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technology and computer chip music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_video_game_technology_and_computer_chip_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_digital_synthesis_and_sampling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_digital_synthesis_and_sampling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early digital synthesis and sampling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_digital_synthesis_and_sampling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MIDI_on_the_PC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MIDI_on_the_PC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 MIDI on the PC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MIDI_on_the_PC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-recorded_and_streaming_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-recorded_and_streaming_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Pre-recorded and streaming music 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id="toc-Impact_and_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Licensing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Game_music_as_a_genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_music_as_a_genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Game music as a genre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_music_as_a_genre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Outside video games </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_video_games-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Outside video games subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CDs_and_sheet_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CDs_and_sheet_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 CDs and sheet music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CDs_and_sheet_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Public performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 In popular music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_game_music_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_game_music_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Video game music education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_game_music_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Academic study </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Composers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Awards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Current </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defunct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defunct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Defunct </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defunct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fan_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fan_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Fan culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fan_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Video game music</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" > 25 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88" title="موسيقى لعبة فيديو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى لعبة فيديو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_de_videojocs" title="Música de videojocs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música de videojocs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%AD_hudba" title="Herní hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Herní hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videospielmusik" title="Videospielmusik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Videospielmusik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_de_videojuegos" title="Música de videojuegos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música de videojuegos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="موسیقی بازی ویدئویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی بازی ویدئویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_de_jeu_vid%C3%A9o" title="Musique de jeu vidéo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique de jeu vidéo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4_%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="비디오 게임 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비디오 게임 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_permainan_video" title="Musik permainan video – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik permainan video" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lvuleikjat%C3%B3nlist" title="Tölvuleikjatónlist – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tölvuleikjatónlist" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_per_videogiochi" title="Musica per videogiochi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica per videogiochi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_permainan_video" title="Muzik permainan video – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzik permainan video" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerspelmuziek" title="Computerspelmuziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Computerspelmuziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ゲームミュージック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲームミュージック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_de_jogos_eletr%C3%B4nicos" title="Música de jogos eletrônicos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música de jogos eletrônicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Музыка в компьютерных играх – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыка в компьютерных играх" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_gemme_muisic" title="Video gemme muisic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Video gemme muisic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Video game music" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مۆسیقای کایەی ڤیدیۆیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆسیقای کایەی ڤیدیۆیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videopelimusiikki" title="Videopelimusiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Videopelimusiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datorspelsmusik" title="Datorspelsmusik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Datorspelsmusik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_oyunu_m%C3%BCzi%C4%9Fi" title="Video oyunu müziği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Video oyunu müziği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Музика у відеоіграх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музика у відеоіграх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Video_games" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Video games"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/60px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/90px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/120px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Video_game#Platform" title="Video game">Platforms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">Arcade video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Console_game" title="Console game">Console game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">Home console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld console</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_game" title="Electronic game">Electronic game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_game" title="Audio game">Audio game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_electronic_game" title="Handheld electronic game">Electronic handheld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Online game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browser_game" title="Browser game">Browser game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-network_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-network game">Social-network game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile gaming">Mobile game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_game" title="PC game">PC game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux gaming">Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_gaming" title="Mac gaming">Mac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_game" title="Virtual reality game">Virtual reality game</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Genres</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">Shooter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">Action-adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">Puzzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">Role-playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_video_game" title="Simulation video game">Simulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_video_game" title="Sports video game">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_game" title="Racing game">Racing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">Strategy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_video_games" title="Lists of video games">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_arcade_video_games" title="List of arcade video games">Arcade games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game#Highest-grossing" title="Arcade video game">highest-grossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_video_games" title="List of best-selling video games">Best-selling games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_video_game_franchises" title="List of best-selling video game franchises">franchises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-running_video_game_franchises" title="List of longest-running video game franchises">Longest-running franchises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-played_mobile_games_by_player_count" title="List of most-played mobile games by player count">Most-played mobile games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_considered_the_best" title="List of video games considered the best">Games considered the best</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Game_of_the_Year_awards" title="List of Game of the Year awards">Game of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_soundtracks_considered_the_best" title="List of video game soundtracks considered the best">soundtracks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_notable_for_negative_reception" title="List of video games notable for negative reception">Negative reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cancelled_video_games" title="Lists of cancelled video games">Cancelled games</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_development" title="Video game development">Development</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_producer" title="Video game producer">Producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">Developer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design#Game_designer" title="Video game design">Designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_art_design#Video_game_artist" title="Game art design">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_programmer" title="Video game programmer">Programmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)#Level_design" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_programming" title="Video game programming">Programming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games" title="Artificial intelligence in video games">AI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_graphics" title="Video game graphics">Graphics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_testing" title="Game testing">Testing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_games" title="Template:Video games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_games" title="Template talk:Video games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Video game music (VGM) is the <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtrack</a> that accompanies <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>. Early video game music was once limited to sounds of early <a href="/wiki/Sound_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound chips">sound chips</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Programmable_sound_generator" title="Programmable sound generator">programmable sound generators</a> (PSG) or <a href="/wiki/FM_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="FM synthesis">FM synthesis</a> chips. These limitations have led to the style of music known as <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">chiptune</a>, which became the sound of the first video games. With technological advances, video game music has grown to include a wider range of sounds. Players can hear music in video games over a game's title screen, menus, and gameplay.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> Game soundtracks can also change depending on a player's actions or situation, such as indicating missed actions in <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_game" title="Rhythm game">rhythm games</a>, informing the player they are in a dangerous situation, or rewarding them for specific achievements. Video game music can be one of two kinds: original or <a href="/wiki/Music_licensing" title="Music licensing">licensed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> The popularity of video game music has created education and job opportunities, generated awards, and led video game soundtracks to be commercially sold and performed in concerts.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_video_game_technology_and_computer_chip_music">Early video game technology and computer chip music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early video game technology and computer chip music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_Macro_Language" title="Music Macro Language">Music Macro Language</a></div>At the time video games had emerged as a popular form of entertainment in the late 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> was stored on physical media in <a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">analog</a> waveforms such as <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette tapes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">phonograph records</a>. Such components were expensive and prone to breakage under heavy use, making them less than ideal for use in an <a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">arcade cabinet</a>, though in rare cases such as <a href="/wiki/Journey_(arcade_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Journey (arcade game)">Journey</a>, they were used. A more affordable method of having music in a video game was to use digital means, where a specific computer chip would change electrical impulses from computer code into analog sound waves <a href="/wiki/On_the_fly" title="On the fly">on the fly</a> for output on a speaker. Sound effects for the games were also generated in this fashion. An early example of such an approach to video game music was the opening <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">chiptune</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tomohiro_Nishikado" title="Tomohiro Nishikado">Tomohiro Nishikado</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gun_Fight" title="Gun Fight">Gun Fight</a> (1975).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiptune2.ogg" title="File:Chiptune2.ogg">An original synthesized composition imitating early video game music.</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="Chiptune2.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Chiptune2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Chiptune2.ogg/Chiptune2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Art and video games</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/80px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/120px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/160px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Video_games_as_an_art_form" title="Video games as an art form">Video games as an art form</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthouse game">Arthouse game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Video_Games" title="The Art of Video Games">The Art of Video Games</a> (exhibition)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_reality_game" title="Alternate reality game">Alternate reality game</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Artistic expression within video games</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_art" title="Video game art">Video game art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-game" title="Non-game">Non-game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive movie">Interactive movie</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Video game art creation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_art_design" title="Game art design">Game art design</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Video_game_artists" title="Category:Video game artists">artists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_graphics" title="Video game graphics">Video game graphics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pixel_art" title="Pixel art">pixel art</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video game music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_design#Narrative" title="Game design">Storytelling</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/16px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/24px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/32px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Video_games" title="Portal:Video games">Video games portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_and_video_games" title="Template:Art and video games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_and_video_games" title="Template talk:Art and video games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_and_video_games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art and video games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> While this allowed for the inclusion of music in early <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade video games</a>, it was usually <a href="/wiki/Monophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophonic">monophonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Music loop">looped</a> or used sparingly between stages or at the start of a new game, such as the <a href="/wiki/Namco" title="Namco">Namco</a> titles <a href="/wiki/Pac-Man" title="Pac-Man">Pac-Man</a> (1980) composed by Toshio Kai or <a href="/wiki/Pole_Position" title="Pole Position">Pole Position</a> (1982) composed by Nobuyuki Ohnogi.<a href="#cite_note-vgmdb_namco-4">[4]</a> The first game to use a continuous background <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtrack</a> was <a href="/wiki/Tomohiro_Nishikado" title="Tomohiro Nishikado">Tomohiro Nishikado</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a>, released by <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a> in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-collins_12-5">[5]</a> It had four descending <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_and_chromatic" title="Diatonic and chromatic">chromatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bass_note" title="Bass note">bass notes</a> repeating in a loop, though it was dynamic and interacted with the player, increasing pace as the enemies descended on the player.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The first video game to feature continuous, melodic <a href="/wiki/Background_music" title="Background music">background music</a> was <a href="/wiki/Rally-X" title="Rally-X">Rally-X</a>, released by Namco in 1980, featuring a simple tune that repeats continuously during <a href="/wiki/Gameplay" title="Gameplay">gameplay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gradar2-7">[7]</a> The decision to include any music into a video game meant that at some point it would have to be transcribed into computer code. Some music was original, some was <a href="/wiki/Public_domain_music" title="Public domain music">public domain music</a> such as folk songs. Sound capabilities were limited; the popular <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a> home system, for example, was capable of generating only two tones at a time. As advances were made in silicon technology and costs fell, a definitively new generation of arcade machines and <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(third_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (third generation)">home consoles</a> allowed for great changes in accompanying music. In arcades, machines based on the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68000 family">Motorola 68000</a> CPU and accompanying various <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> YM <a href="/wiki/Programmable_sound_generator" title="Programmable sound generator">programmable sound generator</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">sound chips</a> allowed for several more tones or "channels" of sound, sometimes eight or more. The earliest known example of this was <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s 1980 arcade game <a href="/wiki/Carnival_(arcade_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival (arcade game)">Carnival</a>, which used an <a href="/wiki/AY-3-8910" class="mw-redirect" title="AY-3-8910">AY-3-8910</a> chip to create an electronic rendition of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a> 1889 composition "<a href="/wiki/Over_The_Waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Over The Waves">Over The Waves</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Juventino_Rosas" title="Juventino Rosas">Juventino Rosas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-collins_12-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a>'s 1981 arcade game <a href="/wiki/Frogger" title="Frogger">Frogger</a> introduced a dynamic approach to video game music, using at least eleven different gameplay tracks, in addition to level-starting and <a href="/wiki/Game_over" title="Game over">game over</a> themes, which change according to the player's actions. This was further improved upon by Namco's 1982 arcade game <a href="/wiki/Dig_Dug" title="Dig Dug">Dig Dug</a>, where the music stopped when the player stopped moving.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Dig Dug was composed by Yuriko Keino, who also composed the music for other Namco games such as <a href="/wiki/Xevious" title="Xevious">Xevious</a> (1982) and <a href="/wiki/Phozon" title="Phozon">Phozon</a> (1983).<a href="#cite_note-vgmdb_namco-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s 1982 arcade game <a href="/wiki/Super_Locomotive" title="Super Locomotive">Super Locomotive</a> featured a <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">chiptune</a> rendition of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra" title="Yellow Magic Orchestra">Yellow Magic Orchestra</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Solid_State_Survivor" title="Solid State Survivor">Rydeen</a>" (1979);<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> several later <a href="/wiki/PC_game" title="PC game">computer games</a> also <a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">covered</a> the song, such as Trooper Truck (1983) by <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_Software" title="Rabbit Software">Rabbit Software</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Daley_Thompson%27s_Decathlon" title="Daley Thompson's Decathlon">Daley Thompson's Decathlon</a> (1984) and <a href="/wiki/Stryker%27s_Run" title="Stryker's Run">Stryker's Run</a> (1986) composed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Galway" title="Martin Galway">Martin Galway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-whosampled_covers-10">[10]</a> Home console systems also had a comparable upgrade in sound ability beginning with the <a href="/wiki/ColecoVision" title="ColecoVision">ColecoVision</a> in 1982 capable of four channels. However, more notable was the Japanese release of the <a href="/wiki/Famicom" class="mw-redirect" title="Famicom">Famicom</a> in 1983 which was later released in the US as the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> in 1985. It was capable of five channels, one being capable of simple <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a> sampled sound. The home computer <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> released in 1982 was capable of early forms of filtering effects, different types of <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveforms</a> and eventually the undocumented ability to play 4-bit samples on a pseudo fourth sound channel. Its comparatively low cost made it a popular alternative to other home computers, as well as its ability to use a TV for an affordable display monitor. Approach to game music development in this time period usually involved using simple tone generation and/or <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis" title="Frequency modulation synthesis">frequency modulation synthesis</a> to simulate instruments for melodies, and use of a "noise channel" for simulating percussive noises. Early use of PCM samples in this era was limited to short sound bites (Monopoly), or as an alternate for percussion sounds (<a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._3" title="Super Mario Bros. 3">Super Mario Bros. 3</a>). The music on home consoles often had to share the available channels with other sound effects. For example, if a laser beam was fired by a spaceship, and the laser used a 1400 Hz square wave, then the square wave channel that was in use by music would stop playing music and start playing the sound effect. The mid-to-late 1980s software releases for these platforms had music developed by more people with greater musical experience than before. Quality of composition improved noticeably, and evidence of the popularity of the music of this time period remains even today. Composers who made a name for themselves with their software include <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Sugiyama" title="Koichi Sugiyama">Koichi Sugiyama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dragon_Quest" title="Dragon Quest">Dragon Quest</a>),<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobuo_Uematsu" title="Nobuo Uematsu">Nobuo Uematsu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rob_Hubbard" title="Rob Hubbard">Rob Hubbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monty_On_the_Run" class="mw-redirect" title="Monty On the Run">Monty On the Run</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Karate" title="International Karate">International Karate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Koji_Kondo" title="Koji Kondo">Koji Kondo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros." title="Super Mario Bros.">Super Mario Bros.</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda_(video_game)" title="The Legend of Zelda (video game)">The Legend of Zelda</a>), <a href="/wiki/Miki_Higashino" title="Miki Higashino">Miki Higashino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gradius" title="Gradius">Gradius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yie-Ar_Kung_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yie-Ar Kung Fu">Yie-Ar Kung Fu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(arcade_game)" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (arcade game)">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Kawaguchi_(composer)" title="Hiroshi Kawaguchi (composer)">Hiroshi Kawaguchi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Space_Harrier" title="Space Harrier">Space Harrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hang-On" title="Hang-On">Hang-On</a>, <a href="/wiki/Out_Run" title="Out Run">Out Run</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hirokazu_Tanaka" title="Hirokazu Tanaka">Hirokazu Tanaka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metroid" title="Metroid">Metroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kid_Icarus" title="Kid Icarus">Kid Icarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/EarthBound" title="EarthBound">EarthBound</a>), <a href="/wiki/Martin_Galway" title="Martin Galway">Martin Galway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daley_Thompson%27s_Decathlon" title="Daley Thompson's Decathlon">Daley Thompson's Decathlon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stryker%27s_Run" title="Stryker's Run">Stryker's Run</a>, <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Lore" title="Times of Lore">Times of Lore</a>), <a href="/wiki/David_Wise_(composer)" title="David Wise (composer)">David Wise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country" title="Donkey Kong Country">Donkey Kong Country</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yuzo_Koshiro" title="Yuzo Koshiro">Yuzo Koshiro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dragon_Slayer_(series)" title="Dragon Slayer (series)">Dragon Slayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ys_(series)" title="Ys (series)">Ys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinobi_(series)" title="Shinobi (series)">Shinobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/ActRaiser" title="ActRaiser">ActRaiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Streets_of_Rage_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Streets of Rage (series)">Streets of Rage</a>), Mieko Ishikawa (Dragon Slayer, Ys), and <a href="/wiki/Ryu_Umemoto" title="Ryu Umemoto">Ryu Umemoto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up" title="Shoot 'em up">shoot 'em ups</a>). By the late 1980s, video game music was being sold as cassette tape soundtracks in Japan, inspiring American companies such as <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Entertainment" title="Sierra Entertainment">Sierra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinemaware" title="Cinemaware">Cinemaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interplay_Entertainment" title="Interplay Entertainment">Interplay</a> to give more serious attention to video game music by 1988.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Joystick_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Joystick Award">Golden Joystick Awards</a> introduced a category for Best Soundtrack of the Year in 1986, won by <a href="/wiki/Sanxion" title="Sanxion">Sanxion</a>. Some games for cartridge systems have been sold with extra audio hardware on board, including <a href="/wiki/Pitfall_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitfall II">Pitfall II</a> for the Atari 2600 and several late Famicom titles. These chips add to the existing sound capabilities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_digital_synthesis_and_sampling">Early digital synthesis and sampling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early digital synthesis and sampling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></div> From around 1980, some arcade games began taking steps toward digitized, or <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">sampled</a>, sounds. Namco's 1980 arcade game <a href="/wiki/Rally-X" title="Rally-X">Rally-X</a> was the first known game to use a <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converter</a> (DAC) to produce sampled tones instead of a tone generator.<a href="#cite_note-collins_12-5">[5]</a> That same year, the first known video game to feature <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">speech synthesis</a> was also released: Sunsoft's <a href="/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up" title="Shoot 'em up">shoot 'em up</a> game <a href="/wiki/Stratovox" title="Stratovox">Stratovox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gradar2-7">[7]</a> Around the same time,<a href="#cite_note-karen_10-1-13">[13]</a> the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis" title="Frequency modulation synthesis">frequency modulation synthesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis" title="Frequency modulation synthesis">FM synthesis</a>), first commercially released by <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">digital synthesizers</a> and FM <a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">sound chips</a>, allowed the tones to be manipulated to have different sound characteristics, where before the tone generated by the chip was limited to the design of the chip itself. <a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a>'s 1983 arcade game <a href="/wiki/Gyruss" title="Gyruss">Gyruss</a> used five synthesis sound chips along with a DAC, which were used to create an electronic version of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J. S. Bach</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor,_BWV_565" title="Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565">Toccata and Fugue in D minor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Beyond arcade games, significant improvements to <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal computer game">personal computer game</a> music were made possible with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">digital</a> FM <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">synth boards</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> released for Japanese computers such as the <a href="/wiki/NEC_PC-8801" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC PC-8801">NEC PC-8801</a> and <a href="/wiki/NEC_PC-9801" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC PC-9801">PC-9801</a> in the early 1980s, and by the mid-1980s, the PC-8801 and <a href="/wiki/FM-7" title="FM-7">FM-7</a> had built-in FM sound. The sound FM synth boards produced are described as "warm and pleasant sound". Musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Yuzo_Koshiro" title="Yuzo Koshiro">Yuzo Koshiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takeshi_Abo" title="Takeshi Abo">Takeshi Abo</a> utilized to produce music that is still highly regarded within the <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">chiptune</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-hg101_retro-15">[15]</a> The widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis" title="Frequency modulation synthesis">FM synthesis</a> by consoles would later be one of the major advances of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(fourth_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (fourth generation)">16-bit era</a>, by which time 16-bit arcade machines were using multiple FM synthesis chips.<a href="#cite_note-karen_10-1-13">[13]</a> One of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> to make use of digital signal processing in the form of sampling was the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> in 1985. The computer's sound chip featured four independent 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converters</a>. Developers could use this platform to take <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">samples</a> of a music performance, sometimes just a single note long, and play it back through the computer's <a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">sound chip</a> from memory. This differed from Rally-X in that its hardware DAC was used to play back simple <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveform</a> samples, and a sampled sound allowed for a complexity and authenticity of a real instrument that an FM simulation could not offer. For its role in being one of the first and affordable, the Amiga would remain a staple tool of early <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequenced</a> music composing, especially in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The Amiga offered these features before most other competing home computer platforms though the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Macintosh</a> which had been introduced a year earlier had similar capabilities. The Amiga's main rival, the <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a>, sourced the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_YM2149" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaha YM2149">Yamaha YM2149</a> <a href="/wiki/Programmable_Sound_Generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmable Sound Generator">Programmable Sound Generator</a> (PSG). Compared to the in-house designed Amiga sound engine, the PSG could only handle 1 channel of sampled sound, and needed the computer's CPU to process the data for it. This made it impractical for game development use until 1989 with the release of the <a href="/wiki/Atari_STE" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari STE">Atari STE</a> which used DMA techniques to play back PCM samples at up to 50 kHz. The ST, however, remained relevant as it was equipped with a <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> controller and external ports. It became the choice of by many professional musicians as a MIDI programming device. <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC clones</a> in 1985 would not see any significant development in multimedia abilities for a few more years, and sampling would not become popular in other video game systems for several years. Though sampling had the potential to produce much more realistic sounds, each sample required much more data in <a href="/wiki/Memory_(computers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory (computers)">memory</a>. This was at a time when all memory, solid-state (<a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">ROM cartridge</a>), magnetic (<a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a>) or otherwise was still very costly per <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kilobyte</a>. Sequenced soundchip-generated music, on the other hand, was generated with a few lines of comparatively simple code and took up far less precious memory. Arcade systems pushed game music forward in 1984 with the introduction of FM (Frequency Modulation) synthesis, providing more organic sounds than previous PSGs. The first such game, <a href="/wiki/Marble_Madness" title="Marble Madness">Marble Madness</a> used the Yamaha YM2151 FM synthesis chip.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> As home consoles moved into the <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(fourth_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (fourth generation)">fourth generation</a>, or 16-bit era, the hybrid approach (sampled and tone) to music composing continued to be used. The <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Sega Genesis</a> offered advanced graphics over the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">NES</a> and improved sound synthesis features (also using a Yamaha chip, the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_YM2612" title="Yamaha YM2612">YM2612</a>),<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> but largely held the same approach to sound design. Ten channels in total for tone generation with one for PCM samples were available in <a href="/wiki/Stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereo">stereo</a> instead of the NES's five channels in mono, one for PCM. As before, it was often used for percussion samples. The Genesis did not support 16-bit sampled sounds. Despite the additional tone channels, writing music still posed a challenge to traditional composers and it forced much more imaginative use of the <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis" title="Frequency modulation synthesis">FM synthesizer</a> to create an enjoyable listening experience. The composer Yuzo Koshiro utilized the Genesis hardware effectively to produce "<a href="/wiki/Progressive_electronic_dance_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive electronic dance music">progressive</a>, catchy, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>-style compositions far more advanced than what players were used to" for games such as <a href="/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Shinobi_(1989_video_game)" title="The Revenge of Shinobi (1989 video game)">The Revenge of Shinobi</a> (1989) and the <a href="/wiki/Streets_of_Rage_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Streets of Rage (series)">Streets of Rage</a> series, setting a "new high watermark for what music in games could sound like."<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The soundtrack for <a href="/wiki/Streets_of_Rage_2" title="Streets of Rage 2">Streets of Rage 2</a> (1992) in particular is considered "revolutionary" and "ahead of its time" for <a href="/wiki/Electro_house" title="Electro house">its blend</a> of <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Electro_house" title="Electro house">dirty</a>" <a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">electro</a> basslines and "<a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trancey</a> electronic textures" that "would feel as comfortable in a <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclub</a> as a video game."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Another important FM synth composer was the late <a href="/wiki/Ryu_Umemoto" title="Ryu Umemoto">Ryu Umemoto</a>, who composed music for many <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up" title="Shoot 'em up">shoot 'em ups</a> during the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> As the cost of magnetic memory declined in the form of <a href="/wiki/Diskettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Diskettes">diskettes</a>, the evolution of video game music on the Amiga, and some years later game music development in general, shifted to <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> in some form. It took some years before Amiga game designers learned to wholly use digitized sound effects in music (an early exception case was the title music of <a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">text adventure</a> game <a href="/wiki/The_Pawn_(video_game)" title="The Pawn (video game)">The Pawn</a>, 1986). By this time, computer and game music had already begun to form its own identity, and thus many music makers intentionally tried to produce music that sounded like that heard on the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> and NES, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">chiptune</a> genre. The release of a freely-distributed Amiga program named <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Soundtracker" title="Ultimate Soundtracker">Soundtracker</a> by Karsten Obarski in 1987 started the era of <a href="/wiki/MOD_(file_format)" title="MOD (file format)">MOD</a>-format which made it easy for anyone to produce music based on digitized samples. <a href="/wiki/Module_file" title="Module file">Module files</a> were made with programs called "<a href="/wiki/Tracker_(music_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracker (music software)">trackers</a>" after Obarski's Soundtracker. This MOD/tracker tradition continued with PC computers in the 1990s. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Amiga_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga games">Amiga games</a> using digitized instrument samples include <a href="/wiki/David_Whittaker_(video_game_composer)" title="David Whittaker (video game composer)">David Whittaker</a>'s soundtrack for <a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Beast_(1989_video_game)" title="Shadow of the Beast (1989 video game)">Shadow of the Beast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_H%C3%BClsbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Hülsbeck">Chris Hülsbeck</a>'s soundtrack for <a href="/wiki/Turrican" title="Turrican">Turrican 2</a> and Matt Furniss's tunes for <a href="/wiki/Laser_Squad" title="Laser Squad">Laser Squad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Joseph" title="Richard Joseph">Richard Joseph</a> also composed some theme songs featuring vocals and lyrics for games by <a href="/wiki/Sensible_Software" title="Sensible Software">Sensible Software</a> most famous being <a href="/wiki/Cannon_Fodder_(video_game)" title="Cannon Fodder (video game)">Cannon Fodder</a> (1993) with a song "War Has Never Been So Much Fun" and <a href="/wiki/Sensible_Soccer" title="Sensible Soccer">Sensible World of Soccer</a> (1994) with a song "Goal Scoring Superstar Hero". These songs used long vocal samples. A similar approach to sound and music developments had become common in the arcades by this time and had been used in many <a href="/wiki/Arcade_system_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcade system board">arcade system boards</a> since the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> This was further popularized in the early 1990s by games like <a href="/wiki/Street_Fighter_II" title="Street Fighter II">Street Fighter II</a> (1991) on the <a href="/wiki/CP_System" title="CP System">CPS-1</a>, which used voice samples extensively along with sampled sound effects and percussion. <a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_(console)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Geo (console)">Neo Geo</a>'s MVS system also carried powerful sound development which often included <a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">surround sound</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg/200px-SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg/300px-SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg/400px-SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="2840" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super NES</a> (1991) brought digitized sound to console games.</figcaption></figure> The evolution also carried into home console video games, such as the release of the <a href="/wiki/Super_Famicom" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Famicom">Super Famicom</a> in 1990, and its US/EU version Super NES in 1991. It sported a specialized custom <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> chip for both the sound generation and for special hardware DSP. It was capable of eight channels of sampled sounds at up to 16-bit resolution, had a wide selection of DSP effects, including a type of <a href="/wiki/Attack-decay-sustain-release_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack-decay-sustain-release envelope">ADSR</a> usually seen in high-end synthesizers of the time, and full stereo sound. This allowed experimentation with applied acoustics in video games, such as musical acoustics (early games like <a href="/wiki/Super_Castlevania_IV" title="Super Castlevania IV">Super Castlevania IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-Zero_(video_game)" title="F-Zero (video game)">F-Zero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_IV" title="Final Fantasy IV">Final Fantasy IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gradius_III" title="Gradius III">Gradius III</a>, and later games like <a href="/wiki/Chrono_Trigger" title="Chrono Trigger">Chrono Trigger</a>), directional (<a href="/wiki/Star_Fox_(1993_video_game)" title="Star Fox (1993 video game)">Star Fox</a>) and spatial acoustics (<a href="/wiki/Dolby_Pro_Logic" title="Dolby Pro Logic">Dolby Pro Logic</a> was used in some games, like King Arthur's World and Jurassic Park), as well as environmental and <a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">architectural acoustics</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_A_Link_to_the_Past" title="The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past">A Link to the Past</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secret_of_Evermore" title="Secret of Evermore">Secret of Evermore</a>). Many games also made heavy use of the high-quality sample playback capabilities (<a href="/wiki/Super_Star_Wars" title="Super Star Wars">Super Star Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Phantasia" title="Tales of Phantasia">Tales of Phantasia</a>). The only real limitation to this powerful setup was the still-costly <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">solid state memory</a>. Other consoles of the generation could boast similar abilities yet did not have the same circulation levels as the Super NES. The <a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_(console)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Geo (console)">Neo-Geo</a> home system was capable of the same powerful sample processing as its arcade counterpart but was several times the cost of a Super NES. The <a href="/wiki/Sega_CD" title="Sega CD">Sega CD</a> (the Mega CD outside North America) hardware upgrade to the Mega Drive (Genesis in the US) offered multiple PCM channels, but they were often passed over instead to use its capabilities with the CD-ROM itself. The popularity of the Super NES and its software remained limited to regions where <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> television was the broadcast standard. Partly because of the difference in frame rates of <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> broadcast equipment, many titles released were never redesigned to play appropriately and ran much slower than had been intended, or were never released. This showed a divergence in popular video game music between PAL and NTSC countries that still shows to this day. This divergence would be lessened as the fifth generation of home consoles launched globally, and as Commodore began to take a back seat to general-purpose PCs and Macs for developing and gaming. Though the Mega CD/Sega CD, and to a greater extent the <a href="/wiki/PC_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Engine">PC Engine</a> in Japan, would give gamers a preview of the direction video game music would take in <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a> music, the use of both sampled and sequenced music continues in game consoles even today. The huge data storage benefit of optical media would be coupled with progressively more powerful audio generation hardware and higher quality samples in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(fifth_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (fifth generation)">Fifth Generation</a>. In 1994, the CD-ROM equipped <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a> supported 24 channels of 16-bit samples of up to 44.1 kHz sample rate, samples equal to CD audio in quality. It also sported a few hardware DSP effects like <a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">reverb</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)" title="Square (video game company)">Square</a> titles continued to use sequenced music, such as <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII" title="Final Fantasy VII">Final Fantasy VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Mana" title="Legend of Mana">Legend of Mana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_Tactics" title="Final Fantasy Tactics">Final Fantasy Tactics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Sega Saturn</a> also with a CD drive supported 32 channels of PCM at the same resolution as the original PlayStation. In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a>, still using a solid-state cartridge, actually supported an integrated and scalable sound system that was potentially capable of 100 channels of PCM, and an improved sample rate of 48 kHz. Games for the N64, because of the cost of the solid-state memory, typically had samples of lesser quality than the other two, however, and music tended to be simpler in construct. The more dominant approach for games based on CDs, however, was shifting toward <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a> audio. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MIDI_on_the_PC">MIDI on the PC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: MIDI on the PC">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_PC_5150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IBM_PC_5150.jpg/200px-IBM_PC_5150.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IBM_PC_5150.jpg/300px-IBM_PC_5150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IBM_PC_5150.jpg/400px-IBM_PC_5150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>The first developers of <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> computers neglected audio capabilities (first IBM model, 1981).</figcaption></figure> In the same timeframe of the late 1980s to mid-1990s, the IBM PC clones using the x86 architecture became more ubiquitous, yet had a very different path in sound design than other PCs and consoles. Early PC gaming was limited to the <a href="/wiki/PC_speaker" title="PC speaker">PC speaker</a>, and some proprietary standards such as the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PCjr" title="IBM PCjr">IBM PCjr</a> 3-voice chip. While sampled sound could be achieved on the PC speaker using pulse width modulation, doing so required a significant proportion of the available processor power, rendering its use in games rare. With the increase of x86 PCs in the market, there was a vacuum in sound performance in home computing that expansion cards attempted to fill. The first two recognizable standards were the <a href="/wiki/Roland_MT-32" title="Roland MT-32">Roland MT-32</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/AdLib" class="mw-redirect" title="AdLib">AdLib</a> sound card. Roland's solution was driven by <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> sequencing using advanced LA synthesizers. This made it the first choice for game developers to produce upon, but its higher cost as an end-user solution made it prohibitive. The AdLib used a low-cost FM synthesis chip from Yamaha, and many boards could operate compatibly using the MIDI standard. The <a href="/wiki/AdLib" class="mw-redirect" title="AdLib">AdLib</a> card was usurped in 1989 by <a href="/wiki/Creative_Technology" title="Creative Technology">Creative</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sound_Blaster" title="Sound Blaster">Sound Blaster</a>, which used the same Yamaha FM chip in the AdLib, for compatibility, but also added 8-bit 22.05 kHz (later 44.1 kHz) digital audio recording and playback of a single stereo channel. As an affordable end-user product, the Sound Blaster constituted the core sound technology of the early 1990s; a combination of a simple FM engine that supported MIDI, and a DAC engine of one or more streams. Only a minority of developers ever used Amiga-style tracker formats in commercial PC games, (<a href="/wiki/Unreal_(1998_video_game)" title="Unreal (1998 video game)">Unreal</a>) typically preferring to use the MT-32 or AdLib/SB-compatible devices. As general purpose PCs using x86 became more ubiquitous than the other PC platforms, developers drew their focus towards that platform. The last major development before streaming music came in 1992: <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland Corporation</a> released the first <a href="/wiki/General_MIDI" title="General MIDI">General MIDI</a> card, the <a href="/wiki/Sample-based_synthesis" title="Sample-based synthesis">sample-based</a> <a href="/wiki/SCC-1" class="mw-redirect" title="SCC-1">SCC-1</a>, an add-in card version of the <a href="/wiki/SC-55" class="mw-redirect" title="SC-55">SC-55</a> desktop MIDI module. The comparative quality of the samples spurred similar offerings from Soundblaster, but costs for both products were still high. Both companies offered 'daughterboards' with sample-based synthesizers that could be later added to a less expensive soundcard (which only had a DAC and a MIDI controller) to give it the features of a fully integrated card. Unlike the standards of <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a>, a PC using x86 even then could be using a broad mix of hardware. Developers increasingly used MIDI sequences: instead of writing soundtrack data for each type of soundcard, they generally wrote a fully featured data set for the Roland application that would be compatible with lesser featured equipment so long as it had a MIDI controller to run the sequence. However, different products used different sounds attached to their MIDI controllers. Some tied into the Yamaha FM chip to simulate instruments, some daughterboards of samples had very different sound qualities; meaning that no single sequence performance would be accurate to every other General MIDI device. All of these considerations in the products reflected the high cost of memory storage which rapidly declined with the optical CD format. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-recorded_and_streaming_music">Pre-recorded and streaming music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-recorded and streaming music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Streaming_audio_in_video_games" title="Streaming audio in video games">Streaming audio in video games</a></div> Taking entirely pre-recorded music had many advantages over sequencing for sound quality. Music could be produced freely with any kind and number of instruments, allowing developers to simply record one track to be played back during the game. Quality was only limited by the effort put into mastering the track itself. Memory space costs that was previously a concern was somewhat addressed with optical media becoming the dominant media for software games. <a href="/wiki/CD_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="CD quality">CD quality</a> audio allowed for music and voice that had the potential to be truly indistinguishable from any other source or genre of music. In fourth generation home video games and PCs this was limited to playing a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Mode_CD" title="Mixed Mode CD">Mixed Mode CD</a> audio track from a <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc">CD</a> while the game was in play (such as <a href="/wiki/Sonic_CD" title="Sonic CD">Sonic CD</a>). The earliest examples of Mixed Mode CD audio in video games include the <a href="/wiki/TurboGrafx-CD" class="mw-redirect" title="TurboGrafx-CD">TurboGrafx-CD</a> <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">RPG</a> franchises <a href="/wiki/Tengai_Maky%C5%8D" title="Tengai Makyō">Tengai Makyō</a>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto" title="Ryuichi Sakamoto">Ryuichi Sakamoto</a> from 1989,<a href="#cite_note-hg101_tengai-22">[22]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ys_(series)" title="Ys (series)">Ys series</a>, composed by Yuzo Koshiro and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mieko_Ishikawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mieko Ishikawa (page does not exist)">Mieko Ishikawa</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%B7%9D%E4%B8%89%E6%81%B5%E5%AD%90" class="extiw" title="jp:石川三恵子">jp</a>] and arranged by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryo_Yonemitsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryo Yonemitsu (page does not exist)">Ryo Yonemitsu</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%89%E4%BA%AE" class="extiw" title="jp:米光亮">jp</a>] in 1989. The Ys soundtracks, particularly <a href="/wiki/Ys_I_%26_II" title="Ys I & II">Ys I & II</a> (1989), are still regarded as some of the most influential video game music ever composed.<a href="#cite_note-kalata_ys-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-rpgfan_falcom-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-greening_kotowski-25">[25]</a> However, there were several disadvantages of regular CD-audio. Optical drive technology was still limited in spindle speed, so playing an audio track from the game CD meant that the system could not access data again until it stopped the track from playing. <a href="/wiki/Music_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Music loop">Looping</a>, the most common form of game music, was also a problem as when the laser reached the end of a track, it had to move itself back to the beginning to start reading again causing an audible gap in playback. To address these drawbacks, some PC game developers designed their own <a href="/wiki/Container_format_(digital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container format (digital)">container formats</a> in house, for each application in some cases, to stream compressed audio. This would cut back on memory used for music on the CD, allowed for much lower latency and seek time when finding and starting to play music, and also allowed for much smoother looping due to being able to <a href="/wiki/Buffer_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer (computer science)">buffer</a> the data. A minor drawback was that use of compressed audio meant it had to be decompressed which put load on the CPU of a system. As computing power increased, this load became minimal, and in some cases, dedicated chips in a computer (such as a sound card) would actually handle all the decompressing. Fifth generation home console systems also developed specialised streaming formats and containers for compressed audio playback. Games would take full advantage of this ability, sometimes with highly praised results (<a href="/wiki/Castlevania:_Symphony_of_the_Night" title="Castlevania: Symphony of the Night">Castlevania: Symphony of the Night</a>). Games ported from arcade machines, which continued to use FM synthesis, often saw superior pre-recorded music streams on their home console counterparts (<a href="/wiki/Street_Fighter_Alpha_2" title="Street Fighter Alpha 2">Street Fighter Alpha 2</a>). Even though the game systems were capable of "CD quality" sound, these compressed audio tracks were not true "CD quality." Many of them had lower sampling rates, but not so significant that most consumers would notice. Using a compressed stream allowed game designers to play back streamed music and still be able to access other data on the disc without interruption of the music, at the cost of CPU power used to render the audio stream. Manipulating the stream any further would require a far more significant level of CPU power available in the 5th generation. Some games, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wipeout_(video_game_series)" title="Wipeout (video game series)">Wipeout</a> series, continued to use full Mixed Mode CD audio for their soundtracks. This overall freedom offered to music composers gave video game music the equal footing with other popular music it had lacked. A musician could now, with no need to learn about programming or the game architecture itself, independently produce the music to their satisfaction. This flexibility would be exercised as popular mainstream musicians would be using their talents for video games specifically. An early example is Way of the Warrior on the <a href="/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer" class="mw-redirect" title="3DO Interactive Multiplayer">3DO</a>, with music by <a href="/wiki/White_Zombie_(band)" title="White Zombie (band)">White Zombie</a>. A more well-known example is <a href="/wiki/Trent_Reznor" title="Trent Reznor">Trent Reznor</a>'s score for Quake. An alternate approach, as with the TMNT arcade, was to take pre-existing music not written exclusively for the game and use it in the game. The game <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_X-Wing_vs._TIE_Fighter" title="Star Wars: X-Wing vs. TIE Fighter">Star Wars: X-Wing vs. TIE Fighter</a> and subsequent Star Wars games took music composed by <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> films of the 1970s and 1980s and used it for the game soundtracks. Both using new music streams made specifically for the game, and using previously released/recorded music streams are common approaches for developing sound tracks to this day. It is common for X-games sports-based video games to come with some popular artists recent releases (SSX, Tony Hawk, Initial D), as well as any game with heavy cultural demographic theme that has tie-in to music (<a href="/wiki/Need_For_Speed:_Underground" class="mw-redirect" title="Need For Speed: Underground">Need For Speed: Underground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gran_Turismo_(series)" title="Gran Turismo (series)">Gran Turismo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto" title="Grand Theft Auto">Grand Theft Auto</a>). Sometimes a hybrid of the two are used, such as in <a href="/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution" title="Dance Dance Revolution">Dance Dance Revolution</a>. Many sports game titles like <a href="/wiki/Madden_NFL" title="Madden NFL">Madden NFL</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBA_2K" title="NBA 2K">NBA 2K</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FIFA_(video_game_series)" title="FIFA (video game series)">FIFA</a> use popular and underground songs in their soundtrack to give their menus atmosphere. The phrase "FIFA song" has become popular in recent years, it describes a song (often not American) that is upbeat and has lots of rhythm. The inclusion on the FIFA soundtrack has given many artists exposure that helped launch their music careers. Sequencing samples continue to be used in modern gaming where fully recorded audio is not viable. Until the mid-2000s, many larger games on home consoles used sequenced audio to save space. Additionally, most games on the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> used sequenced music due to storage limitations. Sometimes a cross between sequencing samples, and streaming music is used. Games such as <a href="/wiki/Republic:_The_Revolution" title="Republic: The Revolution">Republic: The Revolution</a> (music composed by <a href="/wiki/James_Hannigan" title="James Hannigan">James Hannigan</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Generals" title="Command & Conquer: Generals">Command & Conquer: Generals</a> (music composed by Bill Brown) have utilised sophisticated systems governing the flow of incidental music by stringing together short phrases based on the action on screen and the player's most recent choices (see <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic music">dynamic music</a>). Other games dynamically mixed the sound on the game based on cues of the game environment. As processing power increased dramatically in the 6th generation of home consoles, it became possible to apply special effects in realtime to streamed audio. In <a href="/wiki/SSX" title="SSX">SSX</a>, a recent video game series, if a snowboarder takes to the air after jumping from a ramp, the music softens or muffles a bit, and the ambient noise of wind and air blowing becomes louder to emphasize being airborne. When the snowboarder lands, the music resumes regular playback until its next "cue". The <a href="/wiki/LucasArts" class="mw-redirect" title="LucasArts">LucasArts</a> company pioneered this interactive music technique with their <a href="/wiki/IMUSE" title="IMUSE">iMUSE</a> system, used in their early adventure games and the Star Wars flight simulators <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_X-Wing_(video_game)" title="Star Wars: X-Wing (video game)">Star Wars: X-Wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_TIE_Fighter" title="Star Wars: TIE Fighter">Star Wars: TIE Fighter</a>. Action games such as these will change dynamically to match the amount of danger. Stealth-based games will sometimes rely on such music, either by handling streams differently, or dynamically changing the composition of a sequenced soundtrack. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personalized_soundtracks">Personalized soundtracks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personalized soundtracks">edit</a>]</div> Being able to play one's own music during a game in the past usually meant turning down the game audio and using an alternative music player. Some early exceptions were possible on PC/Windows gaming in which it was possible to independently adjust game audio while playing music with a separate program running in the background. Some PC games, such as <a href="/wiki/Quake_(video_game)" title="Quake (video game)">Quake</a>, play music from the CD while retrieving game data exclusively from the hard disk, thereby allowing the game CD to be swapped for any music CD. The first PC game to introduce in-game support for custom soundtracks was Lionhead Studio's <a href="/wiki/Black_%26_White_(video_game)" title="Black & White (video game)">Black & White</a>. The 2001 game included an in-game interface for <a href="/wiki/Winamp" title="Winamp">Winamp</a> that enabled the players to play audio tracks from their own playlists. In addition, this would sometimes trigger various reactions from the player's Creature, like dancing or laughing. Some <a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a> games supported this by swapping the game CD with a music CD, although when the game needed data, players had to swap the CDs again. One of the earliest games, <a href="/wiki/Ridge_Racer_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridge Racer (video game)">Ridge Racer</a>, was loaded entirely into RAM, letting the player insert a music CD to provide a soundtrack throughout the entirety of the gameplay. In <a href="/wiki/Vib_Ribbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vib Ribbon">Vib Ribbon</a>, this became a gameplay feature, with the game generating levels based entirely on the music on whatever CD the player inserted. Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a> allowed music to be copied from a CD onto its internal hard drive, to be used as a "Custom Soundtrack", if enabled by the game developer. The feature carried over into the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> where it became supported by the system software and could be enabled at any point. The <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> is also able to play custom soundtracks if it is enabled by the game (Excite Truck,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Endless Ocean<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>). The <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PlayStation Portable</a> can, in games like <a href="/wiki/Need_for_Speed_Carbon:_Own_the_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Need for Speed Carbon: Own the City">Need for Speed Carbon: Own the City</a> and <a href="/wiki/FIFA_08" title="FIFA 08">FIFA 08</a>, play music from a <a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a>. The <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> has the ability to utilize custom soundtracks in games using music saved on the hard drive, however few game developers used this function. MLB 08: The Show, released in 2008, has a My MLB sound track feature that allows the user to play music tracks of their choice saved on the hard drive of their PS3, rather than the preprogrammed tracks incorporated into the game by the developer. An update to <a href="/wiki/Wipeout_HD" title="Wipeout HD">Wipeout HD</a>, released on the PlayStation Network, was made to also incorporate this feature.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In the video game <a href="/wiki/Audiosurf" title="Audiosurf">Audiosurf</a>, custom soundtracks are the main aspect of the game. Users have to pick a music file to be analyzed. The game will generate a race track based on tempo, pitch and complexity of the sound. The user will then race on this track, synchronized with the music. Games in the Grand Theft Auto series have supported custom soundtracks, using them as a separate in-game radio station. The feature was primarily exclusive to <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a> versions, and was adopted to a limited degree on console platforms. On a PC, inserting custom music into the stations is done by placing music files into a designated folder. For the Xbox version, a CD must be installed into the console's hard drive. For the iPhone version of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto:_Chinatown_Wars" title="Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars">Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars</a>, players create an iTunes playlist which is then played by the game. <a href="/wiki/Forza_Horizon_3" title="Forza Horizon 3">Forza Horizon 3</a> used a similar technology of custom soundtracks with the help of <a href="/wiki/Groove_Music" title="Groove Music">Groove Music</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments_in_the_2000s">Developments in the 2000s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Developments in the 2000s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2014) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Wesnothmusic.ogg" title="File:Wesnothmusic.ogg">Battle for Wesnoth (2005) – ambient music</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="263" data-mwtitle="Wesnothmusic.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Wesnothmusic.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Wesnothmusic.ogg/Wesnothmusic.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">A track of <a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">ambient music</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_Wesnoth" title="The Battle for Wesnoth">The Battle for Wesnoth</a> (2005).</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_mountains.ogg" title="File:Northern mountains.ogg">Battle for Wesnoth (2005) – fanfare music</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="213" data-mwtitle="Northern_mountains.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Northern_mountains.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Northern_mountains.ogg/Northern_mountains.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">An example of <a href="/wiki/Fanfare" title="Fanfare">fanfare</a> music in video games, also from <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_Wesnoth" title="The Battle for Wesnoth">The Battle for Wesnoth</a> (2005).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Xbox_network" title="Xbox network">Xbox 360</a> supports <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a> software, sampling and playback rate of 16-bit @ 48 kHz (internal; with 24-bit hardware D/A converters), hardware codec streaming, and potential of 256 audio simultaneous channels.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> While powerful and flexible, none of these features represent any major change in how game music is made from the last generation of console systems. PCs continue to rely on third-party devices for in-game sound reproduction, and SoundBlaster is largely the only major player in the entertainment audio expansion card business. The <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> handles multiple types of surround sound technology, including <a href="/wiki/Dolby_TrueHD" title="Dolby TrueHD">Dolby TrueHD</a> and <a href="/wiki/DTS-HD_Master_Audio" title="DTS-HD Master Audio">DTS-HD Master Audio</a>, with up to <a href="/wiki/7.1" class="mw-redirect" title="7.1">7.1</a> channels, and with sampling rates of up to 192 kHz. Nintendo's <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> console shares many audio components with the <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a> from the previous generation, including <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Pro_Logic_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Pro Logic II">Dolby Pro Logic II</a>. These features are extensions of technology already currently in use.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The game developer of today has many choices on how to develop music. More likely, changes in video game music creation will have very little to do with technology and more to do with other factors of game development as a business whole. Video game music has diversified much to the point where scores for games can be presented with a full orchestra or simple 8/16-bit chiptunes. This degree of freedom has made the creative possibilities of video game music limitless to developers. As sales of video game music diverged from the game itself in the West (compared to Japan where game music CDs had been selling for years), business elements also wield a new level of influence. Music from outside the game developer's immediate employment, such as music composers and pop artists, have been contracted to produce game music just as they would for a theatrical movie. Many other factors have growing influence, such as editing for content, politics on some level of the development, and executive input. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_importance">Impact and importance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact and importance">edit</a>]</div> Many video game players believe that music can enhance game play and outlets such as <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a> have stated that it is designed to "simultaneously stimulate your senses and blend into the background of your brain, because that's the point of the soundtrack. It has to engage you, the player, in a task without distracting from it. In fact, the best music would actually direct the listener to the task."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Sound effects within game play are also believed to impact game performance. Ambient sounds such as those present in <a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil">Resident Evil</a> are seen to enhance the tension felt by players, something that GameSpot stated was also used in cinema.<a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[33]</a> Speeding up the sound effects and music in games such as <a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a> is also stated to have a strong impact on the gaming experience when done properly.<a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[33]</a> Properly done, this can help create realism within virtuality and alert players to important scenes and information.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Music and sound effects can become memorable, enabling people to instantly recognize music or sound effects as well as hum or mimic the tune or sound effect.<a href="#cite_note-:5-36">[36]</a> Polygon has stated that despite the popularity of video game music, people may not always know the name of the composer.<a href="#cite_note-:5-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing">Licensing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Licensing">edit</a>]</div> Using licensed music for video games became more popular as the medium used to distribute games grew large enough to accommodate songs alongside a game's other assets. Additionally, with the large growth of the video game market in the 2000s, song licensing became a lucrative route for music rights holders to gain part of that revenue. Games like those in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto" title="Grand Theft Auto">Grand Theft Auto</a> series became showcases of licensed music.<a href="#cite_note-gibiz_license-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_licensing" title="Music licensing">Music licensing</a> is generally complicated due to various copyright laws, typically with at least two separate copyrights to consider: the songwriters' and the performers' contributions. Most large video game developers and publishers who use licensed music typically have staff proficient in licensing to clear songs for use in video games with the various music labels and other creative persons.<a href="#cite_note-gibiz_license-37">[37]</a> Games with licensed music can have problems well past release if perpetual rights for the music are not secured for the game. Early games before the onset of <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital distribution</a> would have perpetual right for the music since there was no practical way to update the game following release at retail to deal with curtailed rights. However, digital distribution platforms, like <a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Live">Xbox Live</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Network" title="PlayStation Network">PlayStation Network</a> keep games up-to-date automatically. Music licenses for games sold through digital distribution may include limited terms, requiring the publisher to re-negotiate rights with the music's owner, or otherwise the music must be removed from the game through these updates.<a href="#cite_note-gibiz_license-37">[37]</a> Notably, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Wake" title="Alan Wake">Alan Wake</a> by <a href="/wiki/Remedy_Entertainment" title="Remedy Entertainment">Remedy Entertainment</a>, first released in 2010, had to be pulled from digital sale in 2017 due to expiring music rights.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> However, with Microsoft's help, Remedy was able to re-secure these rights a year later and returned the game for sale.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Protocol" title="Alpha Protocol">Alpha Protocol</a> by <a href="/wiki/Obsidian_Entertainment" title="Obsidian Entertainment">Obsidian Entertainment</a> was also pulled from sale in 2019 due to expiring music license rights, though there are no known plans if publisher <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> will seek to renew these.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Licensed music in video games has also affected video game streaming, such as <a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Play" title="Let's Play">Let's Play</a> videos. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (DMCA), most popular video sharing and streaming sites implement automatic forms of detecting copyrighted music from most music labels, and flag or block user videos that employ that music, such as YouTube's <a href="/wiki/Content_ID" title="Content ID">Content ID</a> system. These actions apply equally to videos of people playing video games, flagging the video from the licensed music in the game. To avoid this, games using licensed music may offer a "stream-safe" music option, either disabling the music playback or replacing the licensed music with copyright-free or royalty-free music.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Game_music_as_a_genre">Game music as a genre</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Game music as a genre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></div> Many games for the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> and other early game consoles feature a similar style of musical composition that is sometimes described as the "video game genre." Some aspects of this style continue to influence certain music today, though gamers do not associate many modern game soundtracks with the older style. The genre's compositional elements largely developed due to technological restraints, while also being influenced by <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> bands, particularly <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra" title="Yellow Magic Orchestra">Yellow Magic Orchestra</a> (YMO), who were popular during the late 1970s to 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-japantimes-43">[43]</a> YMO sampled sounds from several <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_video_arcade_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age of video arcade games">classic arcade games</a> in their early albums, most notably <a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a> in the 1978 hit song "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra_(album)" title="Yellow Magic Orchestra (album)">Computer Game</a>".<a href="#cite_note-wire_1996-44">[44]</a> In turn, the band would have a major influence on much of the video game music produced during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(third_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (third generation)">8-bit</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(fourth_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (fourth generation)">16-bit eras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-japantimes-43">[43]</a> Features of the video game music genre include: <ul><li>Pieces designed to repeat indefinitely, rather than having an arranged ending or fading out (they however create an atmosphere, especially in important scenes of the game. They introduce a philosophical dimension in the game, as they may introduce questioning in the mind of players, in relationship with their next action).</li> <li>Pieces lacking lyrics and playing over gameplay sounds.</li> <li>Limited polyphony. Only three notes can be played simultaneously on the Nintendo Entertainment System. A great deal of effort was put into composition to create the illusion of more notes playing at once.</li></ul> Although the tones featured in <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">NES</a> music can be thought of as emulating a traditional four-piece rock band (triangle wave used as a bass, two pulse waves analogous to two guitars, and a white noise channel used for drums), composers would often go out of their way to compose complex and rapid sequences of notes, in part due to the restrictions mentioned above.<a href="#cite_note-Collins_2008_p._25-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Disco_King_2010-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carle_2005-47">[47]</a> This is similar to music composition during the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> period, when composers, particularly when creating solo pieces, focused on musical embellishments to compensate for instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> that do not allow for expressive dynamics. For the same reason, many early compositions also feature a distinct jazz influence. These would overlap with later influences from <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a> music, resulting in an equally distinct compositional style in the 16-bit era. In an unrelated but parallel course in the European and North American developer scene, similar limitations were driving the musical style of <a href="/wiki/Home_computer_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Home computer games">home computer games</a>. <a href="/wiki/Module_file" title="Module file">Module file</a> format music, particularly <a href="/wiki/MOD_(file_format)" title="MOD (file format)">MOD</a>, used similar techniques but was more heavily influenced by the electronic music scene as it developed, and resulted in another very distinct subgenre. <a href="/wiki/Demo_(computer_programming)#Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Demo (computer programming)">Demos</a> and the developing <a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">demoscene</a> played a big part in the early years, and still influence video game music today. As technological limitations gradually lifted, composers were given more freedom and, with the advent of CD-ROM, pre-recorded soundtracks came to dominate, resulting in a noticeable shift in composition and voicing style.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Popular early CD-ROM titles were released with high-resolution graphics and recorded music. Since the audio was not reliant on a sound-card's synthesis, CD-ROM technology ensured that composers and sound designers could know what audio would sound like on most consumer configurations and could also record sound effects, live instruments, vocals, and in-game dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_video_games">Outside video games</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Outside video games">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></div> Appreciation for video game music is strong among fans and composers, particularly for music from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(third_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (third generation)">third</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(fourth_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (fourth generation)">fourth</a> generations of home video game consoles, and sometimes newer generations. This appreciation has been shown outside the context of a video game, in the form of CDs, sheet music, public performances, art installations, and popular music. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CDs_and_sheet_music">CDs and sheet music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: CDs and sheet music">edit</a>]</div> Selling video game soundtracks separately as CDs has become increasingly popular in the industry.<a href="#cite_note-collins_12-5">[5]</a> Interpretive albums, remixes, and live performance albums were also common variations to original soundtracks (OSTs).<a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Sugiyama" title="Koichi Sugiyama">Koichi Sugiyama</a> was an early figure in this practice, and following the release of the first <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon Warrior">Dragon Quest</a> game in 1986, a live performance CD of his compositions was released and performed by the Tokyo Strings Ensemble (then later by other groups including the <a href="/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="London Philharmonic Orchestra">London Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra">Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra</a>). By 1987, <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> were selling 50,000 to 100,000 game soundtrack CDs annually.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Yuzo Koshiro, another early figure, released a live performance of the <a href="/wiki/Actraiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Actraiser">Actraiser</a> soundtrack. Both Koshiro's and fellow <a href="/wiki/Falcom" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcom">Falcom</a> composer Mieko Ishikawa's contributions to <a href="/wiki/Ys_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ys (video game)">Ys</a> music would have such long-lasting impact that there were more albums released of Ys music than of almost all other game-type music. Like <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> soundtracks, these soundtracks and even sheet music books were usually marketed exclusively in Japan. Therefore, interested gamers outside Japan had to import the soundtracks and/or sheet music books through on or offline firms specifically dedicated to video game soundtrack imports. This has been somewhat less of an issue more recently as domestic publishers of anime and video games have been producing western equivalent versions of the OSTs for sale in UK and US, though these are often for more popular titles. Video game music companies like Materia Collective have pursued and produced published book editions of video game music. The sale of video game soundtracks has created a growing symbiotic relationship between the music industry and the games industry.<a href="#cite_note-collins_12-5">[5]</a> Commonly, games are being used to promote and sell licensed music, rather than just original score, and recording artists are being used to market and sell games.<a href="#cite_note-collins_12-5">[5]</a> Music marketing agency Electric Artists conducted a study that revealed a number of interesting statistics surrounding "hard-core gamers" and their music habits: 40% of hard-core gamers bought the CD after hearing a song they liked in a video game, 73% of gamers said soundtracks within games help sell more CDs, and 40% of respondents said a game introduced them to a new band or song, then 27% of them went out and bought what they heard.<a href="#cite_note-collins_12-5">[5]</a> Some game soundtracks have become so popular they have reached platinum status, such as NBA Live 2003.<a href="#cite_note-collins_12-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_performance">Public performance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Public performance">edit</a>]</div> Many original composers have publicly exhibited their music through symphonic concert performances. Once again, Koichi Sugiyama was the first to execute this practice in 1987 with his "Family Classic Concert" featuring live performances of Dragon Quest music and had continued these concert performances almost annually. In 1991, he also formed a series called Orchestral Game Music Concerts, notable for featuring music of other talented game composers such as <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Kanno" title="Yoko Kanno">Yoko Kanno</a> (Nobunaga's Ambition, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Uncharted Waters), <a href="/wiki/Nobuo_Uematsu" title="Nobuo Uematsu">Nobuo Uematsu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a>), Keiichi Suzuki (Mother/Earthbound), and Kentaro Haneda (Wizardry).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Following suit, compositions by Nobuo Uematsu on <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_IV" title="Final Fantasy IV">Final Fantasy IV</a> were arranged into <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_IV:_Celtic_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Fantasy IV: Celtic Moon">Final Fantasy IV: Celtic Moon</a>, a live performance by string musicians with strong Celtic influence recorded in Ireland. The Love Theme from the same game has been used as an instructional piece of music in Japanese schools.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> With the success of <a href="/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)" title="Square (video game company)">Square</a>'s 1990s games <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VI" title="Final Fantasy VI">Final Fantasy VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII" title="Final Fantasy VII">Final Fantasy VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VIII" title="Final Fantasy VIII">Final Fantasy VIII</a> by Nobuo Uematsu, and <a href="/wiki/Chrono_Trigger" title="Chrono Trigger">Chrono Trigger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenogears" title="Xenogears">Xenogears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrono_Cross" title="Chrono Cross">Chrono Cross</a> by <a href="/wiki/Yasunori_Mitsuda" title="Yasunori Mitsuda">Yasunori Mitsuda</a>, public performance began to gain international popularity. On August 20, 2003, music written for video games such as Final Fantasy and The Legend of Zelda was performed for the first time outside Japan, by the <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Czech National Symphony Orchestra">Czech National Symphony Orchestra</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Game_Music_Concert" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphonic Game Music Concert">Symphonic Game Music Concert</a> in Leipzig, Germany at the Gewandhaus concert hall.<a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[50]</a> This event was held as the official opening ceremony of Europe's biggest trading fair for video games, the GC Games Convention and repeated in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[50]</a> On November 17, 2003, Square Enix launched the Final Fantasy Radio on <a href="/wiki/America_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="America Online">America Online</a>. The radio station has initially featured complete tracks from <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XI" title="Final Fantasy XI">Final Fantasy XI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XI" title="Final Fantasy XI">Final Fantasy XI: Rise of Zilart</a> and samplings from Final Fantasy VII through <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_X" title="Final Fantasy X">Final Fantasy X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[50]</a> The first officially sanctioned <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_Music_Concert" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Fantasy Music Concert">Final Fantasy concert</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was performed by the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra">Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra</a> at <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Concert_Hall" title="Walt Disney Concert Hall">Walt Disney Concert Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, on May 10, 2004.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> All seats at the concert were sold out in a single day. "Dear Friends: Music from Final Fantasy" followed and was performed at various cities across the United States. Nobuo Uematsu has also performed a variety of Final Fantasy compositions live with his rock band, <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Mages" title="The Black Mages">The Black Mages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> On July 6, 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra">Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra</a> also held a <a href="/wiki/Video_Games_Live" title="Video Games Live">Video Games Live</a> concert at the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl" title="Hollywood Bowl">Hollywood Bowl</a>, an event founded by video game music composers <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tallarico" title="Tommy Tallarico">Tommy Tallarico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Wall_(composer)" title="Jack Wall (composer)">Jack Wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[50]</a> This concert featured a variety of video game music, ranging from Pong to <a href="/wiki/Halo_2" title="Halo 2">Halo 2</a>. It also incorporated real-time video feeds that were in sync with the music, as well as laser and light special effects. Media outside the video game industry, such as <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, have covered their subsequent world tours.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> On August 20, 2006, the Malmö Symphonic Orchestra with host <a href="/wiki/Orvar_S%C3%A4fstr%C3%B6m" title="Orvar Säfström">Orvar Säfström</a> performed the outdoor game music concert Joystick in <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> before an audience of 17,000, holding the current record of attendance for a game music concert.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Säfström has since continued to produce game music concerts around Europe under the names Joystick and Score.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> From April 20–27, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Eminence_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Eminence Symphony Orchestra">Eminence Symphony Orchestra</a>, an orchestra dedicated to video game and anime music, performed the first part of their annual tour, the "A Night in Fantasia" concert series in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Whilst Eminence had performed video game music as part of their concerts since their inception, the 2007 concert marked the first time ever that the entire setlist was pieces from video games. Up to seven of the world's most famous game composers were also in attendance as special guests. Music performed included Red Alert 3 Theme: Soviet March by James Hannigan and <a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Colossus" title="Shadow of the Colossus">Shadow of the Colossus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kow_Otani" title="Kow Otani">Kow Otani</a>. Since 2010, video games-themed "<a href="/wiki/Pops_orchestra" title="Pops orchestra">pops</a>" concerts have become a major proportion of the revenue in many United States <a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_halls" title="List of concert halls">concert halls</a>, as traditional classical music performances decline in popularity.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> On March 16, 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</a>'s "The Art of Video Games" exhibit opened featuring a chipmusic soundtrack at the entrance by artists <a href="/wiki/8_Bit_Weapon" title="8 Bit Weapon">8 Bit Weapon</a> & <a href="/wiki/ComputeHer" title="ComputeHer">ComputeHer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> 8 Bit Weapon also created a track called "The art of Video Games Anthem" for the exhibit as well.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The first video game music-focused concert for the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Proms" title="BBC Proms">BBC Proms</a> was held on August 1, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_music">In popular music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitpop" title="Bitpop">Bitpop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> industry, video game music and sounds have appeared in songs by various popular artists.<a href="#cite_note-Puls-64">[64]</a> Arcade game sounds had a particularly strong influence on the <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">synthpop</a>)<a href="#cite_note-sfweekly_interview-66">[66]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electro_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro music">electro music</a><a href="#cite_note-allmusic_electro-67">[67]</a> genres during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games" title="Golden age of arcade video games">golden age of arcade video games</a> in the early 1980s. Arcade game sounds had an influence on synthpop pioneers <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra" title="Yellow Magic Orchestra">Yellow Magic Orchestra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-guardian_ymo-68">[68]</a> who sampled Space Invaders sounds in their influential 1978 debut album, particularly the hit song "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra_(album)" title="Yellow Magic Orchestra (album)">Computer Game</a>".<a href="#cite_note-wire_1996-44">[44]</a> In turn, the band would have a major influence on much of the video game music produced during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(third_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (third generation)">8-bit</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(fourth_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (fourth generation)">16-bit eras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-japantimes-43">[43]</a> Other pop songs based on Space Invaders soon followed, including "Disco Space Invaders" (1979) by Funny Stuff,<a href="#cite_note-wire_2002-69">[69]</a> "Space Invaders" (1980) by Playback,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> and the hit songs "<a href="/wiki/Pretenders_(album)" title="Pretenders (album)">Space Invader</a>" (1980) by <a href="/wiki/The_Pretenders" title="The Pretenders">The Pretenders</a><a href="#cite_note-wire_2002-69">[69]</a> and "Space Invaders" (1980) by Uncle Vic.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buckner_%26_Garcia" title="Buckner & Garcia">Buckner & Garcia</a> produced a successful album dedicated to video game music in 1982, <a href="/wiki/Pac-Man_Fever_(album)" title="Pac-Man Fever (album)">Pac-Man Fever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timemag-72">[72]</a> Former YMO member <a href="/wiki/Haruomi_Hosono" title="Haruomi Hosono">Haruomi Hosono</a> also released a 1984 album produced entirely from Namco <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade game</a> samples entitled Video Game Music, an early example of a <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">chiptune</a> record<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and the first video game music album.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Warp_(record_label)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (record label)">Warp</a>'s record "Testone" (1990) by <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Exorcist_(band)" title="Sweet Exorcist (band)">Sweet Exorcist</a> sampled video game sounds from YMO's "Computer Game" and defined Sheffield's <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Bleeps_and_Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass">bleep techno</a> scene in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-sicko_brewster_76-75">[75]</a> In 1991, American <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Pixies_(band)" title="Pixies (band)">Pixies</a> released a cover version of the main theme from the arcade game <a href="/wiki/Narc_(video_game)" title="Narc (video game)">Narc</a> as a B-side to the single "<a href="/wiki/Planet_of_Sound" title="Planet of Sound">Planet of Sound</a>".<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> More recently, "video game beats" have appeared in popular songs such as <a href="/wiki/Kesha" title="Kesha">Kesha</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Tik_Tok_(song)" title="Tik Tok (song)">Tik Tok</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Puls-64">[64]</a> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles" title="List of best-selling singles">best-selling single</a> of 2010,<a href="#cite_note-ifpi10-77">[77]</a> as well as "U Should Know Better" by <a href="/wiki/Robyn" title="Robyn">Robyn</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Puls-64">[64]</a> and "Hellbound" by <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>. The influence of video game music can also be seen in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">electronica</a> music by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Dizzee_Rascal" title="Dizzee Rascal">Dizzee Rascal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kieran_Hebden" class="mw-redirect" title="Kieran Hebden">Kieran Hebden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_ymo-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grime_music" title="Grime music">Grime</a> music in particular samples <a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_wave" title="Sawtooth wave">sawtooth wave</a> sounds from video games which were popular in <a href="/wiki/East_(London_sub_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="East (London sub region)">East London.</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> English <a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">power metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/DragonForce" title="DragonForce">DragonForce</a> is also known for their "retro video game influenced" sound. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video_game_music_education">Video game music education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Video game music education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2014) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Video game music has become part of the curriculum at the degree, undergraduate, and graduate levels in many traditional colleges and universities.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Association" title="Entertainment Software Association">Entertainment Software Association</a>, there are over 400 schools offering courses and degrees in video game design in the United States, many of which include sound and music design.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music" title="Berklee College of Music">Berklee College of Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Conservatory">New England Conservatory</a> have all introduced game music into their music programs. These programs offer immersive education in music composition, orchestration, editing and production.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Other post-secondary schools have more games-focused programs, such as <a href="/wiki/DigiPen_Institute_of_Technology" title="DigiPen Institute of Technology">DigiPen Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_Chicago" title="Columbia College Chicago">Columbia College Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Art_University" title="Academy of Art University">Academy of Art University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> who all offer programs in Music and Sound Design.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> These programs include courses in sound effect creation, interactive sound design, and scripting music.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Similar programs have gained popularity in Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_School_of_the_Arts" title="Utrecht School of the Arts">Utrecht School of the Arts</a> (Faculty of Art, Media and Technology) has offered a Game Sound and Music Design program since 2003. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire" title="University of Hertfordshire">University of Hertfordshire</a> has a program in Music Composition and Technology for Film and Games, <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Beckett_University" title="Leeds Beckett University">Leeds Beckett University</a> offers Sound and Music for Interactive Games, and dBs Music Bristol teaches Sound for Games and Apps.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> More informal institutions, like the training seminars at <a href="/wiki/GameSoundCon" title="GameSoundCon">GameSoundCon</a> also feature classes in how to compose video game music.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Extracurricular organizations devoted to the performance of video game music have also been implemented in tandem with these new curriculum programs. The <a href="/wiki/Gamer_Symphony_Orchestra_at_the_University_of_Maryland" title="Gamer Symphony Orchestra at the University of Maryland">Gamer Symphony Orchestra at the University of Maryland</a> performs self-arranged video game music and the <a href="/wiki/Video_Game_Orchestra" title="Video Game Orchestra">Video Game Orchestra</a> is a semiprofessional outgrowth of students from the Berklee College of Music and other Boston-area schools.<a href="#cite_note-:3-90">[90]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Music_Education" title="National Association for Music Education">National Association for Music Education</a>, video game music is now being taught at elementary and secondary school levels to aid in the understanding of music composition.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Students at <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Zadok_A._Magruder_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Zadok A. Magruder High School">Magruder High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> have even started a student-run gamer orchestra, and many high school bands perform game music.<a href="#cite_note-:3-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_study">Academic study</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Academic study">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ludomusicology" title="Ludomusicology">Ludomusicology</a></div> Academic research on video game music began in the late 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and developed through the mid-2000s. Early research on the topic often involved historical studies of game music, or comparative studies of video game music and film music (see, for instance, Zach Whalen's article "Play Along – An Approach to Videogame Music" which includes both).<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The study of video game music is also known by some as "ludomusicology" – a portmanteau of "<a href="/wiki/Ludology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludology">ludology</a>" (the study of games and gameplay) and "<a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a>" (the study and analysis of music) – a term coined independently by Guillaume Laroche and Roger Moseley.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> A prominent figure in early video game music and audio research is Karen Collins, who is associate professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a> and Canada Research Chair in Interactive Audio at the University of Waterloo Games Institute. Her monograph Game Sound: An Introduction to the History, Theory and Practice of Video Game Music and Sound Design (MIT Press 2008)<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> is considered a seminal work in the field, and was influential in the subsequent development of video game music studies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Ludomusicology Research Group is an inter-university research organisation focusing on the study of music in games, music games and music in video game culture, composed of four researchers: Michiel Kamp, Tim Summers, Melanie Fritsch, and Mark Sweeney.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Together they organise an annual international conference held in the UK or Europe (at the time of writing, the most recent was the Ludo2017 conference held at Bath Spa University).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The group was founded by Kamp, Summers and Sweeney in August 2011, who have also edited a collection of essays based around the study of game sound entitled Ludomusicology: Approaches to Video Game Music, published in July 2016.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> They also edited a double special issue of The Soundtrack<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and initiated a new book series for the Study in Game Sound and Music<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> in 2017. In September 2016, Tim Summers' book 'Understanding Video Game Music' was published by Cambridge University Press.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Fritsch officially joined the group in 2016. She had edited the 2nd issue of the online journal ACT – Zeitschrift für Musik und Performance,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> published in July 2011, which included ludomusicological contributions written by Tim Summers, Steven B. Reale and Jason Brame. She had been a regular at the conferences since 2012 and published several book chapters on the topic. Whereas Kamp, Summers and Sweeney have a background in <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a>, Fritsch's background is in <a href="/wiki/Performance_studies" title="Performance studies">performance studies</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The North American Conference on Video Game Music (NACVGM) is an international conference on video game music held annually in North America since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> It is organised by Neil Lerner, Steven Beverburg Reale and William Gibbons.<a href="#cite_note-About_SSSMG-107">[107]</a> In late 2016 the Society for the Study of Sound and Music in Games (SSSMG) was launched by the Ludomusicology Research Group in conjunction with the organisers of the North American Conference on Video Game Music and the Audio Mostly conference.<a href="#cite_note-About_SSSMG-107">[107]</a> The SSSMG has the aim of bringing together both practitioners and researchers from across the globe in order to develop the field's understanding of sound and video game music and audio. Its focus is the use of its website as a "hub" for communication and resource centralisation, including a video game music research bibliography (a project initially begun by the Ludomusicology Research Group).<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The Ludomusicology Society of Australia was launched by Barnabas Smith in April 2017, during the Ludo2017 conference in Bath, UK; it aims to "offer a centralised and local professional body nurturing game music studies for academics, people in industry and game music fans alike in the Australasian region."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composers">Composers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Composers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2014) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Creating and producing video game music requires strong teams and coordination among the different divisions of game development.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> As the market has expanded, so have the types of jobs in game music. The process often starts with the <a href="/wiki/Game_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Game designer">game designer</a>, who will have a specific musical theme or genre in mind for the game.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> Their options include contracting original composers or licensing existing music, both of which require other music experts. During the arcade and early console era (1983 to the mid-1990s), most game music was composed by full-time employees of the particular game company producing the game. This was largely due to the very specialized nature of video game music, where each system had its own technology and tool sets. It was not uncommon for a game company like <a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a> or Konami to have a room full of composers, each at their own workstation with headphones writing music.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Once the CD-era hit and studio recorded music became more ubiquitous in games, it became increasingly common for game music to be composed by independent contractors, hired by the game developer on a per-project basis.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-twvideo01.ubm-us.net-112">[112]</a> Most bigger budget games such as <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty" title="Call of Duty">Call of Duty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_Effect" title="Mass Effect">Mass Effect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Recon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost Recon">Ghost Recon</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lost_Planet" title="Lost Planet">Lost Planet</a> hire composers in this fashion. Approximately 50% of game composers are freelance, the remaining being employees of a game company.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Original score and soundtrack may require the hiring of a <a href="/wiki/Music_director" title="Music director">music director</a>, who will help create the game music as well as help book the resources needed for performing and recording the music.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> Some music directors may work with a game's <a href="/wiki/Sound_Designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound Designer">Sound Designer</a> to create a dynamic score.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> Notable exceptions include composer <a href="/wiki/Koji_Kondo" title="Koji Kondo">Koji Kondo</a>, who remains an employee at Nintendo, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Donnell" title="Martin O'Donnell">Martin O'Donnell</a>, who worked at Bungie until early 2014.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The growth of casual, mobile and social games has greatly increased opportunities for game music composers, with job growth in the US market increasing more than 150% over five years.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Independently developed games are a frequent place where beginning game composers gain experience composing for video games.<a href="#cite_note-twvideo01.ubm-us.net-112">[112]</a> Game composers, particularly for smaller games, are likely to provide other services such as sound design (76% of game composers also do some sound design), integration (47% of game composers also integrate their music into audio middleware), or even computer coding or scripting (15%).<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> With the rising use of licensed popular music in video games, job opportunities in game music have also come to include the role of a music supervisor. Music supervisors work on behalf of a game developer or game publisher to source pre-existing music from artists and music publishers. These supervisors can be hired on a per-project basis or can work in-house, like the Music Group for <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a> (EA) that has a team of music supervisors.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> A music supervisor is needed to not only help select music that will suit the game, but to also ensure the music is fully licensed in order to avoid lawsuits or conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> Music supervisors may also help negotiate payment, which for artists and songwriters is often a one-time buy-out fee, because games do not generate music royalties when they are sold.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> A growing trend is to contract artists to write original songs for games, to add to their value and exclusivity, and once again supervisors can be a part of that process.<a href="#cite_note-collins_12-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current">Current</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Current">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>First year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Category </th></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golden_Joystick_Awards" title="Golden Joystick Awards">Golden Joystick Awards</a> </td> <td>Game Audio </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D.I.C.E._Awards" title="D.I.C.E. Awards">D.I.C.E. Awards</a> </td> <td>Outstanding Original Music Composition </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_Games_Festival" title="Independent Games Festival">Independent Games Festival</a> </td> <td>Excellence in Audio </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Game_Developers_Choice_Awards" title="Game Developers Choice Awards">Game Developers Choice Awards</a> </td> <td>Best Audio </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>Game Audio Network Guild Awards<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>Taipei Game Show Indie Game Awards<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td> <td>Best Audio </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Games_Awards" title="British Academy Games Awards">British Academy Games Awards</a> </td> <td>Original Music.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Gaming_Awards" title="International Mobile Gaming Awards">International Mobile Gaming Awards</a> </td> <td>Excellence in Audio </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Film_Music_Critics_Association" title="International Film Music Critics Association">International Film Music Critics Association</a> Awards </td> <td>Best Original Score for a Video Game or Interactive Media<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Game_Awards" title="New York Game Awards">New York Game Awards</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </td> <td>Tin Pan Alley Award for Best Music in a Game<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a>, Visual Media Awards </td> <td>Best Music for Visual Media, Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media, Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media, and Best Song Written for Visual Media.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>Hollywood Music In Media </td> <td>Original Score, Song, and Song/Score for Mobile Video Game.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Awards" title="The Game Awards">The Game Awards</a> </td> <td>Best Score/Soundtrack.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SXSW_Gaming_Awards" title="SXSW Gaming Awards">SXSW Gaming Awards</a> </td> <td>Excellence in Musical Score </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ASCAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCAP">ASCAP</a> Screen Music Awards </td> <td>Video Game Score of the Year </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>Game Audio Awards<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td> <td>Best Game Music, Best Sound Design, and Firestarter Award. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>The Society of Composers & Lyricists Awards<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </td> <td>Outstanding Original Song for Visual Media, Outstanding Original Score for Interactive Media. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a> </td> <td>Best Score Soundtrack for Video Games and Other Interactive Media<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BMI_Film_%26_TV_Awards" title="BMI Film & TV Awards">BMI Film & TV Awards</a> </td> <td>Video Game Music<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defunct">Defunct</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Defunct">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>2003–2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spike_Video_Game_Awards" title="Spike Video Game Awards">Spike Video Game Awards</a> </td> <td>Awards for Best Soundtrack, Best Song in a Game, and Best Original Score </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004–2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Video_Game_Soundtrack" title="MTV Video Music Award for Best Video Game Soundtrack">MTV Video Music Award for Best Video Game Soundtrack</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>MTV <a href="/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Video_Game_Score" title="MTV Video Music Award for Best Video Game Score">Best Video Game Score</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010–2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Novello_Awards" title="Ivor Novello Awards">Ivor Novello Awards</a> for Best Original Video Game Score<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> In 2011, video game music made its first appearance at the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a> when "<a href="/wiki/Baba_Yetu" title="Baba Yetu">Baba Yetu</a>", a song from <a href="/wiki/Civilization_IV" title="Civilization IV">Civilization IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_2011#Composing_and_arranging" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Awards of 2011">won</a> the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Awards of 2011">53rd annual music awards</a>' <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Instrumental_Arrangement_Accompanying_Vocalist(s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)">Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalists</a>, making it the first video game music to be nominated for (or to win) a Grammy. The song won for its placement on <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tin" title="Christopher Tin">Christopher Tin</a>'s album <a href="/wiki/Calling_All_Dawns" title="Calling All Dawns">Calling All Dawns</a>, but had been used in the game six years prior.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In 2022, video game music made another appearance at the Grammy Awards, with <a href="/wiki/The_8-Bit_Big_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="The 8-Bit Big Band">The 8-Bit Big Band</a>'s cover (arranged by <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rosen_(musician)" title="Charlie Rosen (musician)">Charlie Rosen</a> and Jake Silverman) of "Meta Knight's Revenge", a song from <a href="/wiki/Kirby_Super_Star" title="Kirby Super Star">Kirby Super Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/64th_Annual_Grammy_Awards#Music_for_Visual_Media" title="64th Annual Grammy Awards">winning</a> the <a href="/wiki/64th_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="64th Annual Grammy Awards">64th Annual Grammy Awards</a>' Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instrumental or A Capella.<a href="#cite_note-Kotaku-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Other video game awards include the <a href="/wiki/International_Film_Music_Critics_Association" title="International Film Music Critics Association">International Film Music Critics Association</a> (IFMCA) award for Best Original Score for Interactive Media and <a href="/wiki/Machinima.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinima.com">Machinima.com</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Inside_Gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Inside Gaming">Inside Gaming</a> Awards for Best Original Score and Best Sound Design.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition to recognizing the composers of original score, the Guild of Music Supervisors offer a GMS Award to the music supervisors that select and coordinate licensed music for video games.<a href="#cite_note-:0-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fan_culture">Fan culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fan culture">edit</a>]</div> Video game fans have created their own fan sites "dedicated to the appreciation and promotion of video game music", such as <a href="/wiki/OverClocked_ReMix" title="OverClocked ReMix">OverClocked ReMix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Fans also make their own song remixes and compilations, like insaneintherainmusic, and have built online remixing communities through the ease of internet distribution.<a href="#cite_note-collins_12-5">[5]</a> The Japanese <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djin_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjin music">dōjin music</a> scene is notable for producing albums of arranged videogame music which derived from popular retro franchises such as <a href="/wiki/Mega_Man" title="Mega Man">Mega Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrono_Trigger" title="Chrono Trigger">Chrono Trigger</a> or <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> from <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djin_soft" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjin soft">dōjin games</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Touhou_Project" title="Touhou Project">Touhou Project</a>, studio <a href="/wiki/Key_(company)" title="Key (company)">Key</a> visual novels and <a href="/wiki/When_They_Cry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="When They Cry (disambiguation)">When They Cry</a> series, from popular franchises on <a href="/wiki/Comiket" title="Comiket">Comiket</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Type-Moon" title="Type-Moon">Type-Moon</a>'s Fate series or <a href="/wiki/Kantai_Collection" title="Kantai Collection">Kantai Collection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> There have been over six thousand dōjin albums of Touhou Project music released.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/28px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/42px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/56px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Video_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Video Games">Video Games portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_rip_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game rip (audio)">Game rip (audio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEZA_Framework" title="IEZA Framework">IEZA Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_musicians" title="List of video game musicians">List of video game musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_soundtracks_released_on_vinyl" title="List of video game soundtracks released on vinyl">List of video game soundtracks released on vinyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_soundtracks_considered_the_best" title="List of video game soundtracks considered the best">List of video game soundtracks considered the best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludomusicology" title="Ludomusicology">Ludomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGFest" title="MAGFest">MAGFest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video_game" title="Music video game">Music video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverClocked_ReMix" title="OverClocked ReMix">OverClocked ReMix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGMusic.com" title="VGMusic.com">VGMusic.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Games_Live" title="Video Games Live">Video Games Live</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-7">h</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRogers2014" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Scott (2014-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UT5jAwAAQBAJ">Level Up! The Guide to Great Video Game Design</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118877197" title="Special:BookSources/9781118877197"><bdi>9781118877197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Level+Up%21+The+Guide+to+Great+Video+Game+Design&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014-04-16&rft.isbn=9781118877197&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUT5jAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923033415/http://ffdistantworlds.com/index.php?option=com_eventlist&view=categoryevents&id=1&Itemid=59">"Distant World: International Final Fantasy Concert Series"</a>. Ffdistantworlds.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ffdistantworlds.com/index.php?option=com_eventlist&view=categoryevents&id=1&Itemid=59">the original</a> on 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2011-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distant+World%3A+International+Final+Fantasy+Concert+Series&rft.pub=Ffdistantworlds.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ffdistantworlds.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_eventlist%26view%3Dcategoryevents%26id%3D1%26Itemid%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ry-qc4yhFC0">Gun Fight</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-vgmdb_namco-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vgmdb_namco_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vgmdb_namco_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vgmdb.net/album/489">"Video Game Music"</a>. VGMdb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003112509/http://vgmdb.net/album/489">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VGMdb&rft.atitle=Video+Game+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvgmdb.net%2Falbum%2F489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-collins_12-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collins_12_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_12_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_12_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_12_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_12_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_12_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_12_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_12_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_12_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_12_5-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2008" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Karen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnw0Zb4St-wC&pg=PA12">Game sound: an introduction to the history, theory, and practice of video game music and sound design</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 112–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03378-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03378-7"><bdi>978-0-262-03378-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+sound%3A+an+introduction+to+the+history%2C+theory%2C+and+practice+of+video+game+music+and+sound+design&rft.pages=112-118&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03378-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgnw0Zb4St-wC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Collins2008" class="citation cs2">Karen Collins (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=1I-NTZ7JKsq3hQeDpem7Dg">From Pac-Man to pop music: interactive audio in games and new media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate</a>, p. 2, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6200-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6200-6"><bdi>978-0-7546-6200-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Pac-Man+to+pop+music%3A+interactive+audio+in+games+and+new+media&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6200-6&rft.au=Karen+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fei%3D1I-NTZ7JKsq3hQeDpem7Dg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gradar2-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gradar2_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gradar2_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamesRadar_US2010" class="citation web cs1">GamesRadar_ US (9 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesradar.com/gamings-most-important-evolutions/?page=2">"Gaming's most important evolutions"</a>. gamesradar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221132323/http://www.gamesradar.com/gamings-most-important-evolutions/?page=2">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gamesradar&rft.atitle=Gaming%27s+most+important+evolutions&rft.date=2010-10-09&rft.au=GamesRadar_+US&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesradar.com%2Fgamings-most-important-evolutions%2F%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2008" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Karen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnw0Zb4St-wC&pg=PA12">Game sound: an introduction to the history, theory, and practice of video game music and sound design</a>. MIT Press. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03378-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03378-7"><bdi>978-0-262-03378-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+sound%3A+an+introduction+to+the+history%2C+theory%2C+and+practice+of+video+game+music+and+sound+design&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03378-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgnw0Zb4St-wC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcade-museum.com/game_detail.php?game_id=9910">Super Locomotive</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Killer_List_of_Videogames" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer List of Videogames">Killer List of Videogames</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-whosampled_covers-10"><a href="#cite_ref-whosampled_covers_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whosampled.com/Yellow-Magic-Orchestra/covered/">"Covers of Yellow Magic Orchestra songs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WhoSampled" title="WhoSampled">WhoSampled</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205124027/http://www.whosampled.com/Yellow-Magic-Orchestra/covered/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Covers+of+Yellow+Magic+Orchestra+songs&rft.pub=WhoSampled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whosampled.com%2FYellow-Magic-Orchestra%2Fcovered%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sugimania.com/">"Koichi Sugiyama Home Page"</a>. Sugimania.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123115349/http://www.sugimania.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-23. Retrieved 2011-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Koichi+Sugiyama+Home+Page&rft.pub=Sugimania.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsugimania.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"The Sound of Music", <a href="/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World" title="Computer Gaming World">Computer Gaming World</a>, no. 49, p. 8, July 1988</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Gaming+World&rft.atitle=The+Sound+of+Music&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1988-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-karen_10-1-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-karen_10-1_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-karen_10-1_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2008" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Karen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnw0Zb4St-wC&pg=PA12">Game sound: an introduction to the history, theory, and practice of video game music and sound design</a>. MIT Press. pp. 10–1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03378-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03378-7"><bdi>978-0-262-03378-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+sound%3A+an+introduction+to+the+history%2C+theory%2C+and+practice+of+video+game+music+and+sound+design&rft.pages=10-1&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03378-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgnw0Zb4St-wC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2008" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Karen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnw0Zb4St-wC&pg=PA12">Game sound: an introduction to the history, theory, and practice of video game music and sound design</a>. MIT Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03378-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03378-7"><bdi>978-0-262-03378-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+sound%3A+an+introduction+to+the+history%2C+theory%2C+and+practice+of+video+game+music+and+sound+design&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03378-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgnw0Zb4St-wC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hg101_retro-15"><a href="#cite_ref-hg101_retro_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Szczepaniak" class="citation web cs1">John Szczepaniak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/JPNcomputers/Japanesecomputers.htm">"Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier Retro Japanese Computers"</a>. Hardcore Gaming 101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007152300/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/JPNcomputers/Japanesecomputers.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2011-03-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Retro+Japanese+Computers%3A+Gaming%27s+Final+Frontier+Retro+Japanese+Computers&rft.pub=Hardcore+Gaming+101&rft.au=John+Szczepaniak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hardcoregaming101.net%2FJPNcomputers%2FJapanesecomputers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> Reprinted from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Retro_Gamer" title="Retro Gamer">Retro Gamer</a>, 2009</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Grannell, Craig (August 2008). "The Making of Marble Madness". Retro Gamer (Imagine Publishing) (53): 82–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2008" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Karen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnw0Zb4St-wC&pg=PA12">Game sound: an introduction to the history, theory, and practice of video game music and sound design</a>. MIT Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03378-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03378-7"><bdi>978-0-262-03378-7</bdi></a>. 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GameAxis Unwired (40). <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Press_Holdings" title="Singapore Press Holdings">SPH Magazines</a>: 39. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0219-872X">0219-872X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GameAxis+Unwired&rft.atitle=Songs+%26+Sounds+In+The+21st+Century&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2006-12&rft.issn=0219-872X&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeilly2010" class="citation web cs1">McNeilly, Joe (April 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesradar.com/game-music-of-the-day-streets-of-rage-2/">"Game music of the day: Streets of Rage 2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GamesRadar" class="mw-redirect" title="GamesRadar">GamesRadar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105210313/http://www.gamesradar.com/game-music-of-the-day-streets-of-rage-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Game+music+of+the+day%3A+Streets+of+Rage+2&rft.pub=GamesRadar&rft.date=2010-04-19&rft.aulast=McNeilly&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesradar.com%2Fgame-music-of-the-day-streets-of-rage-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudun_Sorlie" class="citation web cs1">Audun Sorlie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120705105639/http://hardcoregaming101.net/umemoto/umemoto.htm">"A Dragon's Journey: Ryu Umemoto in Europe"</a>. Hardcore Gaming 101. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/umemoto/umemoto.htm">the original</a> on 2012-07-05. Retrieved 2011-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Dragon%27s+Journey%3A+Ryu+Umemoto+in+Europe&rft.pub=Hardcore+Gaming+101&rft.au=Audun+Sorlie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hardcoregaming101.net%2Fumemoto%2Fumemoto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2008" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Karen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnw0Zb4St-wC&pg=PA12">Game sound: an introduction to the history, theory, and practice of video game music and sound design</a>. MIT Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03378-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03378-7"><bdi>978-0-262-03378-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+sound%3A+an+introduction+to+the+history%2C+theory%2C+and+practice+of+video+game+music+and+sound+design&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03378-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgnw0Zb4St-wC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hg101_tengai-22"><a href="#cite_ref-hg101_tengai_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalata" class="citation web cs1">Kalata, Kurt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hardcoregaming101.net/tengai/tengai.htm">"Tengai Makyou: Ziria"</a>. Hardcore Gaming 101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907125751/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/tengai/tengai.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hardcore+Gaming+101&rft.atitle=Tengai+Makyou%3A+Ziria&rft.aulast=Kalata&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhardcoregaming101.net%2Ftengai%2Ftengai.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kalata_ys-23"><a href="#cite_ref-kalata_ys_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalata2014" class="citation web cs1">Kalata, Kurt (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hardcoregaming101.net/ys/ys.htm">"Ys"</a>. Hardcore Gaming 101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004180928/http://hardcoregaming101.net/ys/ys.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hardcore+Gaming+101&rft.atitle=Ys&rft.date=2014-02&rft.aulast=Kalata&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhardcoregaming101.net%2Fys%2Fys.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rpgfan_falcom-24"><a href="#cite_ref-rpgfan_falcom_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_Mattich" class="citation web cs1">Ryan Mattich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007011239/http://www.rpgfan.com/reviews/falcomclassics2/Falcom_Classics_2-2.html">"Falcom Classics II"</a>. RPGFan. 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Retrieved 14 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Three+Speech&rft.atitle=WipEout+HD+Soundtrack+Announced&rft.date=2008-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthreespeech.com%2Fblog%2F2008%2F02%2Fwipeout-hd-soundtrack-announced%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.xbox.com/en-US/xbox-360/console/configure-audio-settings">"Xbox Audio Settings | Connect And Configure Digital Audio On Xbox 360"</a>. Xbox.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212142131/http://support.xbox.com/en-US/xbox-360/console/configure-audio-settings">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-12. 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IEEE. pp. 97–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fcgiv.2007.87">10.1109/cgiv.2007.87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-2928-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-2928-8"><bdi>978-0-7695-2928-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15780039">15780039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Video+Game+Console+Audio%3A+Evolution+and+Future+Trends&rft.btitle=Computer+Graphics%2C+Imaging+and+Visualisation+%28CGIV+2007%29&rft.pages=97-102&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15780039%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fcgiv.2007.87&rft.isbn=978-0-7695-2928-8&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=KyuSik&rft.au=Kim%2C+GyuBeom&rft.au=Kim%2C+TaeYong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1109%2Fcgiv.2007.87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/work-productivity-listening-music">"You should be listening to video game soundtracks at work"</a>. Popular Science. 10 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523165936/https://www.popsci.com/work-productivity-listening-music">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-23. 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Retrieved 2016-04-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=A+Simple+Option+That+Can+Help+Stop+Streaming+Takedowns&rft.date=2015-10-16&rft.aulast=Plunkett&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Fa-simple-option-that-can-help-stop-streaming-takedowns-1736611280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeppala2016" class="citation web cs1">Seppala, Timothy (2016-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2016/03/29/quantum-break-stream-safe-music/">"'Quantum Break' has an audio setting just for streamers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531010912/http://www.engadget.com/2016/03/29/quantum-break-stream-safe-music/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-31. 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Retrieved 2011-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=YMCK+takes+%27chiptune%27+revolution+major&rft.date=2008-02-29&rft.au=Daniel+Robson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fculture%2F2008%2F02%2F29%2Fculture%2Fymck-takes-chiptune-revolution-major%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wire_1996-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wire_1996_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wire_1996_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Toop1996" class="citation cs2">David Toop (March 1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thewire.co.uk/in-writing/essays/a-z-of-electro">"A-Z Of Electro"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(magazine)" title="The Wire (magazine)">The Wire</a>, no. 145, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216151459/http://www.thewire.co.uk/in-writing/essays/a-z-of-electro">archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-16, retrieved 2011-05-29</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=A-Z+Of+Electro&rft.issue=145&rft.date=1996-03&rft.au=David+Toop&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthewire.co.uk%2Fin-writing%2Fessays%2Fa-z-of-electro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins_2008_p._25-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_2008_p._25_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2008" class="citation book cs1">Collins, K. 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Retrieved 2022-02-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZUN&rft.pub=VGMdb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvgmdb.net%2Fartist%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+music" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vgmdb.net">VGMdb</a> Video Game Music and Anime Soundtrack Database | VGMdb</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamessound.com/">GamesSound.com</a> Academic articles on video game sound and music</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubu.com/sound/price/video/price_video_vidz.pdf">Early Video Game Soundtracks</a> 2001 article on video game music, orig. published in In Magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tracksounds.com/specialfeatures/high_score/index.htm">High Score: The New Era of Video Game Music</a> at Tracksounds</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89565567">"The Evolution of Video Game Music"</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</a>, April 12, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvlist.net/search?sort=name&fvisu=tags&ftag=%E2%99%AB%25&fplat=-1">List of games with non-original music</a> at uvlist.net</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219223942/http://prettyuglygamesoundstudy.com/">Pretty Ugly Gamesound Study</a> Website studying pretty and ugly game music and sound.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090701044821/http://captivatingsound.com/">CaptivatingSound.com</a> Resources for design of game sound and music.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120207/http://captivatingsound.com/phd-thesis-captivating-sound-the-role-of-audio-for-immersion-in-games/">Audio and Immersion</a> PhD thesis about game audio and immersion.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redbullmusicacademy.jp/jp/magazine/digging-in-the-carts">Diggin' in the Carts: A Documentary Series About Japanese Video Game Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Music_Academy" title="Red Bull Music Academy">Red Bull Music Academy</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronic-based_music_styles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronica" title="Template:Electronica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronica" title="Template talk:Electronica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronic-based_music_styles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a>-based music styles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">Electronic dance music</a> · <a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">Electronica</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_genres" title="List of electronic music genres">Genres</a> by <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_electronic_music_genres" title="Timeline of electronic music genres">decade of origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Amplified guitar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">Electric blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii#Guitar_innovations" title="Music of Hawaii">Hawaiian guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music" title="Jùjú music">Jùjú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_genres" title="List of rock genres">List of rock genres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomusic" title="Biomusic">Biomusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acousmatic_music" title="Acousmatic music">Acousmatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape music">Tape music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektronische_Musik" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronische Musik">Elektronische Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_electronic_music" title="Live electronic music">Live electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">Sound system (Jamaican)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_age_pop" title="Space age pop">Space age pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz-funk" title="Jazz-funk">Jazz-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_funk" title="Psychedelic funk">Psychedelic funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampledelia" title="Sampledelia">Sampledelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_music" title="Space music">Space music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro/cosmic_music" title="Afro/cosmic music">Afro/cosmic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Space disco">Space disco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(genre)" title="Boogie (genre)">Boogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropunk">Electropunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodisco" title="Eurodisco">Eurodisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-NRG" title="Hi-NRG">Hi-NRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanoise" title="Japanoise">Japanoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave_(music)" title="Cold wave (music)">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_wave" title="Dark wave">Dark wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_wave" title="Minimal wave">Minimal wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">Post-disco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_fusion" title="Reggae fusion">Reggae fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">Alternative dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggy" title="Baggy">Baggy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient pop">Ambient pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">Breakbeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_breaks" title="Florida breaks">Florida breaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_ambient" title="Dark ambient">Dark ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubtronica" title="Dubtronica">Dubtronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-industrial" title="Electro-industrial">Electro-industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_body_music" title="Electronic body music">Electronic body music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropop" title="Electropop">Electropop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_electronica" title="Ethnic electronica">Ethnic electronica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_carioca" title="Funk carioca">Funk carioca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuduro" title="Kuduro">Kuduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">Kwaito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecnocumbia" title="Tecnocumbia">Tecnocumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo-folk" title="Turbo-folk">Turbo-folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_house" title="Ambient house">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_beat" title="Balearic beat">Balearic beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_house" title="Chicago house">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_house" title="Deep house">Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funky_house" title="Funky house">Funky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_house" title="Italo house">Italo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_sound" title="New Jersey sound">Jersey sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_house" title="Hip house">Hip house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_house" title="Latin house">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_house" title="Tech house">Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_house" title="Tribal house">Tribal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_hip_hop" title="Industrial hip hop">Industrial hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">Industrial metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_industrial" title="Martial industrial">Martial industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_beat" title="New beat">New beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_electronics_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power electronics (music)">Power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">Ragga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisti-pop" title="Sophisti-pop">Sophisti-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Synth-metal">Synth-metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_techno" title="Acid techno">Acid techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_techno" title="Bleep techno">Bleep techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_techno" title="Detroit techno">Detroit techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracker_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracker music">Tracker music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_dub" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient dub">Ambient dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_techno" title="Ambient techno">Ambient techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_underground" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian underground">Asian underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangragga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhangragga">Bhangragga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_beat" title="Big beat">Big beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitpop" title="Bitpop">Bitpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat_hardcore" title="Breakbeat hardcore">Breakbeat hardcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkcore" title="Darkcore">Darkcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hardcore" title="Happy hardcore">Happy hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toytown_techno" title="Toytown techno">Toytown techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_beat" title="Broken beat">Broken beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changa_tuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Changa tuki">Changa tuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_electro" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark electro">Dark electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denpa_song" title="Denpa song">Denpa song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hardcore" title="Digital hardcore">Digital hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_polo" title="Disco polo">Disco polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diva_house" title="Diva house">Diva house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardbag" title="Hardbag">Hardbag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtempo" title="Downtempo">Downtempo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol sound">Bristol sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psybient" class="mw-redirect" title="Psybient">Psybient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">Trip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">Drum and bass</a> <ul><li>Heavy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkstep" class="mw-redirect" title="Darkstep">Darkstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstep" title="Hardstep">Hardstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofunk" title="Neurofunk">Neurofunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techstep" title="Techstep">Techstep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_music" title="Jungle music">Jungle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ragga_jungle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragga jungle">Ragga jungle</a></li></ul></li> <li>Light <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_drum_and_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric drum and bass">Atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_drum_and_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent drum and bass">Intelligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazzstep" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazzstep">Jazzstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_funk" title="Liquid funk">Liquid funk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub_techno" title="Dub techno">Dub techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_synth" title="Dungeon synth">Dungeon synth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroclash" title="Electroclash">Electroclash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folktronica" title="Folktronica">Folktronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_house" title="French house">French house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nu_disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Nu disco">Nu disco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funkot" title="Funkot">Funkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurepop" title="Futurepop">Futurepop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_house" title="Ghetto house">Ghetto house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(genre)" title="Footwork (genre)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghettotech" title="Ghettotech">Ghettotech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_(music)" title="Glitch (music)">Glitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_(electronic_dance_music_genre)" title="Hardcore (electronic dance music genre)">Hardcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_hardcore_techno" title="Belgian hardcore techno">Belgian techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncy_techno" title="Bouncy techno">Bouncy techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakcore" title="Breakcore">Breakcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_tekno_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free tekno (music)">Free tekno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchcore" title="Frenchcore">Frenchcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber">Gabber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstyle" title="Hardstyle">Hardstyle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lento_violento" title="Lento violento">Lento violento</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-core" title="J-core">J-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1kina" title="Mákina">Mákina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedcore" title="Speedcore">Speedcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsh_noise_wall" title="Harsh noise wall">Harsh noise wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illbient" title="Illbient">Illbient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indietronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indietronica">Indietronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_techno" title="Industrial techno">Industrial techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music" title="Intelligent dance music">Intelligent dance music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drill_%27n%27_bass" title="Drill 'n' bass">Drill 'n' bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidandali" title="Kidandali">Kidandali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_band#1996–2008:_rise_of_Phish_and_music_festivals" title="Jam band">Livetronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhouse" title="Merenhouse">Merenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhouse" title="Microhouse">Microhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_techno" title="Minimal techno">Minimal techno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schaffel" title="Schaffel">Schaffel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_jazz" title="Nu jazz">Nu jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro_swing" title="Electro swing">Electro swing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_skool_breaks" title="Nu skool breaks">Nu skool breaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_noise" title="Power noise">Power noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_house" title="Progressive house">Progressive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psydub" title="Psydub">Psydub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dembow" class="mw-redirect" title="Dembow">Dembow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">Trance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_trance" title="Acid trance">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_trance" title="Balearic trance">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_trance" title="Dream trance">Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_trance" title="Goa trance">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance#Hands_Up" title="Eurodance">Hands Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_trance" title="Hard trance">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_trance" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive trance">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_trance" title="Psychedelic trance">Psy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_trance" title="Tech trance">Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplifting_trance" title="Uplifting trance">Uplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_trance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal trance">Vocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-step_garage" title="2-step garage">2-step</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakstep" title="Breakstep">Breakstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_garage" title="Speed garage">Speed garage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_hard_house" title="UK hard house">UK hard house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardbass" title="Hardbass">Hardbass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_NRG" title="Hard NRG">Hard NRG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats" title="Afrobeats">Afrobeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassline_(music_genre)" title="Bassline (music genre)">Bassline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budots" title="Budots">Budots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_electronic_dance_music" title="Christian electronic dance music">Christian electronic dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_rap" title="Cloud rap">Cloud rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9-d%C3%A9cal%C3%A9" title="Coupé-décalé">Coupé-décalé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall_pop" title="Dancehall pop">Dancehall pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">Dubstep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reggaestep" title="Reggaestep">Reggaestep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_house" title="Electro house">Electro house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complextro" class="mw-redirect" title="Complextro">Complextro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch house">Dutch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidget_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidget house">Fidget house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_garage" title="Future garage">Future garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music genre)">Grime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grindie" title="Grindie">Grindie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology_(music)" title="Hauntology (music)">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnagogic_pop" title="Hypnagogic pop">Hypnagogic pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chillwave" title="Chillwave">Chillwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glo-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Glo-fi">Glo-fi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_club" title="Jersey club">Jersey club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juke_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Juke house">Juke house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumpstyle" title="Jumpstyle">Jumpstyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_hardcore" title="Mainstream hardcore">Mainstream hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcore" title="Nightcore">Nightcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortec" title="Nortec">Nortec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonk" title="Phonk">Phonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">Post-punk revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_rave" title="New rave">New rave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab%C3%B2day" title="Rabòday">Rabòday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism_(music)" title="Reductionism (music)">Reductionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lowercase_(music)" title="Lowercase (music)">Lowercase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkyokei" title="Onkyokei">Onkyokei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_music" title="Russ music">Russ music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambass" title="Sambass">Sambass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangaan_electro" title="Shangaan electro">Shangaan electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skweee" title="Skweee">Skweee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthwave" title="Synthwave">Synthwave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovietwave" title="Sovietwave">Sovietwave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecno_brega" title="Tecno brega">Tecno brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trival" class="mw-redirect" title="Trival">Trival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_bass" title="UK bass">UK bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_funky" title="UK funky">UK funky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funkstep" title="Funkstep">Funkstep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocaloid_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocaloid music">Vocaloid music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_house_(genre)" title="Witch house (genre)">Witch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_(genre)" title="Wonky (genre)">Wonky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_pop" title="Wonky pop">Wonky pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroswing" title="Afroswing">Afroswing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorave" title="Algorave">Algorave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amapiano" title="Amapiano">Amapiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azonto" title="Azonto">Azonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_room_house" title="Big room house">Big room house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_MIDI" title="Black MIDI">Black MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian bass">Brazilian bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bro-country" title="Bro-country">Bro-country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructed_club" title="Deconstructed club">Deconstructed club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreampunk" title="Dreampunk">Dreampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funktronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Funktronica">Funktronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_bass" title="Future bass">Future bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii_future_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawaii future bass">Kawaii future bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_house" title="Future house">Future house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_soul" title="Future soul">Future soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpop" title="Hyperpop">Hyperpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gqom" title="Gqom">Gqom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle terror">Jungle terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofi_hip_hop" title="Lofi hip hop">Lofi hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahraganat" title="Mahraganat">Mahraganat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_bounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne bounce">Melbourne bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moombahton" title="Moombahton">Moombahton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moombahcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Moombahcore">Moombahcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moombahsoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Moombahsoul">Moombahsoul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumble_rap" title="Mumble rap">Mumble rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_house" title="Outsider house">Outsider house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugg (music)">Plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-dubstep" title="Post-dubstep">Post-dubstep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brostep" title="Brostep">Brostep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddim_(genre)" title="Riddim (genre)">Riddim (genre)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rara_tech" title="Rara tech">Rara tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seapunk" title="Seapunk">Seapunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamstep" title="Shamstep">Shamstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music_(EDM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trap music (EDM)">EDM trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_house" title="Tropical house">Tropical house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardvapour" title="Hardvapour">Hardvapour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallsoft" title="Mallsoft">Mallsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_%26_screwed#Slowed_and_reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopped & screwed">Slowed and reverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_music" title="Wave music">Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwave">Hardwave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_SoundCloud" title="Weird SoundCloud">Weird SoundCloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakcore#2020s_revival" title="Breakcore">Breakcore revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_phonk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drift phonk">Drift phonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpop#Related_genres" title="Hyperpop">Hyperpop microgenres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_(music)#Proliferation_of_micro-subgenres" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugg (music)">Plugg microgenres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rage rap">Rage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drop_(music)" title="Drop (music)">Beat drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mix" title="DJ mix">DJ mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(DJ)" title="Sound system (DJ)">Sound system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgenre" title="Microgenre">Microgenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_house_party" title="Acid house party">Acid house party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_party" title="Circuit party">Circuit party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doof" title="Doof">Doof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_dance_music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of electronic dance music festivals">EDM festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_party" title="Free party">Free party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teknival" title="Teknival">Teknival</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">Rare groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddim" title="Riddim">Riddim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_dance" title="Street dance">Street dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_dance" title="House dance">House dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave dance">Rave dance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_music" title="Bass music">Bass music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_fusion" title="Celtic fusion">Celtic fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chill-out_music" title="Chill-out music">Chill-out music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lounge_music" title="Lounge music">Lounge music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music">Doujin music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_electronica" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive electronica">Progressive electronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave music">Rave music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video game music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_music" title="Adaptive music">Adaptive music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)#Music_shows_and_dances" title="Bass (sound)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_sonification" title="Data sonification">Data sonification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_break" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum break">Drum break</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sampled_drum_breaks" title="Category:Sampled drum breaks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">Electronics in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_studio_as_an_instrument" title="Recording studio as an instrument">Recording studio as an instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">Waveform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chiptune" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chiptune-footer" title="Template:Chiptune-footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chiptune-footer" title="Template talk:Chiptune-footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chiptune-footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chiptune-footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chiptune" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitpop" title="Bitpop">Bitpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Module_file" title="Module file">Tracker music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skweee" title="Skweee">Skweee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video game music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_tracker" title="Music tracker">Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blip_Festival" title="Blip Festival">Blip Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGFest" title="MAGFest">MAGFest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8bitpeoples" title="8bitpeoples">8bitpeoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_(music)" title="Glitch (music)">Glitch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_techno" title="Ambient techno">Ambient techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">Breakbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">Drum and bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">Dubstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_techno" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcore techno">Hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-NRG" title="Hi-NRG">Hi-NRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">Synthpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">Trance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">Trip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nerd_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nerd_music" title="Template:Nerd music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nerd_music" title="Template talk:Nerd music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nerd_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nerd music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nerd_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nerd_music" title="Nerd music">Nerd music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitpop" title="Bitpop">Bitpop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skweee" title="Skweee">Skweee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerd-folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerd-folk">Nerd-folk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hip hop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nerdcore" title="Nerdcore">Nerdcore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rock</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geek_rock" title="Geek rock">Geek rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_Lord_rock" title="Time Lord rock">Time Lord rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizard_rock" title="Wizard rock">Wizard rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FilKONtario" title="FilKONtario">FilKONtario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerdapalooza" title="Nerdapalooza">Nerdapalooza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Award" title="Pegasus Award">Ohio Valley Filk Fest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Comic_Con" title="Rock Comic Con">Rock Comic Con</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W00tstock" title="W00tstock">w00tstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrockstock" title="Wrockstock">Wrockstock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&oldid=1257963186">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_music&oldid=1257963186</a>"</div></div> 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