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class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>First Earth flyby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Earth_flyby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grigg–Skjellerup_encounter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grigg–Skjellerup_encounter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Grigg–Skjellerup encounter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grigg–Skjellerup_encounter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Earth_flyby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Earth_flyby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Second Earth flyby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Earth_flyby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scientific results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Spacecraft achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Giotto</i> (spacecraft)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_(%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A)" title="جيوتو (مسبار فضائي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيوتو (مسبار فضائي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(sonda_espacial)" title="Giotto (sonda espacial) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Giotto (sonda espacial)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Джота (касмічны апарат) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джота (касмічны апарат)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Джото (космически апарат) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джото (космически апарат)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(sonda)" title="Giotto (sonda) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Giotto (sonda)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(sonda)" title="Giotto (sonda) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Giotto (sonda)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(rumsonde)" title="Giotto (rumsonde) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Giotto (rumsonde)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(Raumsonde)" title="Giotto (Raumsonde) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Giotto (Raumsonde)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(sonda_espacial)" title="Giotto (sonda espacial) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Giotto (sonda espacial)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_misioa" title="Giotto misioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giotto misioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88" title="فضاپیمای جیوتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فضاپیمای جیوتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Giotto (sonde spatiale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Giotto (sonde spatiale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Giotto" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(nave_espacial)" title="Giotto (nave espacial) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Giotto (nave espacial)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0_(%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%A0)" title="지오토 (우주선) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지오토 (우주선)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(wahana_antariksa)" title="Giotto (wahana antariksa) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Giotto (wahana antariksa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missione_Giotto" title="Missione Giotto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Missione Giotto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95_(%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="ג'וטו (גשושית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וטו (גשושית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(kipimaanga)" title="Giotto (kipimaanga) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Giotto (kipimaanga)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(kosmiskais_apar%C4%81ts)" title="Giotto (kosmiskais aparāts) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Giotto (kosmiskais aparāts)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(Raumsond)" title="Giotto (Raumsond) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Giotto (Raumsond)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(%C5%B1rszonda)" title="Giotto (űrszonda) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Giotto (űrszonda)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(ruimtesonde)" title="Giotto (ruimtesonde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Giotto (ruimtesonde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88_(%E6%8E%A2%E6%9F%BB%E6%A9%9F)" title="ジオット (探査機) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジオット (探査機)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(romsonde)" title="Giotto (romsonde) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Giotto (romsonde)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romsonden_Giotto" title="Romsonden Giotto – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romsonden Giotto" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(sonda_kosmiczna)" title="Giotto (sonda kosmiczna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Giotto (sonda kosmiczna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(sonda_espacial)" title="Giotto (sonda espacial) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Giotto (sonda espacial)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Giotto (sondă spațială) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Giotto (sondă spațială)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Джотто (космический аппарат) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джотто (космический аппарат)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(sonda)" title="Giotto (sonda) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Giotto (sonda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(luotain)" title="Giotto (luotain) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Giotto (luotain)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(rymdsond)" title="Giotto (rymdsond) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Giotto (rymdsond)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="ஜியோட்டோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜியோட்டோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="ยานจอตโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยานจอตโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(uzay_arac%C4%B1)" title="Giotto (uzay aracı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Giotto (uzay aracı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Джотто (космічний апарат) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джотто (космічний апарат)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_(t%C3%A0u_v%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5)" title="Giotto (tàu vũ trụ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giotto (tàu vũ trụ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%89%98%E8%99%9F" title="喬托號 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喬托號" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q660356#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">European mission to comets Halley and Grigg–Skjellerup (1985–1992)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title"><i>Giotto</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_spacecraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Giotto_spacecraft.jpg/300px-Giotto_spacecraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Giotto_spacecraft.jpg/450px-Giotto_spacecraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Giotto_spacecraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Artist's concept of the <i>Giotto</i> spacecraft encountering Halley's Comet</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Cometary</a> flyby</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-056A">1985-056A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660356#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">15875</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Giotto_overview">www.esa.int</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">7 years, 21 days</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GEOS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="GEOS (satellite)">GEOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">960 kg<sup id="cite_ref-beyond_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyond-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">196 W</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">11:23:00, 2 July 1985 (UTC)<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1985-07-02T11:23:00Z</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">Ariane 1</a> V-14</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Kourou</a> <a href="/wiki/ELA-1" title="ELA-1">ELA-1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disposal</th><td class="infobox-data">Decommissioned</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deactivated</th><td class="infobox-data">23 July 1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1992-07-23</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">Heliocentric</a><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.17334</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perihelion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.73 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical Unit">AU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Aphelion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.04 AU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.09°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">304.6 days</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 July 1992, 15:18:43 UTC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">1P/Halley</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">14 March 1986</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">596 km (370 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">2 July 1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">22,730 km (14,120 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/26P/Grigg-Skjellerup" class="mw-redirect" title="26P/Grigg-Skjellerup">26P/Grigg-Skjellerup</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">10 July 1992</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">200 km (120 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">~1,000 km (620 mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Giotto legacy mission insignia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Giotto_insignia.png/180px-Giotto_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Giotto_insignia.png/270px-Giotto_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3c/Giotto_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="313" /></a></span><br />Legacy ESA insignia for the <i>Giotto</i> mission <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)">Suisei</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Giotto</b></i> was a <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic spacecraft</a> mission from the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>. The spacecraft flew by and studied <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> and in doing so became the first spacecraft to make close up observations of a comet. On 13 March 1986, the spacecraft succeeded in approaching Halley's nucleus at a distance of 596 kilometers. It was named after the Early <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painter</a> <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto di Bondone</a>. He had observed Halley's Comet in 1301 and was inspired to depict it as the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">star of Bethlehem</a> in his painting <a href="/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel#The_life_of_Christ" title="Scrovegni Chapel"><i>Adoration of the Magi</i> in the Scrovegni Chapel</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Giotto_Halley_Grigg-Skjellerup_orbit-multi-lang.svg&lang=en" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Giotto_Halley_Grigg-Skjellerup_orbit-multi-lang.svg/220px-Giotto_Halley_Grigg-Skjellerup_orbit-multi-lang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Giotto_Halley_Grigg-Skjellerup_orbit-multi-lang.svg/330px-Giotto_Halley_Grigg-Skjellerup_orbit-multi-lang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Giotto_Halley_Grigg-Skjellerup_orbit-multi-lang.svg/440px-Giotto_Halley_Grigg-Skjellerup_orbit-multi-lang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption><i>Giotto</i> trajectory</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally a United States partner probe was planned that would accompany <i>Giotto</i>, but this fell through due to budget cuts at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. There were plans to have observation equipment on board a <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> in low-Earth orbit around the time of <i>Giotto</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s fly-by, but they in turn fell through with the <a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a>. </p><p>The plan then became a cooperative armada of five space probes including <i>Giotto</i>, two from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega program</a> and two from Japan: the <i><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)"><i>Suisei</i></a> probes. The idea was for Japanese probes and the pre-existing American probe <a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">International Cometary Explorer</a> to make long distance measurements, followed by the Soviet Vegas which would locate the nucleus, and the resulting information sent back would allow <i>Giotto</i> to precisely target very close to the nucleus. Because <i>Giotto</i> would pass so very close to the nucleus ESA was mostly convinced it would not survive the encounter due to the spacecraft colliding at very high speed with the many dust particles from the comet. The coordinated group of probes became known as the <a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_Whipple_shield_ESA239195.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Giotto_Whipple_shield_ESA239195.jpg/170px-Giotto_Whipple_shield_ESA239195.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Giotto_Whipple_shield_ESA239195.jpg/255px-Giotto_Whipple_shield_ESA239195.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Giotto_Whipple_shield_ESA239195.jpg/340px-Giotto_Whipple_shield_ESA239195.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>An image of the <i>Giotto</i> spacecraft during construction</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>The cylindrical spacecraft was 1.85 m in diameter and had three internal platforms. It was derived from the <a href="/wiki/GEOS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="GEOS (satellite)">GEOS</a> research satellite built by British Aerospace in Filton, Bristol, and modified with the addition of a dust shield (<a href="/wiki/Whipple_shield" title="Whipple shield">Whipple shield</a>) as proposed by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Whipple" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Whipple">Fred Whipple</a>. The shield comprised a thin (1 mm) <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> sheet separated by a space and a thicker (12 mm) <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a> sheet.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later <a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i> spacecraft</a> would use a similar Whipple shield. Giotto also had a 1.51 m diameter antenna that it used to communicate with <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mock-up of the spacecraft resides at the Bristol Aero Collection hangar, at <a href="/wiki/Filton" title="Filton">Filton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_Instruments">Science Instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Science Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giotto had 10 science instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>MAG: a magnetometer</li> <li>HMC (Halley Multicolour Camera): a 16-cm telescope and camera</li> <li>DID (Dust Impactor Detector System): measured the mass of dust particles that hit the instrument</li> <li>RPA (Rème Plasma Analyser): studied solar wind and charged particles</li> <li>JPA (Johnstone Plasma Analyser): also measured solar wind and charged particles</li> <li>PIA (Particulate Impact Analyser): studied the size and chemistry of particles</li> <li>OPE (Optical Probe Experiment): examined the emissivity of gas and dust behind the spacecraft</li> <li>EPA (Energetic Particle Analyser): analyzed alpha-particles, electrons, and neutrons</li> <li>NMS (Neutral Mass Spectrometer): measured the composition of the particles around the comet</li> <li>IMS (Ion Mass Spectrometer): measured the amount of ions from the sun and the comet</li> <li>GRE (Giotto Radio Experiment): used Giotto's radio signals to study Halley's comet</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mission was given the go-ahead by ESA in 1980, and launched on an <a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">Ariane 1</a> rocket (flight V14) on 2 July 1985 from <a href="/wiki/Kourou,_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kourou, French Guiana">Kourou, French Guiana</a>. The craft was controlled from the European Space Agency <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">ESOC facilities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a> (then West Germany) initially in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">Geostationary Transfer Orbit</a> (GTO) then in the Near Earth Phase (NEP) before the longer Cruise Phase through to the encounter. While in GTO a number of slew and spin-up manoeuvres (to 90 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPM</a>) were carried out in preparation for the firing of the <a href="/wiki/Apogee_kick_motor" title="Apogee kick motor">Apogee Boost Motor</a> (ABM), although unlike orbit circularisations for <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a>, the ABM for Giotto was fired at <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perigee</a>. Attitude determination and control used sun pulse and IR <a href="/wiki/Earth_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth sensor">Earth sensor</a> data in the telemetry to determine the spacecraft orientation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halley_encounter">Halley encounter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Halley encounter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a> started returning images of Halley on 4 March 1986, and the first ever of its nucleus, and made its flyby on 6 March, followed by <a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a> making its flyby on 9 March. Vega 1's closest approach to Halley was 8 889 km. </p><p><i>Giotto</i> passed Halley successfully on 14 March 1986 at 596 km distance, and surprisingly survived despite being hit by some small particles. One impact sent it spinning off its stabilized spin axis so that its antenna no longer always pointed at the Earth, and its dust shield no longer protected its instruments. After 32 minutes <i>Giotto</i> re-stabilized itself and continued gathering science data. </p><p>Another impact destroyed the Halley Multicolor Camera, but not before it took photographs of the nucleus at closest approach. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_Halley_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Comet_Halley_close_up.jpg/220px-Comet_Halley_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Comet_Halley_close_up.jpg/330px-Comet_Halley_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Comet_Halley_close_up.jpg/440px-Comet_Halley_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Comet Halley at Giotto spacecraft's closest approach</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Earth_flyby">First Earth flyby</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First Earth flyby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Giotto</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s trajectory was adjusted for an Earth flyby and its science instruments were turned off on 15 March 1986 at 02:00 UTC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grigg–Skjellerup_encounter"><span id="Grigg.E2.80.93Skjellerup_encounter"></span>Grigg–Skjellerup encounter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grigg–Skjellerup encounter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Giotto</i> was commanded to wake up on 2 July 1990 when it flew by Earth in order to sling shot to its next cometary encounter. </p><p>The probe then flew by the <a href="/wiki/26P/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup" title="26P/Grigg–Skjellerup">Comet Grigg–Skjellerup</a> on 10 July 1992 which it approached to a distance of about 200 km. Afterwards, Giotto was again switched off on 23 July 1992. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Earth_flyby">Second Earth flyby</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second Earth flyby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999 <i>Giotto</i> made another Earth flyby but was not reactivated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_results">Scientific results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Scientific results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Images showed Halley's nucleus to be a dark peanut-shaped body, 15 km long, 7 km to 10 km wide. Only 10% of the surface was active, with at least three outgassing jets seen on the sunlit side. Analysis showed the comet formed 4.5 billion years ago from volatiles (mainly ice) that had condensed onto interstellar dust particles. It had remained practically unaltered since its formation. </p><p>Measured volume of material ejected by Halley: </p> <ul><li>80% <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>,</li> <li>10% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a></li> <li>2.5% a mix of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.</li> <li>other <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> were detected in trace amounts.</li></ul> <p><i>Giotto</i> found Halley's nucleus was dark, which suggested a thick covering of dust.<sup id="cite_ref-esa_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nucleus's surface was rough and of a porous quality, with the density of the whole nucleus as low as 0.3 g/cm<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-esa_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sagdeev's team estimated a density of 0.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-density_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-density-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but S. J. Peale warned that all estimates had error bars too large to be informative.<sup id="cite_ref-Peale_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peale-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quantity of material ejected was found to be three tonnes per second<sup id="cite_ref-mcd_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcd-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for seven jets, and these caused the comet to wobble over long time periods.<sup id="cite_ref-esa_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dust ejected was mostly only the size of cigarette smoke particles, with <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(mass)" title="Orders of magnitude (mass)">masses ranging from</a> 10 ag to 0.4 g. (See <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(mass)" title="Orders of magnitude (mass)">Orders of magnitude (mass)</a>.) The mass of the particle that impacted <i>Giotto</i> and sent it spinning was not measured, but from its effects—it also probably broke off a piece of <i>Giotto</i><sup id="cite_ref-mcd_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcd-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—the mass has been estimated to lie between 0.1 g and 1 g.<sup id="cite_ref-esa_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two kinds of dust were seen: one with carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen; the other with calcium, iron, magnesium, silicon and sodium.<sup id="cite_ref-esa_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ratio of abundances of the comet's light elements excluding nitrogen (i.e. hydrogen, carbon, oxygen) were the same as the Sun's. The implication is that the constituents of Halley are among the most primitive in the Solar System. </p><p>The plasma and ion mass spectrometer instruments showed Halley has a carbon-rich surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacecraft_achievements">Spacecraft achievements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spacecraft achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Giotto</i> made the closest approach to Halley's Comet and provided the best data for this comet.<sup id="cite_ref-Curdt_1988_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curdt_1988-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Giotto</i> was the first spacecraft:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>to provide detailed pictures of a cometary nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-Keller_1986_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keller_1986-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>to make a close flyby of two comets. Young and active comet <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley</a> could be compared to old comet <a href="/wiki/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigg–Skjellerup">Grigg–Skjellerup</a>.</li> <li>to return from interplanetary space and perform an Earth swing-by.</li> <li>to be re-activated from hibernation mode.</li> <li>to use Earth for a gravity assist.<sup id="cite_ref-beyond_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyond-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">Timeline of Solar System exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae (spacecraft)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giotto_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-beyond-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beyond_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beyond_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAsif_Siddiqi2018" class="citation book cs1">Asif Siddiqi (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf"><i>Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (second ed.). <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-626-83043-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-626-83043-1"><bdi>978-1-626-83043-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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U. Keller; C. Arpigny; C. Barbieri; R. M. Bonnet; S. Cazes; M. Coradini; C. B. Cosmovici; W. A. Delamere; et al. (15 May 1986). "First Halley Multicolour Camera imaging results from Giotto". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>321</b> (6067): 320–326. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Natur.321..320K">1986Natur.321..320K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F321320a0">10.1038/321320a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120631677">120631677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=First+Halley+Multicolour+Camera+imaging+results+from+Giotto&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=6067&rft.pages=320-326&rft.date=1986-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120631677%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F321320a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Natur.321..320K&rft.au=H.+U.+Keller&rft.au=C.+Arpigny&rft.au=C.+Barbieri&rft.au=R.+M.+Bonnet&rft.au=S.+Cazes&rft.au=M.+Coradini&rft.au=C.+B.+Cosmovici&rft.au=W.+A.+Delamere&rft.au=W.+F.+Huebner&rft.au=D.+W.+Hughes&rft.au=C.+Jamar&rft.au=D.+Malaise&rft.au=H.+J.+Reitsema&rft.au=H.+U.+Schmidt&rft.au=W.+K.+H.+Schmidt&rft.au=P.+Seige&rft.au=F.+L.+Whipple&rft.au=K.+Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiotto+%28spacecraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v321/n6067s/index.html"><i>Nature</i> 1986 about <i>Giotto</i> mission</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-18-_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi.jpg">Giotto di Bondone's <i>Adoration of the Magi</i> painting that includes his rendition of Halley's Comet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927022415/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=11423">Image of Halley in 1986 by <i>Giotto</i> spacecraft</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdssbn.astro.umd.edu/data_sb/missions/giotto/index.shtml"><i>Giotto Mission Archive</i></a> at the NASA Planetary Data System, Small Bodies Node</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdssbn.astro.umd.edu/data_sb/missions/gem/index.shtml"><i>Giotto Extended Mission Archive</i></a> at the NASA Planetary Data 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href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> (multiple flybys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a> (orbiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#Mission_extension" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2♯</a> (lander)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)"><i>Lucy</i></a> (multiple flybys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a> (orbiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a> (orbiter) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIDA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/135px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/180px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:243_ida_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/90px-243_ida_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/135px-243_ida_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/180px-243_ida_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="399" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_(32755885495).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/90px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/135px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/180px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)">Suisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">International Cometary Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LICIACube" title="LICIACube">LICIACube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9#Pioneer_7" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Rosetta (spacecraft)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MINERVA_(spacecraft)" title="MINERVA (spacecraft)">MINERVA</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1A / HIBOU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1B / OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIDA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sample return</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a> (multiple flybys and sample return, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a> (multiple flybys, 2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a> (multiple flybys and orbiter, 2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a> (flyby, 2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i> (flybys, 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTER_(spacecraft)" title="ASTER (spacecraft)">ASTER</a> (orbiter, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramses_(spacecraft)" title="Ramses (spacecraft)">Ramses</a> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Probe_(spacecraft)" title="Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)">Interstellar Probe</a></i> (flyby, 2030–2042)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Cancelled or <br />not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGORA_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="AGORA mission">AGORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)#History" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Redirect_Mission" title="Asteroid Redirect Mission">Asteroid Redirect Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(spacecraft)" title="Athena (spacecraft)">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia_(spacecraft)" title="Castalia (spacecraft)">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurus_(spacecraft_mission)" title="Centaurus (spacecraft mission)">Centaurus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(spacecraft)" title="Chimera (spacecraft)">Chimera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_2" title="Clementine 2">Clementine 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Nucleus_Dust_and_Organics_Return" title="Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return">CONDOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous,_Sample_Acquisition,_Investigation,_and_Return" title="Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return">CORSAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous_Asteroid_Flyby" title="Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby">CRAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(spacecraft)" title="HAMMER (spacecraft)">HAMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_Mk2" title="Hayabusa Mk2">Hayabusa Mk2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_(spacecraft)" title="Janus (spacecraft)">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAOSEP" class="mw-redirect" title="MAOSEP">MAOSEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKEANOS" title="OKEANOS">OKEANOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_capture" title="Asteroid capture">Asteroid capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the asteroids">Colonization of asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects">Colonization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li>Probes are listed in chronological order of launch. <sup>†</sup> indicates mission failures.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Space_Agency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Space_Agency" title="Template talk:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Space_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Space Centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">Vega C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">Space Operations Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">Space Research and Technology Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">Space Astronomy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">ESM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">FLPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">Science Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges" title="Global Energy and Water Exchanges">GEWEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Archive" title="Planetary Science Archive">Planetary Science Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Space Agency programs and missions">Projects and missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Solar physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (1995–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a> (2000–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil">Vigil</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giotto</a> (1985–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> (2004–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> (2005–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars <i>Trace Gas Orbiter</i></a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hera (spacecraft)">Hera</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> (1978–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (1990–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">Eureca</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (1999–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARRAKIHS" title="ARRAKIHS">ARRAKIHS</a></i> (2030s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a></i> (2035)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></i> (2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a> (1988–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#First_generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat First Generation</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-1</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-2</a> (1995–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#Second_Generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Second Generation</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE">GOCE</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat-2</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">1A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">1B</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">2A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">2B</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2C" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-2C">2C</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">3A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">3B</a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-Aeolus" title="ADM-Aeolus">ADM-Aeolus</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(satellite)" title="Biomass (satellite)">Biomass</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_Third_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Third Generation">Meteosat Third Generation</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a></i>) (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ALTIUS" title="ALTIUS">ALTIUS</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(satellite)" title="FLEX (satellite)">FLEX</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-A">MetOp-SG-A</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-B">MetOp-SG-B</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_Outgoing_Radiation_Understanding_and_Monitoring" title="Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring">FORUM</a></i> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (2008–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 2</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus-1" title="Olympus-1">Olympus-1</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_(satellite)" title="Artemis (satellite)">Artemis</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-A">GIOVE-A</a> (2005–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-B">GIOVE-B</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HYLAS-1" title="HYLAS-1">HYLAS-1</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#In-Orbit_Validation_(IOV)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo IOV</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#Full_Operational_Capability_(FOC)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo FOC</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Reentry_Demonstrator" title="Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator">ARD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA" title="PROBA">PROBA-1</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2" title="Young Engineers' Satellite 2">YES2</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-V" title="PROBA-V">PROBA-V</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">IXV</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-SAT" title="OPS-SAT">OPS-SAT</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Cancelled<br />and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 ME">Ariane 5 ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_Mission" title="Calathus Mission">Calathus Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_Polar_Lander" title="Ceres Polar Lander">Ceres Polar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.Deorbit" title="E.Deorbit">e.Deorbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_eXPErimental_Re-entry_Testbed" title="European eXPErimental Re-entry Testbed">EXPERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarcoPolo-R" class="mw-redirect" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLARIS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOLARIS">SOLARIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STE-QUEST" title="STE-QUEST">STE-QUEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-1" title="CryoSat-1">CryoSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future missions in <i>italics</i> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" title="Category:European Space Agency">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:European Space Agency"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:European Space Agency">Wikinews</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Europe/ESA" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Europe/ESA">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1984Orbital_launches_in_19851986_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1985" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1985"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1985" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1985"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1985" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1985"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1984Orbital_launches_in_19851986_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1984_in_spaceflight" title="1984 in spaceflight">← 1984</a></div><a href="/wiki/1985_in_spaceflight" title="1985 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1985</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1986_in_spaceflight" title="1986 in spaceflight">1986 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-C" title="STS-51-C">STS-51-C</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/USA-8" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-8">USA-8</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-9 (page does not exist)">USA-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabsat-1A" title="Arabsat-1A">Arabsat-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasilsat_A1" title="Brasilsat A1">Brasilsat A1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosat" title="Geosat">Geosat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelsat_510&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelsat 510 (page does not exist)">Intelsat VA F-10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-D" title="STS-51-D">STS-51-D</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Anik_(satellite)" title="Anik (satellite)">Anik C1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leasat_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leasat 3 (page does not exist)">Leasat 3</a>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-B" title="STS-51-B">STS-51-B</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nusat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nusat (page does not exist)">Nusat</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GStar-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GStar-1 (page does not exist)">GStar-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecom_1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecom 1B (page does not exist)">Telecom 1B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-13" title="Soyuz T-13">Soyuz T-13</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-G" title="STS-51-G">STS-51-G</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Morelos_Satellite_System#Morelos_I" title="Morelos Satellite System">Morelos 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabsat-1B" title="Arabsat-1B">Arabsat-1B</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telstar_3D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telstar 3D (page does not exist)">Telstar 3D</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARTAN-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPARTAN-101 (page does not exist)">SPARTAN-101</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_24" title="Progress 24">Progress 24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelsat_511&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelsat 511 (page does not exist)">Intelsat VA F-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1669" title="Kosmos 1669">Kosmos 1669</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-F" title="STS-51-F">STS-51-F</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasma_Diagnostics_Package&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasma Diagnostics Package (page does not exist)">PDP</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-I" title="STS-51-I">STS-51-I</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Optus_(satellite)#Aussat_(Optus)_A1" title="Optus (satellite)">Aussat A1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ASC-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ASC-1 (page does not exist)">ASC-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leasat_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leasat 4 (page does not exist)">Leasat 4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacenet_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spacenet 3 (page does not exist)">Spacenet 3</a></i></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-14" title="Soyuz T-14">Soyuz T-14</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1686" title="Kosmos 1686">Kosmos 1686</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelsat_512&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelsat 512 (page does not exist)">Intelsat VA F-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-J" title="STS-51-J">STS-51-J</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/USA-11" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-11">USA-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA-12" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-12">USA-12</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-10" title="USA-10">USA-10</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=GLOMR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GLOMR (page does not exist)">GLOMR</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B">STS-61-B</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Morelos_Satellite_System#Morelos_II" title="Morelos Satellite System">Morelos 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optus_(satellite)#Aussat_(Optus)_A2" title="Optus (satellite)">Aussat A2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satcom_K2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satcom K2 (page does not exist)">Satcom K2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbiter_Experiments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbiter Experiments (page does not exist)">OEX</a>, <a href="/wiki/EASE/ACCESS" title="EASE/ACCESS">EASE/ACCESS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown<br />month</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1616&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1616 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1616</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1617&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1617 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1617</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1618&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1618 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1618</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1619&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1619 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1619</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1620&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1620 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1620</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1621&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1621 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1621</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1622&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1622 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1622</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.36 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.36</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1623&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1623 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1623</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1624&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1624 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1624</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.21L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.21L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.21L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1625&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1625 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1625</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1626 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1626</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1627&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1627 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1627</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1628&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1628 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1628</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.13 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1629" title="Kosmos 1629">Kosmos 1629</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1630&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1630 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1630</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1631&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1631 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1631</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1632&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1632 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1632</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1633&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1633 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1633</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1634&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1634 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1634</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1635&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1635 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1635</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1636&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1636 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1636</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1637&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1637 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1637</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1638&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1638 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1638</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1639&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1639 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1639</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1640&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1640 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1640</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1641&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1641 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1641</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1642&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1642 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1642</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.28L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.28L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.28L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1643&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1643 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1643</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1644&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1644 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1644</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_1985_Zenit-2_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="April 1985 Zenit-2 launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1645&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1645 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1645</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1646&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1646 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1646</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1647&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1647 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1647</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1648&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1648 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1648</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prognoz_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prognoz 10 (page does not exist)">Prognoz 10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1649&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1649 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1649</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1650&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1650 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1650</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1651&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1651 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1651</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1652&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1652 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1653&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1653 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1653</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1654&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1654 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1654</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.39 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1655&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1655 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1655</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1656&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1656 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1656</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1657&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1657 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1658" title="Kosmos 1658">Kosmos 1658</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1659&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1659 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1659</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1660&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1660 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1661" title="Kosmos 1661">Kosmos 1661</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1662&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1662 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1662</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1663&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1663 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1663</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985-053A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985-053A (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1664&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1664 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1664</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1665&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1665 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1665</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1666&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1666 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1667" title="Kosmos 1667">Kosmos 1667</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1668&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1668 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1668</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.37 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.37</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1670&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1670 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1670</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1671&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1671 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1671</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transit-O_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transit-O 24 (page does not exist)">Transit-O 24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transit-O_30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transit-O 30 (page does not exist)">Transit-O 30</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1672&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1672 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1672</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1672&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1672 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1672</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1673&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1673 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1673</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1674&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1674 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1674</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.26L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.26L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.26L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1675" title="Kosmos 1675">Kosmos 1675</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1676&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1676 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1676</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)">Suisei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.61&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.61 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.61</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1677&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1677 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1677</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titan_34D-7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titan 34D-7 (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1678&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1678 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1678</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1679&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1679 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1679</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1680&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1680 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1680</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1681&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1681 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1681</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECS-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ECS-3 (page does not exist)">ECS-3</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1682&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1682 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1682</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1683&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1683 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1683</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1684" title="Kosmos 1684">Kosmos 1684</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1685&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1685 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1687" title="Kosmos 1687">Kosmos 1687</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1688&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1688 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1688</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1689&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1689 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1689</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.38 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1690&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1690 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1690</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1695&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1695 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1695</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1692&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1692 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1692</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1693&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1693 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1693</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1694&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1694 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1694</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1691&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1691 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1691</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1696&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1696 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1696</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanhui_Shi_Weixing_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing 8 (page does not exist)">Fanhui Shi Weixing 8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1697&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1697 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1698" title="Kosmos 1698">Kosmos 1698</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.73&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.73 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.73</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_1985_Kosmos-3M_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="October 1985 Kosmos-3M launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-3_No.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-3 No.2 (page does not exist)">Meteor-3 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1699&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1699 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1699</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1700&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1700 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1700</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.56&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.56 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1701" title="Kosmos 1701">Kosmos 1701</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1702&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1702 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1702</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.28L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.28L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.28L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1703&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1703 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1703</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1704&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1704 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1704</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1705&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1705 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1705</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1706&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1706 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1706</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1707&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1707 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-13 (page does not exist)">USA-13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-14 (page does not exist)">USA-14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1708&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1708 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1708</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1709&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1709 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1709</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.40 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1710&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1710 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1710</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1711&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1711 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1711</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1712&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1712 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1712</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.14 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1713&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1713 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1713</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1714&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1714 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1714</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in <u>underline</u>. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in <i>italics</i>. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660356#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660356#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660356#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/147907673">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95030864">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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