spitfire Mk.V and Mk.IX LF<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994198-31">[30]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_1_(World_War_II)" title="Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War II)">JG 1</a> "Oesau" Fw 190A-8/R2 and /R4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>—Frescaty </td> <td>A-90 </td> <td>USAAF / RAF </td> <td>P-47D Thunderbolt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_53" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 53">JG 53</a> "Pik 'As" Bf 109G-14 and Bf 109K-4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ophoven_Airfield" title="Ophoven Airfield">Ophoven</a> </td> <td>Y-32 </td> <td>RAF </td> <td>Supermarine Spitfire Mk.V and Mk.IX LF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_4" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 4">JG 4</a> (Sturmgruppe) Fw 190A-8/R8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sint-Truiden" title="Sint-Truiden">Sint-Truiden</a> </td> <td>A-92 </td> <td>USAAF </td> <td>P-47D Thunderbolt </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=SG_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SG 4 (page does not exist)">SG 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/JG_2" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 2">JG 2</a> "Richthofen" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Volkel_Air_Base" title="Volkel Air Base">Volkel</a> </td> <td>B.80 </td> <td>RAF </td> <td>Hawker Typhoon Mk.IIb/<a href="/wiki/Hawker_Tempest" title="Hawker Tempest">Hawker Tempest</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_6" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 6">JG 6</a> "Horst Wessel" Fw 190G-1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Woensdrecht" title="Woensdrecht">Woensdrecht</a> </td> <td>B.79 </td> <td>RAF </td> <td>Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IX LF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_77" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 77">JG 77</a> "Herz As" Bf 109G-14 and K-4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ursel_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursel Airfield">Ursel</a> </td> <td>B.67 </td> <td>USAAF / RAF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquito</a> F Mk.XV/<a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster B.IV</a> /B-17G (small numbers)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994197-32">[31]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_1_(World_War_II)" title="Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War II)">JG 1</a> "Oesau" Fw 190A-8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codenames">Codenames</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Codenames">edit</a>]</div> Following the Operation Bodenplatte raids, the Allies retrieved several log-books from crashed German aircraft. In several of these, the entry "Auftrag Hermann 1.1. 1945, Zeit: 9.20 Uhr" was translated as "Operation Hermann to commence on 1 January 1945, at 9:20am." This led the Allies to believe the operation itself was named Hermann for Hermann Göring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2000291-33">[32]</a> Five further different codes were used for the attack: <ul><li>Varus: Indicating that the operation was "a go" and that it would take place within 24 hours of the Varus order being given.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20048-18">[17]</a></li> <li>Teutonicus: Authority to brief the pilots and to arrange for the aircraft to be armed and ready at the edge of the airfield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20048-18">[17]</a></li> <li>Hermann: Giving the exact date and time of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20048-18">[17]</a></li> <li>Dorothea: Indicating a delay in the attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20048-18">[17]</a></li> <li>Spätlese ("late harvest"): Cancelling of the attack after formations are airborne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20048-18">[17]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_intelligence">Allied intelligence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Allied intelligence">edit</a>]</div> Allied intelligence failed to detect the German intention. In <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> transcripts, there were only a few indications of what was happening on the other side of the front. On 4 December 1944, II Jagdkorps had ordered stockpiling for navigational aids, such as "golden-rain" flares and <a href="/wiki/Smoke_bomb" title="Smoke bomb">smoke bombs</a>. Allied intelligence made no written observations of this communication. They also disregarded communications to <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88" title="Junkers Ju 88">Junkers Ju 88</a> groups regarding the use of flares when leading formations. Intelligence concluded that these instructions were designed for a ground support mission rather than an interception operation. This was reasonable, but no indications of possible ground targets were given.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200410-16">[15]</a> On 20 December, a 3. Jagddivision message was intercepted confirming that the locations for emergency landing grounds during a "special undertaking" had remained unchanged. This was a clear indication that something was amiss, but Allied intelligence did not comment on it. It also ignored more messages indicating that low-level attacks were being practised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200410-16">[15]</a> Allied intelligence, by 16 December, had monitored the reshuffling of both German Army and Luftwaffe formations opposite the American-held front at the Ardennes. Yet nothing major was suspected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007257–258-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maldegem,_Ursel_and_St._Denijs_Westrem">Maldegem, Ursel and St. Denijs Westrem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maldegem, Ursel and St. Denijs Westrem">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center; width:220px; margin-right:0px"> <tbody><tr> <td>Units </td> <td>I., II., III./JG 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft </td> <td>71 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft lost </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged </td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pilots killed or captured </td> <td>25 </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_1_(World_War_II)" title="Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War II)">Jagdgeschwader 1</a> (JG 1) was responsible for the attack on the Ursel and Maldegem airfields. <a href="/wiki/Oberstleutnant" title="Oberstleutnant">Oberstleutnant</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Ihlefeld" title="Herbert Ihlefeld">Herbert Ihlefeld</a> led the Geschwader. The formation was mixed; Stab., (<a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">headquarters</a> <a href="/wiki/Flight_(military_unit)" title="Flight (military unit)">flight</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stab_(Luftwaffe_designation)" title="Stab (Luftwaffe designation)">Stabschwarm</a>, attached to every Geschwader), I. and II./JG 1 operated the Fw 190 while the III./JG 1 flew the Bf 109. I./JG 1 lost four of their number to friendly anti-aircraft fire. Three of the four pilots were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200416–18-35">[34]</a> The attacks at <a href="/wiki/Maldegem" title="Maldegem">Maldegem</a> and Ursel began at 08:30. Both I. and II./JG 1 became involved in intense dogfights. III./JG 1 had lost only one aircraft over the target (and not to enemy fire).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200418–22-36">[35]</a> I./JG lost a further Fw 190 to friendly anti-aircraft fire as it made its way to Ursel. I./JG 1 lost at least two further Fw 190s to friendly anti-aircraft fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200422–28-37">[36]</a> Casualties could have been heavier, had the British anti-aircraft defences of Maldegem airfield not been moved in December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks199475-38">[37]</a> Stab. and I./JG 1 lost 13 Fw 190s and nine pilots were missing; five were killed and four were captured. Thus the loss rates in personnel and matériel were 39 and 56%, respectively. III./JG 1 lost only three Bf 109s with one pilot dead and two captured. I./JG 1 claimed 30 British or New Zealand Spitfires on the ground and two shot down over Maldegem. At Maldegem, 16 aircraft were destroyed, and at Ursel only six were lost. The claims of I./JG 1 were actually more in line with British and New Zealand total losses at both Maldegem and Ursel. <a href="/wiki/No._131_Wing_RAF" title="No. 131 Wing RAF">No. 131 Wing RAF / Polish Wing</a> lost 13 Spitfires plus two damaged beyond repair, a total of 15 lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197583-39">[38]</a> At Ursel, six aircraft were destroyed, including, a B-17, two Lancasters and a Mosquito. I. and III./JG 1 lost a total of 16 aircraft and 12 pilots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200428-40">[39]</a> II./JG 1 attacked the airfield at St. Denijs Westrem. Of the 36 II./JG 1 Fw 190s that took off, 17 were shot down, a staggering 47% loss rate. Among the pilots lost were several experienced fliers. In exchange, the Germans shot down two Spitfires, and seven <a href="/wiki/Emergency_landing" title="Emergency landing">forced-landed</a>. At St. Denijs Westrem 18 Spitfires were destroyed on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200434-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197585-42">[41]</a> Altogether JG 1 lost 25 pilots and 29 aircraft. This return for around 60 enemy aircraft (54 on the ground) cannot be considered a complete success, although the damage at St. Denijs Westrem and Maldegem had been significant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200439-43">[42]</a> Just nine of the fighters lost by JG 1 are confirmed to have been shot down in combat with Spitfires. It is possible a further three were shot down by Spitfires, or perhaps ground fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004278-44">[43]</a> Two Spitfires were shot down and destroyed, with two more damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004290-45">[44]</a> One pilot of each squadron (308 and 317) was killed. The total Spitfire losses were perhaps 32.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197585-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sint-Truiden">Sint-Truiden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sint-Truiden">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center; width:220px; margin-right:0px"> <tbody><tr> <td>Units </td> <td>I., II., III./JG 2 and SG 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft </td> <td>144 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft lost </td> <td>46 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pilots killed or captured </td> <td>23 </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schlachtgeschwader_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schlachtgeschwader 4 (page does not exist)">Schlachtgeschwader 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_2" title="Jagdgeschwader 2">Jagdgeschwader 2</a> (SG 4 and JG 2) were to strike at <a href="/wiki/Sint-Truiden_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Sint-Truiden Air Base">Sint-Truiden airfield</a>. JG 2 was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_B%C3%BChligen" title="Kurt Bühligen">Kurt Bühligen</a>. I./JG 2's ground crews made ready 35 of 46 Fw 190s, 29 of which were Fw 190Ds. Only 33 pilots were fit for operations, so the Gruppe reported only 33 Fw 190s ready. II./JG 2 could field 20 of 29 Bf 109s. Stab./JG 2 had three Fw 190s ready for the mission. It is not clear whether Bühligen took part in the mission. III./JG 2 (<a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Lemke" title="Siegfried Lemke">Siegfried Lemke</a>) reported 40 Fw 190s operational, 34 of them Fw 190Ds. However, only 28 of the 43 pilots in the unit were fit for operations and the formation fielded only 28 fighters. In total, 84 aircraft were ready on 31 December, including 28 Fw 190D-9s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200451–52-46">[45]</a> SG 4 was led by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Druschel" title="Alfred Druschel">Alfred Druschel</a>. It had 152 machines on strength, of which just 60 were operational, yet the 129 pilots were fit for action. Stab./SG 4 had three Fw 190s and two pilots. I./SG 4 had 21 Fw 190s operational and 27 pilots ready. II./SG 4 reported 27 Fw 190s ready, but pilot strength is unknown. III./SG 4 reported 24 Fw 190s, but only 16 were available at the forward airfields. Pilot strength is unknown. Best estimations make it around 60 Fw 190s operational, of which 55 took part.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004277-47">[46]</a> At 09:12, JG 2 crossed the front line at Malmedy and was greeted by an enormous volume of Allied ground fire. The entire area was heavily defended by anti-aircraft artillery, since the area had been the scene of heavy fighting, but also had been attacked by V-1 and V-2 missiles. I./JG 2 lost at least seven fighters to ground fire alone. III./JG 2 lost 10 fighters. A possible seven Bf 109s from II./JG 2 were also lost to ground fire. JG 2 attacked Asch and Ophoven airfields by mistake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200454–59-48">[47]</a> JG 2's mission was a disaster. I./JG 2 lost 18 Fw 190s and six more were damaged by ground fire and enemy aircraft. This represented 73% of their force. Of the 15 pilots missing, six would survive as POWs. II./JG 2 lost five Bf 109s and three were damaged a loss rate of 40%. Pilot losses were three missing, one dead and one wounded. III./JG 2 lost 19 Fw 190s and three were damaged, a loss rate of 79%. Nine pilots were killed, two were wounded and four were captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200462-49">[48]</a> JG 2 losses, according to another source, amounted to 40% of its force. Pilot losses were 24 killed or posted missing, 10 captured and four wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197588-50">[49]</a> Another source asserts that pilot losses stood at 23 killed or missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1998416-51">[50]</a> SG 4's mission was also a disaster. During the assembly phase, they flew across JG 11's flight path, and the formation was broken up. Some of the pilots joined JG 11 in the confusion. Unable to recover the formation, I. and II./SG 4 then decided to head home. The Geschwaderkommodore, Druschel, had continued with five other pilots from III./SG 4 who had lost contact with their Gruppe. They crossed the front near <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrtgenwald" title="Hürtgenwald">Hürtgenwald</a> around 09:10. As they did so, American anti-aircraft batteries opened fire, claiming seven aircraft in the next 30 minutes. Only six of the 50 Fw 190Fs of SG 4 carried out an attack, against airfields near <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> and the Asch aerodrome. Of these six, four did not return. Druschel himself was reported missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200463–64-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volkel_and_Heesch">Volkel and Heesch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Volkel and Heesch">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center; width:220px; margin-right:0px"> <tbody><tr> <td>Units </td> <td>I., II., III./JG 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft </td> <td>78 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft lost </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pilots killed or captured </td> <td>23 </td></tr></tbody></table> The target of <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_6" title="Jagdgeschwader 6">Jagdgeschwader 6</a> (JG 6) was Volkel. I. and III./JG 6 were to attack while II./JG 6 was to provide cover against Allied fighters. I./JG 6 got 29 of its 34 Fw 190s ready, while 25 of II./JG 6's fighters took part. Overall, most of the 99 Fw 190s were made available for the operation. III./JG 6 received orders to target petrol installations on the airfield only. Only 78 Fw 190s took off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004123–124-53">[52]</a> While on course, JG 6 approached the airfield of Heesch and some of its pilots assumed it to be <a href="/wiki/Volkel_Air_Base" title="Volkel Air Base">Volkel airfield</a>. It is unlikely that the Heesch strip, built in October 1944, was known to the Luftwaffe. <a href="/wiki/No._126_Wing_RCAF" title="No. 126 Wing RCAF">No. 126 Wing RCAF</a> was based there and had dispatched its 411 and <a href="/wiki/442_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="442 Squadron">442 Squadrons</a> on recce missions early that morning so the majority of its units were airborne. Its 401 Squadron was readying for takeoff when JG 6 appeared at 09:15. Most of the German pilots had failed to notice the airfield, concentrating on keeping formation at low altitude. 401 Squadron <a href="/wiki/Scrambling_(military)" title="Scrambling (military)">scrambled</a>. Some of the German fighters were authorised to engage, while the main body continued to search for Volkel. Stab., and II./JG 6 stumbled on another strip at Helmond, which contained no aircraft. Several German pilots believed it to be Volkel and attacked, losing several of their number to ground fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004125–135-54">[53]</a> II./JG 6 suffered severely from Spitfire and Tempests based at Helmond. Very little damage was done at Heesch or Helmond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004137-55">[54]</a> In the event, all four Gruppen failed to find Volkel and its <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Tempest" title="Hawker Tempest">Hawker Tempests</a> remained untouched.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1998396-56">[55]</a> The only success JG 6 had was I./JG 6's erroneous attack on Eindhoven, which claimed 33 fighters and six medium bombers. Like Volkel, Helmond and Heesch had escaped damage. In the dogfights over Helmond, JG 6 claimed six victories. In fact, only two Spitfires were shot down and one badly damaged. Only one further fighter, a <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Hawker Typhoon</a>, was shot down. Stab./JG 6 lost the Geschwaderkommodore, Kogler, as a POW. Of I./JG 6's 29 Fw 190s, seven were lost and two damaged; of II./JG 6's 25 Fw 190s, eight were destroyed and two damaged; III./JG 6 lost 12 out 20 Bf 109s. In total, JG 6 lost 43% of its strength and suffered 16 pilots killed or missing and seven captured. As well as Kogler, one other commanding officer was lost—Gruppenkommandeur Helmut Kühle. Three Staffelkapitäne were lost: Hauptmann Ewald Trost was captured, Hauptmann Norbert Katz was killed and Lothar Gerlach was posted missing, presumed killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeal199683-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004137–138-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antwerp-Deurne_and_Woensdrecht">Antwerp-Deurne and Woensdrecht</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antwerp-Deurne and Woensdrecht">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center; width:220px; margin-right:0px"> <tbody><tr> <td>Units </td> <td>I., II., III./JG 77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft </td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft lost </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pilots killed or captured </td> <td>11 </td></tr></tbody></table> Deurne airfield was to be destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_77" title="Jagdgeschwader 77">Jagdgeschwader 77</a> (JG 77). Antwerp housed the largest Allied contingent of nine Squadrons. It had been incessantly attacked by V-1 <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a> and V-2 <a href="/wiki/SRBM" class="mw-redirect" title="SRBM">SRBM</a> ballistic missiles, and had been given a strong anti-aircraft defence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004251-59">[58]</a> At 08:00, two formations of 18 Bf 109s of I. and III./JG 77, led by Major <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Freytag" title="Siegfried Freytag">Siegfried Freytag</a>, took off with their pathfinders. At the same time 23 Bf 109s of II./JG 77 took off. Around the <a href="/wiki/Bocholt,_Germany" title="Bocholt, Germany">Bocholt</a> area they formed up with the other two Gruppen. Heading south and still north of Antwerp, JG 77 passed <a href="/wiki/Woensdrecht_Air_Base" title="Woensdrecht Air Base">Woensdrecht airfield</a>. It was home to <a href="/wiki/No._132_Wing_RAF" title="No. 132 Wing RAF">No. 132 Wing RAF</a> and its five Spitfire squadrons; <a href="/wiki/No._331_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 331 Squadron RAF">No. 331 Squadron RAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._332_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 332 Squadron RAF">No. 332 Squadron RAF</a> (Norwegian), <a href="/wiki/No._66_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 66 Squadron RAF">No. 66 Squadron RAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._127_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 127 Squadron RAF">No. 127 Squadron RAF</a>, and <a href="/wiki/No._322_Squadron_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 322 Squadron RAF">No. 322 Squadron RAF</a> (Dutch). Some pilots from II./JG 77 either mistakenly believed it to be Antwerp, or thought the opportunity was too good to pass up. Two German fighters were claimed shot down, and one pilot captured. However, none of the JG 77 casualties fit this description.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004253–254-60">[59]</a> The main body continued to Antwerp. Some 12–30 German fighters attacked the airfield from 09:25 to 09:40. The ground defences were alert and the German formations attacked in a disorganised manner. 145 Wing RAF was missed completely and considering the large number of targets the destruction was light; just 12 Spitfires were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004254–256-61">[60]</a> In total, 14 Allied aircraft were destroyed and nine damaged. JG 77 lost 11 Bf 109s and their pilots were lost. Six were killed and five captured according to Allied sources. However, German records show the loss of only 10 pilots. Four are listed as captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig1975108-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004259-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metz-Frescaty">Metz-Frescaty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Metz-Frescaty">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg/200px-Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg/300px-Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg/400px-Y-34_Metz_Airfield_-_Destroyed_P-47s_Operation_Bodenplatte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed P-47s at Y-34 Metz-Frescaty airfield.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center; width:220px; margin-right:0px"> <tbody><tr> <td>Units </td> <td>Stab., II., III., IV./JG 53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft </td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft lost </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pilots killed or captured </td> <td>17 </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_53" title="Jagdgeschwader 53">Jagdgeschwader 53</a> (JG 53) was tasked with the operation against the USAAF airfield at <a href="/wiki/Metz-Frescaty_Air_Base" title="Metz-Frescaty Air Base">Metz-Frescaty Air Base</a>. Stab., II., III., and IV./JG 53 were available.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004221-64">[63]</a> III./JG 53 was to destroy anti-aircraft installations in the Metz area, while the other Gruppen knocked out the airfields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994139-65">[64]</a> The USAAF XIX Tactical Air Command had established a strong presence in northeast France and was supporting the <a href="/wiki/Third_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Third United States Army">U.S. 3rd Army</a>. JG 53 was to knock out its airfields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004224–225-66">[65]</a> Some 26 Bf 109s took off but were intercepted by 12 P-47s of the 367th Fighter Squadron, 358th Fighter Group. The P-47s claimed 13 destroyed, one probable and six damaged for no losses. On the way home at 09:20, III./JG 53 were intercepted by 366th Fighter Squadron. Altogether, III./JG 53 lost 10 Bf 109s and one damaged to the 358th Fighter Group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004228–235-67">[66]</a> Of the 25 III./JG 53 Bf 109s that took part, 11 were shot down representing 40% of the attacking force. The 358th Fighter Group received the Distinguished Unit citation for preventing the attack on the 362nd Fighter Groups airfield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004233-68">[67]</a> Although III./JG 53 failed, the main attack was a success by comparison. Stab,. II. and IV./JG 53 encountered no difficulties on the outward leg. The Germans caused significant damage among the parked USAAF fighters on the field. When the attack against the Metz airfield was over, the three JG 53 Gruppen reported the loss of 20 Bf 109s and seven damaged. This represented more than 50 percent of the attacking 52 fighters. Some 13 pilots were missing; three were killed, six remain missing as of today, and four were captured. A further three were wounded. JG 53 claimed 27 USAAF fighters on the ground and eight damaged. Added to this total is four aerial victories. In total JG 53 lost 30 Bf 109s and eight damaged in the two operations. This was a total loss of 48%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004245-69">[68]</a> The losses of the USAAF were 22 destroyed, 11 damaged (all P-47s).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004294-70">[69]</a> However, the negative effects of Bodenplatte on JG 53 outweighed any advantages gained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004245-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Le_Culot_and_Ophoven">Le Culot and Ophoven</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Le Culot and Ophoven">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center; width:220px; margin-right:0px"> <tbody><tr> <td>Units </td> <td>I., II., III./JG 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft </td> <td>55–75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft lost </td> <td>25–26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged </td> <td>~ 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pilots killed or captured </td> <td>17 </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Beauvechain_Air_Base" title="Beauvechain Air Base">Le Culot airfield</a> (later known as Beauvechain) was 45 km (28 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> and was the target of <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_4" title="Jagdgeschwader 4">Jagdgeschwader 4</a> (JG 4). The main strip (A-89) was known locally as Beauvechain, and an auxiliary field known as Le Culot East (Y-10), known to the locals as Burettes, was nearby. It was known to the Luftwaffe because several of its units had operated there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200494–95-71">[70]</a> Geschwaderkommodore Major <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Michalski" title="Gerhard Michalski">Gerhard Michalski</a> commanded the force. Five pilots were shot down by ground fire. Another pilot got lost during the flight and ended up near Eindhoven where he was shot down and killed. Reduced in number, 8–10 fighters of IV./JG 4 continued to their target. After 10 minutes, they located a fairly large airfield and attacked, believing it to be Le Culot. It was in fact Sint-Truiden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200496–97-72">[71]</a> The mistake was easy to make, Le Culot was located nearby. Sint-Truiden housed the <a href="/wiki/48th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="48th Fighter Group">48th Fighter Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/404th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="404th Fighter Group">404th Fighter Group</a>. The 492nd Fighter Squadron was readying to take off at 09:20. JG 4 hit the airfield at 09:15. Several P-47s taxiing out were abandoned by pilots and strafed to destruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200498–99-73">[72]</a> The small-scale attack by JG 4 had achieved considerable damage. Total American losses were 10 destroyed and 31 damaged. The Germans lost eight fighters, including seven Bf 109s, and three damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004104-74">[73]</a> No damage was done at Le Culot airfield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197593-75">[74]</a> II.(Sturm)/JG 4 took off for Le Culot at 08:08. Getting lost, they stumbled upon Asch airfield and claimed one P-47 destroyed and two twin-engine aircraft damaged, as well as two trains and trucks destroyed. The unit claimed an <a href="/wiki/Auster_Aircraft" title="Auster Aircraft">Auster</a> reconnaissance aircraft shot down. The machine was probably a <a href="/wiki/Stinson_L-1_Vigilant" title="Stinson L-1 Vigilant">Stinson L-1 Vigilant</a> of the 125th Liaison Squadron, U.S. Army. However, virtually the entire Gruppe of 17 Fw 190s was wiped out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004107–111-76">[75]</a> I. and III./JG 4 were to strike Le Culot together. Taking off at 08:20 and heading northwest, they comprised a force of 35 Bf 109s (nine from III./JG 4). Two Ju 88G-1s of II./NJG 101 lead as pathfinders. Some of I./JG 4 attacked No. 125 Wing RAF Spitfires at <a href="/wiki/Ophoven_Airfield" title="Ophoven Airfield">Ophoven airfield</a>. Spitfire losses are unclear. Two P-47s and a B-17 were destroyed. I./JG 4 reported two Bf 109s missing, one damaged and one destroyed. Just a hangar, one P-47 and several vehicles were claimed, and the anti-aircraft battery was silenced. The attack on the Spitfires at Ophoven and the mentioned B-17 and two P-47s are not included in the total.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004111–114-77">[76]</a> Another source suggests two Spitfires destroyed and 10 damaged at Ophoven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks2000135-78">[77]</a> According to one source, JG 4's losses were 25 fighters of the 55 that took part. With 17 pilots killed or missing and seven captured,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197595-79">[78]</a> JG 4 suffered a 42% loss rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994128-80">[79]</a> A more recent source claims a total of 75 aircraft of JG 4 took part, with only 12 attacking ground targets. Two Ju 88 pathfinders were lost, as well as 26 fighters with six more damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004117-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asch">Asch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Asch">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center; width:220px; margin-right:0px"> <tbody><tr> <td>Units </td> <td>Stab. I., II., III./JG 11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft </td> <td>61 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft lost </td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged </td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pilots killed or captured </td> <td>24 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-676-7975A-28,_Wunstorf,_Major_G%C3%BCnther_Specht_und_Prof._Kurt_Tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-676-7975A-28%2C_Wunstorf%2C_Major_G%C3%BCnther_Specht_und_Prof._Kurt_Tank.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-676-7975A-28%2C_Wunstorf%2C_Major_G%C3%BCnther_Specht_und_Prof._Kurt_Tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-676-7975A-28%2C_Wunstorf%2C_Major_G%C3%BCnther_Specht_und_Prof._Kurt_Tank.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-676-7975A-28%2C_Wunstorf%2C_Major_G%C3%BCnther_Specht_und_Prof._Kurt_Tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-676-7975A-28%2C_Wunstorf%2C_Major_G%C3%BCnther_Specht_und_Prof._Kurt_Tank.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-676-7975A-28%2C_Wunstorf%2C_Major_G%C3%BCnther_Specht_und_Prof._Kurt_Tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Tank" title="Kurt Tank">Kurt Tank</a> and Major <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Specht" title="Günther Specht">Günther Specht</a> (left) inspecting the rudder of his Bf 109. Specht's loss was a bitter blow for JG 11.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Asch_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Asch Airfield">Asch Airfield</a> (Designated: Y-29) had been constructed in November 1944 and was home to the <a href="/wiki/352nd_Fighter_Group" title="352nd Fighter Group">352nd Fighter Group</a>, 8th Air Force, and the <a href="/wiki/366th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="366th Fighter Group">366th Fighter Group</a>, Ninth Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004140-82">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_11" title="Jagdgeschwader 11">Jagdgeschwader 11</a> (JG 11) was to destroy the airfield. I./JG 11 had only 16 Fw 190s on strength and only six fit and operational pilots. Only six of I./JG 1's pilots took part, and just four of Stab./JG 1's pilots participated. III./JG 11 had more aircraft than pilots, and so other Staffeln made up the numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004143-83">[82]</a> Just 41 Fw 190s of JG 11 took part in Bodenplatte; four from the Stab., six from I. Gruppe and 31 of III. Gruppe. The 20 fighters from II. Gruppe were Bf 109s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004276-84">[83]</a> The plan called for a low-level strike by I. and III./JG 11, while II./JG 11 flew as top cover against USAAF fighters. The pilots were shown maps and photographs of the airfield, but were not told the targets' identity until the morning of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004143-83">[82]</a> After crossing Allied lines, four fighters were lost to AAA fire. The course of JG 11 took it directly over Ophoven. Large formations of JG 11 attacked, in the mistaken belief it was Asch. The other half continued to Asch. Ophoven housed No. 125 Wing RAF, just 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Asch. About half, or some 30 Fw 190s and Bf 109s attacked the airfield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004146-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1998388-86">[85]</a> Asch was notable for a chance event. The 390th Squadron of the 366th Fighter Group had launched two fighter sweeps that morning, which played a crucial role in the failure of JG 11's attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004147-87">[86]</a> The leader of the 487th squadron, 352nd Fighter Group, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Meyer" title="John C. Meyer">John Charles Meyer</a>, anticipated German activity and had a flight of 12 P-51s about to take off on a combat patrol when the attack began. They took off under fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScutts199478-88">[87]</a> Several pilots made "<a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">Ace</a>" status that day. No P-51s were lost; two were damaged and one was damaged on the ground. The 336th Fighter Group lost one P-47.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004148-89">[88]</a> The 366th was credited with eight enemy aircraft, and AAA claimed seven more. However, overclaiming is likely. Luftwaffe records indicate JG 11 lost 28 fighters. Four German pilots (two wounded) made it back to German-held territory, while four were captured and the remaining twenty were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004281–284-90">[89]</a> Some 24 of the Bf 109s and Fw 190s lost were lost over enemy lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004162-91">[90]</a> German pilots <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Specht" title="Günther Specht">Günther Specht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horst-G%C3%BCnther_von_Fassong" title="Horst-Günther von Fassong">Horst-Günther von Fassong</a> were among those German pilots killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004149,_269-92">[91]</a> Little is known about the claims of JG 11. According to one German document, 13 fighters, two twin-engine and one four-engine aircraft were claimed destroyed. Five fighters were claimed damaged on "Glabbeek airfield"—in reality it was Ophoven. Ten aerial victories and one probable were also claimed. But U.S. Fighter Group losses indicate these claims are excessive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004164–165-93">[92]</a> The Americans claimed 35 German aircraft destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994136-94">[93]</a> Only 14 can be judged with a degree of certainty to have been shot down by USAAF fighters, and possibly two more. Four are confirmed to have been shot down by AAA fire. Total JG 11 losses were 28.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004281-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1998385–391-96">[95]</a> The air battle over Asch had lasted 45 minutes and came to be known as, "The Legend of Y-29".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1998391-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brussels-Evere/Grimbergen">Brussels-Evere/Grimbergen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Brussels-Evere/Grimbergen">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center; width:220px; margin-right:0px"> <tbody><tr> <td>Units </td> <td>Stab., I., II., III./JG 26 and III./JG 54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft </td> <td>127 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft lost </td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged </td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pilots killed or captured </td> <td>30 </td></tr></tbody></table> I. Gruppe of <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_26" title="Jagdgeschwader 26">Jagdgeschwader 26</a> (JG 26) and the III. Gruppe of <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_54" title="Jagdgeschwader 54">Jagdgeschwader 54</a> (JG 54) were to strike Grimbergen.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[29]</a> II. and III. Gruppen of <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_26" title="Jagdgeschwader 26">Jagdgeschwader 26</a> (JG 26) were to strike at Brussels-Evere. At the end of December, II./JG 26 had 39 Fw 190D-9s and III./JG 26 had 45 Bf 109s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004169-98">[97]</a> Records of available aircraft indicate 110 aircraft of JG 26 flew that day; all but 29 were Fw 190s, the remainder were Bf 109s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004276-84">[83]</a> 17 Fw 190s from III./JG 54 took part with JG 26.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004277-47">[46]</a> Unknown to the Luftwaffe the <a href="/wiki/Grimbergen_Airfield" title="Grimbergen Airfield">Grimbergen Airfield</a> was almost completely abandoned. The Evere airfield was located to the south. It was one of the most densely populated airfields in Belgium and had plenty of targets. The main force consisted of 60 Spitfire XVIs of <a href="/wiki/No._127_Wing_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 127 Wing RAF">No. 127 Wing RAF</a>. Also present were B-17s and B-24s of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">Eighth Air Force</a>. Overall, well over 100 aircraft were on the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004173–174-99">[98]</a> At 08:13, the first formations took off. In total, 64 Fw 190D-9s participated. Before the target was reached, some 14 Fw 190D-9s were forced to turn back due to AAA damage or mechanical difficulties. Three Fw 190s were lost to German AAA fire. At 09:10, when the front was reached, Allied heavy AAA units began to engage the formation and another five were shot down. Most of the fire was from British Naval AAA defences defending the Scheldt Estuary. As the formation crossed the Dutch and Belgian border, I./JG 26 and III./JG 54 were intercepted by Spitfires. Five of the Fw 190s were shot down. I./JG 26 and III./JG 54<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[29]</a> destroyed or damaged the few aircraft at the airfield. AAA defences claimed five kills and the two gruppen reported two Fw 190s lost to Spitfires. Several others were lost over the airfield. Other losses occurred against friendly fire again on the return flight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004174–179-100">[99]</a> The raid was a disaster. Just six machines were destroyed at Grimbergen for the loss of 21 Fw 190s and two damaged. Another eight sustained minor damage. Seventeen pilots were missing, including eight captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004180-101">[100]</a> Only II. and III./JG 26 hit Evere. Between 44 and 52 Fw 190s from these units took off. II. and III./JG 26 knocked out the flak towers and destroyed anything combustible: hangars, trucks, fuel dumps and aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004187,_190-102">[101]</a> 127 Wing RCAF lost one Spitfire in the air and 11 on the ground; 11 vehicles were damaged and one was destroyed. A total of 60–61 Allied aircraft were destroyed at Evere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004193-103">[102]</a> A large number of transports were located there and attracted the attention of German pilots, which left many more Spitfires undamaged. Given the number of Spitfires on the field, the Canadian wing suffered "low" losses. The Canadian wing commander—<a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_(RAF_officer)" title="Johnnie Johnson (RAF officer)">Johnnie Johnson</a>—blamed the poor marksmanship of German pilots for failing to achieve further success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004195-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1998440-105">[104]</a> Allied losses are given at Evere as 32 fighters, 22 twin-engine aircraft and 13 four-engine aircraft destroyed, plus another nine single-, six twin- and one four-engine aircraft damaged. In total, II./JG 26 losses included 13 Fw 190s destroyed and two damaged. Nine of its pilots were missing; five were killed and four captured. III./JG 26 lost six Bf 109s and four pilots. Only one of them was captured, the remainder were killed. The amount of damage the Germans inflicted made up for the losses; the Evere strike was a success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004195-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brussels-Melsbroek">Brussels-Melsbroek</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Brussels-Melsbroek">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avro_Lancaster_-_Melsbroek_-_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command,_1942-1945._CL1811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Avro_Lancaster_-_Melsbroek_-_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL1811.jpg/200px-Avro_Lancaster_-_Melsbroek_-_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL1811.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Avro_Lancaster_-_Melsbroek_-_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL1811.jpg/300px-Avro_Lancaster_-_Melsbroek_-_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL1811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Avro_Lancaster_-_Melsbroek_-_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL1811.jpg/400px-Avro_Lancaster_-_Melsbroek_-_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL1811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Fire crews attempt to save an Avro Lancaster from burning at Melsbroek, Belgium. This aircraft had landed at Melsbroek with the number 3 (starboard inner) engine out of action, its propeller <a href="/wiki/Feathering_(propeller)#Feathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Feathering (propeller)">feathered</a>.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center; width:220px; margin-right:0px"> <tbody><tr> <td>Units </td> <td>I., II., III./JG 27 and IV./JG 54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft </td> <td>43 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft lost </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pilots killed or captured </td> <td>17 </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_27" title="Jagdgeschwader 27">Jagdgeschwader 27</a> and IV./Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 27 and JG 54) targeted <a href="/wiki/Melsbroek_Air_Base" title="Melsbroek Air Base">Melsbroek airfield</a>. On 31 December, JG 27 could only muster the following operational pilots and aircraft: 22 (22) from I., 19 (13) from II., 13 (15) from III., and 16 (17) from IV. Gruppe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004200-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeal2003116-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994109-108">[107]</a> Geschwaderkommadore <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sp%C3%A4te" title="Wolfgang Späte">Wolfgang Späte</a> had rebuilt IV./JG 54. It had only 21 pilots and 15 of its 23 Fw 190s were operational. Altogether 28 Bf 109s of JG 27 and 15 Fw 190s of JG 54 took off. Seven fighters were lost to enemy aircraft and friendly AAA fire before they reached the target.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004201,_205,_206-109">[108]</a> The Germans hit Melsbroek hard. According to <a href="/wiki/Emil_Clade" title="Emil Clade">Emil Clade</a> (leading III./JG 27), the AAA positions were not manned, and aircraft were bunched together or in lines, which made perfect targets. The attack caused considerable damage among the units based there and was a great success. The Recce Wings had lost two entire squadrons' worth of machines. <a href="/wiki/No._69_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 69 Squadron RAF">No. 69 Squadron RAF</a> lost 11 <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Vickers Wellingtons</a> and two damaged. <a href="/wiki/No._140_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 140 Squadron RAF">No. 140 Squadron RAF</a> lost four Mosquitoes, the losses being made good the same day.<a href="#cite_note-140_Squadron_RAF,_May_1941_-_May_1945-110">[109]</a> At least five Spitfires from <a href="/wiki/No._16_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 16 Squadron RAF">No. 16 Squadron RAF</a> were destroyed. <a href="/wiki/No._271_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 271 Squadron RAF">No. 271 Squadron RAF</a> lost at least seven <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_H.P.54_Harrow" title="Handley Page H.P.54 Harrow">Harrow</a> transports "out of action". A further 15 other aircraft were destroyed. 139 Wing reported five B-25s destroyed and five damaged. Some 15 to 20 USAAF bombers were also destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004217-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeal2003117-112">[111]</a> Another source states that 13 Wellingtons were destroyed, as were five Mosquitoes, four Auster and five <a href="/wiki/Avro_Anson" title="Avro Anson">Avro Ansons</a> from the Tactical Air Forces 2nd Communications Squadron. Three Spitfires were also lost and two damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks2000134-113">[112]</a> At least one <a href="/wiki/RAF_Transport_Command" title="RAF Transport Command">RAF Transport Command</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Douglas Dakota</a> was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-cl2934-114">[113]</a> The pilots of JG 27 and JG 54 claimed 85 victories and 40 damaged. German reconnaissance was able to confirm 49. JG 27 suffered unacceptable losses; 17 Bf 109s, 11 pilots killed, one wounded and three captured. IV./JG 54 lost two killed and one captured. Three Fw 190s were lost and one damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004219-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994117-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gilze-Rijen_and_Eindhoven">Gilze-Rijen and Eindhoven</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gilze-Rijen and Eindhoven">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center; width:220px; margin-right:0px"> <tbody><tr> <td>Units </td> <td>Stab. I., III., IV./JG 3 and KG 51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft </td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aircraft lost </td> <td>15–16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged </td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pilots killed or captured </td> <td>15–16 </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_3" title="Jagdgeschwader 3">Jagdgeschwader 3</a> (JG 3) and <a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_51" title="Kampfgeschwader 51">Kampfgeschwader 51</a> (KG 51) were tasked with eliminating the Allied units at <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven_Airport" title="Eindhoven Airport">the Eindhoven base</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilze-Rijen_Air_Base" title="Gilze-Rijen Air Base">Gilze-Rijen airfield</a>. The field contained three RCAF reconnaissance squadrons operating a mix of Spitfires and Mustangs and eight Typhoon squadrons of the RAF and RCAF.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmer2002348–349-117">[116]</a> Some 22 Bf 109s of I./JG 3 took off,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200475-118">[117]</a> along with four from Stab./JG 3, 15 from III./JG 3 and 19 Fw 190s from IV./JG 3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004276-84">[83]</a> KG 51 contributed some 21 of their 30 <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Messerschmitt Me 262</a> jets to the action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_ZengStankeyCreek2007147-119">[118]</a> Some histories mistakenly include <a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_76" title="Kampfgeschwader 76">Kampfgeschwader 76</a> (KG 76) on the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">order of battle</a>, but KG 76 did not take part in the mission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_ZengStankeyCreek2008243-120">[119]</a> Each Staffel was expected to make at least three firing passes. I./JG 3 took off and joined the lead Gruppe, IV. (Sturm)/JG 3, with III./JG 3 following in the rear. The Bf 109s and Fw 190s of the Geschwader reached the area at about 09:20. Geschwaderkommodore <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%A4r" title="Heinrich Bär">Heinrich Bär</a> led the attack. Some pilots made four passes, destroying AAA emplacements, fuel storage stations and vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmer2002348–349-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200476-121">[120]</a> Nearly 300 aircraft were on the field, along with huge stores of equipment and fuel. The attack caused fires all over the airfield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200477-122">[121]</a> JG 3 claimed 53 single-engine and 11 twin-engine aircraft destroyed. Five fighters and one four-engine bomber were also claimed damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200485-123">[122]</a> Four Typhoons, three Spitfires, one Tempest and another unidentified aircraft were claimed shot down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200485-123">[122]</a> All in all, JG 3 destroyed 43 aircraft according to British records, and damaged a further 60, some seriously. The Geschwader believed it had destroyed 116. JG 3 did not come away unscathed. I./JG 3 lost nine of its aircraft and pilots, a 50% loss rate. Damage to the returning Gruppe aircraft meant the entire unit was unserviceable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmer2002348–349-117">[116]</a> RAF AAA were credited with shooting down five.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200480-124">[123]</a> JG 3 lost, altogether, 15 of the 60 fighters sent, a 25% loss rate. Some 15 pilots were missing; nine were killed and five captured, and another pilot was posting as missing in action and his fate remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200491-125">[124]</a> Another source says 16 pilots; ten killed or missing and six captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197592-126">[125]</a> The damage done to Eindhoven was significant and can be considered a victory for JG 3. It was also assisted by elements of JG 6 which had misidentified Eindhoven as one their targets. The greatest losses were amongst the Recce squadrons of the Canadian 39 Wing, which suffered 24 aircraft destroyed or damaged. The visiting 124 Wing RAF lost 30 aircraft destroyed or damaged. <a href="/wiki/No._143_Wing_RCAF" title="No. 143 Wing RCAF">No. 143 Wing RCAF</a> lost 29 damaged or destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200486–88-127">[126]</a> It is likely that I./JG 3 was responsible for about 2/3 of the damage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200491-125">[124]</a> Another source gives 47 aircraft destroyed and 43 damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks2000132–134-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_V-2_missile_launch_attempts">Possible V-2 missile launch attempts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Possible V-2 missile launch attempts">edit</a>]</div> At least one V-2 missile on a mobile <a href="/wiki/Meillerwagen" title="Meillerwagen">Meillerwagen</a> launch trailer was observed being elevated to launch position by a <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a> <a href="/wiki/4th_Fighter_Group" title="4th Fighter Group">4th Fighter Group</a> pilot over the northern German attack route near the town of <a href="/wiki/Lochem" title="Lochem">Lochem</a> on 1 January 1945. Possibly on account of the launch crew sighting the American fighter, the rocket was quickly lowered from a near launch-ready 85° elevation to 30°.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrdwaySharpe1979256-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results_of_raid">Results of raid</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Results of raid">edit</a>]</div> The results of the raid are difficult to judge given the confusion over loss records. It is likely more aircraft were destroyed than listed. The Americans failed to keep a proper record of their losses and it appears the U.S. 8th Air Force losses were not included in loss totals. When these estimates and figures are added to the losses listed in the table below, it is likely that the correct figures are 232 destroyed (143 single-engine, 74 twin-engine and 15 four-engine) and 156 damaged (139 single-engine, 12 twin-engine and five four-engine). Researching individual squadron records confirms the destruction of even more USAAF aircraft. This suggests at least a further 16 B-17s, 14 B-24s, eight P-51s, and at least two P-47s were destroyed on top of that total. A total of 290 destroyed and 180 damaged seems a more realistic summation than the conservative figures given by the USAAF, RAF, and RCAF. Including the 15 Allied aircraft shot down and 10 damaged in aerial combat, 305 destroyed and 190 damaged is the sum total of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004272-130">[129]</a> The results of the attacks are listed:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197578-131">[130]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  little to no damage <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  light damage <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  medium damage <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  heavy damage <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Target</th> <th>Target Code (Allied)</th> <th>Luftwaffe unit (wing)</th> <th>Allied forces</th> <th>Effect on Allied Squadrons (according to official figures) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FDFD96; text-align:centre;">Antwerp—Deurne </td> <td>B-70 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_77" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 77">JG 77</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/No._146_Wing_RAF" title="No. 146 Wing RAF">No. 146 Wing RAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._145_Wing_RAF" title="No. 145 Wing RAF">No. 145 Wing RAF</a> and USAAF Bomb Group also present<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004291-132">[131]</a> </td> <td>One aircraft confirmed destroyed, around 15 damaged, including three possibly destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994193-133">[132]</a> <a href="#cite_note-134">[Notes 2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FDFD96; text-align:centre;">Asch </td> <td>Y-29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_11" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 11">JG 11</a> </td> <td>USAAF <a href="/wiki/366th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="366th Fighter Group">366th Fighter Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/352nd_Fighter_Group" title="352nd Fighter Group">352nd Fighter Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004289-135">[133]</a> </td> <td>One abandoned B-17 destroyed, three damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004291-132">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF6961; text-align:left;">Brussels—Evere </td> <td>B-56 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_26" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 26">JG 26</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/No._127_Wing_RCAF" title="No. 127 Wing RCAF">No. 127 Wing RCAF</a>, Second Tactical Air Force Communication Squadron, and visiting units <a href="/wiki/No._147_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 147 Squadron RAF">No. 147 Squadron RAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._271_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 271 Squadron RAF">No. 271 Squadron RAF</a>. USAAF <a href="/wiki/361st_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="361st Fighter Group">361st Fighter Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/358th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="358th Fighter Group">358th Fighter Group</a> elements also present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004293-136">[134]</a> </td> <td>34 destroyed, 29 damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994195-137">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFB347; text-align:centre;">Brussels—Grimbergen </td> <td>B-60 </td> <td>JG 26 and JG 54 </td> <td>Only six aircraft were present </td> <td>All six aircraft destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994198-31">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF6961; text-align:left;">Brussels—Melsbroek </td> <td>B-58 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_27" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 27">JG 27</a>, JG 54 and <a href="/wiki/JG_4" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 4">JG 4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/No._34_Wing_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 34 Wing RAF">No. 34 Wing RAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._139_Wing_RAF" title="No. 139 Wing RAF">No. 139 Wing RAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Tactical_Air_Force_Communication_Squadron_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Tactical Air Force Communication Squadron RAF">2nd Tactical Air Force Communication Squadron RAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._85_Group_Communication_Squadron_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 85 Group Communication Squadron RAF">No. 85 Group Communication Squadron RAF</a>. </td> <td>35 destroyed, 9 severely damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994196-138">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF6961; text-align:left;">Eindhoven </td> <td>B-78 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_3" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 3">JG 3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/No._124_Wing_RAF" title="No. 124 Wing RAF">No. 124 Wing RAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._143_Wing_RCAF" title="No. 143 Wing RCAF">No. 143 Wing RCAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._39_Wing_RCAF" title="No. 39 Wing RCAF">No. 39 Wing RCAF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200471-139">[137]</a> </td> <td>124 and 143 Wings lost 26 Typhoons destroyed, plus around 30 damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994204-140">[138]</a> 39 Wing lost a further 11 reconnaissance Spitfires destroyed, one of which was destroyed via a collision with a shot down Fw 190,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1998402-141">[139]</a> and 5 Mustangs Mk.I destroyed. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF6961; text-align:centre;">Ghent/Sint-Denijs-Westrem </td> <td>B-61 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_1_(World_War_2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War 2)">JG 1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/No._131_Wing_RAF" title="No. 131 Wing RAF">No. 131 (Polish) Wing RAF</a> </td> <td>16 destroyed, several damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994197-32">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#77DD77; text-align:centre;">Gilze—Rijen </td> <td>B-77 </td> <td>JG 3 and <a href="/wiki/KG_51" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 51">KG 51</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/No._35_Wing_RAF" title="No. 35 Wing RAF">No. 35 Recce Wing RAF</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004289-135">[133]</a> </td> <td>One destroyed and one damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004293-136">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#77DD77; text-align:centre;">Heesch </td> <td>B-88 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_6" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 6">JG 6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/401_Tactical_Fighter_Squadron" title="401 Tactical Fighter Squadron">No. 401 Squadron RCAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/402_Squadron" title="402 Squadron">No. 402 Squadron RCAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._411_Squadron_RCAF" title="No. 411 Squadron RCAF">No. 411 Squadron RCAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/412_Transport_Squadron" title="412 Transport Squadron">No. 412 Squadron RCAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/442_Transport_and_Rescue_Squadron" title="442 Transport and Rescue Squadron">No. 442 Squadron RCAF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004288-142">[140]</a> </td> <td>No losses </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#77DD77; text-align:centre;">Le Culot </td> <td>A-89 </td> <td>JG 4 </td> <td>USAAF <a href="/wiki/36th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="36th Fighter Group">36th Fighter Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/373d_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="373d Fighter Group">373d Fighter Group</a>, 363rd TRG<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004289-135">[133]</a> </td> <td>No damage </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF6961; text-align:left;">Maldegem </td> <td>B-65 </td> <td>JG 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/No._485_Squadron_RNZAF" title="No. 485 Squadron RNZAF">No. 485 Squadron RNZAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/349th_Squadron_(Belgium)" title="349th Squadron (Belgium)">No. 349 (Belgian) Squadron RAF</a> </td> <td>13 destroyed, two damaged beyond repair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994196-138">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF6961; text-align:left;">Metz—Frescaty </td> <td>A-90 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_53" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 53">JG 53</a> </td> <td>USAAF. IX Tactical Air Force; <a href="/wiki/354th_Fighter_Group" title="354th Fighter Group">354th Fighter Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/362nd_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="362nd Fighter Group">362nd Fighter Group</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=40th_Fighter_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="40th Fighter Group (page does not exist)">40th Fighter Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/406th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="406th Fighter Group">406th Fighter Group</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=425th_Fighter_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="425th Fighter Group (page does not exist)">425th Fighter Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/367th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="367th Fighter Group">367th Fighter Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/368th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="368th Fighter Group">368th Fighter Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/361st_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="361st Fighter Group">361st Fighter Group</a>. XII Tactical Air Force's 64th Fighter Wing; 1 ere, Escadre of the <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">French Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/50th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="50th Fighter Group">50th Fighter Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/358th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="358th Fighter Group">358th Fighter Group</a> </td> <td>22 destroyed, 11 damaged (all <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47 Thunderbolts</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004294-70">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#77DD77; text-align:centre;">Ophoven </td> <td>Y-32 </td> <td>JG 4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/No._130_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 130 Squadron RAF">No. 130 Squadron RAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/350th_Squadron_(Belgium)" title="350th Squadron (Belgium)">No. 350 (Belgian) Squadron RAF</a> </td> <td>One destroyed, about six damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004295-143">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF6961; text-align:left;">Sint—Truiden </td> <td>A-92 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JG_2" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 2">JG 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/JG_4" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 4">JG 4</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=SG_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SG 4 (page does not exist)">SG 4</a> </td> <td>USAAF <a href="/wiki/48th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="48th Fighter Group">48th Fighter Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/404th_Fighter_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="404th Fighter Group">404th Fighter Group</a> </td> <td>10 destroyed, 31 damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004295-143">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#77DD77; text-align:centre;">Volkel </td> <td>B-80 </td> <td>JG 6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/No._56_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 56 Squadron RAF">No. 56 Squadron RAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._486_Squadron_RNZAF" title="No. 486 Squadron RNZAF">No. 486 Squadron RNZAF</a> </td> <td>One aircraft destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004295-143">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#77DD77; text-align:centre;">Woensdrecht </td> <td>B-79 </td> <td>JG 77 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/No._132_Wing_RAF" title="No. 132 Wing RAF">No. 132 Wing RAF</a> </td> <td>No effect </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FDFD96; text-align:centre;">Ursel </td> <td>B-67 </td> <td>JG 1 </td> <td>USAAF <a href="/w/index.php?title=486th_Bomb_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="486th Bomb Group (page does not exist)">486th Bomb Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._61_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 61 Squadron RAF">No. 61 Squadron RAF</a> </td> <td>Three aircraft destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004295-143">[141]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_casualties">Aftermath and casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aftermath and casualties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_and_Allied_aircraft_losses_during_Operation_Bodenplatte" title="German and Allied aircraft losses during Operation Bodenplatte">German and Allied aircraft losses during Operation Bodenplatte</a></div> The operation achieved <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactical</a> surprise,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2000292-144">[142]</a> but it was undone by poor execution due to low pilot skill resulting from poor training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2000292-144">[142]</a> The operation failed to achieve its aim<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197573-3">[2]</a> and that failure was very costly to German air power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmer2002349-145">[143]</a> Some of the units of the RAF, RCAF and USAAF on the receiving end of Bodenplatte had been badly hit, others not so badly, but most had sustained some losses. The Germans, however, launched Bodenplatte under a set of conditions, such as poor planning and low pilot skill, which clearly indicated any advantage gained would be outweighed by possible losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994163–165-4">[3]</a> Bodenplatte weakened the <a href="/wiki/Jagdwaffe" title="Jagdwaffe">Jagdwaffe</a> past any hope of rebuilding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007262-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197512-8">[7]</a> General of the Luftwaffe <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Galland" title="Adolf Galland">Adolf Galland</a> said, "We sacrificed our last substance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1998486-146">[144]</a> The Luftwaffe lost 143 pilots killed and missing, while 70 were captured and 21 wounded including three Geschwaderkommodore, five <a href="/wiki/Gruppenkommandeur" title="Gruppenkommandeur">Gruppenkommandeure</a>, and 14 <a href="/wiki/Staffelkapit%C3%A4n" title="Staffelkapitän">Staffelkapitäne</a>—the largest single-day loss for the Luftwaffe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004272–273-147">[145]</a> Many of the formation leaders lost were experienced veterans, which placed even more pressure on those who were left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004272–273-147">[145]</a> Thus, Bodenplatte was a very short-term success but a long-term failure. Allied losses were soon made up, while lost Luftwaffe aircraft and especially pilots were irreplaceable. German historian <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a> wrote that it left the Germans "weaker than ever and incapable of mounting any major attack again."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005769-148">[146]</a> In the remaining 17 weeks of war the Jagdwaffe struggled to recover sufficiently from the 1 January operation to remain an effective force. In strategic terms, German historian Werner Girbig wrote, "Operation Bodenplatte amounted to a total defeat".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig1975112-149">[147]</a> The exhausted German units were no longer able to mount an effective defence of German airspace during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Operation Plunder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Varsity" title="Operation Varsity">Operation Varsity</a>, the Allied crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine River">Rhine River</a>, or the overall <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western Allied invasion of Germany</a>. Subsequent operations were insignificant as a whole, and could not challenge Allied <a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">air supremacy</a>. The only service in the Luftwaffe capable of profitable sorties was the night fighter force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig1975123-150">[148]</a> In the last six weeks of the war the Luftwaffe was to lose another 200 pilots killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig1975137-151">[149]</a> Girbig wrote, "it was not until the autumn of 1944 that the German fighter forces set foot down the sacrificial path; and it was the controversial Operation Bodenplatte that dealt this force a mortal blow and sealed its fate. What happened from then on was no more than a dying flicker."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197512-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Agreement #4 of the 11 June 1940 between the United Kingdom and Poland recognised the Polish Navy and Army as sovereign but that of the Air Force was refused. Agreement #7 reversed this decision in June 1944, and the Polish Air Force was "returned" to full Polish jurisdiction (with the exception of combat assignments, although the Poles retained the right to <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeszke1980134-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Other sources say as many as 10 were destroyed along with another five possibles. Another nine confirmed damaged plus another few damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004291-132">[131]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeszke1980134-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeszke1980134_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeszke1980134_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeszke1980">Peszke 1980</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197573-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig197573_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig197573_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig197573_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig197573_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig197573_3-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGirbig1975">Girbig 1975</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994163–165-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks1994163–165_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks1994163–165_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranks1994">Franks 1994</a>, pp. 163–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200461-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga200461_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaloga2004">Zaloga 2004</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig1975114-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig1975114_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGirbig1975">Girbig 1975</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007262-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007262_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007262_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007262_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007262_7-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaldwellMuller2007">Caldwell & Muller 2007</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197512-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig197512_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig197512_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig197512_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGirbig1975">Girbig 1975</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197574-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig197574_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGirbig1975">Girbig 1975</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1991311–312-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwell1991311–312_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwell1991311–312_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaldwell1991">Caldwell 1991</a>, pp. 311–312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994no_page_(inside_cover)-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks1994no_page_(inside_cover)_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranks1994">Franks 1994</a>, no page (inside cover). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks199410-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks199410_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranks1994">Franks 1994</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks199410–11-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks199410–11_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranks1994">Franks 1994</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2001113-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2001113_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrice2001">Price 2001</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks199411-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks199411_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks199411_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranks1994">Franks 1994</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200410-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200410_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200410_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200410_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20047-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20047_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20048-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20048_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20048_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20048_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20048_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20048_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz20048_18-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks199413-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks199413_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks199413_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks199413_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranks1994">Franks 1994</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197575-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig197575_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGirbig1975">Girbig 1975</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007205-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007205_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaldwellMuller2007">Caldwell & Muller 2007</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUziel201152-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUziel201152_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUziel2011">Uziel 2011</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2000294–295-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2000294–295_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2000">Johnson 2000</a>, pp. 294–295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1998375-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1998375_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker1998">Parker 1998</a>, p. 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197577-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig197577_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGirbig1975">Girbig 1975</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004125-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004125_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197576-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig197576_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGirbig1975">Girbig 1975</a>, p. 76 (given in footnote) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994188-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks1994188_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranks1994">Franks 1994</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1998377,_381-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1998377,_381_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker1998">Parker 1998</a>, pp. 377, 381. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1998" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, Donald L. (1998). JG 26 Luftwaffe Fighter Wing War Diary Volume Two: 1943-45 (paperback edition 2012 ed.). Pennsylvania: Grub Street (published 2012). pp. 400–416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-1147-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-1147-0"><bdi>978-0-8117-1147-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JG+26+Luftwaffe+Fighter+Wing+War+Diary+Volume+Two%3A+1943-45&rft.place=Pennsylvania&rft.pages=400-416&rft.edition=paperback+edition+2012&rft.pub=Grub+Street&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-1147-0&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994198-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks1994198_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks1994198_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks1994198_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks1994198_31-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranks1994">Franks 1994</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1994197-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks1994197_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks1994197_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranks1994">Franks 1994</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2000291-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2000291_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2000">Johnson 2000</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007257–258-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007257–258_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaldwellMuller2007">Caldwell & Muller 2007</a>, pp. 257–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200416–18-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200416–18_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & 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href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig197585-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig197585_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig197585_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGirbig1975">Girbig 1975</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200439-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200439_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004278-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004278_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004290-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004290_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200451–52-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200451–52_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, pp. 51–52. </li> <li 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004137–138-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004137–138_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004251-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004251_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004253–254-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004253–254_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, pp. 253–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004254–256-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004254–256_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, pp. 254–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig1975108-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirbig1975108_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGirbig1975">Girbig 1975</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004259-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004259_63-0">^</a> 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004245-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004245_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004245_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004294-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004294_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz2004294_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200494–95-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200494–95_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200496–97-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200496–97_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, pp. 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200498–99-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManrhoPütz200498–99_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManrhoPütz2004">Manrho & Pütz 2004</a>, 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.refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1991" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, Donald L. (1991). JG 26: Top Guns of the Luftwaffe. New York: Ivy Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8041-1050-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8041-1050-1"><bdi>978-0-8041-1050-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JG+26%3A+Top+Guns+of+the+Luftwaffe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ivy+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8041-1050-1&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellMuller2007" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, Donald; <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Muller" title="Richard R. Muller">Muller, Richard</a> (2007). The Luftwaffe Over Germany: Defense of the Reich. MBI Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-712-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-712-0"><bdi>978-1-85367-712-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luftwaffe+Over+Germany%3A+Defense+of+the+Reich&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-712-0&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Muller%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_ZengStankeyCreek2007" class="citation book cs1">de Zeng, H.L.; Stankey, D.G.; Creek, E.J. (2007). Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945; A Reference Source. Vol. 1. Ian Allan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-279-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-279-5"><bdi>978-1-85780-279-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bomber+Units+of+the+Luftwaffe+1933%E2%80%931945%3B+A+Reference+Source&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85780-279-5&rft.aulast=de+Zeng&rft.aufirst=H.L.&rft.au=Stankey%2C+D.G.&rft.au=Creek%2C+E.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_ZengStankeyCreek2008" class="citation book cs1">de Zeng, Henry; Stankey, Douglas; Creek, Eddie (2008). Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945; A Reference Source. Vol. 2. Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-87-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-87-1"><bdi>978-1-903223-87-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bomber+Units+of+the+Luftwaffe+1933%E2%80%931945%3B+A+Reference+Source&rft.place=Surrey&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-903223-87-1&rft.aulast=de+Zeng&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Stankey%2C+Douglas&rft.au=Creek%2C+Eddie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Franks" title="Norman Franks">Franks, Norman</a> (1994). The Battle of the Airfields: 1 January 1945. London: Grub St. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898697-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898697-15-2"><bdi>978-1-898697-15-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Airfields%3A+1+January+1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grub+St&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-898697-15-2&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Franks" title="Norman Franks">Franks, Norman</a> (2000). Fighter Command Losses of the Second World War. Operational Losses, Aircraft and Crews 1944–1945. Incorporating Air Defence Great Britain and 2nd TAF. Vol. 3. Midland, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-093-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-093-7"><bdi>978-1-85780-093-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighter+Command+Losses+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Midland%2C+London&rft.series=Operational+Losses%2C+Aircraft+and+Crews+1944%E2%80%931945.+Incorporating+Air+Defence+Great+Britain+and+2nd+TAF&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85780-093-7&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirbig1975" class="citation book cs1">Girbig, Werner (1975). Six Months to Oblivion: The Eclipse of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force Over the Western Front, 1944/45. <a href="/wiki/Schiffer_Publishing" title="Schiffer Publishing">Schiffer Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88740-348-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88740-348-4"><bdi>978-0-88740-348-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Months+to+Oblivion%3A+The+Eclipse+of+the+Luftwaffe+Fighter+Force+Over+the+Western+Front%2C+1944%2F45&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-88740-348-4&rft.aulast=Girbig&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2000" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, J. E. (2000) [1956]. Wing Leader (Fighter Pilots). London: Goodall Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907579-87-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907579-87-8"><bdi>978-0-907579-87-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wing+Leader+%28Fighter+Pilots%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Goodall+Publications+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-907579-87-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManrhoPütz2004" class="citation book cs1">Manrho, John; Pütz, Ron (2004). Bodenplatte: The Luftwaffe's Last Hope-The Attack on Allied Airfields, New Year's Day 1945. Crowborough, UK: Hikoki Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902109-40-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902109-40-4"><bdi>978-1-902109-40-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodenplatte%3A+The+Luftwaffe%27s+Last+Hope-The+Attack+on+Allied+Airfields%2C+New+Year%27s+Day+1945&rft.place=Crowborough%2C+UK&rft.pub=Hikoki+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-902109-40-4&rft.aulast=Manrho&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=P%C3%BCtz%2C+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrdwaySharpe1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I._Ordway_III" title="Frederick I. Ordway III">Ordway, Frederick I III</a>; Sharpe, Mitchell R (1979). The Rocket Team. Apogee Books Space Series 36. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894959-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894959-00-1"><bdi>978-1-894959-00-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rocket+Team&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Apogee+Books+Space+Series+36&rft.pub=Thomas+Y.+Crowell&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-1-894959-00-1&rft.aulast=Ordway&rft.aufirst=Frederick+I+III&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+Mitchell+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeszke1980" class="citation journal cs1">Peszke, Michael Alfred (October 1980). "A Synopsis of Polish-Allied Military Agreements During World War Two". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Military_History" title="The Journal of Military History">The Journal of Military History</a>. 44 (3): 128–134. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-3718">0899-3718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=A+Synopsis+of+Polish-Allied+Military+Agreements+During+World+War+Two&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=128-134&rft.date=1980-10&rft.issn=0899-3718&rft.aulast=Peszke&rft.aufirst=Michael+Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1998" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Danny S. (1998) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYg47KqHv-EC&pg=PA411">To Win The Winter Sky: The Air War Over the Ardennes, 1944–1945</a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938289-35-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938289-35-7"><bdi>978-0-938289-35-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Win+The+Winter+Sky%3A+The+Air+War+Over+the+Ardennes%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-938289-35-7&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Danny+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEYg47KqHv-EC%26pg%3DPA411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Price_(author)" title="Alfred Price (author)">Price, Alfred</a> (2001). The Last Year of the Luftwaffe: May 1944 – May 1945. London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-440-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-440-2"><bdi>978-1-85367-440-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Year+of+the+Luftwaffe%3A+May+1944+%E2%80%93+May+1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-440-2&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrienStemmer2002" class="citation book cs1">Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard (2002). Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" in WWII: Stab and I./JG 3 in Action with the Messerschmitt Bf 109. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-1681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-1681-4"><bdi>978-0-7643-1681-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jagdgeschwader+3+%22Udet%22+in+WWII%3A+Stab+and+I.%2FJG+3+in+Action+with+the+Messerschmitt+Bf+109&rft.place=Atglen%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Schiffer+Military+History&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7643-1681-4&rft.aulast=Prien&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rft.au=Stemmer%2C+Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScutts1994" class="citation book cs1">Scutts, Jerry (1994). Mustang aces of the Eighth Air Force. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-447-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-447-3"><bdi>978-1-85532-447-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mustang+aces+of+the+Eighth+Air+Force&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-447-3&rft.aulast=Scutts&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUziel2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Uziel" title="Daniel Uziel">Uziel, Daniel</a> (2011). Arming the Luftwaffe: The German Aviation Industry in World War II. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6521-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6521-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-6521-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arming+the+Luftwaffe%3A+The+German+Aviation+Industry+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6521-7&rft.aulast=Uziel&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeal1996" class="citation book cs1">Weal, John (1996). Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Western Front. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-595-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-595-1"><bdi>978-1-85532-595-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focke-Wulf+Fw+190+Aces+of+the+Western+Front&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-595-1&rft.aulast=Weal&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeal2003" class="citation book cs1">Weal, John (2003). Jagdgeschwader 27 'Afrika'. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-538-9"><bdi>978-1-84176-538-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jagdgeschwader+27+%27Afrika%27&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-538-9&rft.aulast=Weal&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard</a> (2005). A World At Arms (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61826-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61826-7"><bdi>978-0-521-61826-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+At+Arms&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61826-7&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Zaloga, Steven</a> (2004). Battle of the Bulge 1944. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-810-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-810-6"><bdi>978-1-84176-810-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Bulge+1944&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-810-6&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Bodenplatte" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Forsythe, Robert. JV 44; The Galland Circus. Burgess Hill, West Sussex, UK: Classic Publications, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9526867-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9526867-0-8">0-9526867-0-8</a></li> <li>Forsythe, Robert & Laurier, Jagdverband 44: Squadron of Experten. Osprey. Oxford. 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-294-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-294-3">978-1-84603-294-3</a></li> <li>Girbig, Werner. Start im Morgengrauen. Germany: Pietsch-Verlag Paul Pietsch Verlage GmbH + Co, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-613-01292-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-613-01292-8">3-613-01292-8</a></li> <li>Weal, John. Bf 109 Defence of the Reich Aces. Osprey, Oxford. 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-879-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-879-0">1-84176-879-0</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bodenplatte&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisisme.ca/439squadron/1a.htm">439 Squadron Log 1 January 1945</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bvgtSypPpesC&dq=%22JG+11%22+Jagdgeschwader&pg=PA382">Operation Strength of JG 1 at the time of Unternehmen Bodenplatte</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYg47KqHv-EC&dq=I./JG+1&pg=PA448">To win the Winter Sky by Danny S. Parker</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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