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id="toc-Inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bacteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" 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vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Catacombs</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombe" title="Katakombe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Katakombe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%89" title="سرداب الموتى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرداب الموتى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Գետնադամբանք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գետնադամբանք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakomba" title="Katakomba – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Katakomba" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Катакомби – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Катакомби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakomba" title="Katakomba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Katakomba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacumba" title="Catacumba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Catacumba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakomby" title="Katakomby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katakomby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombe" title="Katakombe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Katakombe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombe" title="Katakombe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Katakombe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombid" title="Katakombid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katakombid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Κατακόμβες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατακόμβες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacumbas" title="Catacumbas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catacumbas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombo" title="Katakombo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katakombo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakonba" title="Katakonba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Katakonba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%87" title="سرداب دخمه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرداب دخمه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombes" title="Catacombes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Catacombes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombe" title="Katakombe – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Katakombe" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catac%C3%B3m" title="Catacóm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Catacóm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacumba" title="Catacumba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Catacumba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%80%EC%BD%A4" title="카타콤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카타콤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A2" title="Կատակոմբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատակոմբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombe" title="Katakombe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katakombe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombo" title="Katakombo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Katakombo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakomba" title="Katakomba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katakomba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombas" title="Catacombas – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Catacombas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombe" title="Catacombe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Catacombe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="קטקומבות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטקומבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombe" title="Katakombe – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Katakombe" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="კატაკომბა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კატაკომბა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Катакомба – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Катакомба" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombu" title="Katakombu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Katakombu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Катакомба – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Катакомба" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacumbae" title="Catacumbae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Catacumbae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakomb" title="Katakomb – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Katakomb" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romos_katakombos" title="Romos katakombos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romos katakombos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakomba" title="Katakomba – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Katakomba" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Катакомба – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Катакомба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katak%C3%B4mba" title="Katakômba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Katakômba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombe" title="Catacombe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Catacombe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99" title="カタコンベ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カタコンベ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombe" title="Katakombe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Katakombe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombe" title="Katakombe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Katakombe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacomba" title="Catacomba – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Catacomba" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakumby" title="Katakumby – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katakumby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacumba" title="Catacumba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catacumba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombe" title="Catacombe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Catacombe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Катакомбы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катакомбы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacumbas" title="Catacumbas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Catacumbas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%82_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="උමං සොහොන් ගෙවල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උමං සොහොන් ගෙවල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacomb" title="Catacomb – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Catacomb" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombe" title="Katakombe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Katakombe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Катакомбе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Катакомбе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombe" title="Katakombe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Katakombe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakombi" title="Katakombi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katakombi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakomb" title="Katakomb – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katakomb" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakumba" title="Katakumba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katakumba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="நிலத்தடிக் கல்லறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலத்தடிக் கல்லறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="สุสานใต้ดิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุสานใต้ดิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakomb" title="Katakomb – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katakomb" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Катакомби – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катакомби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E5%A2%93%E7%A9%B4" title="地下墓穴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地下墓穴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E5%A2%93%E7%A9%B4" title="地下墓穴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地下墓穴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Catacombs (disambiguation)">Catacombs (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-Procession-in-the-Catacomb-of-Callistus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A-Procession-in-the-Catacomb-of-Callistus.jpg/220px-A-Procession-in-the-Catacomb-of-Callistus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A-Procession-in-the-Catacomb-of-Callistus.jpg/330px-A-Procession-in-the-Catacomb-of-Callistus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A-Procession-in-the-Catacomb-of-Callistus.jpg/440px-A-Procession-in-the-Catacomb-of-Callistus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>A procession in the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">San Callistus</a> catacombs in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Pisa" title="Alberto Pisa">Alberto Pisa</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Catacombs</b> are man-made underground passages primarily used for religious purposes, particularly for burial. Any chamber used as a burial place is considered a catacomb, although the word is most commonly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_history">Etymology and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacombs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first place to be referred to as <i>catacombs</i> was the system of underground tombs between the 2nd and 3rd milestones of the <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, where the bodies of the apostles <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>, among others, were said to have been buried. The name of that place in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Late Latin</a> was L.L. fem. nom. pl. n. <i>catacumbas</i> (sing. <i>catacumba</i>) a word of obscure origin, possibly deriving from a proper name or a derivation of the Greek phrase <i>cata cumbas</i>, "near the quarries". The word referred originally only to the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Roman catacombs</a>, but was extended by 1836 to refer to any subterranean receptacle of the dead, as in the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris" title="Catacombs of Paris">Paris catacombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Christians carved the first catacombs from soft <a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</a> rock. (ref)" (World Book Encyclopedia, page 296) </p><p>All Roman catacombs were located outside city walls since it was illegal to bury a dead body within the city,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing "a place…where <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">martyrs</a>' tombs could be openly marked" and commemorative services and feasts held safely on sacred days.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Around_the_world">Around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacombs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom,_Domitilla-Katakomben_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben_2.jpg/220px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben_2.jpg/330px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben_2.jpg/440px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2467" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>Grave niches in the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome#Catacombs_of_Domitilla" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Domitilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_catacombes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Paris_catacombes.jpg/220px-Paris_catacombes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Paris_catacombes.jpg/330px-Paris_catacombes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Paris_catacombes.jpg/440px-Paris_catacombes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paris_Catacombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Catacombs">Paris Catacombs</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom,_Domitilla-Katakomben,_Fresko_%22Christus_und_die_12_Apostel%22_und_Christussymbol_%22Chi_Rho%22_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Fresko_%22Christus_und_die_12_Apostel%22_und_Christussymbol_%22Chi_Rho%22_1.jpg/220px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Fresko_%22Christus_und_die_12_Apostel%22_und_Christussymbol_%22Chi_Rho%22_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Fresko_%22Christus_und_die_12_Apostel%22_und_Christussymbol_%22Chi_Rho%22_1.jpg/330px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Fresko_%22Christus_und_die_12_Apostel%22_und_Christussymbol_%22Chi_Rho%22_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Fresko_%22Christus_und_die_12_Apostel%22_und_Christussymbol_%22Chi_Rho%22_1.jpg/440px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Fresko_%22Christus_und_die_12_Apostel%22_und_Christussymbol_%22Chi_Rho%22_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="1751" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">twelve apostles</a>, fresco with the <a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">Chi-Rho symbol <big>☧</big></a>, Catacombs of Domitilla, Rome</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom,_Domitilla-Katakomben,_Steintafel_mit_Inschrift,_Alpha_und_Omega_und_Christussymbol_Chi_Rho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Steintafel_mit_Inschrift%2C_Alpha_und_Omega_und_Christussymbol_Chi_Rho.jpg/250px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Steintafel_mit_Inschrift%2C_Alpha_und_Omega_und_Christussymbol_Chi_Rho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Steintafel_mit_Inschrift%2C_Alpha_und_Omega_und_Christussymbol_Chi_Rho.jpg/330px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Steintafel_mit_Inschrift%2C_Alpha_und_Omega_und_Christussymbol_Chi_Rho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Steintafel_mit_Inschrift%2C_Alpha_und_Omega_und_Christussymbol_Chi_Rho.jpg/500px-Rom%2C_Domitilla-Katakomben%2C_Steintafel_mit_Inschrift%2C_Alpha_und_Omega_und_Christussymbol_Chi_Rho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="1907" /></a><figcaption>The Chi-Rho symbol <big>☧</big> with <a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega" title="Alpha and Omega">Alpha and Omega</a>, Catacombs of Domitilla, Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>Catacombs around the world include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> – Catacombs of <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral,_Vienna" title="St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna">St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> – <a href="/wiki/Znojmo_Catacombs" title="Znojmo Catacombs">Catacombs of Znojmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Jajce" title="Catacombs of Jajce">Catacombs of Jajce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Kom_el_Shoqafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa">Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa</a> (or <i>Kom al Sukkfa</i>, <i>Shuqafa</i>, etc.) in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_London" title="Catacombs of London">Catacombs of London</a> and others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> – Catacombs of the Helsinki Orthodox cemetery at <a href="/wiki/Hietaniemi_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hietaniemi cemetery">Hietaniemi cemetery</a></li> <li>France – <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris" title="Catacombs of Paris">Catacombs of Paris</a>. Mine workings were used at end of the 18th century and had no religious purpose other than as an <a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">ossuary</a> for storing the bones of cleared graveyards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Milos" title="Catacombs of Milos">Catacombs of Milos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a>; <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacombs of Naples">Catacombs of Naples</a>; <a href="/wiki/Capuchin_catacombs_of_Palermo" class="mw-redirect" title="Capuchin catacombs of Palermo">Capuchin catacombs of Palermo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacombs_of_Syracuse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catacombs of Syracuse (page does not exist)">Catacombs of Syracuse</a> and others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27arim_necropolis" title="Beit She'arim necropolis">Beit She'arim necropolis</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Malta" title="Catacombs of Malta">Catacombs of Malta</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Lima" title="Catacombs of Lima">Catacombs of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> – Catacomb of <a href="/wiki/Nagcarlan_Underground_Cemetery" title="Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery">Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> – Catacombs of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacromonte_in_Granada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacromonte in Granada (page does not exist)">Sacromonte in Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrovaradin_Fortress_catacombs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrovaradin Fortress catacombs (page does not exist)">Petrovaradin Fortress catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> – <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombes_de_Sousse" class="extiw" title="fr:Catacombes de Sousse">Catacombs of Sousse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Catacombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa Catacombs">Odesa Catacombs</a></li> <li>United States – <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral#Cathedral_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Old St. Patrick's Cathedral">Old St. Patrick's Cathedral</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There are also catacomb-like burial chambers in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>, Tunisia; in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse, Italy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, Germany; <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine. <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin</a> catacombs of <a href="/wiki/Palermo,_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Palermo, Sicily">Palermo, Sicily</a>, were used as late as the 1920s. Catacombs were available in some of the grander English cemeteries founded in the 19th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_General_Cemetery" title="Sheffield General Cemetery">Sheffield General Cemetery</a> (above ground) and <a href="/wiki/West_Norwood_Cemetery" title="West Norwood Cemetery">West Norwood Cemetery</a> (below ground). There are catacombs in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> near <a href="/wiki/Aladzha_Monastery" title="Aladzha Monastery">Aladzha Monastery</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> as medieval underground galleries in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ukraine and Russia, catacomb (used in the local languages' plural <i>katakomby</i>) also refers to the network of abandoned caves and <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a> earlier used to mine stone, especially <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. </p><p>In Italy, possible Catacombs are also located in <a href="/wiki/Alezio" title="Alezio">Alezio</a>, beside the <i>Sanctuary of Santa Maria dell'Assunta</i>, as well as the basement of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Maria_della_Lizza_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Maria della Lizza Sanctuary (page does not exist)">Santa Maria della Lizza Sanctuary</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_della_Lizza" class="extiw" title="it:Chiesa di Santa Maria della Lizza">it</a>]</span></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decorations">Decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacombs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catacombs, although most notable as underground passageways and cemeteries, also house many decorations. There are thousands of decorations in the centuries-old catacombs of Rome, catacombs of Paris, and other known, some of which include inscriptions, paintings, statues, ornaments, and other items placed in the graves over the years. </p><p>Most of these decorations were used to identify, immortalize and show respect to the dead. Decorations in the catacombs of Rome were primarily decorated with images and words exalting Christ or depicting scenes from the Old and New Testaments of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the sculpture work and art, other than engravings on the walls or tombs, has been preserved in places such as the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Saint_John_Lateran" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Saint John Lateran">Museum of Saint John Lateran</a>, Christian Museum of Berlin University, and the Vatican.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three representations of Christ as <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> charming animals with peaceful music have been found in the catacombs of Domatilla and St. Callista.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another figure was made of gilded glass and dates back to the fourth century, featuring Jesus with the world balanced in his hand and a scroll at his feet.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacombs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although thousands of inscriptions were lost as time passed, many of those remaining indicate the social rank or job title of its inhabitants; however, most of the inscriptions simply indicate how loving a couple was, or the love of parents and such. A common and particularly interesting one found in Roman catacombs is the <a href="/wiki/Ichthys" title="Ichthys">Ichthys</a>, or "Monogram of Christ" which reads ΙΧΘΥΣ, standing for "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacteria">Bacteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacombs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bacteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years unique strains of bacteria have been discovered that thrive in catacombs, inducing mineral <a href="/wiki/Efflorescence" title="Efflorescence">efflorescence</a> and decay. These include <i><a href="/wiki/Kribbella_sancticallisti" title="Kribbella sancticallisti">Kribbella sancticallisti</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kribbella_catacumbae" title="Kribbella catacumbae">Kribbella catacumbae</a></i>, and three types of non-thermophilic (low-temperature) <i><a href="/wiki/Rubrobacter" title="Rubrobacter">Rubrobacter</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacombs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">Crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">Ossuary</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Cask_of_Amontillado" title="The Cask of Amontillado">The Cask of Amontillado</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_city" title="Underground city">Underground city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">Necropolis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacombs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other examples include a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrow</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a>, or modern underground vaults such as the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris" title="Catacombs of Paris">Catacombs of Paris</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReichKatzenstein1992" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Ronny; Katzenstein, Hannah (1992). "Glossary of Archaeological Terms". In Kempinski, Aharon; Reich, Ronny (eds.). <i>The Architecture of Ancient Israel</i>. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-221-013-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-221-013-5"><bdi>978-965-221-013-5</bdi></a>. <q>(Latin: catacumbas - district near ancient Rome where one of the earliest Christian cemeteries was located). Subterranean rock-cut burial complex.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Archaeological+Terms&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Israel+Exploration+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-965-221-013-5&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Ronny&rft.au=Katzenstein%2C+Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacombs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Catacombs&searchmode=none">Catacombs</a>", <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>, accessed 10 July 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurst1897" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, John Fletcher (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-lCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR18"><i>History of the Christian Church</i></a>. 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(2010). Burial practices in Beth She'arim and the question of dating the patriarchal necropolis. <i>Follow the Wise": Studies in Jewish History and Culture in Honor of Lee I. Levine. Winona Lake</i>, 207–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1113/">"Maltese Catacomb Complexes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Centre</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maltese+Catacomb+Complexes&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F1113%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacombs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeout.com/newyork/things-to-do/take-a-photo-tour-of-the-crypts-underneath-st-patricks-old-cathedral-slide-show">"Take a photo tour of the crypts underneath St. Patrick's Old Cathedral"</a>. <i>timeout.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timeout.com&rft.atitle=Take+a+photo+tour+of+the+crypts+underneath+St.+Patrick%27s+Old+Cathedral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeout.com%2Fnewyork%2Fthings-to-do%2Ftake-a-photo-tour-of-the-crypts-underneath-st-patricks-old-cathedral-slide-show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacombs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/bulgaria/golden-sands/attractions/aladzha-monastery/a/poi-sig/1116388/1002749">"Aladzha Monastery | Black Sea Coast, Bulgaria | Attractions"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Aladzha+Monastery+%7C+Black+Sea+Coast%2C+Bulgaria+%7C+Attractions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fbulgaria%2Fgolden-sands%2Fattractions%2Faladzha-monastery%2Fa%2Fpoi-sig%2F1116388%2F1002749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacombs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129210328/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a71250/retea-strategica-de-buncare-si-tuneluri-dedesubtul-capitalei.html">"Romania Libera:Network of tunnels under the capital city"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanialibera.ro/a71250/retea-strategica-de-buncare-si-tuneluri-dedesubtul-capitalei.html">the original</a> on 29 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romania+Libera%3ANetwork+of+tunnels+under+the+capital+city&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanialibera.ro%2Fa71250%2Fretea-strategica-de-buncare-si-tuneluri-dedesubtul-capitalei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacombs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurst1900" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, John Fletcher (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistorychr00hursgoog"><i>Short History of the Christian Church</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_and_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper and Brothers">Harper and Brothers</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistorychr00hursgoog/page/n134">87</a>–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=John+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistorychr00hursgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacombs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurst1900" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, John Fletcher (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistorychr00hursgoog"><i>Short History of the Christian Church</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_and_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper and Brothers">Harper and Brothers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistorychr00hursgoog/page/n134">87</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=John+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistorychr00hursgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacombs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurst1900" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, John Fletcher (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistorychr00hursgoog"><i>Short History of the Christian Church</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_and_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper and Brothers">Harper and Brothers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistorychr00hursgoog/page/n135">88</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=John+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistorychr00hursgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacombs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurst1900" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, John Fletcher (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistorychr00hursgoog"><i>Short History of the Christian Church</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_and_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper and Brothers">Harper and Brothers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistorychr00hursgoog/page/n136">89</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=John+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistorychr00hursgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatacombs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081027140819.htm">ScienceDaily</a>, Bacteria Cause Old Buildings To Feel Off-Color 28 October 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080924192443.htm">ScienceDaily</a>, New Life Found in Ancient Tombs, 1 October 2008</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacombs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enid_Blyton" title="Enid Blyton">Blyton, Enid</a> "Five go to Smuggler's Top" Hodder and Stroughton (1945) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84456-678-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84456-678-5">978-1-84456-678-5</a></li> <li>Éamonn Ó Carragáin, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Neuman_de_Vegvar" title="Carol Neuman de Vegvar">Carol L. Neuman de Vegvar</a> <i>Roma felix: formation and reflections of medieval Rome</i> Ashgate (14 March 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6096-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6096-5">978-0-7546-6096-5</a> p. 33 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aW-LnIpVgFQC&dq=catacombs+cults&pg=PA33">Roma Felix: Formation and Reflections of Medieval Rome</a></li> <li>Nicholson, Paul Thomas (2005) "The sacred animal necropolis at North Saqqara: the cults and their catacombs" In Salima Ikram (ed) <i>Divine creatures: animal mummies in Ancient Egypt</i>. American University in Cairo Press, 2005 pp. 44–71. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-858-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-424-858-0">978-977-424-858-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacombs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catacombs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Catacombs">Catacombs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catacombe.org">The Catacombs of Saint Sebastian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catacombedinapoli.it">The Catacombs of Naples</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go-catacombs.com/">The Catacombs of Odesa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703175110/http://www.catacombs.explographies.com/">The Catacombs of Paris</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.showcaves.com/english/explain/Subterranea/Catacombs.html">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070417004252/http://www.catacombe.roma.it/index.html">The Catacombs of Saint Callist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subbrit.org.uk/">Subterranean Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museocatacumbas.com/">The Catacombs of Lima, Peru</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004032034/http://museocatacumbas.com/">Archived</a> 4 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea249" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Template talk:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea249" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Man-made and man-related <a href="/wiki/Subterranea_(geography)" title="Subterranea (geography)">subterranea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">Cenote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_vault" title="Bank vault">Bank vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_vault_(tomb)" title="Burial vault (tomb)">Burial vault (tomb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">Borehole</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout (shelter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_well" title="Dry well">Dry well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_shelter" title="Earth shelter">Earth shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdstall" title="Erdstall">Erdstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogou" title="Fogou">Fogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">Hypogeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole" title="Manhole">Manhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tomb" title="Rock-cut tomb">Rock-cut tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_vault" title="Utility vault">Utility vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_city" title="Underground city">Underground city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">Stepwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling_tunnel" title="Smuggling tunnel">Smuggling tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shaft" title="Ventilation shaft">Ventilation shaft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a> (silo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallywag_bunker" title="Scallywag bunker">Scallywag bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_base" title="Underground base">Underground base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quarrying" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarrying">quarrying</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">underground construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">Rock-cut architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_utility_engineering" title="Subsurface utility engineering">Subsurface utility engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mine_ventilation" title="Underground mine ventilation">Underground mine ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">Underground mining (hard rock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(soft_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (soft rock)">Underground mining (soft rock)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_dweller" title="Cave dweller">Cave dweller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Maastricht" title="Caves of Maastricht">Caves of Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_tunnel_system" title="Houston tunnel system">Houston tunnel system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%91b%C3%A1nya_cellar_system" title="Kőbánya cellar system">Kőbánya cellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_network" title="Tunnel network">Tunnel network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_living" title="Underground living">Underground living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City_(Beijing)" title="Underground City (Beijing)">Underground City (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City,_Montreal" title="Underground City, Montreal">Underground City, Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_exploration" title="Mine exploration">Mine exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mines_of_Paris" title="Mines of Paris">Mines of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people" title="Mole people">Mole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_underground_geothermal_zone" title="Naples underground geothermal zone">Naples underground geothermal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapping" title="Sapping">Sapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_London" title="Subterranean London">Subterranean London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_Toledo" title="Subterranean Toledo">Subterranean Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Subterranean fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates%27_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Gates' house">Bill Gates' house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestiere_Underground_Gardens" title="Forestiere Underground Gardens">Forestiere Underground Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_House_Colorado" title="Underground House Colorado">Underground House Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_House_Las_Vegas" title="Underground House Las Vegas">Underground House Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_World_Home" title="Underground World Home">Underground World Home</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underhill,_Holme" title="Underhill, Holme">Underhill, Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockerton_Housing_Project" title="Hockerton Housing Project">Hockerton Housing Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malator" title="Malator">Malator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning Ridge">Lightning Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172896#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1580" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172896#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1580" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/236988615">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029914-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Catacombs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85020771">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Catacombes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13162750z">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Catacombes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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