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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Categories_of_designated_Cultural_Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories_of_designated_Cultural_Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Categories of designated Cultural Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Categories_of_designated_Cultural_Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_Cultural_Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Folk Cultural Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_Cultural_Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_Landscapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_Landscapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Cultural Landscapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_Landscapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups_of_Traditional_Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups_of_Traditional_Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Groups of Traditional Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groups_of_Traditional_Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buried_Cultural_Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buried_Cultural_Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Buried Cultural Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buried_Cultural_Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_Techniques_for_Cultural_Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_Techniques_for_Cultural_Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Conservation Techniques for Cultural Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_Techniques_for_Cultural_Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories_of_registered_Cultural_Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories_of_registered_Cultural_Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Categories of registered Cultural Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Categories_of_registered_Cultural_Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Categories of registered Cultural Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Categories_of_registered_Cultural_Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Registered_Tangible_Cultural_Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registered_Tangible_Cultural_Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Registered Tangible Cultural Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registered_Tangible_Cultural_Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registered_Tangible_Folk_Cultural_Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registered_Tangible_Folk_Cultural_Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Registered Tangible Folk Cultural Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registered_Tangible_Folk_Cultural_Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registered_Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registered_Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Registered Monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registered_Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_preservation_of_cultural_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_preservation_of_cultural_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History of the preservation of cultural properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_preservation_of_cultural_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of the preservation of cultural properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_preservation_of_cultural_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1871_Plan_for_the_Preservation_of_Ancient_Artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1871_Plan_for_the_Preservation_of_Ancient_Artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>1871 Plan for the Preservation of Ancient Artifacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1871_Plan_for_the_Preservation_of_Ancient_Artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1897_Ancient_Temples_and_Shrines_Preservation_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1897_Ancient_Temples_and_Shrines_Preservation_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>1897 Ancient Temples and Shrines Preservation Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1897_Ancient_Temples_and_Shrines_Preservation_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1919_Historical_Sites,_Places_of_Scenic_Beauty,_and_Natural_Monuments_Preservation_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1919_Historical_Sites,_Places_of_Scenic_Beauty,_and_Natural_Monuments_Preservation_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>1919 Historical Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty, and Natural Monuments Preservation Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1919_Historical_Sites,_Places_of_Scenic_Beauty,_and_Natural_Monuments_Preservation_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1929_National_Treasures_Preservation_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1929_National_Treasures_Preservation_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>1929 National Treasures Preservation Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1929_National_Treasures_Preservation_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1933_Law_Regarding_the_Preservation_of_Important_Works_of_Fine_Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1933_Law_Regarding_the_Preservation_of_Important_Works_of_Fine_Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>1933 Law Regarding the Preservation of Important Works of Fine Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1933_Law_Regarding_the_Preservation_of_Important_Works_of_Fine_Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_1950_Law_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_1950_Law_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Present 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_1950_Law_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1954_amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1954_amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>1954 amendment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1954_amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1966_Law_for_the_Preservation_of_Ancient_Capitals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1966_Law_for_the_Preservation_of_Ancient_Capitals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>1966 Law for the Preservation of Ancient Capitals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1966_Law_for_the_Preservation_of_Ancient_Capitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1975_amendments:_Preservation_District_for_a_Group_of_Historic_Buildings_and_Techniques_for_the_conservation_of_cultural_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1975_amendments:_Preservation_District_for_a_Group_of_Historic_Buildings_and_Techniques_for_the_conservation_of_cultural_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>1975 amendments: <i>Preservation District for a Group of Historic Buildings</i> and <i>Techniques for the conservation of cultural properties</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1975_amendments:_Preservation_District_for_a_Group_of_Historic_Buildings_and_Techniques_for_the_conservation_of_cultural_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996_amendment:_Registered_Cultural_Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996_amendment:_Registered_Cultural_Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>1996 amendment: <i>Registered Cultural Properties</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996_amendment:_Registered_Cultural_Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1999_and_2004_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1999_and_2004_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>1999 and 2004 amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1999_and_2004_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Protection_of_Cultural_Properties_Logo.png/220px-Protection_of_Cultural_Properties_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Protection_of_Cultural_Properties_Logo.png/330px-Protection_of_Cultural_Properties_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Protection_of_Cultural_Properties_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>The Protection of Cultural Properties logo represents a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Toky%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyō">tokyō</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">斗きょう</span></span>)</span>, an element of Japanese architecture which stands for the continuity in time of cultural property protection.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Cultural Property</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">文化財</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bunkazai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Japanese government</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a>), and includes <a href="/wiki/Tangible_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangible Cultural Properties of Japan">tangible properties</a> (structures and works of art or craft); <a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Intangible Cultural Properties of Japan">intangible properties</a> (performing arts and craft techniques); <a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">folk</a> properties both tangible and intangible; <a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">monuments</a> historic, scenic and natural; <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscapes_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Landscapes of Japan">cultural landscapes</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Groups_of_Traditional_Buildings" title="Groups of Traditional Buildings">groups of traditional buildings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Properties_of_Japan#Buried_Cultural_Properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Properties of Japan">Buried properties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_Techniques_for_Cultural_Properties" title="Conservation Techniques for Cultural Properties">conservation techniques</a> are also protected.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together these cultural properties are to be preserved and utilized as the heritage of the Japanese people.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To protect Japan's cultural heritage, the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties contains a "designation system"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">指定制度</span></span>)</span> under which selected important items are designated as Cultural Properties,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which imposes restrictions on the alteration, repair, and export of such designated objects. <a href="/wiki/Designation_(heritage_assets)" title="Designation (heritage assets)">Designation</a> can occur at a <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">national</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">国指定文化財</span></span>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefectural</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">都道府県指定文化財</span></span>)</span> or <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Japan" title="Municipalities of Japan">municipal</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">市町村指定文化財</span></span>)</span> level. As of 1 February 2012, there were approximately 16,000 nationally designated, 21,000 prefecturally designated, and 86,000 municipally designated properties (one property may include more than one item).<sup id="cite_ref-National_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrefMun_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrefMun-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the designation system there also exists a "registration system"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">登録制度</span></span>)</span>, which guarantees a lower level of protection and support.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories_of_designated_Cultural_Properties">Categories of designated Cultural Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Categories of designated Cultural Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties 1950 classifies items designated as Cultural Properties in the following categories: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tangible_Cultural_Properties">Tangible Cultural Properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tangible Cultural Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tangible_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangible Cultural Properties of Japan">Tangible Cultural Properties of Japan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For lists of National Treasures of Japan, see <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan" title="Lists of National Treasures of Japan">Lists of National Treasures of Japan</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg/220px-Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg/330px-Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg/440px-Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Himeji_Castle" title="Himeji Castle">Himeji Castle</a>'s keep, designated a National Treasure in 1951<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tangible_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangible Cultural Properties of Japan">Tangible Cultural Properties</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">有形文化財</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yūkei bunkazai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> are cultural products of high historical or artistic value whether structures (<a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinto shrines">shrines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan" title="Buddhist temples in Japan">temples</a>, other buildings), works of art (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_painting" title="Japanese painting">paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sculpture" title="Japanese sculpture">sculpture</a>), <a href="/wiki/Japanese_handicrafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese handicrafts">craft works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_calligraphy" title="Japanese calligraphy">calligraphic works</a>, ancient documents, archaeological materials, historic materials and other such items. All objects which are not structures are termed "works of fine arts and crafts".<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Items designated Tangible Cultural Properties can then, if they satisfy certain criteria, be designated <a href="/wiki/Important_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Important Cultural Properties of Japan">Important Cultural Properties of Japan</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">重要文化財</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jūyō bunkazai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/National_Treasures_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Treasures of Japan">National Treasures</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">国宝</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kokuhō</i></span>)</span> for especially valuable items. </p><p>Any alteration to Important Cultural Properties and National Treasures requires governmental permission and exportation is forbidden, except when authorized. The National Treasury supports the conservation and restoration of these items, and the Commissioner for Cultural Affairs provides technical assistance for their administration, restoration, public display and other activities. Conservation work is performed by an item's owner, with financial support available for large expenses. Because many items are made of wood, bark and other flammable materials, they are often extremely susceptible to fires. Owners are therefore given subsidies to install fire and other disaster prevention systems.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udamikumari1248.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Udamikumari1248.jpg/220px-Udamikumari1248.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Udamikumari1248.jpg/330px-Udamikumari1248.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Udamikumari1248.jpg/440px-Udamikumari1248.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uda_Mikumari_Shrine" title="Uda Mikumari Shrine">Uda Mikumari Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uda,_Nara" title="Uda, Nara">Uda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nara_Prefecture" title="Nara Prefecture">Nara</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As of 1 February 2012, there were 12,816 Important Cultural Properties (including 1,082 National Treasures), of which approximately one fifth were structures. By class, there were 1,974 (198) paintings;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2,654 (126) sculptures; 2,428 (252) crafts; 1,882 (223) calligraphic works; 739 (60) ancient documents; 586 (44) archaeological materials; 167 (3) historical materials; and 2,386 (216) structural designations, including 4,469 (264) individual structures.<sup id="cite_ref-National_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were a further 12,251 designations at prefectural and 49,793 at municipal level.<sup id="cite_ref-PrefMun_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrefMun-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intangible_Cultural_Properties">Intangible Cultural Properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intangible Cultural Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Intangible Cultural Properties of Japan">Intangible Cultural Properties of Japan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For lists of holders of Important Intangible Cultural Properties, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Living_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(crafts)" title="List of Living National Treasures of Japan (crafts)">List of Living National Treasures of Japan (crafts)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Living_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(performing_arts)" title="List of Living National Treasures of Japan (performing arts)">List of Living National Treasures of Japan (performing arts)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noh3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Noh3.jpg/220px-Noh3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Noh3.jpg/330px-Noh3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Noh3.jpg/440px-Noh3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a> performance at <a href="/wiki/Itsukushima_Shrine" title="Itsukushima Shrine">Itsukushima Shrine</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Intangible Cultural Properties of Japan">Intangible Cultural Properties</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">無形文化財</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">mukei bunkazai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> are cultural products of high historical or artistic value such as drama, music, and craft techniques. </p><p>Items of particular importance can be designated as Important Intangible Cultural Properties<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">重要無形文化財</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jūyō mukei bunkazai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognition is also given to the 'holders' of the necessary techniques, to encourage their transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three types of recognition: individual recognition, collective recognition, and group recognition. Special grants of two million yen a year are given to individual holders (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Living_National_Treasures_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Living National Treasures of Japan">National Living Treasures</a><sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to help protect these properties. The government also contributes part of the expenses incurred either by the holder of the Intangible Cultural Property during training of his successor, or by a recognized group for public performances.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To promote understanding, and therefore the transmission across generations, of these Cultural Properties, exhibitions concerning them are organized. The government through the Japan Arts Council also holds training workshops and other activities to educate future generations of <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">noh</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bunraku" title="Bunraku">bunraku</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 1 February 2012, there were 115 Important Intangible Cultural Properties and a further 167 designations at prefectural and 522 at municipal level.<sup id="cite_ref-National_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrefMun_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrefMun-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_Cultural_Properties">Folk Cultural Properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Folk Cultural Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shachi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shachi.jpg/220px-Shachi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shachi.jpg/330px-Shachi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shachi.jpg/440px-Shachi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Karatsu_Kunchi" title="Karatsu Kunchi">Karatsu Kunchi</a> festival was designated an Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property in 1980.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Important_Intangible_Folk_Cultural_Properties" title="List of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties">List of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties</a>. For a list of Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Important_Tangible_Folk_Cultural_Properties" title="List of Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties">List of Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties</a>.</div> <p>Folk Cultural Properties are items indispensable to understand the role and influence of tradition in the daily life of the Japanese, such as manners and customs related to food, clothing, work, religion; folk performing arts; and folk techniques used to produce the mentioned Folk Cultural Properties.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Folk Cultural Properties can be classified as Intangible or Tangible. </p><p>Intangible Folk Cultural Properties<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">無形民俗文化財</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">mukei minzoku bunkazai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> are items such as manners and customs related to food, clothing and housing, occupation, religion, and annual events; folk performing arts; and folk techniques used in connection with the mentioned items.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clothes, tools and implements, houses and other objects used together with Intangible Folk Cultural Properties are classified as Tangible Folk Cultural Properties<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">有形民俗文化財</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yūkei minzoku bunkazai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Folk Cultural Properties can then, if they satisfy certain criteria, be designated Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">重要有形民俗文化財</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jūyō yūkei minzoku bunkazai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> or Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">重要無形民俗文化財</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jūyō mukei minzoku bunkazai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>. </p><p>The government subsidizes projects for the restoration, administration, preservation, utilization, disaster prevention, etc. of Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties, public subsidies help local governments and other entities fund projects to train successors, restore or acquire props, tools and other objects.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 1 February 2012, there were 211 Important Tangible and 272 Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties and a further 733/1595 designations at prefectural and 4,698/6,062 at municipal level.<sup id="cite_ref-National_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrefMun_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrefMun-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments">Monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">Monuments of Japan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of all "Special Places of Scenic Beauty", "Special Historic Sites" and "Special Natural Monuments", see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Special_Places_of_Scenic_Beauty,_Special_Historic_Sites_and_Special_Natural_Monuments" title="List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments">List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenryuji_spring_005_Kyoto_JPN.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tenryuji_spring_005_Kyoto_JPN.JPG/220px-Tenryuji_spring_005_Kyoto_JPN.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tenryuji_spring_005_Kyoto_JPN.JPG/330px-Tenryuji_spring_005_Kyoto_JPN.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tenryuji_spring_005_Kyoto_JPN.JPG/440px-Tenryuji_spring_005_Kyoto_JPN.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The garden of <a href="/wiki/Tenry%C5%AB-ji" title="Tenryū-ji">Tenryū-ji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> is a designated Special Place of Scenic Beauty</figcaption></figure> <p>Monuments<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">記念物</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kinenbutsu</i></span>)</span> include historic locations such as <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">shell mounds</a>, ancient tombs, sites of palaces, sites of forts or castles, monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value; gardens, bridges, gorges, mountains, and other places of great scenic beauty; and natural features such as animals, plants, and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government designates "significant" items classifying them in three categories: Historic Sites<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">史跡</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shiseki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, Places of Scenic Beauty<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">名勝</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">meishō</i></span>)</span>, and Natural Monuments<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天然記念物</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tennen kinenbutsu</i></span>)</span>. Items of particularly high significance receive higher classifications: Special Historic Sites<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">特別史跡</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tokubetsu shiseki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, Special Places of Scenic Beauty<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">特別名勝</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tokubetsu meishō</i></span>)</span>, and Special Natural Monuments<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">特別天然記念物</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tokubetsu tennen kinenbutsu</i></span>)</span> respectively. </p><p>Alterations to the existing state of a site or activities affecting its preservation require permission from the Commissioner for Cultural Affairs. Financial support for purchasing and conserving designated land and for the utilization of the site is available through local governments.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 1 February 2012, there were 1,667 (60) Historic Sites; 331 (30) Places of Scenic Beauty; and 953 (72) Natural Monuments (including Special Natural Monuments). There were a further 6,195 designations at prefectural and 24,598 at municipal level. A single designation can be classed under more than one of these categories; the number is for primary classification (for instance <a href="/wiki/Hamarikyu_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamarikyu Gardens">Hamarikyū Gardens</a> in Tokyo are classed as a Special Place of Scenic Beauty, with a secondary classification as a Special Historic Site; for the purpose of these counts it would be a Special Place of Scenic Beauty).<sup id="cite_ref-National_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrefMun_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrefMun-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_Landscapes">Cultural Landscapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural Landscapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscapes_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Landscapes of Japan">Cultural Landscapes of Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ujigawa02bs2610.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ujigawa02bs2610.jpg/220px-Ujigawa02bs2610.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ujigawa02bs2610.jpg/330px-Ujigawa02bs2610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ujigawa02bs2610.jpg/440px-Ujigawa02bs2610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2610" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>The city of <a href="/wiki/Uji,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Uji, Kyoto">Uji</a> near Kyoto is an Important Cultural Landscape.</figcaption></figure><p>Cultural Landscapes<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">文化的景観</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bunkateki keikan</i></span>)</span> are landscapes which have evolved together with the people who inhabit them and with the geocultural features of a region, and which are indispensable to understand the lifestyle of the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be terraced rice fields, mountain villages, waterways and the like. Items of particular importance can be designated as Important Cultural Landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 1 February 2012, 30 areas in Japan have been designated Important Cultural Landscapes, with a further 7 designations at prefectural and 101 at municipal level.<sup id="cite_ref-National_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrefMun_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrefMun-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groups_of_Traditional_Buildings">Groups of Traditional Buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Groups of Traditional Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Groups_of_Traditional_Buildings" title="Groups of Traditional Buildings">Groups of Traditional Buildings</a></div> <p>Groups of Traditional Buildings<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">伝統的建造物群</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Dentōteki kenzōbutsu-gun</i></span>)</span> is a category introduced by a 1975 amendment of the law which mandates the protection of groups of traditional buildings which, together with their environment, form a beautiful scenery. They can be post towns, castle towns, mining towns, merchant quarters, ports, farming or fishing villages, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Municipalities can designate items of particular importance as Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings and approve measures to protect them. Items of even higher importance are then designated Important Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings by the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government's <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a> then provides guidance, advice, and funds for repairs and other work. Additional support is given in the form of preferential tax treatment. </p><p>As of 1 February 2012, 93 Groups of Traditional Buildings have been nationally designated, with a further 1 designation at prefectural and 89 at municipal level.<sup id="cite_ref-National_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrefMun_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrefMun-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buried_Cultural_Properties">Buried Cultural Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Buried Cultural Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buried Cultural Properties<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">埋蔵文化財</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">maizō bunkazai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> are Cultural Properties, such as tombs, caves, and ruins, which are buried into the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 460,000 ruin locations are presently known to exist in Japan. The protective measures taken include restrictions on their excavation. Any investigative excavation and construction work in the vicinity of a known site requires a notification. If preservation of the site is impossible, developers are required to cover expenses necessary to carry out an excavation, record any data and preserve what is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases when charging these expenses is not possible, local public organizations carry out the investigation with public funds.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Any object found under the ground must be given to police, except when its owner is known. The object is then investigated to determine if it qualifies as a Cultural Property. Any Cultural Property whose owner is not known becomes as a rule property of the <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefecture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_Techniques_for_Cultural_Properties">Conservation Techniques for Cultural Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conservation Techniques for Cultural Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukiyo-e_dsc04679.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ukiyo-e_dsc04679.jpg/220px-Ukiyo-e_dsc04679.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ukiyo-e_dsc04679.jpg/330px-Ukiyo-e_dsc04679.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ukiyo-e_dsc04679.jpg/440px-Ukiyo-e_dsc04679.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">Ukiyo-e</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan" title="Woodblock printing in Japan">woodblock printing</a> is a protected technique</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_Techniques_for_Cultural_Properties" title="Conservation Techniques for Cultural Properties">Conservation Techniques for Cultural Properties</a></div> <p>Techniques for the production of materials necessary for restoration and conservation, and the techniques of restoration and conservation themselves are not Cultural Properties, and are classified as Conservation Techniques for Cultural Properties. </p><p>This form of protection was approved in 1975 (see below) and was made necessary by the disappearance of skilled craftsmen as a result of the industrialization.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p14_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The techniques protected by the law applied to Tangible and Intangible Cultural Properties and included the mounting of paintings and calligraphy on scrolls, the repair of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_lacquerware" title="Japanese lacquerware">lacquerware</a> and wooden sculptures, and the production of <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a> masks, costumes and instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p14_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minister of education can designate techniques indispensable for conservation as Selected Conservation Techniques. Examples of nominated entities in the field of architecture are the Japanese Association for Conservation of Architectural Monuments (for repairs and woodwork), the National Association for the Preservation of Roofing Techniques for Shrines and Temples (techniques for organic roofing materials: <a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis_obtusa" title="Chamaecyparis obtusa">cypress</a> bark, shingles, thatch) and the Association for the Conservation of Cultural Properties (paintings and lacquering of architectural monuments)<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p14_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the prestige associated with the nomination, the government provides subsidies for training, courses and documentation.<sup id="cite_ref-missiontopreserve_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missiontopreserve-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories_of_registered_Cultural_Properties">Categories of registered Cultural Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Categories of registered Cultural Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the above "designation system"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">指定制度</span></span>)</span>, there exists a "registration system"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">登録制度</span></span>)</span>, which guarantees a more modest level of protection. The existing categories are: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registered_Tangible_Cultural_Properties">Registered Tangible Cultural Properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Registered Tangible Cultural Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to designated Important Cultural Properties and National Treasures, Registered Tangible Cultural Properties<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">登録有形文化財</span></span>)</span> entail fewer responsibilities for the owner. Loss, damage, change of ownership and intended changes that affect more than 25 percent of the visible surface need to be announced.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p15_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other side, the owner is eligible for low interest loans for maintenance and repairs, subsidies for an architect and tax reductions of up to 50 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p15_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new protection level is based on notification, guidance, and advice, and aims at voluntary protection of cultural properties by their owners.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1 February 2012, there were 8,699 registered structures and 13 registered works of art or craft.<sup id="cite_ref-National_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registered_Tangible_Folk_Cultural_Properties">Registered Tangible Folk Cultural Properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Registered Tangible Folk Cultural Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Items particularly in need of preservation and utilization can become Registered Tangible Folk Cultural Properties<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">登録有形民俗文化財</span></span>)</span>. There is no equivalent system for Intangible Folk Cultural Properties.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1 February 2012, there were 21 registered properties.<sup id="cite_ref-National_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registered_Monuments">Registered Monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Registered Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monuments from the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> onward which require preservation can be registered as Registered Monuments<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">登録記念物</span></span>)</span>, thereby gaining a moderate level of protection based on notification and guidance. As of 1 February 2012, 61 monuments were registered under this system.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-National_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_preservation_of_cultural_properties">History of the preservation of cultural properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History of the preservation of cultural properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most cultural properties in Japan used to belong to Buddhist temples and <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrines</a>, or were handed down in aristocratic and <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> families.<sup id="cite_ref-pamphlet05_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pamphlet05-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal Japan">Feudal Japan</a> came to an abrupt end in 1867/68 when the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> was replaced by a new system of government with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Largely because of the official policy of <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">separation of Shinto and Buddhism</a> and of the anti-Buddhist movements that advocated the return to <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, a large number of Buddhist buildings and artwork were destroyed in an event known as <i><a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">haibutsu kishaku</a></i> (literally "abolish <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and destroy <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shākyamuni</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-edwards-p38_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-p38-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gibbon-p331_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibbon-p331-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1871 the government confiscated the lands of temples, which were seen as a symbol of the previous ruling elite, and expropriated the properties of the feudal lords, causing the loss of historic castles and residences.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gibbon-p331_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibbon-p331-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that nearly 18,000 temples closed during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-gibbon-p331_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibbon-p331-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor that had a big influence on the cultural heritage was the increased industrialization and westernization, which accompanied the restoration and led to the impoverishment of Buddhist and Shinto institutions, the decay of temples and the export of valuable objects.<sup id="cite_ref-jokilehto-p279_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jokilehto-p279-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-edwards-p39_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-p39-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coaldrake-p248_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coaldrake-p248-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1871_Plan_for_the_Preservation_of_Ancient_Artifacts">1871 Plan for the Preservation of Ancient Artifacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1871 Plan for the Preservation of Ancient Artifacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Okakura_Kakuzo_Portrait_c1905.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of an Asian man with moustache dressed in traditional Japanese cloths. He is looking down with his arms crossed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Okakura_Kakuzo_Portrait_c1905.png/220px-Okakura_Kakuzo_Portrait_c1905.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Okakura_Kakuzo_Portrait_c1905.png/330px-Okakura_Kakuzo_Portrait_c1905.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Okakura_Kakuzo_Portrait_c1905.png/440px-Okakura_Kakuzo_Portrait_c1905.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Okakura_Kakuz%C5%8D" title="Okakura Kakuzō">Okakura Kakuzō</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On recommendation of universities, in 1871 the Department of State (<a href="/wiki/Daj%C5%8D-kan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dajō-kan">Dajō-kan</a>) issued a decree for the protection of antiquities, the Plan for the Preservation of Ancient Artifacts<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">古器旧物保存方</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">koki kyūbutsu hozonkata</i></span>)</span>, ordering <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefectures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan" title="Buddhist temples in Japan">temples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinto shrines">shrines</a> to compile lists of suitable important buildings and art treasures.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coaldrake-p248_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coaldrake-p248-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the face of radical westernization, these efforts ground to a halt.<sup id="cite_ref-coaldrake-p248_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coaldrake-p248-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1880, the government allotted funds for the preservation of ancient shrines and temples.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jokilehto-p279_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jokilehto-p279-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1894, 539 shrines and temples had received subsidies for repairs and reconstruction<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-edwards-p39_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-p39-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-machizukuri_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-machizukuri-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buildings that were repaired during this period include the five-storied <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Daigo-ji" title="Daigo-ji">Daigo-ji</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kon-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kon-dō">kon-dō</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōshōdai-ji">Tōshōdai-ji</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Hon-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hon-dō">hon-dō</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Kiyomizu-dera" title="Kiyomizu-dera">Kiyomizu-dera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coaldrake-p248_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coaldrake-p248-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a survey carried out under guidance of <a href="/wiki/Okakura_Kakuz%C5%8D" title="Okakura Kakuzō">Okakura Kakuzō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Fenollosa" title="Ernest Fenollosa">Ernest Fenollosa</a> from 1888 to 1897 all over Japan, about 210,000 objects of artistic or historic merit were evaluated and catalogued.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-edwards-p39_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-p39-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the 19th century saw a drastic change in political climate and cultural values: from an enthusiastic adoption of western values to a returned interest in the Japanese cultural heritage. Japanese architectural history appeared on <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curricula</a> and the first books on architectural history were published, stimulated by the newly compiled inventories.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1897_Ancient_Temples_and_Shrines_Preservation_Law">1897 Ancient Temples and Shrines Preservation Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1897 Ancient Temples and Shrines Preservation Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 5, 1897, the government enacted the Ancient Temples and Shrines Preservation Law<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">古社寺保存法</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">koshaji hozonhō</i></span>)</span> (law number 49), which was the first systematic law for the preservation of Japanese historic art and architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coaldrake-p248_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coaldrake-p248-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law was formulated under the guidance of the architectural historian and architect <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Ch%C5%ABta" title="Itō Chūta">Itō Chūta</a> and established in 20 articles a system of governmental financial support for the preservation of buildings and the restoration of artworks.<sup id="cite_ref-coaldrake-p248_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coaldrake-p248-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It applied to works of architecture and related art of historic uniqueness and exceptional quality (art. 2).<sup id="cite_ref-coaldrake-p248_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coaldrake-p248-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applications for financial support were to be made to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (art. 1), and the responsibility for restoration or preservation lay in the hand of local officials (art. 3). Restoration works were financed directly from the national coffers (art. 8). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiunkaku_Nishi_Honganji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hiunkaku_Nishi_Honganji.jpg/220px-Hiunkaku_Nishi_Honganji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hiunkaku_Nishi_Honganji.jpg/330px-Hiunkaku_Nishi_Honganji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hiunkaku_Nishi_Honganji.jpg/440px-Hiunkaku_Nishi_Honganji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Hiunkaku at <a href="/wiki/Hongan-ji#Nishi_Hongan-ji" title="Hongan-ji">Nishi Hongan-ji</a> in Kyoto</figcaption></figure> <p>This first law was followed by a second law on December 15, 1897 giving supplementary provisions for designating works of art <i>in the possession of temples or shrines</i> as "National Treasure"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">国宝</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kokuhō</i></span>)</span>; religious architecture could be designated as "Specially Protected Buildings"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">特別保護建造物</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tokubetsu hogo kenzōbutsu</i></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coaldrake-p249_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coaldrake-p249-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main criteria for designation were "artistic superiority" and "value as historical evidence and wealth of historical associations", but also age was considered in the designation.<sup id="cite_ref-jokilehto-p280_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jokilehto-p280-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designated artworks could be from any of the following categories: painting, sculpture, calligraphy, books and handicrafts; subsequently swords were added. However the law was limited to items held by religious institutions, leaving privately owned articles unprotected.<sup id="cite_ref-missiontopreserve_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missiontopreserve-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funds for the restoration of certain works of art and structures were raised from 20,000 yen to 150,000 yen and fines were set for the destruction of Cultural Properties. Owners had to register designated objects with newly created museums, which were granted first option in case of sale.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, 44 temple and shrine buildings and 155 relics were thus designated, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Kon-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kon-dō">kon-dō</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Hōryū-ji">Hōryū-ji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-missiontopreserve_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missiontopreserve-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The laws of 1897 are the foundation for today's preservation law.<sup id="cite_ref-coaldrake-p249_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coaldrake-p249-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of their enactment only Britain, France, Greece and four other European nations had similar legislation in place.<sup id="cite_ref-edwards-p38_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-p38-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restoration of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Main_Hall_(Japanese_Buddhism)" title="Main Hall (Japanese Buddhism)">Daibutsuden</a></i> from 1906 to 1913 was carried out under these laws.<sup id="cite_ref-coaldrake-p249_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coaldrake-p249-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914 the administration of cultural properties was transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Ministry of Education (today's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)">MEXT</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-gibbon-p332_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibbon-p332-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1919_Historical_Sites,_Places_of_Scenic_Beauty,_and_Natural_Monuments_Preservation_Law"><span id="1919_Historical_Sites.2C_Places_of_Scenic_Beauty.2C_and_Natural_Monuments_Preservation_Law"></span>1919 Historical Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty, and Natural Monuments Preservation Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1919 Historical Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty, and Natural Monuments Preservation Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the 20th century, modernization transformed the landscape and posed a threat to historic and natural monuments. Societies of prominent men like the "Imperial Ancient Sites Survey Society" or the "Society for the Investigation and Preservation of Historic Sites and Aged Trees" lobbied and achieved a resolution in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_House_of_Peers" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese House of Peers">House of Peers</a> for conservation measures. Eventually, this led to the 1919 Historical Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty, and Natural Monuments Preservation Law<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shiseki meishō tennenkinenbutsu hozonhō</i></span>)</span>, giving the same protection and cataloging to these properties as temples, shrines and pieces of art had received in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-edwards-p39_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-p39-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1929_National_Treasures_Preservation_Law">1929 National Treasures Preservation Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1929 National Treasures Preservation Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1929 about 1100 properties had been designated under the "Ancient Shrines and Temples Preservation Law" of 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-jokilehto-p280_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jokilehto-p280-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these were religious buildings erected from the 7th to the early 17th century. About 500 buildings had been extensively restored with 90% of costs paid from the national budget. Restorations during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> often employed new materials and techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KofunHorseCharriots.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/KofunHorseCharriots.JPG/220px-KofunHorseCharriots.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/KofunHorseCharriots.JPG/330px-KofunHorseCharriots.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/KofunHorseCharriots.JPG 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>This bronze mirror is a <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a> National Treasure.<sup id="cite_ref-pamphlet05_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pamphlet05-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1929, the National Treasures Preservation Law<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">国宝保存法</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kokuhō hozonhō</i></span>)</span> was passed and came into force on July 1 of the same year. This law replaced the laws from 1897, extending protection to all public and private institutions and private individuals in order to prevent the export or removal of cultural properties.<sup id="cite_ref-missiontopreserve_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missiontopreserve-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-machizukuri_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-machizukuri-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus was extended from religious buildings to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">castles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_teahouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese teahouse">teahouses</a>, residences and more recent religious buildings. Many of these structures had been transferred from feudal to private owners following the Meiji restoration. Some of the first residential buildings designated would be the Yoshimura residence in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> (1937) and the Ogawa residence in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> (1944).<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the designation National Treasure was applied not only to objects of art but to historical buildings as well.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jokilehto-p280_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jokilehto-p280-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new law also required permissions for intended alterations of designated properties.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting with the restoration of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a>'s Nandaimon gate in 1930, the standards for preservation works were raised. An architect supervised the reconstruction works on-site and extensive restoration reports, including plans, results of surveys, historical sources and documentation of the work done, became the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1930s about 70–75 percent of restoration costs came from the national budget, which increased even during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1933_Law_Regarding_the_Preservation_of_Important_Works_of_Fine_Arts">1933 Law Regarding the Preservation of Important Works of Fine Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1933 Law Regarding the Preservation of Important Works of Fine Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1930s Japan suffered from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. In order to prevent art objects that had not been designated from being exported due to the economic crisis, the Law Regarding the Preservation of Important Works of Fine Arts<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル法律</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jūyō bijutsuhin tōno hozon ni kan suru hōritsu</i></span>)</span> was passed on April 1, 1933. It provided for a simpler designation procedure and a temporary protection including export. Under this law, about 8000 objects were protected, including temples, shrines and residential buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1939, 8282 items in nine categories (painting, sculpture, architecture, documents, books, calligraphy, swords, crafts and archaeological resources) had been designated National Treasures and were forbidden to be exported.<sup id="cite_ref-missiontopreserve_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missiontopreserve-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> many of the designated buildings were camouflaged, and water tanks and fire walls installed for their protection. 206 designated buildings, including <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Castle" title="Hiroshima Castle">Hiroshima Castle</a>, were destroyed from May to August 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 9th century <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist text</a> <i><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddaiji_Fujumonk%C5%8D" title="Tōdaiji Fujumonkō">Tōdaiji Fujumonkō</a></i>, designated as National Treasure in 1938, was destroyed in 1945 by fire as a result of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_1950_Law_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Properties">Present 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Present 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_from_Viceroy_of_Portuguese_India_Duarte_de_Menezes_to_Toyotomi_Hideyoshi_1588.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Letter_from_Viceroy_of_Portuguese_India_Duarte_de_Menezes_to_Toyotomi_Hideyoshi_1588.png/220px-Letter_from_Viceroy_of_Portuguese_India_Duarte_de_Menezes_to_Toyotomi_Hideyoshi_1588.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Letter_from_Viceroy_of_Portuguese_India_Duarte_de_Menezes_to_Toyotomi_Hideyoshi_1588.png/330px-Letter_from_Viceroy_of_Portuguese_India_Duarte_de_Menezes_to_Toyotomi_Hideyoshi_1588.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Letter_from_Viceroy_of_Portuguese_India_Duarte_de_Menezes_to_Toyotomi_Hideyoshi_1588.png/440px-Letter_from_Viceroy_of_Portuguese_India_Duarte_de_Menezes_to_Toyotomi_Hideyoshi_1588.png 2x" data-file-width="2073" data-file-height="1976" /></a><figcaption>Letter from Duarte de Menezes, viceroy of Portuguese India, to <i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a>, a National Treasure<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On January 26, 1949, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kon-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kon-dō">kon-dō</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Hōryū-ji">Hōryū-ji</a>, one of the oldest extant wooden buildings in the world and the first to be protected under the "Ancient Temples and Shrines Preservation Law", caught fire, resulting in the serious damage of valuable 7th century wall paintings. This incident accelerated the reorganisation of cultural property protection and gave rise to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">文化財保護法</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bunkazai hogohō</i></span>)</span> which was drafted on May 30, 1950 and came into force on August 29 of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pamphlet05_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pamphlet05-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gibbon-p332_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibbon-p332-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new law combined the laws of 1919, 1929 and 1933, expanding their scope to cover also Intangible Cultural Properties, such as performing and applied arts, Folk Cultural Properties and Buried Cultural Properties.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the enactment of the law, only Intangible Cultural Properties of especially high value at risk of extinction had been protected.<sup id="cite_ref-pamphlet05_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pamphlet05-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jokilehto-p280_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jokilehto-p280-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even by international standards, the 1950 law covered a broad spectrum of properties.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law was the basis for the establishment of the Committee for the Protection of Cultural Properties, a precursor of today's <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcveigh-p171_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcveigh-p171-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It allowed the selection of the most important Cultural Properties, set restrictions on the alteration, repair and export of Cultural Properties and provided measures for the preservation and utilization of such properties.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter06_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regulations implementing the law specified three broad categories of properties: Tangible/Intangible Cultural Properties and Historic Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty, Natural Monuments".<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcveigh-p171_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcveigh-p171-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tangible Cultural Properties were in this context defined as objects of "high artistic or historic value" or archaeological materials (or other historic material) of "high scholarly value".<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designated buildings were required to be outstanding in design or building technique, have a high historic or scholarly value or be typical of a movement or area.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A two tier system for Tangible Cultural Properties was established with the gradings: <i>Important Cultural Property</i> and <i>National Treasure</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minister of Education can designate Important Cultural Properties as National Treasures if they are of "particularly high value from the standpoint of world culture or outstanding treasures for the Japanese people".<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All previously designated National Treasures were initially demoted to Important Cultural Properties. Some of them have been again designated as National Treasures since June 9, 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a decision by the National Diet, properties to be nominated as <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> are required to be protected under the 1950 law.<sup id="cite_ref-policy_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policy-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1954_amendment">1954 amendment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1954 amendment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the 1954 amendment, the three categories were reorganized into four: Tangible Cultural Properties, Intangible Cultural Properties, Folk Materials (split off from the former Tangible Cultural Properties category), and Monuments (new name for the former Historic Sites, Places of Scenic beauty, Natural Monuments" category).<sup id="cite_ref-gibbon-p332_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibbon-p332-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcveigh-p171_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcveigh-p171-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buried Cultural Properties were introduced as a new category, separate from Tangible Cultural Properties.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a designation system was established for Important Intangible Cultural Properties and Important Tangible Folk Properties.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1966_Law_for_the_Preservation_of_Ancient_Capitals">1966 Law for the Preservation of Ancient Capitals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1966 Law for the Preservation of Ancient Capitals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Particularly in the 1960s, the spectrum of protected buildings was expanded to include early examples of western architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, concepts for conserving the <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a> were developed.<sup id="cite_ref-policy_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policy-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <i>Law for the Preservation of Ancient Capitals</i> from 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> could designate Preservation Districts for Historic Landscapes" or Special Preservation Districts, where the former needed only notification in case of alterations, while the latter required approval. This law was restricted to the ancient capitals of <a href="/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakura, Kanagawa">Kamakura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heij%C5%8D-ky%C5%8D" title="Heijō-kyō">Heijō-kyō</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>), <a href="/wiki/Heian-ky%C5%8D" title="Heian-kyō">Heian-kyō</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>), <a href="/wiki/Asuka,_Yamato" title="Asuka, Yamato">Asuka, Yamato</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Asuka,_Nara" title="Asuka, Nara">Asuka, Nara</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara-ky%C5%8D" title="Fujiwara-kyō">Fujiwara-kyō</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kashihara,_Nara" title="Kashihara, Nara">Kashihara</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tenri,_Nara" title="Tenri, Nara">Tenri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakurai,_Nara" title="Sakurai, Nara">Sakurai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ikaruga,_Nara" title="Ikaruga, Nara">Ikaruga</a>, places with a large number of National Treasures.<sup id="cite_ref-machizukuri_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-machizukuri-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-policy_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policy-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968 the planning authority was decentralized and power transferred to local governments.<sup id="cite_ref-machizukuri_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-machizukuri-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a> was formed as a merger of the Cultural Bureau of the Ministry of Education and the Cultural Properties Protection Commission. At the same time was established the Council for the Protection of Cultural Properties.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chapter01_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter01-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1975_amendments:_Preservation_District_for_a_Group_of_Historic_Buildings_and_Techniques_for_the_conservation_of_cultural_properties">1975 amendments: <i>Preservation District for a Group of Historic Buildings</i> and <i>Techniques for the conservation of cultural properties</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1975 amendments: Preservation District for a Group of Historic Buildings and Techniques for the conservation of cultural properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_container_BronzeGilt_former_Horyuji.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Water_container_BronzeGilt_former_Horyuji.JPG/220px-Water_container_BronzeGilt_former_Horyuji.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Water_container_BronzeGilt_former_Horyuji.JPG/330px-Water_container_BronzeGilt_former_Horyuji.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Water_container_BronzeGilt_former_Horyuji.JPG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Bronze water container, formerly property of <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Hōryū-ji">Hōryū-ji</a></figcaption></figure><p>The year 1975 saw two important extensions to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties. The Ancient Capital law was extended to include cities not formerly capitals and two new designations, Preservation District for a Group of Historic Buildings and Important Preservation District for a Group of Historic Buildings, were created for especially important districts.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p14_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jokilehto-p280_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jokilehto-p280-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-policy_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policy-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 16, 2010, there are 86 preservation districts, many of which are located in remote regions.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p15_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a second major change of 1975, the government started to protect not only Tangible or Intangible Cultural Properties, but also Techniques for the Conservation of Cultural properties.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p14_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This step was made necessary by the disappearance of skilled craftsmen as a result of industrialization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1996_amendment:_Registered_Cultural_Properties">1996 amendment: <i>Registered Cultural Properties</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1996 amendment: Registered Cultural Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two-tier system of National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties was supplemented with a new class of Registered Cultural Properties meant for items in great need of preservation and use, initially limited to buildings and acting as a waiting list for the list of designated Important Cultural Properties.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of mainly industrial and historic residential from the late <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa period">Shōwa period</a> were registered under this system.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p15_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1999_and_2004_amendments">1999 and 2004 amendments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1999 and 2004 amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Akasaka_Palace_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large palace built of white stone in neo-baroque style. The facade is adorned with columns." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2019_Akasaka_Palace_02.jpg/220px-2019_Akasaka_Palace_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2019_Akasaka_Palace_02.jpg/330px-2019_Akasaka_Palace_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2019_Akasaka_Palace_02.jpg/440px-2019_Akasaka_Palace_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1486" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Akasaka_Palace" title="Akasaka Palace">Akasaka Palace</a> is the only National Treasure in the category of modern residences (<a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> and later).</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the end of the 20th century, the Agency for Cultural Affairs has been focusing on the designation of structures built between 1868 and 1930 or in underrepresented regions.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agency realized the insufficient supply of raw materials and tools necessary for restoration works.<sup id="cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p14_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enders-gutschow-p14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 the protective authority was transferred to prefectures and designated cities. With the 2004 amendment, a system for Important Cultural Landscapes was established and Folk Techniques were added to the definition of Folk Cultural Properties. Registered Cultural Properties was extended to include works of fine arts and crafts, Tangible Cultural Properties and Tangible Folk Cultural Properties.<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>For lists of National Treasures of Japan, see <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan" title="Lists of National Treasures of Japan">Lists of National Treasures of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Monuments_of_Ancient_Kyoto_(Kyoto,_Uji_and_Otsu_Cities)" title="Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities)">Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Registry_of_Cultural_Property" title="Philippine Registry of Cultural Property">Philippine Registry of Cultural Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangible_Cultural_Property_(Japan)" title="Tangible Cultural Property (Japan)">Tangible Cultural Property (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Traditional_Crafts_of_Japan" title="List of Traditional Crafts of Japan">List of Traditional Crafts of Japan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not all Cultural Properties of Japan were created in Japan; some are from China, Korea or other countries. See for example the letter from Duarte de Menezez to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, pictured above, a <a href="/wiki/National_Treasures_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Treasures of Japan">National Treasure</a> originating in India. In total, some 857 Important Cultural Properties are Chinese in origin, 96 from Korea, 27 from the West, and three from elsewhere.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625175843/http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/shoukai/yukei_bijutsukougei.html">"文化庁 | 文化財 | 文化財の紹介 | 有形文化財（美術工芸品）"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/shoukai/yukei_bijutsukougei.html">the original</a> on June 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BA%81+%26%23124%3B+%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%B2%A1+%26%23124%3B+%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%B2%A1%E3%81%AE%E7%B4%B9%E4%BB%8B+%26%23124%3B+%E6%9C%89%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%B2%A1%EF%BC%88%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E5%B7%A5%E8%8A%B8%E5%93%81%EF%BC%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Fbunkazai%2Fshoukai%2Fyukei_bijutsukougei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the purpose of this article, the term <i>Cultural Properties</i> is an official designation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term is often shortened into just <i>jūbun</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">重文</span></span>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The number between brackets represents National Treasures, included in the total</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In connection with the establishment of "<a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a>", shrines had received annual funds since 1874.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ACA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813130933/http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/pamphlet/pdf/pamphlet_en_03_ver03.pdf">"Cultural Properties for Future Generations: Outline of the Cultural Administration of Japan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a>. 1 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/pamphlet/pdf/pamphlet_en_03_ver03.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+Properties+for+Future+Generations%3A+Outline+of+the+Cultural+Administration+of+Japan&rft.pub=Agency+for+Cultural+Affairs&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Fbunkazai%2Fpamphlet%2Fpdf%2Fpamphlet_en_03_ver03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chapter06-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chapter06_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119143921/http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/h23_chapter_06.pdf">"Preservation and Utilization of Cultural Properties"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a>. 1 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/h23_chapter_06.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preservation+and+Utilization+of+Cultural+Properties&rft.pub=Agency+for+Cultural+Affairs&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Fenglish%2Fpdf%2Fh23_chapter_06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span> <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071110143150/http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_06.pdf">"Preservation and Utilization of Cultural Properties"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Administration of Cultural Affairs in Japan ― Fiscal 2009</i>. <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_06.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Administration+of+Cultural+Affairs+in+Japan+%E2%80%95+Fiscal+2009&rft.atitle=Preservation+and+Utilization+of+Cultural+Properties&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Fenglish%2Fpdf%2Fchapter_06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070918085651/http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/shoukai/shitei.html">"Counts of national Cultural Properties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a>. 1 February 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/shoukai/shitei.html">the original</a> on 18 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Counts+of+national+Cultural+Properties&rft.pub=Agency+for+Cultural+Affairs&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Fbunkazai%2Fshoukai%2Fshitei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrefMun-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PrefMun_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrefMun_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrefMun_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrefMun_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrefMun_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrefMun_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrefMun_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412202932/http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/shiteibunkazai/kensu.html">"Counts of prefectural and municipal Cultural Properties"</a>. 1 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/shiteibunkazai/kensu.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Counts+of+prefectural+and+municipal+Cultural+Properties&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Fbunkazai%2Fshiteibunkazai%2Fkensu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223150620/https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/712">"旧浜離宮庭園"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/712">the original</a> on 23 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A7%E6%B5%9C%E9%9B%A2%E5%AE%AE%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92&rft.pub=Agency+for+Cultural+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkunishitei.bunka.go.jp%2Fheritage%2Fdetail%2F401%2F712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enders-gutschow-p14-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p14_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p14_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p14_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p14_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p14_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p14_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndersGutschow1998">Enders & Gutschow 1998</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-missiontopreserve-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-missiontopreserve_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-missiontopreserve_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-missiontopreserve_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-missiontopreserve_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-missiontopreserve_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay-Smith2000" class="citation news cs1">Mackay-Smith, Alexander (2000-04-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fa20000429a2.html">"Mission to preserve and protect"</a>. <i>Japan Times</i>. Tokyo: Japan Times Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0447-5763">0447-5763</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Mission+to+preserve+and+protect&rft.date=2000-04-29&rft.issn=0447-5763&rft.aulast=Mackay-Smith&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Ffa20000429a2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enders-gutschow-p15-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p15_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p15_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p15_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p15_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndersGutschow1998">Enders & Gutschow 1998</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pamphlet05-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pamphlet05_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pamphlet05_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pamphlet05_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pamphlet05_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgency_for_Cultural_Affairs" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524022138/http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/pamphlet/pdf/pamphlet_en_05.pdf">"Intangible Cultural Heritage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Administration of Cultural Affairs in Japan ― Fiscal 2009</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/pamphlet/pdf/pamphlet_en_05.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Administration+of+Cultural+Affairs+in+Japan+%E2%80%95+Fiscal+2009&rft.atitle=Intangible+Cultural+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Fbunkazai%2Fpamphlet%2Fpdf%2Fpamphlet_en_05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span> <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/661.pdf">"Advisory Body Evaluation Himeji-jo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. 1992-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advisory+Body+Evaluation+Himeji-jo&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1992-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Farchive%2Fadvisory_body_evaluation%2F661.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enders-gutschow-p12-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p12_14-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndersGutschow1998">Enders & Gutschow 1998</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwards-p38-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edwards-p38_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edwards-p38_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2005">Edwards 2005</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibbon-p331-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gibbon-p331_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gibbon-p331_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gibbon-p331_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon2005">Gibbon 2005</a>, p. 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jokilehto-p279-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jokilehto-p279_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jokilehto-p279_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJokilehto2002">Jokilehto 2002</a>, p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwards-p39-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edwards-p39_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edwards-p39_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edwards-p39_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edwards-p39_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2005">Edwards 2005</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coaldrake-p248-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coaldrake-p248_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coaldrake-p248_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coaldrake-p248_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coaldrake-p248_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coaldrake-p248_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coaldrake-p248_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coaldrake-p248_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoaldrake2002">Coaldrake 2002</a>, p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-machizukuri-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-machizukuri_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-machizukuri_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-machizukuri_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-machizukuri_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssarathumnoon2003–2004" class="citation web cs1">Issarathumnoon, Wimonrart (2003–2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722080501/http://ud.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/book/2005aij/wi041112.pdf">"The Machizukuri bottom-up approach to conservation of historic communities: lessons for Thailand"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Nippon Foundation</i>. Urban Design Lab, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo University">Tokyo University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ud.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/book/2005aij/wi041112.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nippon+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Machizukuri+bottom-up+approach+to+conservation+of+historic+communities%3A+lessons+for+Thailand&rft.date=2003%2F2004&rft.aulast=Issarathumnoon&rft.aufirst=Wimonrart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fud.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2Fbook%2F2005aij%2Fwi041112.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coaldrake-p249-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coaldrake-p249_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coaldrake-p249_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coaldrake-p249_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoaldrake2002">Coaldrake 2002</a>, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jokilehto-p280-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jokilehto-p280_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jokilehto-p280_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jokilehto-p280_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jokilehto-p280_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jokilehto-p280_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJokilehto2002">Jokilehto 2002</a>, p. 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibbon-p332-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gibbon-p332_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gibbon-p332_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gibbon-p332_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon2005">Gibbon 2005</a>, p. 332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enders-gutschow-p13-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enders-gutschow-p13_25-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndersGutschow1998">Enders & Gutschow 1998</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoshida2001">Yoshida 2001</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100111060042/http://www.horyuji.or.jp/kondo.htm"><bdi lang="ja">金堂</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Hōryū-ji">Hōryū-ji</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horyuji.or.jp/kondo.htm">the original</a> on 2010-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%87%91%E5%A0%82&rft.pub=H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horyuji.or.jp%2Fkondo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100111080456/http://www.horyuji.or.jp/gojyunoto.htm"><bdi lang="ja">五重塔</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Hōryū-ji">Hōryū-ji</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horyuji.or.jp/gojyunoto.htm">the original</a> on 2010-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%94%E9%87%8D%E5%A1%94&rft.pub=H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horyuji.or.jp%2Fgojyunoto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcveigh-p171-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcveigh-p171_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcveigh-p171_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcveigh-p171_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcVeigh2004">McVeigh 2004</a>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-policy-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-policy_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-policy_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-policy_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-policy_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobuko1998" class="citation web cs1">Nobuko, Inaba (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091005041127/http://www.tobunken.go.jp/~kokusen/ENGLISH/MEETING/SEMINAR/7SEMINAR/inaba.html">"Policy and System of Urban / Territorial Conservation in Japan"</a>. Tokyo: Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tobunken.go.jp/~kokusen/ENGLISH/MEETING/SEMINAR/7SEMINAR/inaba.html">the original</a> on 2009-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Policy+and+System+of+Urban+%2F+Territorial+Conservation+in+Japan&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Tokyo+National+Research+Institute+of+Cultural+Properties&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Nobuko&rft.aufirst=Inaba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tobunken.go.jp%2F~kokusen%2FENGLISH%2FMEETING%2FSEMINAR%2F7SEMINAR%2Finaba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chapter01-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chapter01_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071110143246/http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_01.pdf">"Foundations for Cultural Administration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Administration of Cultural Affairs in Japan ― Fiscal 2009</i>. <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a>. 2003–2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-11-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Administration+of+Cultural+Affairs+in+Japan+%E2%80%95+Fiscal+2009&rft.atitle=Foundations+for+Cultural+Administration&rft.date=2003%2F2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Fenglish%2Fpdf%2Fchapter_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoaldrake2002" class="citation book cs1">Coaldrake, William Howard (2002) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCLNX8_a4WQC"><i>Architecture and authority in Japan</i></a>. London, New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05754-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-05754-X"><bdi>0-415-05754-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+authority+in+Japan&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-05754-X&rft.aulast=Coaldrake&rft.aufirst=William+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCLNX8_a4WQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2005" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Walter (2005). "Japanese Archaeology and Cultural Properties Management: Prewar Ideology and Postwar Legacies". In Robertson, Jennifer Ellen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ig9wPZjygnMC"><i>A companion to the anthropology of Japan</i></a>. Blackwell Companions to Social and Cultural Anthropology (illustrated ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 36–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22955-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22955-8"><bdi>0-631-22955-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japanese+Archaeology+and+Cultural+Properties+Management%3A+Prewar+Ideology+and+Postwar+Legacies&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+the+anthropology+of+Japan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+Social+and+Cultural+Anthropology&rft.pages=36-49&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-631-22955-8&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dig9wPZjygnMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndersGutschow1998" class="citation book cs1">Enders, Siegfried R. C. T.; Gutschow, Niels (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zh88TftnTsYC"><i>Hozon: architectural and urban conservation in Japan</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Stuttgart/London: Edition Axel Menges. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930698-98-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-930698-98-6"><bdi>3-930698-98-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hozon%3A+architectural+and+urban+conservation+in+Japan&rft.place=Stuttgart%2FLondon&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Edition+Axel+Menges&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-930698-98-6&rft.aulast=Enders&rft.aufirst=Siegfried+R.+C.+T.&rft.au=Gutschow%2C+Niels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzh88TftnTsYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon2005" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Kate Fitz (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PigTNxl30ZgC"><i>Who owns the past?: cultural policy, cultural property, and the law</i></a>. Rutgers series on the public life of the arts (illustrated ed.). Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3687-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3687-1"><bdi>0-8135-3687-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+owns+the+past%3F%3A+cultural+policy%2C+cultural+property%2C+and+the+law&rft.series=Rutgers+series+on+the+public+life+of+the+arts&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8135-3687-1&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Kate+Fitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPigTNxl30ZgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJokilehto2002" class="citation book cs1">Jokilehto, Jukka (2002) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOfmPNY72T4C"><i>A history of architectural conservation</i></a>. Butterworth-Heinemann series in conservation and museology, Conservation and Museology Series (illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-5511-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-5511-9"><bdi>0-7506-5511-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+architectural+conservation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Butterworth-Heinemann+series+in+conservation+and+museology%2C+Conservation+and+Museology+Series&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7506-5511-9&rft.aulast=Jokilehto&rft.aufirst=Jukka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOfmPNY72T4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcVeigh2004" class="citation book cs1">McVeigh, Brian J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vS3zjt6yTQC"><i>Nationalisms of Japan: managing and mystifying identity</i></a>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-2455-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-2455-8"><bdi>0-7425-2455-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalisms+of+Japan%3A+managing+and+mystifying+identity&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7425-2455-8&rft.aulast=McVeigh&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2vS3zjt6yTQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshida2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yoshida, Kanehiko; Hiroshi Tsukishima; Harumichi Ishizuka; Masayuki Tsukimoto (2001). <i>Kuntengo Jiten</i> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkyō">Tōkyō</a>: Tōkyōdō Shuppan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-490-10570-3" title="Special:BookSources/4-490-10570-3"><bdi>4-490-10570-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuntengo+Jiten&rft.place=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D&rft.pub=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8Dd%C5%8D+Shuppan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=4-490-10570-3&rft.aulast=Yoshida&rft.aufirst=Kanehiko&rft.au=Hiroshi+Tsukishima&rft.au=Harumichi+Ishizuka&rft.au=Masayuki+Tsukimoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Property+%28Japan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Property_(Japan)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit 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id="Tangible_Cultural_Properties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tangible_Cultural_Property_(Japan)" title="Tangible Cultural Property (Japan)">Tangible Cultural Properties</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designations/Registrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(Japan)" title="National Treasure (Japan)">National Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangible_Cultural_Property_(Japan)" title="Tangible Cultural Property (Japan)">Important Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangible_Cultural_Property_(Japan)" title="Tangible Cultural Property (Japan)">Registered Tangible Cultural Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_National_Treasures_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of National Treasures (Japan)">Lists of National Treasures (Japan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Intangible_Cultural_Properties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Property_(Japan)" title="Intangible Cultural Property (Japan)">Intangible Cultural Properties</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Property_(Japan)" title="Intangible Cultural Property (Japan)">Important Intangible Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservers_of_Important_Intangible_Cultural_Properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservers of Important Intangible Cultural Properties">Preservers of Important Intangible Cultural Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Important_Intangible_Cultural_Properties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Important Intangible Cultural Properties">List of Important Intangible Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Living_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(crafts)" title="List of Living National Treasures of Japan (crafts)">List of Living National Treasures of Japan (crafts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Living_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(performing_arts)" title="List of Living National Treasures of Japan (performing arts)">List of Living National Treasures of Japan (performing arts)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Folk_Cultural_Properties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Folk_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Cultural Properties of Japan">Folk Cultural Properties</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designations/Registrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Registered_Tangible_Folk_Cultural_Properties">Registered Tangible Folk Cultural Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Important_Tangible_Folk_Cultural_Properties" title="List of Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties">List of Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Important_Intangible_Folk_Cultural_Properties" title="List of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties">List of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Monuments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">Monuments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designations/Registrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">Special Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">Special Places of Scenic Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">Special Natural Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">Places of Scenic Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">Natural Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_Monument_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered Monument (Japan)">Registered Monuments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Special_Places_of_Scenic_Beauty,_Special_Historic_Sites_and_Special_Natural_Monuments" title="List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments">List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Historic_Sites_of_Japan" title="Template:Historic Sites of Japan">Lists of Historic Sites of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Places_of_Scenic_Beauty_of_Japan" title="Template:Places of Scenic Beauty of Japan">Lists of Places of Scenic Beauty of Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cultural_Landscapes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscape_(Japan)" title="Cultural Landscape (Japan)">Cultural Landscapes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscape_(Japan)" title="Cultural Landscape (Japan)">Important Cultural Landscapes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscape_(Japan)" title="Cultural Landscape (Japan)">List of Important Cultural Landscapes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups_of_Traditional_Buildings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Groups_of_Traditional_Buildings" title="Groups of Traditional Buildings">Groups of Traditional Buildings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groups_of_Traditional_Buildings" title="Groups of Traditional Buildings">Important Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_of_Traditional_Buildings" title="Groups of Traditional Buildings">Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groups_of_Traditional_Buildings" title="Groups of Traditional Buildings">List of Important Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conservation_Techniques_for_Cultural_Properties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_Techniques_for_Cultural_Properties" title="Conservation Techniques for Cultural Properties">Conservation Techniques for Cultural Properties</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Conservation_Techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Selected Conservation Techniques">Selected Conservation Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Selected_Conservation_Techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Selected Conservation Techniques">List of Selected Conservation Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buried_Cultural_Properties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Buried_Cultural_Properties">Buried Cultural Properties</a></div></th></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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