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Dates of composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Historical background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dead_Sea_scrolls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dead_Sea_scrolls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Dead Sea scrolls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dead_Sea_scrolls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_the_Septuagint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_the_Septuagint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Influence of the Septuagint </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_the_Septuagint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_early_authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_early_authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Influence of early authors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_early_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Synods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_Jerome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_Jerome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Influence of Jerome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Jerome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masoretic_Text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masoretic_Text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Masoretic Text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masoretic_Text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 In Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In the Catholic Church </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In the Catholic Church subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baruch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baruch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Baruch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baruch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esdras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esdras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Esdras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esdras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In Eastern Orthodoxy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In Protestantism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Protestantism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In Protestantism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anabaptist_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anabaptist_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Anabaptist Churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anabaptist_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglican_Communion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglican_Communion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Anglican Communion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglican_Communion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheran_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheran_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Lutheran Churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheran_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodist_Churches_and_Moravian_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodist_Churches_and_Moravian_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Methodist Churches and Moravian Churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodist_Churches_and_Moravian_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presbyterian_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presbyterian_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Presbyterian Churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presbyterian_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformed_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformed_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Reformed Churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformed_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament_deuterocanonicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_deuterocanonicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 New Testament deuterocanonicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_deuterocanonicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Deuterocanonical books</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" > 50 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterokanonieke_boeke" title="Deuterokanonieke boeke – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Deuterokanonieke boeke" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الأسفار القانونية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأسفار القانونية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="দ্বিতীয় বিবরণ সম্পর্কিত ধর্মপুস্তকসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় বিবরণ সম্পর্কিত ধর্মপুস্তকসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Другакананічныя кнігі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Другакананічныя кнігі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levrio%C3%B9_eilkanonel" title="Levrioù eilkanonel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Levrioù eilkanonel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocan%C3%B2nic" title="Deuterocanònic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deuterocanònic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterokanonick%C3%BD_spis" title="Deuterokanonický spis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Deuterokanonický spis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterokanoniske_B%C3%B8ger" title="Deuterokanoniske Bøger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Deuterokanoniske Bøger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterokanonisch" title="Deuterokanonisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deuterokanonisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δευτεροκανονικά Βιβλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δευτεροκανονικά Βιβλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocan%C3%B3nicos" title="Deuterocanónicos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deuterocanónicos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua-kanonaj_libroj" title="Dua-kanonaj libroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua-kanonaj libroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کتاب‌های قانونی ثانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب‌های قانونی ثانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livres_deut%C3%A9rocanoniques" title="Livres deutérocanoniques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livres deutérocanoniques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%84" title="제2경전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2경전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Երկրորդականոնական գրքեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրորդականոնական գրքեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterokanonske_knjige" title="Deuterokanonske knjige – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Deuterokanonske knjige" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterokanonika" title="Deuterokanonika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Deuterokanonika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libros_deuterocanonic" title="Libros deuterocanonic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Libros deuterocanonic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_deuterocanonici" title="Libri deuterocanonici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libri deuterocanonici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterokanonika" title="Deuterokanonika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Deuterokanonika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterokanoni" title="Deuterokanoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Deuterokanoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_deuterocanonici" title="Libri deuterocanonici – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Libri deuterocanonici" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterokanonikus_k%C3%B6nyvek" title="Deuterokanonikus könyvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Deuterokanonikus könyvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boky_deoter%C3%B4kan%C3%B4nika" title="Boky deoterôkanônika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boky deoterôkanônika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الاسفار القانونيه التانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاسفار القانونيه التانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterokanonika" title="Deuterokanonika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Deuterokanonika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocanonieke_boeken" title="Deuterocanonieke boeken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deuterocanonieke boeken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AD%A3%E5%85%B8" title="第二正典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二正典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammeltestamentlige_apokryfer" title="Gammeltestamentlige apokryfer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gammeltestamentlige apokryfer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_deuterokanoniske_skriftene" title="Dei deuterokanoniske skriftene – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dei deuterokanoniske skriftene" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99gi_deuterokanoniczne" title="Księgi deuterokanoniczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księgi deuterokanoniczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livros_deuterocan%C3%B4nicos" title="Livros deuterocanônicos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livros deuterocanônicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83r%C8%9Bi_deuterocanonice" title="Cărți deuterocanonice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cărți deuterocanonice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Второканонические книги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Второканонические книги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Deuterocanonical books" 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lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deuterokanonik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Второканонічні книги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Второканонічні книги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="ڈیوٹروکانونیکل کتابیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈیوٹروکانونیکل کتابیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For material on the Old Testament, see <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Development of the Old Testament canon</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex"><img alt="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="366" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> (Judaism)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah (Instruction)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:11.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bereshit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Wayiqra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bemidbar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Devarim</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im (Prophets)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yehoshua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shofetim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemuel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Melakhim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Latter_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Latter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yeshayahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yirmeyahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yekhezqel</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim (Writings)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Poetic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Tehillim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Mishlei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Iyov</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five Megillot (Scrolls)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shir Hashirim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Rut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Eikhah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Qohelet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ester</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Historical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Daniyyel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ezra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Divre Hayyamim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> (Christianity)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch#Contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Wisdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deuterocanonical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Orthodox only</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old 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class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The deuterocanonical books,<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> meaning "Of, pertaining to, or constituting a second <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canon</a>",<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> collectively known as the Deuterocanon (DC),<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> are certain books and passages considered to be <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Church of the East</a>. In contrast, modern <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> regard the DC as <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>. Seven books are accepted as deuterocanonical by all the ancient churches: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiasticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiasticus">Ecclesiasticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="First Maccabees">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Maccabees">Second Maccabees</a> and also the Greek additions to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> In addition to these, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Church</a> include other books in their <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon#Old_Testament_table" title="Biblical canon">canons</a>. The deuterocanonical books are included in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. They date from 300 BC to 100 AD, before the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian#Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">separation of the Christian church from Judaism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> and they are regularly found in old manuscripts and cited frequently by the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Decree" title="Gelasian Decree">Gelasian Decree</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> (382 AD) defined a list of books of scripture as canonical. It included most of the deuterocanonical books.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-tertullian.org-11">[10]</a> <a href="#Influence_of_early_authors">Patristic</a> and <a href="#Synods">synodal</a> lists from the 200s, 300s and 400s usually include selections of the deuterocanonical books. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_deuterocanonicals">List of deuterocanonicals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of deuterocanonicals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></div> Canonical for the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Church of the East:<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[11]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a> (Baruch chapter 6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach (or Ecclesiasticus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Additions to Esther">Greek additions to Esther</a> <a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Greek additions to Daniel</a> <a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a></li></ul> Canonical only for the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox Church:<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[11]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a> as an appendix</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates_of_composition">Dates of composition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dates of composition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Deuterocanonical books composition </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Book </th> <th>Dating </th> <th>Original language (and location) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BC<a href="#cite_note-Jeremiah-15">[12]</a> </td> <td>Oldest versions Greek, probably originally Hebrew or Aramaic<a href="#cite_note-Jeremiah-15">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300–200 BC<a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth-16">[13]</a> </td> <td>Hebrew (Psalms 151a+b), later merged into Koine Greek Psalm 151<a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth-16">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200–140 BC<a href="#cite_note-Goodman-17">[14]</a> </td> <td>Probably Greek in Egypt, possibly from a 3rd-century Semitic original<a href="#cite_note-Goodman-17">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Sirach</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 180–175 BC<a href="#cite_note-Ecclus-18">[15]</a> </td> <td>Hebrew in Jerusalem<a href="#cite_note-Ecclus-18">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 225–175<a href="#cite_note-Stuckenbruck-19">[16]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">175–164</a> BC<a href="#cite_note-Tobit-20">[17]</a> </td> <td>Probably Aramaic, possibly Hebrew,<a href="#cite_note-Stuckenbruck-19">[16]</a> possibly in Antioch<a href="#cite_note-Tobit-20">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150 BC<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-21">[18]</a> </td> <td>Most probably Koine Greek in Alexandria<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-21">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150–100 BC<a href="#cite_note-Gera-22">[19]</a>: 26  </td> <td>Oldest versions Greek, originally probably Hebrew, possibly Greek<a href="#cite_note-Gera-22">[19]</a>: 25  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150–120 BC<a href="#cite_note-Stuckenbruck-19">[16]</a> </td> <td>Koine Greek<a href="#cite_note-Maccabees-23">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 135–103 BC<a href="#cite_note-Maccabees-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stuckenbruck-19">[16]</a> </td> <td>Oldest versions Greek, original probably Hebrew, probably in Jerusalem<a href="#cite_note-Maccabees-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stuckenbruck-19">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 BC<a href="#cite_note-Bledsoe-24">[21]</a> </td> <td>Oldest versions Greek, originally Semitic or Greek<a href="#cite_note-Bledsoe-24">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 BC – AD 50<a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth-16">[13]</a> </td> <td>Oldest versions Greek, originally probably Greek, possibly Semitic<a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth-16">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a><a href="#cite_note-Baruch-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stuckenbruck-19">[16]</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200–100 BC (1:1–3:38) <hr /> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 BC – AD 100 (3:39–5:9) </td> <td>(1:1–3:38) Koine Greek, probably originally Hebrew <hr /> (3:39–5:9) Koine Greek, possibly originally Hebrew or Aramaic </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100–50 BC<a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth-16">[13]</a> </td> <td>Koine Greek, probably in Alexandria<a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth-16">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Additions to Esther">Additions to Esther</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100–1 BC<a href="#cite_note-Crawford-27">[24]</a> </td> <td>Koine Greek in Alexandria<a href="#cite_note-Crawford-27">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 18–55<a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth-16">[13]</a> </td> <td>Koine Greek, probably outside Palestine<a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth-16">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 90–100 (4 Ezra)<a href="#cite_note-Bergren-28">[25]</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 100–300 (5 Ezra)<a href="#cite_note-Bergren-28">[25]</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 200–300 (6 Ezra)<a href="#cite_note-Bergren-28">[25]</a> </td> <td>4 Ezra (2 Esdras 3–14): probably Hebrew by a Palestinian Jew<a href="#cite_note-Bergren-28">[25]</a> 5 Ezra (2 Esdras 1–2): probably Latin by a Christian<a href="#cite_note-Bergren-28">[25]</a> 6 Ezra (2 Esdras 15–16): probably Greek by a Levantine Christian<a href="#cite_note-Bergren-28">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 400–440<a href="#cite_note-Newman-29">[26]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> is the oldest version. Medieval Greek, prior history unknown<a href="#cite_note-Newman-29">[26]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Development of the Old Testament canon</a></div> Deuterocanonical is a term coined in 1566 by the theologian <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_of_Siena" title="Sixtus of Siena">Sixtus of Siena</a>, who had converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> from <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, to describe scriptural texts considered <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a> by the Catholic Church, but which recognition was considered "secondary". For Sixtus, this term included portions of both Old and New Testaments. Sixtus considers the <a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">final chapter of the Gospel of Mark</a> to be deuterocanonical. He also applies the term to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> from the canon of the Hebrew Bible.<a href="#cite_note-isbe-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-canonOT-4">[3]</a> The term was then taken up by other writers to apply specifically to those books of the Old Testament which had been recognised as canonical by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Councils of Rome</a> (382 AD), <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Hippo</a> (393 AD), <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Carthage" title="Councils of Carthage">Carthage</a> (397 AD and 419 AD), <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Florence</a> (1442 AD) and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a> (1546 AD), but which were not in the Hebrew canon.<a href="#cite_note-isbe-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-canonOT-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-include-31">[d]</a> Forms of the term “deuterocanonical” were adopted after the 16th century by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> to denote canonical books of the Septuagint not in the Hebrew Bible, a wider selection than that adopted by the Council of Trent, and also by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> to apply to works believed to be of Jewish origin translated in the Old Testament of the <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Ge%CA%BDez" title="Bible translations into Geʽez">Ethiopic Bible</a>, a wider selection still.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> The acceptance of some of these books among early Christians was widespread, though not universal, and surviving Bibles from the early Church always include, with varying degrees of recognition, books now called deuterocanonical.<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> Some say that their canonicity seems not to have been doubted in the Church until it was challenged by Jews after 100 AD,<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> sometimes postulating a hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">Council of Jamnia</a>. Regional councils in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">West</a> published official canons that included these books as early as the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a> centuries.<a href="#cite_note-canonOT-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-council-35">[e]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> states: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The official attitude of the Latin Church, always favourable to them, kept the majestic tenor of its way. Two documents of capital importance in the history of the canon constitute the first formal utterance of papal authority on the subject. The first is the so-called "Decretal of Gelasius", the essential part of which is now generally attributed to a synod convoked by Pope Damasus in the year 382. The other is the Canon of Innocent I, sent in 405 to a Gallican bishop in answer to an inquiry. Both contain all the deuterocanonicals, without any distinction, and are identical with the catalogue of Trent. The African Church, always a staunch supporter of the contested books, found itself in entire accord with Rome on this question. Its ancient version, the Vetus Latina, had admitted all the Old Testament Scriptures. St. Augustine seems to theoretically recognize degrees of inspiration; in practice he employs protos and deuteros without any discrimination whatsoever. Moreover in his "De Doctrinâ Christianâ" he enumerates the components of the complete Old Testament. The Synod of Hippo (393) and the three of Carthage (393, 397, and 419), in which, doubtless, Augustine was the leading spirit, found it necessary to deal explicitly with the question of the Canon, and drew up identical lists from which no sacred books are excluded. These councils base their canon on tradition and liturgical usage.<a href="#cite_note-canonOT-4">[3]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dead_Sea_scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dead Sea scrolls">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Book of Sirach</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a> text was already known from the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a>, has been found in two of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> (2QSir or 2Q18, 11QPs_a or 11Q5) in Hebrew. Another Hebrew scroll of Sirach has been found in <a href="/wiki/Masada#Epigraphic_findings" title="Masada">Masada</a> (MasSir).<a href="#cite_note-Abegg-36">[31]</a>: 597  Five fragments from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a> have been found in Qumran written in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> and in one written in Hebrew (papyri 4Q, nos. 196–200).<a href="#cite_note-DSS-37">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abegg-36">[31]</a>: 636  The <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> chapter 6) has been found in cave 7 (papyrus <a href="/w/index.php?title=7Q2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7Q2 (page does not exist)">7Q2</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abegg-36">[31]</a>: 628  Recent scholars have suggested<a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> that the Qumran library of approximately 1,100 manuscripts found in the eleven caves at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> was not entirely produced at Qumran, but may have included part of the library of the Jerusalem Temple, that may have been hidden in the caves for safekeeping at the time the Temple was destroyed by Romans in 70 AD. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_the_Septuagint">Influence of the Septuagint</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influence of the Septuagint">edit</a>]</div> Deuterocanonical and Apocryphal books included in the Septuagint are: <table class="toccolours" cellspacing="0px" style="width:75%; margin:auto; clear:center; text-align:left; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom; font-weight:bold;"> <td style="border-bottom:2px groove #aaa;">Greek name<a href="#cite_note-Jobes_and_Silva-40">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLay-41">[35]</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:2px groove #aaa;">Transliteration </td> <td style="border-bottom:2px groove #aaa;">English name </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Deuterocanonical for the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Τωβίτ<a href="#cite_note-Τωβείτ-42">[g]</a></td> <td>Tōbit<a href="#cite_note-Tōbeit-43">[h]</a></td> <td>Tobit or Tobias </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἰουδίθ</td> <td>Ioudith</td> <td>Judith </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἐσθήρ</td> <td>Esthēr</td> <td>Esther with additions </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Μακκαβαίων Αʹ</td> <td>1 Makkabaiōn</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Μακκαβαίων Βʹ</td> <td>2 Makkabaiōn</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Σοφία Σαλoμῶντος</td> <td>Sophia Salomōntos</td> <td>Wisdom or Wisdom of Solomon </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Σοφία Ἰησοῦ Σειράχ</td> <td>Sophia Iēsou Seirach</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach or Ecclesiasticus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Βαρούχ</td> <td>Barouch</td> <td>Baruch </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἐπιστολὴ Ἰερεμίου</td> <td>Epistolē Ieremiou</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jeremiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle of Jeremiah">Epistle of Jeremiah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Δανιήλ</td> <td>Daniēl</td> <td>Daniel with additions </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Deuterocanonical for the Eastern Orthodox Churches<a href="#cite_note-canon-44">[i]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Προσευχὴ Μανασσῆ</td> <td>Proseuchē Manassē</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ἔσδρας Αʹ</td> <td>1 Esdras</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Μακκαβαίων Γʹ</td> <td>3 Makkabaiōn</td> <td><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Μακκαβαίων Δ' Παράρτημα</td> <td>4 Makkabaiōn</td> <td><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ψαλμός ΡΝΑʹ</td> <td>Psalmos 151</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Apocrypha </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ψαλμοί Σαλoμῶντος</td> <td>Psalmoi Salomōntos</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> The large majority of Old Testament references in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> are taken from the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> (LXX), editions of which include the deuterocanonical books, as well as apocrypha – both of which are called collectively anagignoskomena ("readable, worthy of reading").<a href="#cite_note-45">[36]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] No two Septuagint codices contain the same apocrypha.<a href="#cite_note-46">[37]</a> Greek Psalm manuscripts from the fifth century contain three New Testament "psalms": the <a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)">Benedictus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis</a> from Luke's birth narrative, and the conclusion of the hymn that begins with the "Gloria in Excelsis".<a href="#cite_note-47">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Beckwith" title="Roger T. Beckwith">Beckwith</a> states that manuscripts of anything like the capacity of Codex Alexandrinus were not used in the first centuries of the Christian era, and believes that the comprehensive codices of the Septuagint, which start appearing in the 4th century AD, are all of Christian origin.<a href="#cite_note-48">[39]</a> In the New Testament, Hebrews 11:35 is understood by some as referring to an event that was recorded in one of the deuterocanonical books, <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Akin-49">[40]</a> For instance, the author of Hebrews references oral[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] tradition which spoke of an Old Testament prophet who was sawn in half in Hebrews 11:37, two verses after the 2nd Maccabees reference. Other New Testament authors such as Paul also reference or quote period literature.<a href="#cite_note-50">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_early_authors">Influence of early authors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence of early authors">edit</a>]</div> The Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 94 AD) wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> contained 22 canonical books.<a href="#cite_note-51">[42]</a> The same number of 22 books was reported also by the Christian bishop <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a>, but they might differ on the exact content (see below for Athanasius), as Josephus did not provide a detailed list.<a href="#cite_note-52">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 240 AD), cited by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, described the Hebrew Bible as containing 22 canonical books. Among these books he listed the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jeremiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle of Jeremiah">Epistle of Jeremiah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">Maccabees</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The twenty-two books of the Hebrews are the following: That which is called by us Genesis; Exodus; Leviticus; Numbers; Jesus, the son of Nave (Joshua book); Judges and Ruth in one book; the First and Second of Kings (1 Samuel and 2 Samuel) in one; the Third and Fourth of Kings (1 Kings and 2 Kings) in one; of the Chronicles, the First and Second in one; Esdras, First and Second (Ezra–Nehemiah) in one; the book of Psalms; the Proverbs of Solomon; Ecclesiastes; the Song of Songs; Isaiah; Jeremiah, with Lamentations and the epistle (of Jeremiah) in one; Daniel; Ezekiel; Job; Esther. And besides these there are the Maccabees.<a href="#cite_note-53">[44]</a></blockquote> Eusebius wrote in his <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 324 AD) that Bishop <a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a> in the 2nd century AD considered the deuterocanonical <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Solomon">Wisdom of Solomon</a> as part of the Old Testament and that it was considered canonical by Jews and Christians.<a href="#cite_note-54">[45]</a> On the other hand, the contrary claim has been made: "In the catalogue of Melito, presented by Eusebius, after Proverbs, the word Wisdom occurs, which nearly all commentators have been of opinion is only another name for the same book, and not the name of the book now called 'The Wisdom of Solomon'."<a href="#cite_note-55">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350 AD) in his Catechetical Lectures cites as canonical books "Jeremiah one, including Baruch and Lamentations and the Epistle (of Jeremiah)".<a href="#cite_note-Cyril_of_Jerusalem-56">[47]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a>'s canonical books list (367 AD) the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Book of Baruch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a> are included while <a href="/wiki/Esther,_Book_of" class="mw-redirect" title="Esther, Book of">Esther</a> is omitted. At the same time, he mentioned that the Wisdom of Solomon, the Wisdom of Sirach, Judith and Tobit, the book of Esther and also the <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a>, while not being part of the Canon, "were appointed by the Fathers to be read". He excluded what he called "apocryphal writings" entirely.<a href="#cite_note-57">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 385 AD) mentions that "there are 27 books given the Jews by God, but they are counted as 22, however, like the letters of their Hebrew alphabet, because ten books are doubled and reckoned as five". He wrote in his Panarion that Jews had in their books the deuterocanonical Epistle of Jeremiah and Baruch, both combined with Jeremiah and Lamentations in only one book. While Wisdom of Sirach and the Wisdom of Solomon were books of disputed canonicity.<a href="#cite_note-58">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 397 AD), in his book On Christian Doctrine (Book II Chapter 8), cites a list of the canon of the Old Testament and the New Testament, including the deuterocanonical books as canonical: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Now the whole canon of Scripture on which we say this judgment is to be exercised, is contained in the following books: – Five books of Moses, that is, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy; one book of Joshua the son of Nun; one of Judges; one short book called Ruth; next, four books of Kings [the two Books of Samuel and the two books of Kings], and two of Chronicles, Job, and Tobias, and Esther, and Judith, and the two books of Maccabees, and the two of Ezra [Ezra, Nehemiah]; one book of the Psalms of David; and three books of Solomon, that is to say Proverbs, Song of Songs, and Ecclesiastes. For two books, one called Wisdom and the other Ecclesiasticus. Twelve separate books of the prophets which are connected with one another, and having never been disjoined, are reckoned as one book; the names of these prophets are as follows: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi; then there are the four greater prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Daniel, Ezekiel.<a href="#cite_note-59">[50]</a></blockquote> According to the monk <a href="/wiki/Rufinus_of_Aquileia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufinus of Aquileia">Rufinus of Aquileia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400 AD) the deuterocanonical books were not called canonical but ecclesiastical books.<a href="#cite_note-Rufinus_of_Aquileia-60">[51]</a> In this category Rufinus includes the Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach, Judith, Tobit and two books of Maccabees.<a href="#cite_note-Rufinus_of_Aquileia-60">[51]</a> Baruch is not specified by name in Rufinus's list, but it is in Cyril's, as though a part of Jeremiah, "Jeremiah, with Baruch, and the Lamentations and the Epistle." (Catech. 4, §36.)<a href="#cite_note-61">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Pope Innocent I</a> (405 AD) sent a letter to the bishop of Toulouse citing deuterocanonical books as a part of the Old Testament canon.<a href="#cite_note-62">[53]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Which books really are received in the canon, this brief addition shows. These therefore are the things of which you desired to be informed. Five books of Moses, that is, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, and Joshua the son of Nun, and Judges, and the four books of Kings [the two Books of Samuel and the two books of Kings] together with Ruth, sixteen books of the Prophets, five books of Solomon [Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, and Ecclesiasticus],<a href="#cite_note-63">[54]</a> and the Psalms. Also of the historical books, one book of Job, one of Tobit, one of Esther, one of Judith, two of Maccabees, two of Ezra [Ezra, Nehemiah], two of Chronicles.<a href="#cite_note-Innocent-64">[55]</a></blockquote> In the 7th century Latin document the <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a>, which some scholars[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] actually believe to be a copy of an earlier 170 AD Greek original, the book of the Wisdom of Solomon is counted by the church. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Moreover, the epistle of Jude and two of the above-mentioned (or, bearing the name of) John are counted (or, used) in the catholic [Church]; and [the book of] Wisdom, written by the friends of Solomon in his honour.<a href="#cite_note-65">[56]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synods">Synods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Synods">edit</a>]</div> In later copyings of the canons of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Laodicea" title="Council of Laodicea">Council of Laodicea</a> (from 364 AD) a canon list became appended to Canon 59, likely before the mid fifth century, which affirmed that Jeremiah, and Baruch, the Lamentations, and the Epistle (of Jeremiah) were canonical, while excluding the other deuterocanonical books.<a href="#cite_note-Synod_of_Laodicea_Canon_60-66">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[58]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gelasianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Decretum Gelasianum">Decretum Gelasianum</a>, which is a work written by an anonymous scholar between 519 and 553, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> (382 AD) cites a list of books of scripture presented as having been made canonical. This list mentions all the deuterocanonical books as a part of the Old Testament canon: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Kings IV books [1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings], Chronicles II books, <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">150 Psalms</a>, three books of Solomon [Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs], Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Isaiah, Jeremiah with Cinoth i.e. his <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">lamentations</a>, Ezechiel, Daniel, Hosea, Amos, Micah, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Nahum, Habbakuk Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, Job, Tobit, Esdras II books [Ezra, Nehemiah], Ester, Judith, Maccabees II books.<a href="#cite_note-tertullian.org-11">[10]</a></blockquote> (According to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Laodicea" title="Council of Laodicea">Council of Laodicea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Synod_of_Laodicea_Canon_60-66">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Athanas_of_Alexandria-68">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cyril_of_Jerusalem-56">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-E.J._Brill-69">[60]</a> the Book of Jeremiah forms a single book together with Baruch, Lamentations and the Letter of Jeremiah, also called the Epistle of Jeremiah.) The <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a> (in 393 AD), followed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (397)">Council of Carthage (397)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(419)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (419)">Council of Carthage (419)</a>, may be the first councils that explicitly accepted the first canon which includes a selection of books that did not appear in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>;<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[61]</a> the councils were under significant influence of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, who regarded the canon as already closed.<a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-72">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[64]</a> Canon XXIV from the Synod of Hippo (in 393 AD) records the scriptures which are considered canonical; the Old Testament books as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Genesis; Exodus; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy; Joshua the Son of Nun; The Judges; Ruth; The Kings, iv. books [1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings]; The Chronicles, ii. books; Job; The Psalter; The Five books of Solomon [Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, and Ecclesiasticus]; The Twelve Books of the Prophets [Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi]; Isaiah; Jeremiah; Ezechiel; Daniel; Tobit; Judith; Esther; Ezra, ii. books [Ezra, Nehemiah]; Maccabees, ii. books.<a href="#cite_note-74">[65]</a></blockquote> On 28 August 397, the <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Carthage#Synod_of_397" title="Councils of Carthage">Council of Carthage</a> confirmed the canon issued at Hippo; the recurrence of the Old Testament part is stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua the son of Nun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a>, four books of <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings#Textual_history" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a> [1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings], two books of <a href="/wiki/Paraleipomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraleipomena">Paraleipomena</a> [1 Chronicles, 2 Chronicles], <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalter</a>, five books of Solomon [ <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Ecclesiasticus</a> ], the books of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">twelve prophets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezechiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a>, two books of <a href="/wiki/Esdras" title="Esdras">Esdras</a> [Ezra, Nehemiah], two <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">Books of the Maccabees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[66]</a></blockquote> In 419 AD, the <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Carthage#Council_of_419" title="Councils of Carthage">Council of Carthage</a> in its canon 24 lists the deuterocanonical books as canonical scripture: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Canonical Scriptures are as follows: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua the son of Nun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a>, four books of <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings#Textual_history" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a> [1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings], two books of <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalter</a>, five books of Solomon [Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, and Ecclesiasticus], the books of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">twelve prophets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezechiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a>, two books of <a href="/wiki/Esdras" title="Esdras">Esdras</a> [Ezra, Nehemiah], two <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">Books of the Maccabees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[67]</a></blockquote> (According to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Laodicea" title="Council of Laodicea">Council of Laodicea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Synod_of_Laodicea_Canon_60-66">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Athanas_of_Alexandria-68">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cyril_of_Jerusalem-56">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-E.J._Brill-69">[60]</a> the Book of Jeremiah forms a single book together with Baruch, Lamentations and the Letter of Jeremiah, also called the Epistle of Jeremiah.) The <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Canons" title="Apostolic Canons">Apostolic Canons</a> approved by the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Council_in_Trullo" class="mw-redirect" title="Council in Trullo">Council in Trullo</a> in 692 AD (not recognized by the Catholic Church) states as venerable and sacred the first three books of Maccabees and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Sirach">Wisdom of Sirach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1442) promulgated a list of the books of the Bible, including the books of Judith, Esther, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch and two books of the Maccabees as Canonical books: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Five books of Moses, namely Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy; Joshua, Judges, Ruth, four books of Kings [1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings], two of Paralipomenon [1 Chronicles, 2 Chronicles], Esdras [Ezra], Nehemiah, Tobit, Judith, Esther, Job, Psalms of David, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Baruch, Ezechiel, Daniel; the twelve minor prophets, namely Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi; two books of the Maccabees.<a href="#cite_note-:5-78">[69]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1546) adopted an understanding of the canons of these previous councils as corresponding to its own list of deuterocanonical books: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Of the Old Testament, the five books of Moses, namely, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy; Josue, Judges, Ruth, the four books of Kings [1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings], two of Paralipomenon [1 Chronicles, 2 Chronicles], the first and second of Esdras [Ezra, Nehemiah], Tobias, Judith, Esther, Job, the Davidic Psalter of 150 Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, the Canticle of Canticles [Song of Songs], Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Isaias, Jeremias, with Baruch, Ezechiel, Daniel, the twelve minor Prophets, namely, Osee, Joel, Amos, Abdias, Jonas, Micheas, Nahum, Habacuc, Sophonias, Aggeus, Zacharias, Malachias; two books of Machabees, the first and second.<a href="#cite_note-79">[70]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_Jerome">Influence of Jerome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence of Jerome">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vulgate#Prologues" title="Vulgate">Vulgate § Prologues</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prologus_Galeatus" title="Prologus Galeatus">one of his Vulgate prologues</a> describes a canon which excludes the deuterocanonical books. In these prologues, Jerome mentions all of the deuterocanonical and apocryphal works by name as being apocryphal or "not in the canon" except for <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasses</a> and Baruch. He mentions Baruch by name in his Prologue to Jeremiah<a href="#cite_note-80">[71]</a> and notes that it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews, but does not explicitly call it apocryphal or "not in the canon". The inferior status to which the deuterocanonical books were relegated by authorities like Jerome is seen by some as being due to a rigid conception of canonicity, one demanding that a book, to be entitled to this supreme dignity, must be received by all, must have the sanction of Jewish antiquity, and must moreover be adapted not only to edification, but also to the "confirmation of the doctrine of the Church".<a href="#cite_note-canonOT-4">[3]</a> J. N. D. Kelly states that "Jerome, conscious of the difficulty of arguing with Jews on the basis of books they spurned and anyhow regarding the Hebrew original as authoritative, was adamant that anything not found in it was 'to be classed among the apocrypha', not in the canon; later he grudgingly conceded that the Church read some of these books for edification, but not to support doctrine."<a href="#cite_note-81">[72]</a> Jerome's <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> included the deuterocanonical books as well as apocrypha. Jerome referenced and quoted from some as scripture despite describing them as "not in the canon". Michael Barber asserts that, although Jerome was once suspicious of the apocrypha, he later viewed them as scripture. Barber argues that this is clear from Jerome's epistles; he cites Jerome's letter to <a href="/wiki/Eustochium" title="Eustochium">Eustochium</a>, in which Jerome quotes Sirach 13:2.<a href="#cite_note-82">[73]</a> Elsewhere Jerome apparently also refers to Baruch, the Story of Susannah and Wisdom as scripture.<a href="#cite_note-83">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[76]</a> Henry Barker states that Jerome quotes the Apocrypha with marked respect, and even as "Scripture", giving them an ecclesiastical if not a canonical position and use.<a href="#cite_note-86">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> also wrote introductions to the books of the Apocrypha, and occasionally quoted from some to support an argument.<a href="#cite_note-87">[78]</a> In his prologue to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a>, without using the word canon, Jerome mentioned that Judith was held to be scriptural by the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Among the Hebrews the Book of Judith is found among the <a href="/wiki/Hagiographa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagiographa">Hagiographa</a>. ...But because this book is found by the Nicene Council to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures, I have acquiesced to your request.<a href="#cite_note-88">[79]</a> </blockquote> In his reply to <a href="/wiki/Rufinus_of_Aquileia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufinus of Aquileia">Rufinus</a>, Jerome affirmed that he was consistent with the choice of the church regarding which version of the deuterocanonical portions of Daniel to use, which the Jews of his day did not include: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What sin have I committed in following the judgment of the churches? But when I repeat what the Jews say against the <a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Story of Susanna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Hymn of the Three Children</a>, and the fables of <a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a>, which are not contained in the Hebrew Bible, the man who makes this a charge against me proves himself to be a fool and a slanderer; for I explained not what I thought but what they commonly say against us. (Against Rufinus, II:33 [402 AD])<a href="#cite_note-Schaff27102-89">[80]</a></blockquote> Thus Jerome acknowledged the principle by which the canon would be settled—the judgment of the Church (at least the local churches in this case) rather than his own judgment or the judgment of Jews; though concerning translation of Daniel to Greek, he wondered why one should use the version of a translator whom he regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaizer">judaizer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theodotion" title="Theodotion">Theodotion</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Schaff27102-89">[80]</a> The Vulgate is also important as the touchstone of the canon concerning which parts of books are canonical. When the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> confirmed the books included in the first canon, it qualified the books as being "entire with all their parts, as they have been used to be read in the Catholic Church, and as they are contained in the old Latin vulgate edition".<a href="#cite_note-90">[81]</a> This decree was clarified somewhat by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> on 2 June 1927, who allowed that the <a href="/wiki/Comma_Johanneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma Johanneum">Comma Johanneum</a> was open to dispute.<a href="#cite_note-91">[82]</a> The Council of Trent also ratified the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> Bible as the official Latin version of the Bible for the Roman Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-92">[83]</a> Deuterocanonical and Apocryphal books included in the Latin Vulgate are:<a href="#cite_note-93">[84]</a> <table class="toccolours" cellspacing="0px" style="width:75%; margin:auto; clear:center; text-align:left; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom; font-weight:bold;"> <td style="border-bottom:2px groove #aaa;">Latin name </td> <td style="border-bottom:2px groove #aaa;">English name </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Deuterocanonical Books </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Tobiae</td> <td>Tobit or Tobias </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Judith</td> <td>Judith </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Esther</td> <td>Esther with additions </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Machabaeorum I</td> <td>1 Maccabees </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Machabaeorum II</td> <td>2 Maccabees </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Sapientia</td> <td>Wisdom or Wisdom of Solomon </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Ecclesiasticus</td> <td>Sirach or Ecclesiasticus </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Baruch</td> <td>Baruch included the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jeremiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle of Jeremiah">Epistle of Jeremiah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Daniel</td> <td>Daniel with additions </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Apocryphal Books </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">3 Esdrae</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">4 Esdrae</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Psalmi 151</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Oratio Manasse</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-indent:1em">Epistula Ad Laodicenses</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masoretic_Text">Masoretic Text</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Masoretic Text">edit</a>]</div> The existence of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint_manuscripts" title="Septuagint manuscripts">Septuagint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> versions of the Hebrew scriptures demonstrate that different versions of Judaism used different texts, and it is debated which is closest to the <a href="/wiki/Urtext_(biblical_studies)" title="Urtext (biblical studies)">Urtext</a> (a theoretical "original" text from which all of these emerged). The <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> contain some of the deuterocanonical books, while the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> excludes them. Since the Enlightenment, it was wrongly believed that the Masoretic Text was the "original" Hebrew Bible when this was in fact a medieval version created by the <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretes</a>. The oldest nearly-complete manuscripts of the Old Testament include the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_Graecus_1209" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209">Codex Vaticanus</a> (4th century) and the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> (5th century), while the oldest complete manuscript of the Masoretic text is the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Codex" title="Leningrad Codex">Codex Leningradensis</a> from 1008.<a href="#cite_note-Austin2006-94">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tov2014-95">[86]</a> The Septuagint was the version of the Hebrew Bible from which the early Christians emerged. The Christian Bible contained these deuterocanonical books until Martin Luther, assuming the Masoretic text to be the original, removed them to match this new Jewish canon. Rabbinic Judaism is a newer form of Judaism that created the Masoretic text in part to deter a Christian reading of the Old Testament.<a href="#cite_note-96">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Judaism">In Judaism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Development of the Hebrew Bible canon</a></div> Although there is no scholarly consensus as to when the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew Bible canon</a> was fixed, some scholars hold that the Hebrew canon was established well before the 1st century AD – even as early as the 4th century BC,<a href="#cite_note-98">[89]</a> or by the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a> (140–40 BC).<a href="#cite_note-Philip_R_page_50-99">[90]</a> The canon of modern <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> excludes the deuterocanonical books. Albert J. Sundberg writes that Judaism did not exclude from their scriptures the deuterocanonicals and the additional Greek texts listed here.<a href="#cite_note-100">[91]</a> The Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, which the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian church</a> used as its Old Testament, included all of the deuterocanonical books. The term distinguished these books from both the <a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">protocanonical books</a> (the books of the Hebrew canon) and the biblical apocrypha (books of Jewish origin that were sometimes read in Christian churches as <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">scripture</a> but which were not regarded as canonical).<a href="#cite_note-101">[92]</a> Some commentators see texts from these particular books being paraphrased, referred, or alluded to many times in the New Testament, depending in large measure on what is counted as a reference;<a href="#cite_note-102">[93]</a> other scholars point to a correspondence of thought.<a href="#cite_note-103">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Catholic_Church">In the Catholic Church</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In the Catholic Church">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a></div> The Catholic Church considers that in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> in 382 AD, under the Papacy of <a href="/wiki/Damasus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Damasus I">Damasus I</a>, was defined the complete canon of the Bible, accepting 46 books for the Old Testament, including what the Reformed Churches consider as deuterocanonical books, and 27 books for the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-105">[96]</a> Based in this first canon, Saint <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> compiled and translated the 73 books of the Bible into Latin, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> Bible version, which has been considered during many centuries as one of the official Bible translations of the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-aleteia.org-106">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a> (in 393 AD), followed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (397)">Council of Carthage (397)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(419)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (419)">Council of Carthage (419)</a>, also explicitly accepted the first canon from the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a>. These councils<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[61]</a> were under significant influence of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, who also regarded the Biblical canon as already closed.<a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-72">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[64]</a> The Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1442) confirmed the first canon too,<a href="#cite_note-:5-78">[69]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1546) elevated the first canon to dogma.<a href="#cite_note-aleteia.org-106">[97]</a> Protestant theologian <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a> states that "the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Council of Hippo</a> in 393, and the third (according to another reckoning the sixth) Council of Carthage in 397, under the influence of Augustine, who attended both, fixed the catholic canon of the Holy Scriptures, including the Apocrypha of the Old Testament, ...This decision of the transmarine church, however, was subject to ratification; and the concurrence of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman See">Roman See</a> it received when <a href="/wiki/Innocent_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent I">Innocent I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gelasius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a> (AD 414) repeated the same index of biblical books."<a href="#cite_note-Philip_Schaff-107">[98]</a> Schaff says that this canon remained undisturbed till the 16th century, and was sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> at its fourth session,<a href="#cite_note-Philip_Schaff-107">[98]</a> although as the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> reports, "in the Latin Church, all through the Middle Ages we find evidence of hesitation about the character of the deuterocanonicals. ... Few are found to unequivocally acknowledge their canonicity," but that the countless manuscript copies of the Vulgate produced by these ages, with a slight, probably accidental, exception, uniformly embrace the complete Roman Catholic Old Testament.<a href="#cite_note-canonOT-4">[3]</a> Subsequent research qualifies this latter statement, in that a distinct tradition of large format pandect bibles has been identified as having been promoted by the 11th and 12th century <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">reforming Papacy</a><a href="#cite_note-Van_Liere_99-108">[99]</a> for presentation to monasteries in Italy; and now commonly termed 'Atlantic Bibles' on account of their very great size. While not all these bibles present a consistent reformed Vulgate text, they generally exclude the deuterocanonical books.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Liere_99-108">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Bible" title="Paris Bible">Paris Bible</a> was a new fairly standard format for portable personal Bibles developed by preaching friars in the 13th century; these included the deuterocanonical books but not the previously common apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Book_of_Esdras" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Book of Esdras">Fourth Book of Esdras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baruch">Baruch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Baruch">edit</a>]</div> According to the canon lists of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Laodicea" title="Council of Laodicea">Council of Laodicea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Synod_of_Laodicea_Canon_60-66">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a> (367 AD),<a href="#cite_note-Athanas_of_Alexandria-68">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350 AD),<a href="#cite_note-Cyril_of_Jerusalem-56">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 385 AD),<a href="#cite_note-E.J._Brill-69">[60]</a> the Book of Jeremiah forms a single book together with Baruch, Lamentations and the Letter of Jeremiah (also called Epistle of Jeremiah). In the Old Latin version of the Bible, Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah appear to have been incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a>, and Latin Fathers of the 4th century and earlier always cite their texts as being from that book. However, when Jerome translated Jeremiah afresh from the Hebrew text, which is considerably longer than the Greek Septuagint text and with chapters in a different order, he steadfastly refused to incorporate either Baruch or the Letter of Jeremiah from the Greek.<a href="#cite_note-Bogaert_Baruch-110">[101]</a> In the 9th century these two works were reintroduced into the Vulgate Bibles produced under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Theodulf_of_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodulf of Orleans">Theodulf of Orleans</a>, originally as additional chapters to the Vulgate book of Jeremiah. Subsequently, and especially in the Paris Bibles of the 13th century, they are found together as a single, combined book after <a href="/wiki/Lamentations" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamentations">Lamentations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogaert_Baruch-110">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esdras">Esdras</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Esdras">edit</a>]</div> For the Roman Catholic Church and Protestant Churches, <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">Greek Esdras</a> is now considered apocryphal.<a href="#cite_note-111">[102]</a> The Orthodox Church considers it as canonical. The earlier canonical status of this book in the Western church can be less easy to track, as references to <a href="/wiki/Esdras" title="Esdras">Esdras</a> in canon lists and citations may refer either to this book, or to Greek <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a>, or both together. In the surviving Greek pandect Bibles of the 4th and 5th centuries, Greek Esdras always stands as 'Esdras A' while the Greek translation of the whole of canonical Ezra–Nehemiah stands as 'Esdras B'. The same is found in the surviving witness of the <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Old Latin Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeGregorio-112">[103]</a> When Latin fathers of the early church cite quotations from the biblical 'Book of Ezra' it is overwhelmingly 'First Ezra/Esdras A' to which they refer, as in Augustine 'City of God' 18:36. Citations of the 'Nehemiah' sections of Old Latin Second Ezra/'Esdras B' are much rarer. No Old Latin citations from the 'Ezra' sections of Second Ezra/'Esdras B' are known before <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> in the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-DeGregorio-112">[103]</a> Consequently <a href="/wiki/Edmon_L._Gallagher" title="Edmon L. Gallagher">Gallagher</a> and Meade conclude that "when the ancient canon lists, whether Greek or Latin, mention two books of Esdras, they must have in mind the books known in the LXX and Old Latin as Esdras A and Esdras B; i.e. our 1 Esdras and Ezra-Nehemiah."<a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a> In his prologue to Ezra Jerome refers to four books of Ezra in the Latin tradition. Jerome's first and second Latin books of Ezra are those of the Old Latin Bible - corresponding to <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">Greek Esdras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezra-Nehemiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra-Nehemiah">Ezra-Nehemiah</a> in the Septuagint. These two books he considers each to be a corrupt version of the single Hebrew book of Ezra, so he claims that his Vulgate version of Ezra from the Hebrew replaces both of them. Jerome condemns the third and fourth Latin books of Ezra as apocrypha. His third book must correspond to the <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra</a> while the fourth book is likely to comprise other material from <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">Latin Ezra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[106]</a> From the 9th century, occasional Latin Vulgate manuscripts are found in which Jerome's single Ezra text is split to form the separate books of <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a>. In the Paris Bibles of the 13th century this split has become universal, with Esdras A being reintroduced as '<a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">3 Esdras'</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">Latin Esdras</a> being added as '4 Esdras'.<a href="#cite_note-Bogaert_livres_d'Esdras-116">[107]</a> At the Council of Trent neither '<a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">3 Esdras'</a> nor '<a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">4 Esdras</a>' were accepted as canonical books, but were eventually printed in the section of '<a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>' in the <a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Manasses">Prayer of Manasses</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> in 1546 stated the list of books included in the canon as it had been set out in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[108]</a> In respect to the deuterocanonical books this list conformed with the canon lists of Western synods of the late 4th century, other than including Baruch with the Letter of Jeremiah (Baruch chapter 6) as a single book.<a href="#cite_note-canonOT-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[109]</a> While the majority at Trent supported this decision there were participants in the minority who disagreed with accepting any other than the protocanonical books in the canon. Among the minority, at Trent, were Cardinals <a href="/wiki/Seripando" class="mw-redirect" title="Seripando">Seripando</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a>, the latter an opponent of Luther at Augsburg.<a href="#cite_note-119">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Eastern_Orthodoxy">In Eastern Orthodoxy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In Eastern Orthodoxy">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Churches">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a> have traditionally included all the books of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> in their Old Testaments. The Greeks use the word Anagignoskomena (Ἀναγιγνωσκόμενα, "readable, worthy to be read") to describe the books of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> that are not present in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. When Eastern Orthodox theologians use the term "deuterocanonical", it is important to note that the meaning is not identical to the Roman Catholic usage. In Eastern Orthodox Christianity, deuterocanonical means that a book is part of the corpus of the Old Testament (i.e. is read during the services) but has secondary authority. In other words, deutero (second) applies to authority or witnessing power, whereas in Roman Catholicism, deutero applies to chronology (the fact that these books were confirmed later), not to authority.<a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a> The Eastern Orthodox Churches canon includes the deuterocanonical books accepted by the Catholic Church plus 1 Esdras, 3 Maccabees, Psalm 151, and the Prayer of Manasseh, while Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah are separated.<a href="#cite_note-Kimbrough-123">[114]</a> The Eastern Orthodox synod, the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Synod of Jerusalem</a>, held in 1672 receive as its canon the books found in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Patristic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">liturgical</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Tradition">tradition</a>. The Synod declared the Eastern Orthodox canon as follows: <blockquote>specifically, "The Wisdom of Solomon," "Judith," "Tobit," "The History of the Dragon" [Bel and the Dragon], "The History of Susanna," "The Maccabees," and "The Wisdom of Sirach." For we judge these also to be with the other genuine Books of Divine Scripture genuine parts of Scripture. For ancient custom, or rather the Catholic Church, which has delivered to us as genuine the Sacred Gospels and the other Books of Scripture, has undoubtedly delivered these also as parts of Scripture, and the denial of these is the rejection of those. And if, perhaps, it seems that not always have all of these been considered on the same level as the others, yet nevertheless these also have been counted and reckoned with the rest of Scripture, both by Synods and by many of the most ancient and eminent Theologians of the Universal Church. All of these we also judge to be Canonical Books, and confess them to be Sacred Scripture.<a href="#cite_note-124">[115]</a></blockquote> Other texts printed in Eastern Orthodox Bibles are included as an appendix, which is not the same in all churches; the appendix contains <a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a> in Greek-language bibles, while it contains <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> in Slavonic-language and Russian-language.<a href="#cite_note-Kimbrough-123">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church">In Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon</a></div> In the Bible used by the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Churches</a>, those books of the Old Testament that are still counted as canonical, but which are not agreed upon by all other Churches, are often set in a separate section titled “deuterocanonical” (ዲዩትሮካኖኒካል). The Ethiopian Orthodox Deuterocanon, in addition to the standard set listed above, and with the books of <a href="/wiki/Esdras" title="Esdras">Esdras</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a>, also includes some books that are still held canonical by only the Ethiopian Church, including the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, and the three books of <a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">Meqabyan</a> (which are sometimes wrongly confused with the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">Books of the Maccabees</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Cowley1974-125">[116]</a> The Book of Enoch is unusual as it was quoted in the New Testament. 1 Enoch 1:9 is directly and explicitly quoted in Jude 1:14-15<a href="#cite_note-126">[117]</a> and may be alluded to in Galatians 5:19.<a href="#cite_note-127">[118]</a> It is not part of the canon of any other churches. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Protestantism">In Protestantism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In Protestantism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apocriefe_boeken_Lutherbijbel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Apocriefe_boeken_Lutherbijbel.jpg/300px-Apocriefe_boeken_Lutherbijbel.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Apocriefe_boeken_Lutherbijbel.jpg/450px-Apocriefe_boeken_Lutherbijbel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Apocriefe_boeken_Lutherbijbel.jpg/600px-Apocriefe_boeken_Lutherbijbel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Copies of the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a> include the deuterocanonical books as an intertestamental section between the Old Testament and New Testament; they are termed the "<a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>" in Christian Churches having their origins in the Reformation.</figcaption></figure> For churches which espouse <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a> independent of ecclesiastical authorities or <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Tradition">sacred Tradition</a>, it is necessary and critical to have a clear and complete list of the canonical books.<a href="#cite_note-128">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian church</a> largely relied upon the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> in the canonization of the Christian Bible. In the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> argued that many of the <a href="/wiki/Textus_Receptus" title="Textus Receptus">received texts</a> of the New Testament lacked the authority of the Gospels, and therefore proposed removing a number of books from the New Testament, including <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>. While this proposal was not widely accepted among Protestants, the deuterocanonical books—which had previously been deprecated by Jewish scholars—were moved by Luther into an <a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">intertestamental</a> section of the Bible called the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-LamportKurian2016-130">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a> do not consider these books to be canonical but do consider them worthy of reverence. As such, readings from the Protestant apocrypha are found in the <a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">lectionaries</a> of these churches.<a href="#cite_note-LamportKurian2016-130">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anabaptist_Churches">Anabaptist Churches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anabaptist Churches">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a>, which contains the Apocrypha as intertestamental books, which has much overlap with the Catholic deuterocanonical books; <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> wedding ceremonies include "the retelling of the marriage of Tobias and Sarah in the Apocrypha".<a href="#cite_note-Wesner-132">[123]</a> The fathers of Anabaptism, such as <a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a>, quoted "them [the Apocrypha] with the same authority and nearly the same frequency as books of the Hebrew Bible" and the texts regarding the martyrdoms under Antiochus IV in <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> are held in high esteem by the Anabaptists, who faced persecution in their history.<a href="#cite_note-deSilva2018-133">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglican_Communion">Anglican Communion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Anglican Communion">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a> of Religion of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> lists the deuterocanonical books as suitable to be read for "example of life and instruction of manners, but yet doth not apply them to establish any doctrine".<a href="#cite_note-134">[125]</a> The early lectionaries of the Anglican Church (as included in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> of 1662) included the deuterocanonical books amongst the cycle of readings, and passages from them were used regularly in services (such as the Kyrie Pantokrator<a href="#cite_note-135">[126]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Benedicite" title="Benedicite">Benedicite</a>).<a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> Readings from the deuterocanonical books are now included in many modern lectionaries in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Common_Lectionary" title="Revised Common Lectionary">Revised Common Lectionary</a> (in turn based on the post-conciliar Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">lectionary</a>), though alternative readings from protocanonical books are also provided.<a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a> There is a great deal of overlap between the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> section of the original 1611 <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> and the Catholic deuterocanon, but the two are distinct. The Apocrypha section of the original 1611 King James Bible includes, in addition to the deuterocanonical books, the following three books, which were not included in the list of the canonical books by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>:<a href="#cite_note-138">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[130]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> 3 Esdras)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> (Vulgate 4 Esdras)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li></ul> These books make up the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha#Clementine_Vulgate" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/Clementine_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine Vulgate">Clementine Vulgate</a>: <a href="/wiki/3_Esdras" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Esdras">3 Esdras</a> (a.k.a. 1 Esdras); <a href="/wiki/4_Esdras" class="mw-redirect" title="4 Esdras">4 Esdras</a> (a.k.a. 2 Esdras); and the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a>, where they are specifically described as "outside of the series of the canon". The 1609 <a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douai Bible</a> includes them in an appendix, but they have not been included in English Catholic Bibles since the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Challoner" title="Richard Challoner">Challoner</a> revision of the Douai Bible in 1750. Using the word apocrypha (Greek: "hidden away") to describe texts, although not necessarily pejorative, implies that the writings in question should not be included in the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">Bible</a>. This classification commingles them with certain non-canonical <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a>. The Society of Biblical Literature recommends the use of the term deuterocanonical books instead of Apocrypha in academic writing.<a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheran_Churches">Lutheran Churches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lutheran Churches">edit</a>]</div> Luther termed the deuterocanonical books "Apocrypha, that is, books which are not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures, but are useful and good to read."<a href="#cite_note-Fallows1910-141">[132]</a> These are included in copies of the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a> as intertestamental books between the Old Testament and New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-Fallows1910-141">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodist_Churches_and_Moravian_Churches">Methodist Churches and Moravian Churches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Methodist Churches and Moravian Churches">edit</a>]</div> The first <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> liturgical book, <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists</a>, employs verses from the deuterocanonical books, such as in the Eucharistic liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Revised_Common_Lectionary" title="Revised Common Lectionary">Revised Common Lectionary</a>, in use by most mainline Protestants including Methodists and Moravians, lists readings from the deuterocanonical books in the liturgical <a href="/wiki/Kalendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalendar">kalendar</a>, although alternate Old Testament <a href="/wiki/Scripture_lesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture lesson">scripture lessons</a> are provided.<a href="#cite_note-143">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presbyterian_Churches">Presbyterian Churches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Presbyterian Churches">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> document that serves as a systematic summary of doctrine for the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> Churches worldwide, recognizes only the sixty-six books of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon#Canons_of_various_Christian_traditions" title="Biblical canon">Protestant canon</a> as authentic scripture. Chapter 1, Article 3 of the Confession reads: "The books commonly called Apocrypha, not being of divine inspiration, are no part of the Canon of Scripture; and therefore are of no authority in the Church of God, nor to be any otherwise approved, or made use of, than other human writings."<a href="#cite_note-144">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformed_Churches">Reformed Churches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reformed Churches">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession" title="Belgic Confession">Belgic Confession</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed churches</a>, devotes a section (Article 6) to "the difference between the canonical and apocryphal books" and says of them: "All which the Church may read and take instruction from, so far as they agree with the canonical books; but they are far from having such power and efficacy as that we may from their testimony confirm any point of faith or of the Christian religion; much less to detract from the authority of the other sacred books."<a href="#cite_note-145">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Testament_deuterocanonicals">New Testament deuterocanonicals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: New Testament deuterocanonicals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a></div> The term deuterocanonical is sometimes used to describe the canonical <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">antilegomena</a>, those books of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> which, like the deuterocanonicals of the Old Testament, were not universally accepted by the early Church. The antilegomena or "disputed writings" were widely read in the Early Church and include: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">Second Epistle of John</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">Third Epistle of John</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a></li> <li>Ancient Canon Lists<a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> From <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Latin language">Medieval Latin</a>: deutero-canonicus, of 'deutero' (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: δεύτερος, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'second') + 'canonical' (Medieval Latin: canonicalis, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'pertaining to Biblical canon', from Ancient Greek: κανών, romanized: kanṓn, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'rod, pole, bar' </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <ul><li>Fulfillment of Mordecai's Dream (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a> 10:4–13)</li> <li>Interpretation of Mordecai's Dream (<a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> Esther 11)</li> <li>Conspiracy of the Two Eunuchs (Vulgate Esther 12)</li> <li>Letter of Aman and the Prayer of Mordecai to the Jews (Vulgate Esther 13)</li> <li>The Prayer of Esther (Vulgate Esther 14)</li> <li>Esther Comes into the King's Presence (Vulgate Esther 15)</li> <li>Letter of King Artaxerxes (Vulgate Esther 16)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" title="Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children</a> (<a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> 3:24–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna and the Elders</a> (Septuagint prologue, Vulgate Daniel 13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a> (Septuagint epilogue, Vulgate Daniel 14)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-include-31"><a href="#cite_ref-include_31-0">^</a> Commonly cited include: (1) <a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a>, who went east, to Palestine, and recorded the canon he found being used in the synagogues, as recorded in Eusebius' Church History, 4.26.13–14; (2) <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>; (3) <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Laodicea" title="Council of Laodicea">Council of Laodicea</a>; (4) <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> residing in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-council-35"><a href="#cite_ref-council_35-0">^</a> e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (397)">Council of Carthage (397)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gelasian_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelasian decree">Gelasian decree</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSS-37"><a href="#cite_ref-DSS_37-0">^</a> See in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/search#q=composition_type_parent_en:'Apocrypha'">"The Dead Sea Scrolls – Browse Manuscripts – Apocrypha"</a>. The Dead Sea Scrolls – Browse Manuscripts. Retrieved 20 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+%E2%80%93+Browse+Manuscripts&rft.atitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+%E2%80%93+Browse+Manuscripts+%E2%80%93+Apocrypha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deadseascrolls.org.il%2Fexplore-the-archive%2Fsearch%23q%3Dcomposition_type_parent_en%3A%27Apocrypha%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Τωβείτ-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Τωβείτ_42-0">^</a> Also called Τωβείτ or Τωβίθ in some sources. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tōbeit-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Tōbeit_43-0">^</a> Also called Tōbeit or Tōbith </li> <li id="cite_note-canon-44"><a href="#cite_ref-canon_44-0">^</a> The canon of the original Old Greek LXX is disputed. Eastern Orthodox Churches consider some of the following books as deuterocanonical. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1989" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, John A., ed. (1989). The Oxford English dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861186-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861186-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Pr&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861186-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanneh2016" class="citation cs2">Sanneh, Lamin (3 May 2016), Sanneh, Lamin; McClymond, Michael J. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118556115.ch21">"Bible Translation, Culture, and Religion"</a>, The Wiley Blackwell Companion to World Christianity (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 263–281, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118556115.ch21">10.1002/9781118556115.ch21</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5376-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5376-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-5376-8</bdi></a>, retrieved 27 April 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+World+Christianity&rft.atitle=Bible+Translation%2C+Culture%2C+and+Religion&rft.pages=263-281&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118556115.ch21&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5376-8&rft.aulast=Sanneh&rft.aufirst=Lamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118556115.ch21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canonOT-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canonOT_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canonOT_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canonOT_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canonOT_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canonOT_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canonOT_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canonOT_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canonOT_4-7">h</a> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03267a.htm">"Canon of the Old Testament"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03267a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> "The protocanonical books of the Old Testament correspond with those of the Bible of the Hebrews, and the Old Testament as received by Protestants. The deuterocanonical (deuteros, "second") are those whose Scriptural character was contested in some quarters, but which long ago gained a secure footing in the Bible of the Catholic Church, though those of the Old Testament are classed by Protestants as the "Apocrypha". These consist of seven books: Tobias, Judith, Baruch, Ecclesiasticus, Wisdom, First and Second Maccabees; also certain additions to Esther and Daniel."<a href="#cite_note-canonOT-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone2013" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone, E. A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AMdQCgAAQBAJ&q=They+date+from+the+period+300+BC%E2%80%93AD+100+approximately%2C+and+mostly+from+200+BC%E2%80%93AD+70%2C+i.e.+before+the+definite+separation+of+the+Church+from+Judaism.&pg=PA29">The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-107896-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-107896-5"><bdi>978-0-19-107896-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-107896-5&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMdQCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DThey%2Bdate%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bperiod%2B300%2BBC%25E2%2580%2593AD%2B100%2Bapproximately%252C%2Band%2Bmostly%2Bfrom%2B200%2BBC%25E2%2580%2593AD%2B70%252C%2Bi.e.%2Bbefore%2Bthe%2Bdefinite%2Bseparation%2Bof%2Bthe%2BChurch%2Bfrom%2BJudaism.%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalstandardbible.com/A/apocrypha.html">"Apocrypha"</a>. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia+Online&rft.atitle=Apocrypha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalstandardbible.com%2FA%2Fapocrypha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleason_L.1974" class="citation book cs1">Gleason L., Archer Jr. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-8PYAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Sinaiticus+(Aleph)+omits+Baruch+%22A+Survey+of+Old+Testament+Introduction">A Survey of Old Testament Introduction</a>. Chicago: Moody Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802484468" title="Special:BookSources/9780802484468"><bdi>9780802484468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Old+Testament+Introduction&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Moody+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780802484468&rft.aulast=Gleason+L.&rft.aufirst=Archer+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-8PYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BSinaiticus%2B%28Aleph%29%2Bomits%2BBaruch%2B%2522A%2BSurvey%2Bof%2BOld%2BTestament%2BIntroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ">The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone1997" class="citation book cs1">Cross, F. L. (Frank Leslie); Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late">The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church</a>. Internet Archive. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 1062. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211655-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211655-0"><bdi>978-0-19-211655-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=1062&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-211655-0&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=F.+L.+%28Frank+Leslie%29&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00late&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tertullian.org-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tertullian.org_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tertullian.org_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/decretum_eng.htm">"Tertullian: Decretum Gelasianum (English translation)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tertullian%3A+Decretum+Gelasianum+%28English+translation%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Fdecretum_eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2018" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D.; et al., eds. (2018). "The Canons of the Bible". The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version: An Ecumenical Study Bible (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1839, 1841. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027605-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027605-8"><bdi>978-0-19-027605-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032375119">1032375119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Canons+of+the+Bible&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible%3A+New+Revised+Standard+Version%3A+An+Ecumenical+Study+Bible&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1839%2C+1841&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1032375119&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027605-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeremiah-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jeremiah_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeremiah_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica2020" class="citation web cs1">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (8 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Letter-of-Jeremiah">"The Letter of Jeremiah"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Letter+of+Jeremiah&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft.au=The+Editors+of+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-Letter-of-Jeremiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charlesworth-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth_16-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth_16-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth2010" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RU77ekrD_vIC&pg=PA625">The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha</a>. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. p. 510–512, 532–534, 625–627. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598564907" title="Special:BookSources/9781598564907"><bdi>9781598564907</bdi></a>. 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James Carleton Paget; Joachim Schaper (eds.). New Cambridge History of the Bible. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 505–526.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=505-526&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bogaert&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> J.N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Stuart G. Hall, Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abegg-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abegg_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abegg_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abegg_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbeggFlintUlrich1999" class="citation book cs1">Abegg, Martin; Flint, Peter; Ulrich, Eugene (1999). The Dead Sea Scroll Bible. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060600648" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060600648"><bdi>978-0060600648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scroll+Bible&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0060600648&rft.aulast=Abegg&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Flint%2C+Peter&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Lena Cansdale 1997, Qumran and the Essenes pp. 14 ff. cites Rengstorf 1963, Golb 1980, and several others, as well as detractors of this theory. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZukeran2011" class="citation book cs1">Zukeran, Patrick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BWZIHreuvnAC&q=eleven+caves+discovered+1%2C100&pg=PA143">Unless I See ... Is There Enough Evidence to Believe?</a>. CrossBooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1462706204" title="Special:BookSources/978-1462706204"><bdi>978-1462706204</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unless+I+See+...+Is+There+Enough+Evidence+to+Believe%3F&rft.pub=CrossBooks&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1462706204&rft.aulast=Zukeran&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBWZIHreuvnAC%26q%3Deleven%2Bcaves%2Bdiscovered%2B1%252C100%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Jobes_and_Silva-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Jobes_and_Silva_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_H._Jobes_and_Moises_Silva2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_H._Jobes" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen H. Jobes">Karen H. Jobes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moises_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Moises Silva">Moises Silva</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OysSAQAAIAAJ">Invitation to the Septuagint</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paternoster_Press" title="Paternoster Press">Paternoster Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1842270613" title="Special:BookSources/1842270613"><bdi>1842270613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invitation+to+the+Septuagint&rft.pub=Paternoster+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1842270613&rft.au=Karen+H.+Jobes+and+Moises+Silva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOysSAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLay-41"><a href="#cite_ref-McLay_41-0">^</a> Timothy McLay, The Use of the Septuagint in New Testament Research <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802860915" title="Special:BookSources/0802860915">0802860915</a>.—The current standard introduction on the NT & LXX. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVassiliadis" class="citation web cs1">Vassiliadis, Petros. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.auth.gr/~pv/inspiration.htm">"Inspiration, Canon and Authority of Scripture: An Orthodox Hermeneutical Perspective"</a>. users.auth.gr. Retrieved 20 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=users.auth.gr&rft.atitle=Inspiration%2C+Canon+and+Authority+of+Scripture%3A+An+Orthodox+Hermeneutical+Perspective&rft.aulast=Vassiliadis&rft.aufirst=Petros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.auth.gr%2F~pv%2Finspiration.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1992" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, E. E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=978VyfpZy7YC&q=E.+E.+Ellis%2C+The+Old+Testament+in+Early+Christianity&pg=PA78">The Old Testament in Early Christianity</a>. Baker. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3161456602" title="Special:BookSources/978-3161456602"><bdi>978-3161456602</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+in+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3161456602&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D978VyfpZy7YC%26q%3DE.%2BE.%2BEllis%252C%2BThe%2BOld%2BTestament%2Bin%2BEarly%2BChristianity%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengel2004" class="citation book cs1">Hengel, Martin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LUmGZ0NiweAC&q=wishes+to+be+a+Christian+book">The Septuagint as Christian Scripture</a>. Baker. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567082879" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567082879"><bdi>978-0567082879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Septuagint+as+Christian+Scripture&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0567082879&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLUmGZ0NiweAC%26q%3Dwishes%2Bto%2Bbe%2Ba%2BChristian%2Bbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Beckwith" title="Roger T. Beckwith">Beckwith, Roger</a> (1986). The Old Testament Canon of the New Testament Church. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. p. 382.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+Canon+of+the+New+Testament+Church&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akin-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Akin_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Akin" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Akin" title="Jimmy Akin">James Akin</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108215933/https://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/DEUTEROS.HTM">Defending the Deuterocanonicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/DEUTEROS.HTM">the original</a> on 8 January 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+the+Deuterocanonicals&rft.pub=EWTN&rft.au=James+Akin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FANSWERS%2FDEUTEROS.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopanLitwak2014" class="citation book cs1">Copan, Paul; Litwak, Kenneth D. (2014). The Gospel in the Marketplace of Ideas Paulþs Mars Hill Experience for Our Pluralistic World. Intervarsity Pr. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830840434" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830840434"><bdi>978-0830840434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+in+the+Marketplace+of+Ideas+Paul%C3%BEs+Mars+Hill+Experience+for+Our+Pluralistic+World&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Intervarsity+Pr&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0830840434&rft.aulast=Copan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Litwak%2C+Kenneth+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/Against_Apion" title="Against Apion">Against Apion</a>, I, 8: "We have not 10,000 books among us, disagreeing with and contradicting one another, but only twenty-two books which contain the records of all time, and are justly believed to be divine." These 22 books make up the canon of the Hebrew Bible. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/athanasius.html">"Athanasius on the Canon of Scripture"</a>. bible-researcher.com. Retrieved 8 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bible-researcher.com&rft.atitle=Athanasius+on+the+Canon+of+Scripture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Fathanasius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius_of_Caesarea" class="citation book cs1">Eusebius of Caesarea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250106.htm">Ecclesiastical History Book 6 Chapter 25:1–2</a>. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+Book+6+Chapter+25%3A1%E2%80%932&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.au=Eusebius+of+Caesarea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250106.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250104.htm">"Church Fathers: Church History, Book IV (Eusebius)"</a>. Newadvent.org. Retrieved 10 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+Fathers%3A+Church+History%2C+Book+IV+%28Eusebius%29&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250104.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/alexander_a/canon.iii.iii.html">"Canon of the Old and New Testaments Ascertained, or The Bible Complete without the Apocrypha and Unwritten Traditions. – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. Ccel.org. 15 November 2006. Retrieved 11 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canon+of+the+Old+and+New+Testaments+Ascertained%2C+or+The+Bible+Complete+without+the+Apocrypha+and+Unwritten+Traditions.+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.pub=Ccel.org&rft.date=2006-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Falexander_a%2Fcanon.iii.iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyril_of_Jerusalem-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyril_of_Jerusalem_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyril_of_Jerusalem_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyril_of_Jerusalem_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyril_of_Jerusalem_56-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyril_of_Jerusalem" class="citation book cs1">Cyril of Jerusalem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/310104.htm">Catechetical Lecture 4 Chapter 35</a>. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechetical+Lecture+4+Chapter+35&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.au=Cyril+of+Jerusalem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F310104.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.xxv.iii.iii.xxv.html">"NPNF2-04. Athanasius: Select Works and Letters – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. ccel.org. Retrieved 8 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccel.org&rft.atitle=NPNF2-04.+Athanasius%3A+Select+Works+and+Letters+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf204.xxv.iii.iii.xxv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1987" class="citation book cs1">Williams, translated by Frank (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906041916/http://www.masseiana.org/panarion_bk1.htm">The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis 8:6:1–3</a> (2. impression. ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004079262" title="Special:BookSources/9004079262"><bdi>9004079262</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masseiana.org/panarion_bk1.htm">the original</a> on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panarion+of+Epiphanius+of+Salamis+8%3A6%3A1%E2%80%933&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=2.+impression.&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9004079262&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=translated+by+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masseiana.org%2Fpanarion_bk1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo" class="citation book cs1">Augustine of Hippo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/12022.htm">On Christian Doctrine Book II Chapter 8:2</a>. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Christian+Doctrine+Book+II+Chapter+8%3A2&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F12022.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rufinus_of_Aquileia-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rufinus_of_Aquileia_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rufinus_of_Aquileia_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRufinus_of_Aquileia" class="citation book cs1">Rufinus of Aquileia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2711.htm">Commentary on the Apostles' Creed #38</a>. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+Apostles%27+Creed+%2338&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.au=Rufinus+of+Aquileia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F2711.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>Rufinus, A Commentary on the Apostle's Creed; in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Philip Schaff, The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 3, (NPNF2-03) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf203/npnf203.vi.xiii.vi.html">Theodoret, Jerome, Gennadius, & Rufinus: Historical Writings</a>, p. 545 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestcott2005" class="citation book cs1">Westcott, Brooke Foss (2005). A general survey of the history of the canon of the New Testament (6th ed.). Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. p. 570. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1597522392" title="Special:BookSources/1597522392"><bdi>1597522392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+general+survey+of+the+history+of+the+canon+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pages=570&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1597522392&rft.aulast=Westcott&rft.aufirst=Brooke+Foss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/innocent.html">"According to Augustine, five books were sometimes ascribed to Solomon: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, and Ecclesiasticus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=According+to+Augustine%2C+five+books+were+sometimes+ascribed+to+Solomon%3A+Proverbs%2C+Ecclesiastes%2C+Song+of+Songs%2C+Wisdom+of+Solomon%2C+and+Ecclesiasticus.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Finnocent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Innocent-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Innocent_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/innocent.html">Innocent I</a>, Bible Research</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innocent+I&rft.pub=Bible+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Finnocent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLietzmann" class="citation book cs1">Lietzmann, Hans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/muratorian.html">Muratorian fragment</a>. Retrieved 14 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muratorian+fragment&rft.aulast=Lietzmann&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Fmuratorian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Synod_of_Laodicea_Canon_60-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Synod_of_Laodicea_Canon_60_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Synod_of_Laodicea_Canon_60_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Synod_of_Laodicea_Canon_60_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Synod_of_Laodicea_Canon_60_66-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3806.htm">Synod of Laodicea Canon 60</a>. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synod+of+Laodicea+Canon+60&rft.pub=newadvent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3806.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherMeade2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmon_L._Gallagher" title="Edmon L. Gallagher">Gallagher, Edmon L.</a>; Meade, John.D. (2017). The Biblical Canon Lists of Early Christianity. OUP. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Canon+Lists+of+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Edmon+L.&rft.au=Meade%2C+John.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Athanas_of_Alexandria-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Athanas_of_Alexandria_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Athanas_of_Alexandria_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Athanas_of_Alexandria_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthanas_of_Alexandria" class="citation book cs1">Athanas of Alexandria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2806039.htm">Church Fathers: Letter 39 (Athanasius)</a>. newadvent. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+Fathers%3A+Letter+39+%28Athanasius%29&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.au=Athanas+of+Alexandria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F2806039.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-E.J._Brill-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E.J._Brill_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E.J._Brill_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E.J._Brill_69-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906041916/http://www.masseiana.org/panarion_bk1.htm">The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis 8:6:1-3</a>. Translated by Williams, Frank (2. impression. ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1987. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004079262" title="Special:BookSources/9004079262"><bdi>9004079262</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masseiana.org/panarion_bk1.htm">the original</a> on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panarion+of+Epiphanius+of+Salamis+8%3A6%3A1-3&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=2.+impression.&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9004079262&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masseiana.org%2Fpanarion_bk1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-1">b</a> McDonald & Sanders, editors of The Canon Debate, 2002, chapter 5: The Septuagint: The Bible of Hellenistic Judaism by Albert C. Sundberg Jr., p. 72, Appendix D-2, note 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-1">b</a> Everett Ferguson, "Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon," in The Canon Debate. eds. L. M. McDonald & J. A. Sanders (Hendrickson, 2002) p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_72-1">b</a> F. F. Bruce (1988), The Canon of Scripture. Intervarsity Press, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_73-1">b</a> Augustine, De Civitate Dei 22.8 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxv.html">"Canon XXIV. (Greek xxvii.)"</a>, The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage, Christian Classics Ethereal Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+XXIV.+%28Greek+xxvii.%29&rft.btitle=The+Canons+of+the+217+Blessed+Fathers+who+assembled+at+Carthage&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> B.F. Westcott, A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament (5th ed. Edinburgh, 1881), pp. 440, 541–542. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3816.htm">"Church Fathers: Council of Carthage (A.D. 419)"</a>. newadvent.org. Retrieved 8 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Church+Fathers%3A+Council+of+Carthage+%28A.D.+419%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3816.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_in_Trullo" class="citation book cs1">Council in Trullo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3820.htm">The Apostolic Canons. Canon 85</a>. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostolic+Canons.+Canon+85&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.au=Council+in+Trullo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3820.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103203301/https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM">"Eccumenical Council of Florence and Council of Basel"</a>. ewtn.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM">the original</a> on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ewtn.com&rft.atitle=Eccumenical+Council+of+Florence+and+Council+of+Basel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FCOUNCILS%2FFLORENCE.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103192157/https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TRENT4.htm">"Paul III  Council of Trent-4"</a>. ewtn.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TRENT4.htm">the original</a> on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ewtn.com&rft.atitle=Paul+III+Council+of+Trent-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FCOUNCILS%2FTRENT4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgecomb2006" class="citation web cs1">Edgecomb, Kevin P. (14 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002043/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233">"Jerome's Prologue to Jeremiah"</a>. Biblicalia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233">the original</a> on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblicalia&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Prologue+to+Jeremiah&rft.date=2006-08-14&rft.aulast=Edgecomb&rft.aufirst=Kevin+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1960" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, J. N. D. (1960). Early Christian Doctrines. San Francisco: Harper. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Doctrines&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=J.+N.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2006" class="citation web cs1">Barber, Michael (6 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091207064640/http://www.thesacredpage.com/2006/03/loose-canons-development-of-old_06.html">"Loose Canons: The Development of the Old Testament (Part 2)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesacredpage.com/2006/03/loose-canons-development-of-old_06.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loose+Canons%3A+The+Development+of+the+Old+Testament+%28Part+2%29&rft.date=2006-03-06&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesacredpage.com%2F2006%2F03%2Floose-canons-development-of-old_06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Jerome, To Paulinus, Epistle 58 (A.D. 395), in NPNF2, VI:119.: "Do not, my dearest brother, estimate my worth by the number of my years. Gray hairs are not wisdom; it is wisdom which is as good as gray hairs At least that is what Solomon says: 'wisdom is the gray hair unto men.' [Wisdom 4:9]" Moses too in choosing the seventy elders is told to take those whom he knows to be elders indeed, and to select them not for their years but for their discretion [Num. 11:16]? And, as a boy, Daniel judges old men and in the flower of youth condemns the incontinence of age [Daniel 13:55–59 aka Story of Susannah 55–59]" </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Jerome, To Oceanus, Epistle 77:4 (A.D. 399), in NPNF2, VI:159.: "I would cite the words of the psalmist: 'the sacrifices of God are a broken spirit,' [Ps 51:17] and those of Ezekiel 'I prefer the repentance of a sinner rather than his death,' [Ez 18:23] and those of Baruch, 'Arise, arise, O Jerusalem,' [Baruch 5:5] and many other proclamations made by the trumpets of the Prophets." </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Jerome, Letter 51, 6, 7, NPNF2, VI:87–8: "For in the book of Wisdom, which is inscribed with his name, Solomon says: 'God created man to be immortal, and made him to be an image of his own eternity.' [Wisdom 2:23]...Instead of the three proofs from Holy Scripture which you said would satisfy you if I could produce them, behold I have given you seven" </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2010" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Henry (21 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tRk7FHkAuEAC&q=jerome+quotes++the+apocrypha+++++&pg=PA33">English Bible Versions</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108024549" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108024549"><bdi>978-1108024549</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Bible+Versions&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-10-21&rft.isbn=978-1108024549&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtRk7FHkAuEAC%26q%3Djerome%2Bquotes%2B%2Bthe%2Bapocrypha%2B%2B%2B%2B%2B%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerrell2013" class="citation book cs1">Werrell, Ralph S. (29 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kaAABAAAQBAJ&q=luther+quotes+from+apocrypha+but+they+did+not+consider+scripture">The Roots of William Tyndale's Theology</a> (paperback ed.). James Clarke & Co. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0227174029" title="Special:BookSources/978-0227174029"><bdi>978-0227174029</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+William+Tyndale%27s+Theology&rft.pages=57&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft.isbn=978-0227174029&rft.aulast=Werrell&rft.aufirst=Ralph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkaAABAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dluther%2Bquotes%2Bfrom%2Bapocrypha%2Bbut%2Bthey%2Bdid%2Bnot%2Bconsider%2Bscripture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgecomb2006" class="citation web cs1">Edgecomb, Kevin P. (5 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210033913/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/jeromes-prologue-to-judith/">"Jerome's Prologue to Judith"</a>. Biblicalia. 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Retrieved 13 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblicalia&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+Prologue+to+Judith&rft.date=2006-08-05&rft.aulast=Edgecomb&rft.aufirst=Kevin+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bombaxo.com%2Fblog%2Fjeromes-prologue-to-judith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaff27102-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff27102_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff27102_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome" class="citation cs2">Jerome, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/27102.htm">"Apology Against Rufinus (Book II)"</a>, in Philip Schaff, Henry Wace (ed.), Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 3 (1892 ed.), Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co. (retrieved from New Advent)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apology+Against+Rufinus+%28Book+II%29&rft.btitle=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%2C+Second+Series&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.edition=1892&rft.pub=Christian+Literature+Publishing+Co.+%28retrieved+from+New+Advent%29&rft.au=Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F27102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/trent1.html">Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, The Fourth Session</a>, 1546. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patristica.net/denzinger/#n2100">"Denzinger – English translation, older numbering"</a>. patristica.net. Retrieved 11 March 2020. <q>2198 [...] "This decree [of January 13, 1897] was passed to check the audacity of private teachers who attributed to themselves the right either of rejecting entirely the authenticity of the Johannine comma, or at least of calling it into question by their own final judgment. But it was not meant at all to prevent Catholic writers from investigating the subject more fully and, after weighing the arguments accurately on both sides, with that and temperance which the gravity of the subject requires, from inclining toward an opinion in opposition to its authenticity, provided they professed that they were ready to abide by the judgment of the Church, to which the duty was delegated by Jesus Christ not only of interpreting Holy Scripture but also of guarding it faithfully."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=patristica.net&rft.atitle=Denzinger+%E2%80%93+English+translation%2C+older+numbering&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatristica.net%2Fdenzinger%2F%23n2100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecounciloftrent.com/ch4.htm">"The Council of Trent – Session 4"</a>. thecounciloftrent.com. Retrieved 8 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thecounciloftrent.com&rft.atitle=The+Council+of+Trent+%E2%80%93+Session+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecounciloftrent.com%2Fch4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome" class="citation book cs1">Jerome. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vulgate.org/">Vulgate Latin Bible With English Translation</a>. Retrieved 11 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vulgate+Latin+Bible+With+English+Translation&rft.au=Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvulgate.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austin2006-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Austin2006_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustinCoudertShoulson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Austin, Kenneth; Coudert, Allison P.; Shoulson, Jeffrey S. (2006). "Hebraica Veritas? Christian Hebraists and the Study of Judaism in Early Modern Europe". The Sixteenth Century Journal. 37 (2): 630. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20477972">10.2307/20477972</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20477972">20477972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=Hebraica+Veritas%3F+Christian+Hebraists+and+the+Study+of+Judaism+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=630&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20477972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20477972%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Coudert%2C+Allison+P.&rft.au=Shoulson%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tov2014-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Tov2014_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTov2014" class="citation book cs1">Tov, Emanuel (2014). "The Myth of the Stabilization of the Text of Hebrew Scripture". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666550645.37">The Text of the Hebrew Bible</a>. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 37–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13109%2F9783666550645.37">10.13109/9783666550645.37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55064-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55064-9"><bdi>978-3-525-55064-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+the+Stabilization+of+the+Text+of+Hebrew+Scripture&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pages=37-46&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13109%2F9783666550645.37&rft.isbn=978-3-525-55064-9&rft.aulast=Tov&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.13109%2F9783666550645.37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustinCoudertShoulson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Austin, Kenneth; Coudert, Allison P.; Shoulson, Jeffrey S. (1 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20477972">"Hebraica Veritas? Christian Hebraists and the Study of Judaism in Early Modern Europe"</a>. The Sixteenth Century Journal. 37 (2): 630. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20477972">10.2307/20477972</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-0160">0361-0160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20477972">20477972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=Hebraica+Veritas%3F+Christian+Hebraists+and+the+Study+of+Judaism+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=630&rft.date=2006-07-01&rft.issn=0361-0160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20477972%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20477972&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Coudert%2C+Allison+P.&rft.au=Shoulson%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F20477972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTov2014" class="citation cs2">Tov, Emanuel (19 January 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666550645.37">"The Myth of the Stabilization of the Text of Hebrew Scripture"</a>, The Text of the Hebrew Bible, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 37–46, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13109%2F9783666550645.37">10.13109/9783666550645.37</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55064-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55064-9"><bdi>978-3-525-55064-9</bdi></a>, retrieved 2 September 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Text+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+the+Stabilization+of+the+Text+of+Hebrew+Scripture&rft.pages=37-46&rft.date=2014-01-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13109%2F9783666550645.37&rft.isbn=978-3-525-55064-9&rft.aulast=Tov&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.13109%2F9783666550645.37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsAnderson2002" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Jimmy; Anderson, Kerby (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VQnZpoq4vgC&q=f.f+bruce+Apocrypha++book+separate+i+section&pg=PA120">Evidence, Answers, and Christian Faith: Probing the Headlines</a>. Kregel Publications. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780825420351" title="Special:BookSources/9780825420351"><bdi>9780825420351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evidence%2C+Answers%2C+and+Christian+Faith%3A+Probing+the+Headlines&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780825420351&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Kerby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VQnZpoq4vgC%26q%3Df.f%2Bbruce%2BApocrypha%2B%2Bbook%2Bseparate%2Bi%2Bsection%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philip_R_page_50-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Philip_R_page_50_99-0">^</a> Philip R. Davies in The Canon Debate, page 50: "With many other scholars, I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was almost certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty." </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://department.monm.edu/classics/Speel_Festschrift/sundbergJr.htm">"Sundberg: Old Testament of the Early Church"</a>. department.monm.edu. Retrieved 30 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=department.monm.edu&rft.atitle=Sundberg%3A+Old+Testament+of+the+Early+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepartment.monm.edu%2Fclassics%2FSpeel_Festschrift%2FsundbergJr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogaert2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Maurice_Bogaert" title="Pierre-Maurice Bogaert">Bogaert, Pierre Maurice</a> (2012). "The Latin Bible. c 600 to c. 900". In Richard Marsden; E. Ann Matter (eds.). New Cambridge History of the Bible; Vol II. Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Latin+Bible.+c+600+to+c.+900&rft.btitle=New+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible%3B+Vol+II&rft.pages=69-92&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bogaert&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkin2012" class="citation web cs1">Akin, James (10 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jimmyakin.com/deuterocanonical-references-in-the-new-testament">"Deuterocanonical References in the New Testament"</a>. Jimmy Akin. 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W. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Bible/Text/Canon/ethiopican.html">"The Biblical Canon Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today"</a>. Ostkirchliche Studien. 23: 318–323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ostkirchliche+Studien&rft.atitle=The+Biblical+Canon+Of+The+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Church+Today&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=318-323&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Cowley&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2FBible%2FText%2FCanon%2Fethiopican.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibleserver.com/NIV/Jude14-15">"Jude 1:14-15 | New International Version"</a>. www.bibleserver.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bibleserver.com&rft.atitle=Jude+1%3A14-15+%7C+New+International+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibleserver.com%2FNIV%2FJude14-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intertextual.bible/text/1-enoch-1.9-galatians-5.1">"Intertextual Bible"</a>. Intertextual Bible.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intertextual+Bible&rft.atitle=Intertextual+Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintertextual.bible%2Ftext%2F1-enoch-1.9-galatians-5.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2012" class="citation web cs1">Wallace, Daniel B. (18 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://danielbwallace.com/2012/03/18/the-problem-with-protestant-ecclesiology/">"The Problem with Protestant Ecclesiology"</a>. Daniel B. Wallace.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daniel+B.+Wallace&rft.atitle=The+Problem+with+Protestant+Ecclesiology&rft.date=2012-03-18&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Daniel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdanielbwallace.com%2F2012%2F03%2F18%2Fthe-problem-with-protestant-ecclesiology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Nijay K. (2012). "Jesus and Scripture: Studying the New Testament Use of the Old Testament". Religious Studies Review. 38 (3): 171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-0922.2012.01624_26.x">10.1111/j.1748-0922.2012.01624_26.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Jesus+and+Scripture%3A+Studying+the+New+Testament+Use+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=171&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1748-0922.2012.01624_26.x&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Nijay+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LamportKurian2016-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LamportKurian2016_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LamportKurian2016_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurianLamport2016" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, George Thomas; Lamport, Mark A. (10 November 2016). Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4432-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-4432-0</bdi></a>. <q>Luther's Bible included the Apocrypha and Anglicans use Bibles that (typically) include the Apocrypha but it is considered worthy of reverence but not equal in authority to canonical scripture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4432-0&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rft.au=Lamport%2C+Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Readings from the Apocrypha. Forward Movement Publications. 1981. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+from+the+Apocrypha&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Forward+Movement+Publications&rft.date=1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wesner-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Wesner_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesner2015" class="citation web cs1">Wesner, Erik J. (8 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amishamerica.com/bible/#apocrypha">"The Bible"</a>. Amish America. Retrieved 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bible&rft.pub=Amish+America&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.aulast=Wesner&rft.aufirst=Erik+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famishamerica.com%2Fbible%2F%23apocrypha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deSilva2018-133"><a href="#cite_ref-deSilva2018_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeSilva2018" class="citation book cs1">deSilva, David A. (2018). Introducing the Apocrypha: Message, Context, and Significance. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1493413072" title="Special:BookSources/978-1493413072"><bdi>978-1493413072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+Apocrypha%3A+Message%2C+Context%2C+and+Significance&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1493413072&rft.aulast=deSilva&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/book-of-common-prayer/articles-of-religion.aspx">"VI"</a>, Articles of Religion, The Church of England</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI&rft.btitle=Articles+of+Religion&rft.pub=The+Church+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-worship%2Fworship%2Fbook-of-common-prayer%2Farticles-of-religion.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.episcopalchurch.org/library/glossary/kyrie-pantokrator">"Kyrie Patokrator"</a>. An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. 22 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Episcopal+Dictionary+of+the+Church&rft.atitle=Kyrie+Patokrator&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalchurch.org%2Flibrary%2Fglossary%2Fkyrie-pantokrator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasWondra2002" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Owen C.; Wondra, Ellen K. (2002). Introduction to Theology, 3rd Edition. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0819218971" title="Special:BookSources/978-0819218971"><bdi>978-0819218971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Theology%2C+3rd+Edition&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0819218971&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Owen+C.&rft.au=Wondra%2C+Ellen+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsultation_on_Common_Texts2012" class="citation book cs1">Consultation on Common Texts, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lmg7UhF5rUEC">The Revised Common Lectionary</a>. Augsburg Fortress. pp. 177, 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451438475" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451438475"><bdi>978-1451438475</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revised+Common+Lectionary&rft.pages=177%2C+188&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1451438475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlmg7UhF5rUEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibleresources.americanbible.org/resource/what-are-the-apocrypha-and-deuterocanonical-books">"What are the Apocrypha and Deuterocanonical Books? | Resources | American Bible Society"</a>. American Bible Society Resources. Retrieved 23 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Bible+Society+Resources&rft.atitle=What+are+the+Apocrypha+and+Deuterocanonical+Books%3F+%7C+Resources+%7C+American+Bible+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibleresources.americanbible.org%2Fresource%2Fwhat-are-the-apocrypha-and-deuterocanonical-books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anglicancommunion.org/">"Anglican Communion Home Page"</a>. www.anglicancommunion.org. Retrieved 23 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.anglicancommunion.org&rft.atitle=Anglican+Communion+Home+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_of_Biblical_Literature2014" class="citation book cs1">Society of Biblical Literature (2014). The SBL Handbook of Style 2nd Edition. Williston, VT: SBL Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589839649" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589839649"><bdi>978-1589839649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SBL+Handbook+of+Style+2nd+Edition&rft.place=Williston%2C+VT&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1589839649&rft.au=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fallows1910-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fallows1910_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fallows1910_141-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rl3lcbLkHV0C&dq=luther+%22are+useful+and+good+to+read%22&pg=PA521">The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary, Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms, Including Biographical, Geographical, Historical, Archæological and Doctrinal Themes</a>, p. 521, edited by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fallows" title="Samuel Fallows">Samuel Fallows</a> et al., The Howard-Severance company, 1901, 1910. – <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Wesley1825" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> (1825). <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists;_With_Other_Occasional_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists; With Other Occasional Services">The Sunday Service of the Methodists; With Other Occasional Services</a>. J. Kershaw. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sunday+Service+of+the+Methodists%3B+With+Other+Occasional+Services&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=J.+Kershaw&rft.date=1825&rft.au=John+Wesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701230910/http://www.commontexts.org/rcl/RCL_Introduction_Web.pdf">"The Revised Common Lectionary"</a> (PDF). Consultation on Common Texts. 1992. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commontexts.org/rcl/rcl_introduction_web.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015. <q>In all places where a reading from the deuterocanonical books (The Apocrypha) is listed, an alternate reading from the canonical Scriptures has also been provided.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Revised+Common+Lectionary&rft.pub=Consultation+on+Common+Texts&rft.date=1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commontexts.org%2Frcl%2Frcl_introduction_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds3.iv.xvii.ii.html">"Chapter I, III"</a>. Westminster Confession of Faith. ccel.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+I%2C+III&rft.btitle=Westminster+Confession+of+Faith&rft.pub=ccel.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fcreeds3.iv.xvii.ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3RQQAAAAIAAJ&q=%22All+which+the+Church+may+read+and+take+instruction+from%2C+so+far+as+they+agree+with+the+canonical+books%3B+but+they+are+far+from+having+such+power+and+efficacy+as+that+we+may+from+their+testimony+confirm+any+point+of+faith+or+of+the+Christian+religion%3B+much+less+to+detract+from+the+authority+of+the+other+sacred+books.%22&pg=RA1-PA36">The Psalms and hymns, with doctrinal standards and liturgy of the Reformed Church in America</a>. Board of Publications of the Reformed Church in America. 1859.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psalms+and+hymns%2C+with+doctrinal+standards+and+liturgy+of+the+Reformed+Church+in+America&rft.pub=Board+of+Publications+of+the+Reformed+Church+in+America&rft.date=1859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3RQQAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522All%2Bwhich%2Bthe%2BChurch%2Bmay%2Bread%2Band%2Btake%2Binstruction%2Bfrom%252C%2Bso%2Bfar%2Bas%2Bthey%2Bagree%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bcanonical%2Bbooks%253B%2Bbut%2Bthey%2Bare%2Bfar%2Bfrom%2Bhaving%2Bsuch%2Bpower%2Band%2Befficacy%2Bas%2Bthat%2Bwe%2Bmay%2Bfrom%2Btheir%2Btestimony%2Bconfirm%2Bany%2Bpoint%2Bof%2Bfaith%2Bor%2Bof%2Bthe%2BChristian%2Breligion%253B%2Bmuch%2Bless%2Bto%2Bdetract%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bauthority%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bother%2Bsacred%2Bbooks.%2522%26pg%3DRA1-PA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bible-researcher.com/canon8.html">"Ancient Canon Lists"</a>. www.bible-researcher.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bible-researcher.com&rft.atitle=Ancient+Canon+Lists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Fcanon8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeuterocanonical+books" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Harrington, Daniel J. Invitation to the Apocrypha. Grand Rapids, Michigan: W.B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802846334" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802846334">978-0802846334</a></li> <li>Roach, Corwin C. The Apocrypha: the Hidden Books of the Bible. Cincinnati, Ohio: Forward Movement Publications, 1966 – Concerns the Deuterocanonical writings (Apocrypha), according to Anglican usage. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deuterocanonical_books" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130411150518/http://www.petersvoice.com/scriptures/deuterocanonical-books.htm">Prophecies in the Deuterocanonical books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.godrules.net/articles/deutero.htm">Protestants defending the Deuterocanonical books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/answers/deuteros.htm">Defending the Deuterocanonicals</a> by Jimmy Akin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0120.html">Five common arguments Protestants give for rejecting the Deuterocanonicals</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225151009/https://catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0120.html">webarchive link</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140801214700/http://scripturecatholic.com/deuterocanon.html">Deuterocanon Use in New Testament</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://st-takla.org/pub_Deuterocanon/Deuterocanon-Apocrypha_El-Asfar_El-Kanoneya_El-Tanya__0-index.html">Deuterocanonical books</a> – Full text from Saint Takla Haymanot Church Website (also available, the full text in Arabic)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/111-the-apocrypha-inspired-of-god">The Apocrypha: Inspired of God?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309164733/https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/111-the-apocrypha-inspired-of-god">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Trent" title="Canon of Trent">Canon of Trent</a> & <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deuterocanonical books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_Scripture" title="Catholic theology of Scripture">Post-Vatican II theology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_(1593).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281593%29.jpg/60px-Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281593%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281593%29.jpg/90px-Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281593%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281593%29.jpg/120px-Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate_%281593%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1328" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> (382)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a> (393)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Carthage" title="Councils of Carthage">Councils of Carthage</a> (397 & 419)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prologus_Galeatus" title="Prologus Galeatus">Prologus Galeatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Decree" title="Gelasian Decree">Gelasian Decree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providentissimus_Deus" title="Providentissimus Deus">Providentissimus Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamentabili_sane_exitu" title="Lamentabili sane exitu">Lamentabili sane exitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascendi_Dominici_gregis" title="Pascendi Dominici gregis">Pascendi Dominici gregis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divino_afflante_Spiritu" title="Divino afflante Spiritu">Divino afflante Spiritu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dei_verbum" title="Dei verbum">Dei verbum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute" title="Pontifical Biblical Institute">Pontifical Biblical Institute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biblica_(journal)" title="Biblica (journal)">Biblica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Elenchus_of_Biblica" title="Elenchus of Biblica">Elenchus of Biblica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute_Library" title="Pontifical Biblical Institute Library">Pontifical Biblical Institute Library</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Commission" title="Pontifical Biblical Commission">Pontifical Biblical Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Biblique" title="École Biblique">École Biblique</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revue_Biblique" title="Revue Biblique">Revue Biblique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studium_Biblicum_Franciscanum" title="Studium Biblicum Franciscanum">Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liber_Annuus" title="Liber Annuus">Liber Annuus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Biblical_Association" title="Catholic Biblical Association">Catholic Biblical Association</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Biblical_Quarterly" title="Catholic Biblical Quarterly">Catholic Biblical Quarterly</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deuterocanon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a 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