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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_by_the_British" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_by_the_British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Settlement by the British </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_by_the_British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavery_in_Bermuda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_in_Bermuda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Slavery in Bermuda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_in_Bermuda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Later 17th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_American_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_American_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 The American War of Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_American_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglo-Boer_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Boer_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Anglo-Boer War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Boer_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 20th and 21st centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Main sights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationality_and_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationality_and_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Nationality and citizenship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationality_and_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asylum_offer_to_four_former_Guantánamo_detainees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asylum_offer_to_four_former_Guantánamo_detainees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Asylum offer to four former Guantánamo detainees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asylum_offer_to_four_former_Guantánamo_detainees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_North_America,_British_West_Indies_and_the_Caribbean_Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_North_America,_British_West_Indies_and_the_Caribbean_Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 British North America, British West Indies and the Caribbean Community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_North_America,_British_West_Indies_and_the_Caribbean_Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Police </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Military and defence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1890s_to_1920s:_economy_severely_affected_by_lily_virus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1890s_to_1920s:_economy_severely_affected_by_lily_virus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 1890s to 1920s: economy severely affected by lily virus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1890s_to_1920s:_economy_severely_affected_by_lily_virus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Currency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Healthcare </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Healthcare subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 COVID-19 pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bermuda</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 155 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-155" aria-hidden="true" > 155 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%88%99%E1%8B%B3" title="ቤርሙዳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቤርሙዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="बरमूडा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बरमूडा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="برمودا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برمودا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudas" title="Bermudas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bermudas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8rmudes" title="Bèrmudes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bèrmudes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Bermudes" title="Les Bermudes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Les Bermudes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermud_adalar%C4%B1" title="Bermud adaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bermud adaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="برمودا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برمودا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE" title="বারমুডা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বারমুডা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бермуд утрауҙары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бермуд утрауҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Бермудскія астравы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бермудскія астравы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Бэрмудзкія астравы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэрмудзкія астравы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Бермудски острови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бермудски острови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudi" title="Bermudi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bermudi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudes" title="Bermudes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bermudes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudy" title="Bermudy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bermudy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%91%DE%A7" title="ބާމިއުޑާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބާމިއުޑާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudy" title="Bermudy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Bermudy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Βερμούδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βερμούδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Бермудтнень Усият – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бермудтнень Усият" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudas" title="Bermudas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bermudas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudo" title="Bermudo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bermudo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="برمودا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برمودا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudes" title="Bermudes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bermudes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirmi%C3%BAda" title="Beirmiúda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beirmiúda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_Bermioodee" title="Ny Bermioodee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ny Bermioodee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudas" title="Bermudas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bermudas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%AE%A4%EB%8B%A4" title="버뮤다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버뮤다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բերմուդյան կղզիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բերմուդյան կղզիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="बरमूडा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बरमूडा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudi" title="Bermudi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bermudi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudi" title="Bermudi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bermudi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE" title="বারমুডা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বারমুডা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Бермуды сакъадæхтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бермуды сакъадæхтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berm%C3%BAda" title="Bermúda – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bermúda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="ברמודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברמודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბერმუდის კუნძულები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერმუდის კუნძულები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бермудалар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бермудалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berimuda" title="Berimuda – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Berimuda" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8mid" title="Bèmid – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bèmid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8rmoud" title="Bèrmoud – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bèrmoud" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berm%C3%BBda" title="Bermûda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bermûda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бермуд аралдары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бермуд аралдары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%94" title="ແບກມູດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແບກມູດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudu_salas" title="Bermudu salas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bermudu salas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudda" title="Bermudda – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bermudda" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Бермуда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бермуда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermioda" title="Bermioda – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bermioda" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A1" title="ബെർമുഡ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെർമുഡ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="बर्म्युडा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बर्म्युडा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბერმუდაშ კოკეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბერმუდაშ კოკეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="برمودا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برمودا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="برمودا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="برمودا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="बर्मुडा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बर्मुडा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6" title="バミューダ諸島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バミューダ諸島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Бермуда гӀайренаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бермуда гӀайренаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuuda" title="Bermuuda – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bermuuda" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8rmude" title="Bèrmude – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bèrmude" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudas" title="Bermudas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bermudas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE" title="ବର୍ମୁଡା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବର୍ମୁଡା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermud_orollari" title="Bermud orollari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bermud orollari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬਰਮੂਡਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਮੂਡਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="برمودا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برمودا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="برمودا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برمودا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudes" title="Bermudes – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bermudes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudy" title="Bermudy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bermudy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudas" title="Bermudas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bermudas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulele_Bermude" title="Insulele Bermude – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insulele Bermude" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Бермуды – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бермуды" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бермудские Острова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бермудские Острова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/paymuta" title="paymuta – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="paymuta" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="බර්මියුඩාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බර්මියුඩාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="برمودا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برمودا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhemuda" title="IBhemuda – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhemuda" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudy" title="Bermudy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bermudy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudi" title="Bermudi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bermudi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بەرموودا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرموودا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бермуди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бермуди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudi" title="Bermudi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bermudi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="பெர்முடா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெர்முடா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бермуда утраулары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бермуда утраулары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="ပႃႇမိဝ်းတႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပႃႇမိဝ်းတႃး" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE" title="బెర్ముడా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బెర్ముడా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="เบอร์มิวดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบอร์มิวดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Бермудо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бермудо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93muta" title="Pēmuta – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pēmuta" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%8A%E1%8F%93" title="ᏆᏊᏓ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏆᏊᏓ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Бермудські Острови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бермудські Острови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="برمودا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برمودا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%87%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بېرمۇدا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بېرمۇدا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rmudu%C3%A4ns" title="Bärmuduäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bärmuduäns" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%85%95%E5%A4%A7" title="百慕大 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="百慕大" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%B9%CC%80rm%C3%BAd%C3%A0" title="Bẹ̀rmúdà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bẹ̀rmúdà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%85%95%E9%81%94" title="百慕達 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="百慕達" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bermuda" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bermuda&params=32.32_N_64.74_W_type:country_region:BM">32°19′N 64°44′W / 32.32°N 64.74°W / 32.32; -64.74</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the British Overseas Territory. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bermuda (disambiguation)">Bermuda (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Overseas Territory in United Kingdom</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Bermuda</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">British Overseas Territory</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bermuda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bermuda"><img alt="Flag of Bermuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/250px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/330px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bermuda" title="Flag of Bermuda">Flag</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Bermuda"><img alt="Official seal of Bermuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="925" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda" title="Coat of arms of Bermuda">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-pol-div-motto nickname">"Quo Fata Ferunt" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>) (English: "Whither the <a href="/wiki/Fates" title="Fates">Fates</a> carry (us)")<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=bs&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bs" label="bosanski ‪(bs)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fi" label="suomi ‪(fi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fy" label="Frysk ‪(fy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=la&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="la" label="Latina ‪(la)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=mi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mi" label="Māori ‪(mi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=nb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nb" label="norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ta&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ta" label="தமிழ் ‪(ta)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">National song: "<a href="/wiki/Hail_to_Bermuda" title="Hail to Bermuda">Hail to Bermuda</a>" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="96" data-mwtitle="Hail_to_Bermuda.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Hail_to_Bermuda.ogg/Hail_to_Bermuda.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Hail_to_Bermuda.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_on_the_globe_(Bermuda_special)_(Americas_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/United_Kingdom_on_the_globe_%28Bermuda_special%29_%28Americas_centered%29.svg/250px-United_Kingdom_on_the_globe_%28Bermuda_special%29_%28Americas_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/United_Kingdom_on_the_globe_%28Bermuda_special%29_%28Americas_centered%29.svg/500px-United_Kingdom_on_the_globe_%28Bermuda_special%29_%28Americas_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="797" /></a>Show the Western Hemisphere</div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda_in_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bermuda_in_United_Kingdom.svg/250px-Bermuda_in_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bermuda_in_United_Kingdom.svg/500px-Bermuda_in_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="387" /></a>Show the North Atlantic</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English settlement</th><td class="infobox-data">1609; 416 years ago (1609) (officially becoming part of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> in 1612; 413 years ago (1612))</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bermuda&params=32_17_46_N_64_46_58_W_type:city_region:BM">32°17′46″N 64°46′58″W / 32.29611°N 64.78278°W / 32.29611; -64.78278</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">St. George's</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bermuda&params=33_22_46_N_64_40_40_W_type:city_region:BM">33°22′46″N 64°40′40″W / 33.37944°N 64.67778°W / 33.37944; -64.67778</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic"> (2016<a href="#cite_note-Bermuda_2016_Census-2">[2]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>52% <a href="/wiki/Black_Bermudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Bermudian">Black</a></li> <li>31% <a href="/wiki/White_Bermudian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Bermudian">White</a></li> <li>9% <a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Multiracial</a></li> <li>4% <a href="/wiki/Asian_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Caribbean">Asian</a></li> <li>4% others</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bermuda" title="Demographics of Bermuda">Bermudian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bermuda" title="Politics of Bermuda">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependency</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Governor</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Murdoch_(diplomat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Murdoch (diplomat) (page does not exist)">Andrew Murdoch</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Bermuda" title="List of premiers of Bermuda">Premier</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_David_Burt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward David Burt">Edward David Burt</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Bermuda" title="Senate of Bermuda">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">House of Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Europe,_North_America_and_Overseas_Territories" title="Minister of State for Europe, North America and Overseas Territories">Minister</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Doughty" title="Stephen Doughty">Stephen Doughty</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bermuda" title="Geography of Bermuda">Area</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">53.2 km2 (20.5 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">27</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">79 m (259 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bermuda" title="Demographics of Bermuda">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 2019 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">63,913<a href="#cite_note-Bermuda_{{!}}_Data-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">205th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 2016 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">63,779</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,338/km2 (3,465.4/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2019 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">US$7.484 billion<a href="#cite_note-Bermuda_{{!}}_Data-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">161st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">US$117,097 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2013)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.981 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>very high</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_dollar" title="Bermudian dollar">Bermudian dollar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">BMD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_04:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 04:00">UTC– 04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Standard_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Standard Time Zone">AST</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_03:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 03:00">UTC– 03:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Daylight Time">ADT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Left</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in Bermuda">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">+1</a>-<a href="/wiki/Area_code_441" title="Area code 441">441</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BM" title="ISO 3166-2:BM">BM</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-3" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-3">BMU</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.bm" title=".bm">.bm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gov.bm/">https://www.gov.bm/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Bermuda (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bərˈmjuːdə/</a>; historically known as the Bermudas or Somers Isles) is a <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic Ocean</a>. The closest land outside the territory is in the American state of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, about 1,035 km (643 mi) to the west-northwest. Bermuda is an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Bermuda" title="List of islands of Bermuda">181 islands</a>, although the most significant islands are connected by bridges and appear to form one landmass. It has a land area of 54 square kilometres (21 sq mi). Bermuda has a tropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Its climate also exhibits <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> features similar to other coastal areas in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> with warm, moist air from the ocean ensuring relatively high humidity and stabilising temperatures. Bermuda is prone to severe weather from <a href="/wiki/Westerlies#Interaction_with_tropical_cyclones" title="Westerlies">recurving</a> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclones">tropical cyclones</a>; however, it receives some protection from a coral reef and its position north of the <a href="/wiki/Main_Development_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Development Region">Main Development Region</a>, which limits the direction and severity of approaching storms. Bermuda is named after Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Juan de Bermúdez">Juan de Bermúdez</a>, who discovered the archipelago in 1505. The islands have been permanently inhabited since 1612 when an <a href="/wiki/English_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="English colonial empire">English settlement</a> was established at <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">St. George's</a>, which is also the territory's largest settlement. Forming part of <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>, Bermuda was governed under <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">Royal charter</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Somers_Isles_Company" title="Somers Isles Company">Somers Isles Company</a> until 1684, when it became a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">enslaved Africans</a> were taken to Bermuda in 1616. The Somers Isles Company ensured a steady flow of free but <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servants</a> until 1684, and most tobacco farms owned by overseas adventurers were sold to the tenants or other occupants after Bermuda-grown tobacco became steadily less profitable following the 1620s, becoming family farms that switched from growing tobacco for export to producing food (initially for local consumption).<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Consequently, a <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">plantation economy</a> did not develop and the slave trade largely ceased by the end of the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> The economy instead became maritime-focused, with the colony serving as a base for merchants, <a href="/wiki/Privateers" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateers">privateers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, giving its name to the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda rig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_sloop" title="Bermuda sloop">Bermuda sloop</a>. It became an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_fortress" title="Imperial fortress">imperial fortress</a>, the most important British naval and military base in the western hemisphere with vast funds lavished on its <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Bermuda" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda">Royal Naval Dockyard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Garrison" title="Bermuda Garrison">military defences</a> until the 1950s. Tourism has been <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Bermuda">a significant contributor</a> to Bermuda's economy since the 19th century and after World War II, the territory became a prominent <a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">offshore financial centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a>. Divided into <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Bermuda" title="Administrative divisions of Bermuda">nine parishes</a>, Bermuda is a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">bicameral parliament</a> located in the capital <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a>. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">House of Assembly</a> dates from 1620, making it one of the world's oldest legislatures. The <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of Bermuda">premier</a> is the head of government and is formally appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">governor</a>, who is nominated by the British government as the representative of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">King</a>. The United Kingdom is responsible for foreign affairs and defence. An <a href="/wiki/1995_Bermudian_independence_referendum" title="1995 Bermudian independence referendum">independence referendum</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a> with a large majority voting against independence. As of 2019, Bermuda had a population of around 64,000 people, making it the second-most populous of the British Overseas Territories. <a href="/wiki/Black_Bermudians" title="Black Bermudians">Black Bermudians</a>, a diverse population primarily of any mixture of African, European, and Native American ancestry,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> make up around 50% of the population, while <a href="/wiki/White_Bermudians" title="White Bermudians">White Bermudians</a>, primarily of <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>, Irish and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> descent, make up 30% of the population. There are smaller groups from other races or identifying as mixed race and about 30% of the population is not Bermudian by birth. The last remaining colony in the former <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> (following the 1867 <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Canada">Confederation of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Newfoundland">Colony of Newfoundland</a> becoming the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a> in 1907), Bermuda has <a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">a distinct dialect</a> of English and has historically had strong ties with other English-speaking countries in the Americas, including the United States, Canada, and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Caribbean" title="Commonwealth Caribbean">Commonwealth Caribbean</a>. It is an associate member of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Bermuda is named after the Spanish sailor <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Juan de Bermúdez">Juan de Bermúdez</a>, who discovered the islands in 1505,<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> while sailing for Spain from a provisioning voyage to <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> in the ship La Garça. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bermuda" title="History of Bermuda">History of Bermuda</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Bermuda_1511_legatio_babylonica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Bermuda_1511_legatio_babylonica.jpg/280px-Map_of_Bermuda_1511_legatio_babylonica.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Bermuda_1511_legatio_babylonica.jpg/420px-Map_of_Bermuda_1511_legatio_babylonica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Map_of_Bermuda_1511_legatio_babylonica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_map" title="Peter Martyr map">First map of</a> the islands of Bermuda in 1511, made by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_d%27Anghiera" title="Peter Martyr d'Anghiera">Peter Martyr d'Anghiera</a> in his book Legatio Babylonica</figcaption></figure> Bermuda was discovered in the early 1500s by Spanish explorer Juan de Bermúdez.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morison1974-11">[10]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Bermuda had no <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Indigenous</a> population when it was discovered, nor during initial British settlement a century later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGovernHarris201810-12">[11]</a> It was mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Legatio_Babylonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatio Babylonica">Legatio Babylonica</a>, published in 1511 by historian <a href="/wiki/Pedro_M%C3%A1rtir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Mártir">Pedro Mártir de Anglería</a>, and was included on Spanish charts of that year.<a href="#cite_note-Frommers_-_History_of_Bermuda-13">[12]</a> Both Spanish and Portuguese ships used the islands as a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water. Shipwrecked Portuguese mariners are now thought to have been responsible for the 1543 inscription on <a href="/wiki/Spittal_Pond_Nature_Reserve" title="Spittal Pond Nature Reserve">Portuguese Rock</a>, previously called Spanish Rock.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Legends arose of spirits and devils, now thought to have stemmed from the calls of raucous birds (most likely the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_petrel" title="Bermuda petrel">Bermuda petrel</a>, or cahow)<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> and loud nocturnal noises from introduced wild hogs.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> With its frequent storm-racked conditions and dangerous reefs, the archipelago became known as the "Isle of Devils".<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Neither Spain nor Portugal attempted to settle it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_by_the_British">Settlement by the British</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Settlement by the British">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia,_New-England,_and_the_Summer_Isles_by_Captain_John_Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia%2C_New-England%2C_and_the_Summer_Isles_by_Captain_John_Smith.jpg/250px-The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia%2C_New-England%2C_and_the_Summer_Isles_by_Captain_John_Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia%2C_New-England%2C_and_the_Summer_Isles_by_Captain_John_Smith.jpg/330px-The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia%2C_New-England%2C_and_the_Summer_Isles_by_Captain_John_Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia%2C_New-England%2C_and_the_Summer_Isles_by_Captain_John_Smith.jpg/500px-The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia%2C_New-England%2C_and_the_Summer_Isles_by_Captain_John_Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3323" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">John Smith</a> wrote one of the first <a href="/wiki/The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia,_New-England,_and_the_Summer_Isles" title="The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles">histories of Bermuda</a> in 1624 (combined with <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>).</figcaption></figure> For the next century, the island was frequently visited but not settled. The English began to focus on the New World, initially settling in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, starting British colonization in North America, establishing a colony at <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a> in 1607. Two years later, a <a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">flotilla</a> of seven ships left England with several hundred settlers, food, and supplies to relieve the Jamestown colony.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> However, the flotilla was broken up by a storm and the flagship, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Venture" title="Sea Venture">Sea Venture</a>, drove onto Bermuda's reef to prevent her sinking, resulting in the survival of all her passengers and crew.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda-10">[9]</a> The settlers were unwilling to move on, having now heard about the true conditions in Jamestown from the sailors, and made multiple attempts to rebel and stay in Bermuda. They argued that they had a right to stay and establish their own government. The new settlement became a prison labour camp, and built two ships, the Deliverance and the Patience.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly-20">[19]</a> In 1612, the English began settlement of the archipelago, officially named Virgineola,<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> with arrival of the ship the Plough. New London (renamed St. George's Town) was settled that year and designated as the colony's first capital.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frommers_-_History_of_Bermuda-13">[12]</a> It is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-22">[21]</a> In 1616 and 1620 acts were passed banning the hunting of certain birds and young <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The archipelago's limited land area and resources led to the creation of what may be the earliest conservation laws of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavery_in_Bermuda">Slavery in Bermuda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slavery in Bermuda">edit</a>]</div> In 1615, the colony, which had been renamed the Somers Isles in commemoration of Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Somers" title="George Somers">George Somers</a>, was passed on to the <a href="/wiki/Somers_Isles_Company" title="Somers Isles Company">Somers Isles Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> As Bermudians settled the <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Colony">Carolina Colony</a> and contributed to establishing other <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">English colonies in the Americas</a>, several other locations were named after the archipelago. During this period the first <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> were held and trafficked to the islands. These were a mixture of native <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of Africa">Africans</a> who were trafficked to the Americas via the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">African slave trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> who were enslaved from the new world colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda-10">[9]</a> The first two slaves arrived in Bermuda in 1616, not from Africa but from the West Indies, one being Black and the other Native American, after Bermuda Governor Tucker had sent the ship "Edwin" to the West Indies to find slaves to dive for pearls in Bermuda.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> There proved to be no pearls to dive for. More black slaves were later trafficked to the island in large numbers, originating from America and the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-slavery-27">[26]</a> As the black population grew, so did the fear of insurrection among the white settlers. In 1623, a law to restrain the insolence of the Negroes was passed in Bermuda. It forbade blacks to buy or sell, barter or exchange tobacco or any other produce for goods without the consent of their master. Unrest among the slaves predictably erupted several times over the next decades. Major rebellions occurred in 1656, 1661, 1673, 1682, 1730 and 1761. In 1761 a conspiracy was discovered that involved the majority of the blacks on the island. Six slaves were executed and all black celebrations were prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda_Coronelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bermuda_Coronelli.jpg/250px-Bermuda_Coronelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bermuda_Coronelli.jpg/330px-Bermuda_Coronelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bermuda_Coronelli.jpg/500px-Bermuda_Coronelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6324" data-file-height="4456" /></a><figcaption>Map of Bermuda by <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Coronelli" title="Vincenzo Coronelli">Vincenzo Coronelli</a>, 1 January 1692</figcaption></figure> In 1649, the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> was taking place and King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> was beheaded in <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, London. The conflict spilled over into Bermuda, where most of the colonists developed a strong sense of devotion to the Crown. The royalists ousted the Somers Isles Company's Governor and elected John Trimingham as their leader (see <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Governor of Bermuda</a>). Bermuda's civil war was ended by militias, and dissenters were pushed to settle <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> under <a href="/wiki/William_Sayle" title="William Sayle">William Sayle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The rebellious <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">royalist</a> colonies of Bermuda, Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>, were the subjects of <a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_prohibiting_Trade_with_the_Barbadoes,_Virginia,_Bermuda_and_Antego" title="An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego">an Act of the Rump Parliament of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The royalist colonies were also threatened with invasion. The Government of Bermuda eventually reached an agreement with the Parliament of England which retained the status quo in Bermuda. In 1655 fifty-four Bermudians became the first English subjects to permanently settle on the Island of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, followed by a further (200) Bermudians in 1658, following <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell's</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Jamaica" title="Invasion of Jamaica">Invasion of Jamaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_17th_century">Later 17th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later 17th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda_Gazette_-_12_November_1796.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bermuda_Gazette_-_12_November_1796.jpg/250px-Bermuda_Gazette_-_12_November_1796.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bermuda_Gazette_-_12_November_1796.jpg/330px-Bermuda_Gazette_-_12_November_1796.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bermuda_Gazette_-_12_November_1796.jpg/500px-Bermuda_Gazette_-_12_November_1796.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>Bermuda Gazette of 12 November 1796, calling for <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateering</a> against Spain and its allies; it has advertisements for crew for two privateer vessels.</figcaption></figure> In the 17th century, the Somers Isles Company suppressed shipbuilding, as it needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land. The Virginia colony, however, far surpassed Bermuda in quality and quantity of tobacco produced. Bermudians began to turn to maritime trades relatively early in the 17th century, but the Somers Isles Company used all its authority to suppress turning away from agriculture. This interference led to islanders demanding, and receiving, revocation of the company's charter in 1684, and the company was dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda-10">[9]</a> Bermudians rapidly abandoned agriculture for shipbuilding, replanting farmland with the native juniper trees (<a href="/wiki/Juniperus_bermudiana" title="Juniperus bermudiana">Juniperus bermudiana</a>, called Bermuda cedar). Establishing effective control over the <a href="/wiki/Turks_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks Islands">Turks Islands</a>, Bermudians deforested their landscape to begin the salt trade. It became the world's largest and remained the cornerstone of Bermuda's economy for the next century. Bermudians also vigorously pursued <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privateering" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateering">privateering</a>, and the merchant trade. Some islanders, especially in <a href="/wiki/St._David%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="St. David's Island, Bermuda">St David's</a>, still trace their ancestry to Native Americans, and others are unaware that they have such ancestry. Hundreds of Native Americans were shipped to Bermuda. The best-known examples were the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a> such as Pequots, Wampanoags, Podunks, Nipmucks, Narragansetts and others who were exiled from the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> colonies and sold into slavery in the seventeenth century, notably in the aftermaths of the <a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a>; some are believed to have been brought from as far away as Mexico. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_American_War_of_Independence">The American War of Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The American War of Independence">edit</a>]</div> Bermuda's ambivalence towards the American rebellion changed in September 1774, when the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> resolved to ban trade with Great Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies after 10 September 1775. Such an embargo would mean the collapse of their inter-colonial commerce, famine and civil unrest. Lacking political channels with Great Britain, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tucker_(President_of_the_Council_of_Bermuda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Tucker (President of the Council of Bermuda)">the Tucker Family</a> met in May 1775 with eight other parishioners and resolved to send delegates to the Continental Congress in July, aiming for an exemption from the ban. Henry Tucker noted a clause in the ban which allowed the exchange of American goods for military supplies. The clause was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> when Tucker met with the Pennsylvania <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committees of safety (American Revolution)">Committee of Safety</a>. Independently, others confirmed this business arrangement with <a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph" title="Peyton Randolph">Peyton Randolph</a>, the Charlestown Committee of Safety, and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-35">[34]</a> Three American boats, operating from Charlestown, Philadelphia and Newport, sailed to Bermuda, and on 14 August 1775, 100 barrels of gunpowder were taken from the Bermudian magazine while Governor <a href="/wiki/George_James_Bruere" title="George James Bruere">George James Bruere</a> slept, and loaded onto these boats. As a consequence, on 2 October the Continental Congress exempted Bermuda from their trade ban, and Bermuda acquired a reputation for disloyalty. Later that year, the British Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory Act</a> to prohibit trade with the American rebelling colonies and sent HMS Scorpion to keep watch over the island. The island's forts were stripped of cannons. Yet, wartime trade of contraband continued along well-established family connections. With 120 boats by 1775, Bermuda continued to trade with <a href="/wiki/St._Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Eustatius">St. Eustatius</a> until 1781 and provided salt to North American ports.<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-35">[34]</a>: 389–415  In June 1776, HMS Nautilus secured the island, followed by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Galatea_(1776)" title="HMS Galatea (1776)">HMS Galatea</a> in September. Yet, the two British captains seemed more intent on capturing prize money, causing a severe food shortage on the island until the departure of Nautilus in October. After France's entry into the war in 1778, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Henry Clinton</a> refortified the island under the command of Major <a href="/wiki/William_Sutherland_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Sutherland (British Army officer)">William Sutherland</a>. As a result, 91 French and American ships were captured in the winter of 1778–1779, bringing the population once again to the brink of starvation. Bermudian trade was severely hampered by the combined efforts of the Royal Navy, the British garrison and <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">loyalist privateers</a>, such that famine struck the island in 1779.<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-35">[34]</a>: 416–427  Upon the death of George Bruere in 1780, the governorship passed to his son, George Jr., an active loyalist. Under his leadership, smuggling was stopped, and the Bermudian colonial government was populated with like-minded loyalists. Even Henry Tucker abandoned trading with the United States, because of the presence of multiple privateers.<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-35">[34]</a>: 428–433  <a href="/wiki/The_Bermuda_Gazette" title="The Bermuda Gazette">The Bermuda Gazette</a>, Bermuda's first newspaper, began publishing in 1784.<a href="#cite_note-Stark-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-200th-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-TBG-38">[37]</a> The editor, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stockdale" title="Joseph Stockdale">Joseph Stockdale</a>, had been given financial incentive to move to Bermuda with his family and establish the newspaper. He also provided other printing services and operated Bermuda's first local postal service. The Bermuda Gazette was sold by subscription and delivered to subscribers, with Stockdale's employee also delivering mail for a fee.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devonshire_Redoubt_(Bermuda).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Devonshire_Redoubt_%28Bermuda%29.png/250px-Devonshire_Redoubt_%28Bermuda%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Devonshire_Redoubt_%28Bermuda%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the Devonshire Redoubt, Bermuda, 1614</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> began improving the harbours on the Bermudas. In 1811, work began on the large Royal Naval Dockyard on <a href="/wiki/Ireland_Island,_Bermuda" title="Ireland Island, Bermuda">Ireland Island</a>, which was to serve as the islands' principal naval base guarding the western Atlantic Ocean shipping lanes. To guard the dockyard, the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Garrison" title="Bermuda Garrison">Bermuda Garrison</a>, and heavily fortified the archipelago. During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> between Britain and the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">British attacks</a> on Washington, D.C., and the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake</a> were planned and launched from Bermuda, where the headquarters of the Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station" title="North America and West Indies Station">North American Station</a> had recently been moved from <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Harbor_at_St._George,_Bermuda_from_Sugar_Loaf_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Harbor_at_St._George%2C_Bermuda_from_Sugar_Loaf_Hill.jpg/220px-The_Harbor_at_St._George%2C_Bermuda_from_Sugar_Loaf_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Harbor_at_St._George%2C_Bermuda_from_Sugar_Loaf_Hill.jpg/330px-The_Harbor_at_St._George%2C_Bermuda_from_Sugar_Loaf_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Harbor_at_St._George%2C_Bermuda_from_Sugar_Loaf_Hill.jpg/440px-The_Harbor_at_St._George%2C_Bermuda_from_Sugar_Loaf_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5727" data-file-height="3656" /></a><figcaption>Mullet Bay and the <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Harbour,_Bermuda" title="St. George's Harbour, Bermuda">harbour</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">St. George's</a>, the original capital</figcaption></figure> In 1816, James Arnold, the son of <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>, fortified Bermuda's Royal Naval Dockyard against possible US attacks.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Today, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Bermuda" title="National Museum of Bermuda">National Museum of Bermuda</a>, which incorporates Bermuda's Maritime Museum, occupies the Keep of the Royal Naval Dockyard. Due to its proximity to the southeastern US coast, Bermuda was frequently used during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> as a stopping point base for the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States">Confederate States</a>' <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">blockade runners</a> on their runs to and from the Southern states, and England, to evade Union naval vessels on blockade patrol.<a href="#cite_note-Frommers_-_History_of_Bermuda-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda-10">[9]</a> The blockade runners were then able to transport essential war goods from England and deliver valuable cotton back to England. The old Globe Hotel in St. George's, which was a centre of intrigue for Confederate agents, is preserved as a public museum. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglo-Boer_War">Anglo-Boer War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anglo-Boer War">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Boer War">Anglo-Boer War</a> (1899–1902), 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> were housed on five islands of Bermuda. They were located according to their views of the war. "Bitterenders" (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bittereinder" title="Bittereinder">Bittereinders</a>), who refused to pledge allegiance to the British Crown, were interned on Darrell's Island and closely guarded. Other islands such as Morgan's Island held 884 men, including 27 officers; Tucker's Island held 809 Boer prisoners, Burt's Island 607, and Port's Island held 35. Hinson's Island housed underage prisoners. The camp cemetery is on Long Island.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported an attempted mutiny by Boer prisoners of war en route to Bermuda and that martial law was enacted on Darrell's Island.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The most famous escapee was the Boer prisoner of war Captain <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Joubert_Duquesne" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Joubert Duquesne">Fritz Joubert Duquesne</a>, who was serving a life sentence for "conspiracy against the British government and on (the charge of) espionage".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERonnie199537-44">[43]</a> On the night of 25 June 1902, Duquesne slipped out of his tent, worked his way over a barbed-wire fence, swam 1.5 miles (2.4 km) past patrol boats and bright spotlights, through storm-swept waters, using the distant <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_Hill_Lighthouse" title="Gibbs Hill Lighthouse">Gibbs Hill Lighthouse</a> for navigation until he arrived ashore on the main island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERonnie199554,_63-45">[44]</a> He settled in the U.S. and later became a spy for Germany in both World Wars. In 1942, Col. Duquesne was arrested by the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> for leading the <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Spy_Ring" title="Duquesne Spy Ring">Duquesne Spy Ring</a>, which to this day remains the largest espionage case uncovered in the history of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy20142-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda_harbour_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bermuda_harbour_1926.jpg/250px-Bermuda_harbour_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bermuda_harbour_1926.jpg/330px-Bermuda_harbour_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bermuda_harbour_1926.jpg/500px-Bermuda_harbour_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Harbour,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton Harbour, Bermuda">Hamilton Harbour</a> in the mid-1920s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_visiting_Bermuda_for_the_Western_Summit_in_December_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Winston_Churchill_visiting_Bermuda_for_the_Western_Summit_in_December_1953.jpg/250px-Winston_Churchill_visiting_Bermuda_for_the_Western_Summit_in_December_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Winston_Churchill_visiting_Bermuda_for_the_Western_Summit_in_December_1953.jpg/330px-Winston_Churchill_visiting_Bermuda_for_the_Western_Summit_in_December_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Winston_Churchill_visiting_Bermuda_for_the_Western_Summit_in_December_1953.jpg/500px-Winston_Churchill_visiting_Bermuda_for_the_Western_Summit_in_December_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3846" data-file-height="2565" /></a><figcaption>Winston Churchill hosted the Three-Powers Summit in 1953.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen_of_Bermuda_in_Bermuda,_late_1952_or_very_early_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_Queen_of_Bermuda_in_Bermuda%2C_late_1952_or_very_early_1953.jpg/250px-The_Queen_of_Bermuda_in_Bermuda%2C_late_1952_or_very_early_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_Queen_of_Bermuda_in_Bermuda%2C_late_1952_or_very_early_1953.jpg/330px-The_Queen_of_Bermuda_in_Bermuda%2C_late_1952_or_very_early_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_Queen_of_Bermuda_in_Bermuda%2C_late_1952_or_very_early_1953.jpg/500px-The_Queen_of_Bermuda_in_Bermuda%2C_late_1952_or_very_early_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3761" data-file-height="2535" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/SS_Queen_of_Bermuda" title="SS Queen of Bermuda">SS Queen of Bermuda</a> in Hamilton Harbour, c. Dec 1952 / Jan 1953</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen_of_Bermuda_departing_the_island_in_December_1952_or_January_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Queen_of_Bermuda_departing_the_island_in_December_1952_or_January_1953.jpg/250px-The_Queen_of_Bermuda_departing_the_island_in_December_1952_or_January_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Queen_of_Bermuda_departing_the_island_in_December_1952_or_January_1953.jpg/330px-The_Queen_of_Bermuda_departing_the_island_in_December_1952_or_January_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Queen_of_Bermuda_departing_the_island_in_December_1952_or_January_1953.jpg/500px-The_Queen_of_Bermuda_departing_the_island_in_December_1952_or_January_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3761" data-file-height="2535" /></a><figcaption>The S.S. Queen of Bermuda departing the island in December 1952~January 1953. The Devonshire Dock is in the foreground.</figcaption></figure> In the early 20th century Bermuda became a popular destination for American, Canadian and British tourists arriving by sea. The US <a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act</a> of 1930, which enacted protectionist trade <a href="/wiki/Tariffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs">tariffs</a> on goods imported into the US, led to the demise of Bermuda's once-thriving agricultural export trade to America and encouraged development of tourism as an alternative source of income. The island was one of the centres for illegal alcohol smuggling during the era of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition in the United States</a> (1920–1933).<a href="#cite_note-Frommers_-_History_of_Bermuda-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda-10">[9]</a> A rail line was constructed in Bermuda in the 1920s, opening in 1931 as the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Railway" title="Bermuda Railway">Bermuda Railway</a>, which was abandoned in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The right of way is now the Bermuda Railway Trail.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In 1930, after several failed attempts, a <a href="/wiki/Stinson_Detroiter" title="Stinson Detroiter">Stinson Detroiter</a> <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplane</a> flew to Bermuda from New York City: It was the first aeroplane ever to reach the islands. In 1936, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Luft_Hansa" title="Deutsche Luft Hansa">Deutsche Luft Hansa</a> began to experiment with seaplane flights from <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> with continuation flights to New York City.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American World Airways">Pan American Airways</a> began operating scheduled <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boat</a> airline services from New York and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> to <a href="/wiki/Darrell%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="Darrell's Island, Bermuda">Darrell's Island, Bermuda</a>. In World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Princess_%26_Beach_Club" title="Hamilton Princess & Beach Club">Hamilton Princess Hotel</a> became a censorship centre. All mail, radio and telegraphic traffic bound for Europe, the US and the Far East was intercepted and analysed by 1,200 censors, of British Imperial Censorship, part of <a href="/wiki/British_Security_Coordination" class="mw-redirect" title="British Security Coordination">British Security Coordination</a> (BSC), before being routed to their destination.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> With BSC working closely with the FBI, the censors were responsible for the discovery and arrest of a number of Axis spies operating in the US, including the <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Frederick_Ludwig#Setting_up_the_ring" title="Kurt Frederick Ludwig">Joe K ring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In 1948, a regularly scheduled commercial airline service began to operate, using land-based aeroplanes landing at <a href="/wiki/Kindley_Air_Force_Base" title="Kindley Air Force Base">Kindley Field</a> (now <a href="/wiki/L.F._Wade_International_Airport" title="L.F. Wade International Airport">L.F. Wade International Airport</a>), helping tourism to reach a peak in the 1960s and 1970s. By the end of the 1970s, however, international business had supplanted tourism as the dominant sector of Bermuda's economy. The Royal Naval Dockyard and its attendant military garrison remained important to Bermuda's economy until the mid-20th century. In addition to considerable building work, the armed forces needed to source food and other materials from local vendors. Beginning in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, US military installations were also located in Bermuda, including a <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Bermuda_Annex" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex">naval air station</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USN_Submarine_Base,_Ordnance_Island,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="USN Submarine Base, Ordnance Island, Bermuda">submarine base</a>. The American military presence lasted until 1995.<a href="#cite_note-bermuda-online.org-53">[52]</a> Universal adult suffrage and development of a two-party political system took place in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda-10">[9]</a> Universal suffrage was adopted as part of Bermuda's Constitution in 1967; voting had previously been dependent on a certain level of property ownership. On 10 March 1973, the governor of Bermuda, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sharples" title="Richard Sharples">Richard Sharples</a>, was assassinated by local <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power</a> militants during a period of civil unrest.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda-10">[9]</a> Some moves were made towards possible independence for the islands, however, this was decisively rejected in a <a href="/wiki/1995_Bermudian_independence_referendum" title="1995 Bermudian independence referendum">referendum in 1995</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda-10">[9]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a>, Bermuda became the smallest overseas territory to earn a gold medal, as <a href="/wiki/Flora_Duffy" title="Flora Duffy">Flora Duffy</a> won Bermuda's first ever Olympic gold medal in the <a href="/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s" title="Triathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's">women's triathlon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bermuda" title="Geography of Bermuda">Geography of Bermuda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibb%27s_Hill_Lighthouse,_Bermuda_July_2015_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gibb%27s_Hill_Lighthouse%2C_Bermuda_July_2015_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Gibb%27s_Hill_Lighthouse%2C_Bermuda_July_2015_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gibb%27s_Hill_Lighthouse%2C_Bermuda_July_2015_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Gibb%27s_Hill_Lighthouse%2C_Bermuda_July_2015_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gibb%27s_Hill_Lighthouse%2C_Bermuda_July_2015_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Gibb%27s_Hill_Lighthouse%2C_Bermuda_July_2015_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>View of Bermuda from <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_Hill_Lighthouse" title="Gibbs Hill Lighthouse">Gibbs Hill Lighthouse</a> in July 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_top_of_Gibbs_Lighthouse_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/View_from_top_of_Gibbs_Lighthouse_Bermuda.jpg/180px-View_from_top_of_Gibbs_Lighthouse_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/View_from_top_of_Gibbs_Lighthouse_Bermuda.jpg/270px-View_from_top_of_Gibbs_Lighthouse_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/View_from_top_of_Gibbs_Lighthouse_Bermuda.jpg/360px-View_from_top_of_Gibbs_Lighthouse_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5384" data-file-height="3589" /></a><figcaption>View from the top of Gibb's Hill Lighthouse</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda_oli_2014275_lrg-cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bermuda_oli_2014275_lrg-cropped.png/180px-Bermuda_oli_2014275_lrg-cropped.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bermuda_oli_2014275_lrg-cropped.png/270px-Bermuda_oli_2014275_lrg-cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bermuda_oli_2014275_lrg-cropped.png/360px-Bermuda_oli_2014275_lrg-cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>Landsat 8 satellite image</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda_topographic_map-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bermuda_topographic_map-en.png/250px-Bermuda_topographic_map-en.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bermuda_topographic_map-en.png/330px-Bermuda_topographic_map-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bermuda_topographic_map-en.png/500px-Bermuda_topographic_map-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Bermuda</figcaption></figure> Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes in the Atlantic Ocean, in the west of the <a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a>, roughly 578 nmi (1,070 km; 665 mi) east-southeast of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras" title="Cape Hatteras">Cape Hatteras</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, United States which is the nearest landmass.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Its next nearest neighbour is <a href="/wiki/Cape_Sable_Island" title="Cape Sable Island">Cape Sable Island</a>, Nova Scotia Canada which is 1,236 km (768 mi) north of Bermuda. It is also located 1,750 km (1,090 mi) south-southwest of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> (France), 1,759 km (1,093 mi) north-northeast of <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, 1,538 km (956 mi) north of the British Virgin Islands, and 1,537.17 km (955.15 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a>, Puerto Rico. The territory consists of <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Bermuda" title="List of islands of Bermuda">181 islands</a>, with a total area of 53.3 km2 (20.6 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Rybeck-57">[56]</a> The largest island is Main Island (also called Bermuda). Eight larger and populated islands are connected by bridges.<a href="#cite_note-Rybeck-57">[56]</a> The territory's tallest peak is <a href="/wiki/Town_Hill,_Bermuda" title="Town Hill, Bermuda">Town Hill</a> on Main Island at 79 m (259 ft) tall.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-highest_point-58">[57]</a> The territory's coastline is 103 km (64 mi).<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> Bermuda gives its name to the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a>, a region of sea in which, according to legend, a number of aircraft and boats have disappeared under unexplained or mysterious circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-navy,1996-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Main sights">edit</a>]</div> Bermuda's pink sand beaches and clear, <a href="/wiki/Cerulean" title="Cerulean">cerulean</a> blue ocean waters are popular with tourists.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> A number of Bermuda's hotels are located along the south shore of the island. In addition to its beaches, there are a number of sightseeing attractions. Historic St. George's is a designated <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba</a> divers can explore a number of <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">wrecks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral reefs">coral reefs</a> in relatively shallow water (typically 30–40 ft or 9–12 m in depth), with virtually unlimited visibility. A number of nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore by <a href="/wiki/Snorkelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Snorkelling">snorkellers</a>, especially at <a href="/wiki/Church_Bay,_Bermuda" title="Church Bay, Bermuda">Church Bay</a>. Bermuda's most popular visitor attraction is the Royal Naval Dockyard, which includes the National Museum of Bermuda.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Other attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Aquarium,_Museum_and_Zoo" title="Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo">Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute, the Botanical Gardens and <a href="/wiki/Masterworks_Museum_of_Bermuda_Art" title="Masterworks Museum of Bermuda Art">Masterworks Museum of Bermuda Art</a>, lighthouses, and the Crystal Caves with <a href="/wiki/Stalactites" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalactites">stalactites</a> and underground saltwater pools. <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Bridge,_Bermuda" title="Somerset Bridge, Bermuda">Somerset Bridge</a> is the world's smallest drawbridge, and <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Bay,_Bermuda" title="Horseshoe Bay, Bermuda">Horseshoe Bay</a> and Warwick Long Bay are among the beautiful beaches in Bermuda. Non-residents are prohibited from driving cars on the island.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Public transport and taxis are available or visitors can rent <a href="/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)" title="Scooter (motorcycle)">scooters</a> for use as private transport.<a href="#cite_note-Rybeck-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Bermuda" title="Geology of Bermuda">Geology of Bermuda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA_Ocean_Explorer_Bermuda_Geologic_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NOAA_Ocean_Explorer_Bermuda_Geologic_Map.png/250px-NOAA_Ocean_Explorer_Bermuda_Geologic_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NOAA_Ocean_Explorer_Bermuda_Geologic_Map.png/330px-NOAA_Ocean_Explorer_Bermuda_Geologic_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NOAA_Ocean_Explorer_Bermuda_Geologic_Map.png/500px-NOAA_Ocean_Explorer_Bermuda_Geologic_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>NOAA Ocean Explorer Bermuda Geologic Map, where red denotes the Walsingham Formation, purple denotes the Town Hill and Belmont Formations, green denotes the Rocky Bay and Southampton Formations, and white is infill associated with the airport</figcaption></figure> Bermuda consists of over 150 <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> islands, but especially five main islands, along the southern margin of the Bermuda Platform, one of three topographic highs found on the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Pedestal" title="Bermuda Pedestal">Bermuda Pedestal</a>. This Bermuda Pedestal sits atop the Bermuda Rise, a mid-basin swell surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal plains</a>. The Bermuda Pedestal is one of four topographic highs aligned roughly from North-East to South-West. The others, all submerged, are Bowditch Seamount to the north-east, and Challenger Bank and Argus Bank to the south-west.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Initial uplift of this rise occurred in the Middle to <a href="/wiki/Late_Eocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Eocene">Late Eocene</a> and concluded by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Oligocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Oligocene">Late Oligocene</a>, when it subsided below sea level. The volcanic rocks associated with this rise are <a href="/wiki/Tholeiitic_magma_series" title="Tholeiitic magma series">tholeiitic lavas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusive</a> <a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">lamprophyre</a> sheets, which form a volcanic basement, on average, 50 m (160 ft) below the island <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> surface.<a href="#cite_note-Vacher-65">[64]</a> The limestones of Bermuda consist of <a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">biocalcarenites</a> with minor <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerates</a>. The portion of Bermuda above sea level consists of rocks deposited by <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian processes</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst terrain</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Eolianite" title="Eolianite">eolianites</a> are actually the <a href="/wiki/Type_locality_(geology)" title="Type locality (geology)">type locality</a>, and formed during <a href="/wiki/Interglaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Interglaciation">interglaciations</a> (i.e., the upper levels of the limestone cap, formed primarily by calcium-secreting algae, was broken down into sand by wave action during interglaciation when the seamount was submerged, and during glaciation, when the top of the seamount was above sea level, that sand was blown into dunes and fused together into a limestone sandstone), and are laced by red <a href="/wiki/Paleosol" title="Paleosol">paleosols</a>, also referred to as geosols or terra rossas, indicative of <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric dust">atmospheric dust</a> and forming during <a href="/wiki/Glacial_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial stage">glacial stages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphic_column" title="Stratigraphic column">stratigraphic column</a> starts with the Walsingham <a href="/wiki/Formation_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (geology)">Formation</a>, overlain by the Castle Harbour Geosol, the Lower and Upper Town Hill Formations separated by the Harbour Road Geosol, the Ord Road Geosol, the Belmont Formation, the Shore Hills Geosol, the Rocky Bay Formation, and the Southampton Formation.<a href="#cite_note-Vacher-65">[64]</a> The older <a href="/wiki/Eolianite" title="Eolianite">eolianite</a> ridges (older Bermuda) are more rounded and subdued compared to the outer coastline (Younger Bermuda). Thus, post deposition morphology includes chemical <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, with inshore water bodies demonstrating that much of Bermuda is partially drowned <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a>. The Walsingham Formation is a clear example, constituting the cave district around Castle Harbour. The Upper Town Hill Formation forms the core of the Main Island, and prominent hills such as Town Hill, Knapton Hill, and <a href="/wiki/St._David%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="St. David's Island, Bermuda">St. David's</a> Lighthouse, while the highest hills, Gibbs Hill Lighthouse, are due to the Southampton Formation.<a href="#cite_note-Vacher-65">[64]</a> Bermuda has two major <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>, the Langton Aquifer located within the Southampton, Rocky Bay and Belmont Formations, and the Brighton Aquifer located within the Town Hill Formation. Four freshwater <a href="/wiki/Lens_(hydrology)" title="Lens (hydrology)">lenses</a> occur in Bermuda, with the Central Lens being the largest on Main Island, containing an area of 7.2 km2 (1,800 acres) and a thickness greater than 10 m (33 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Vacher-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bermuda">Climate of Bermuda</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bermuda_hurricanes" title="List of Bermuda hurricanes">List of Bermuda hurricanes</a></div> Bermuda has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: Cfa), bordering closely on the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: Af). Bermuda's oceanic influence results in a more moderate climate, more similar to the western coast of Europe than on the eastern coast of North America, characterised by high relative humidity that moderates temperature, ensuring generally mild winters and summers. Bermuda is warmed by the nearby <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>. The islands may experience modestly cooler temperatures in January, February, and March [average 18 °C (64 °F)].<a href="#cite_note-climate-66">[65]</a> There has never been snow, a frost or freeze on record in Bermuda.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">hardiness zone</a> is 11b/12a. In other words, the coldest that the annual minimum temperature may be expected to be is around 10 °C (50 °F). This is high for such a latitude and is a half-zone higher than the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a>. Summertime <a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">heat index</a> in Bermuda can be high, although mid-August temperatures rarely exceed 30 °C (86 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 34 °C (93 °F) in August 1989.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The average annual temperature of the Atlantic Ocean around Bermuda is 22.8 °C (73.0 °F), from 18.6 °C (65.5 °F) in February to 28.2 °C (82.8 °F) in August.<a href="#cite_note-BWS1-70">[69]</a> Bermuda lies within the <a href="/wiki/Main_Development_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Development Region">Main Development Region</a>, and is often directly in the path of hurricanes<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> recurving in the westerlies, although they usually begin to weaken as they approach Bermuda, whose small size means that direct hurricane-strength <a href="/wiki/Landfall" title="Landfall">landfalls</a> are rare. <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Emily_(1987)" title="Hurricane Emily (1987)">Hurricane Emily</a> was the first to do so in three decades when it struck Bermuda without warning in 1987. The most recent hurricanes to cause significant damage to Bermuda were <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_Hurricane_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale">Category 2</a> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gonzalo" title="Hurricane Gonzalo">Hurricane Gonzalo</a> on 18 October 2014 and <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_Hurricane_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale">Category 3</a> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Nicole_(2016)" title="Hurricane Nicole (2016)">Hurricane Nicole</a> on 14 October 2016, both of which struck the island directly. Category 2 <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Paulette" title="Hurricane Paulette">Hurricane Paulette</a> directly hit the island in 2020. Before that, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Fabian" title="Hurricane Fabian">Hurricane Fabian</a> on 5 September 2003 was the last major hurricane to hit Bermuda directly, with wind speeds of over 120 mph (190 km/h), category 3). The most recent tropical cyclone to directly hit the island was <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ernesto_(2024)" title="Hurricane Ernesto (2024)">Hurricane Ernesto</a> as a weakening <a href="/wiki/Saffir-Simpson_Hurricane_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale">Category 1</a> storm on August 17, 2024. With no rivers or freshwater lakes, the only source of <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> is rainfall, which is collected on roofs and catchments (or drawn from underground <a href="/wiki/Lens_(hydrology)" title="Lens (hydrology)">lenses</a>) and stored in tanks.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> Each dwelling usually has at least one of these tanks forming part of its foundation. The law requires that each household collect rainwater that is piped down from the roof of each house. Average monthly rainfall is highest in October, at over 6 in (150 mm), and lowest in April and May. Access to <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> in Bermuda is much lower than world average. In 2016, Bermuda had 0.14 global hectares<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-71">[70]</a> of biocapacity per person within its territory, far lower than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In 2016 Bermuda used 7.5 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means they use much more biocapacity than Bermuda contains. As a result, Bermuda runs a biocapacity deficit.<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-71">[70]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1904_view_of_eastern_Hamilton_Harbour_and_Paget_Parish_from_Fort_Hamilton,_Prospect_Camp,_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1904 view across Hamilton Harbour from Fort Hamilton of cedar-cloaked hills in Paget Parish"><img alt="1904 view across Hamilton Harbour from Fort Hamilton of cedar-cloaked hills in Paget Parish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/1904_view_of_eastern_Hamilton_Harbour_and_Paget_Parish_from_Fort_Hamilton%2C_Prospect_Camp%2C_Bermuda.jpg/200px-1904_view_of_eastern_Hamilton_Harbour_and_Paget_Parish_from_Fort_Hamilton%2C_Prospect_Camp%2C_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/1904_view_of_eastern_Hamilton_Harbour_and_Paget_Parish_from_Fort_Hamilton%2C_Prospect_Camp%2C_Bermuda.jpg/300px-1904_view_of_eastern_Hamilton_Harbour_and_Paget_Parish_from_Fort_Hamilton%2C_Prospect_Camp%2C_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/1904_view_of_eastern_Hamilton_Harbour_and_Paget_Parish_from_Fort_Hamilton%2C_Prospect_Camp%2C_Bermuda.jpg/400px-1904_view_of_eastern_Hamilton_Harbour_and_Paget_Parish_from_Fort_Hamilton%2C_Prospect_Camp%2C_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="1936" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1904 view across Hamilton Harbour from Fort Hamilton of cedar-cloaked hills in Paget Parish</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda_wv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Residential suburb near the old St. George's Garrison, with "Town Cut Battery" or "Gate's Fort" on the shore of the Town Cut, and St. George's Town and its harbour in the background"><img alt="Residential suburb near the old St. George's Garrison, with "Town Cut Battery" or "Gate's Fort" on the shore of the Town Cut, and St. George's Town and its harbour in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bermuda_wv.jpg/250px-Bermuda_wv.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bermuda_wv.jpg/330px-Bermuda_wv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bermuda_wv.jpg/500px-Bermuda_wv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Residential suburb near the old <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Garrison,_Bermuda" title="St. George's Garrison, Bermuda">St. George's Garrison</a>, with "Town Cut Battery" or "Gate's Fort" on the shore of the Town Cut, and <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">St. George's Town</a> and its <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Harbour,_Bermuda" title="St. George's Harbour, Bermuda">harbour</a> in the background</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:.jpgOfficers_of_3rd_Battalion,_The_Royal_Fusiliers_(City_of_London_Regiment),_at_Battalion_Training_at_Tucker%27s_Town,_Bermuda,_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Officers of 3rd Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment), at Battalion Training at Tucker's Town, Bermuda, 1905. Bermuda's climate means heavier temperate uniforms were by armed forces and police personnel and are worn for much of the year."><img alt="Officers of 3rd Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment), at Battalion Training at Tucker's Town, Bermuda, 1905. Bermuda's climate means heavier temperate uniforms were by armed forces and police personnel and are worn for much of the year." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/.jpgOfficers_of_3rd_Battalion%2C_The_Royal_Fusiliers_%28City_of_London_Regiment%29%2C_at_Battalion_Training_at_Tucker%27s_Town%2C_Bermuda%2C_1905.jpg/250px-.jpgOfficers_of_3rd_Battalion%2C_The_Royal_Fusiliers_%28City_of_London_Regiment%29%2C_at_Battalion_Training_at_Tucker%27s_Town%2C_Bermuda%2C_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/.jpgOfficers_of_3rd_Battalion%2C_The_Royal_Fusiliers_%28City_of_London_Regiment%29%2C_at_Battalion_Training_at_Tucker%27s_Town%2C_Bermuda%2C_1905.jpg/330px-.jpgOfficers_of_3rd_Battalion%2C_The_Royal_Fusiliers_%28City_of_London_Regiment%29%2C_at_Battalion_Training_at_Tucker%27s_Town%2C_Bermuda%2C_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/.jpgOfficers_of_3rd_Battalion%2C_The_Royal_Fusiliers_%28City_of_London_Regiment%29%2C_at_Battalion_Training_at_Tucker%27s_Town%2C_Bermuda%2C_1905.jpg/500px-.jpgOfficers_of_3rd_Battalion%2C_The_Royal_Fusiliers_%28City_of_London_Regiment%29%2C_at_Battalion_Training_at_Tucker%27s_Town%2C_Bermuda%2C_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3899" data-file-height="2314" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Officers of 3rd Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment), at Battalion Training at Tucker's Town, Bermuda, 1905. Bermuda's climate means heavier temperate uniforms were by armed forces and police personnel and are worn for much of the year.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Battalion_Training_at_Tucker%27s_Town_Bermuda_of_the_3rd_Battalion_Royal_Fusiliers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battalion Training at Tucker's Town Bermuda of the 3rd Battalion Royal Fusiliers, wearing lightweight khaki drills, intended as a warm climate uniform, as a summer uniform."><img alt="Battalion Training at Tucker's Town Bermuda of the 3rd Battalion Royal Fusiliers, wearing lightweight khaki drills, intended as a warm climate uniform, as a summer uniform." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Battalion_Training_at_Tucker%27s_Town_Bermuda_of_the_3rd_Battalion_Royal_Fusiliers.jpg/250px-Battalion_Training_at_Tucker%27s_Town_Bermuda_of_the_3rd_Battalion_Royal_Fusiliers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Battalion_Training_at_Tucker%27s_Town_Bermuda_of_the_3rd_Battalion_Royal_Fusiliers.jpg/330px-Battalion_Training_at_Tucker%27s_Town_Bermuda_of_the_3rd_Battalion_Royal_Fusiliers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Battalion_Training_at_Tucker%27s_Town_Bermuda_of_the_3rd_Battalion_Royal_Fusiliers.jpg/500px-Battalion_Training_at_Tucker%27s_Town_Bermuda_of_the_3rd_Battalion_Royal_Fusiliers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="2278" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battalion Training at Tucker's Town Bermuda of the 3rd Battalion Royal Fusiliers, wearing lightweight khaki drills, intended as a warm climate uniform, as a summer uniform.</div> </li> </ul> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:70%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Bermuda (<a href="/wiki/L.F._Wade_International_Airport" title="L.F. Wade International Airport">L.F. Wade International Airport</a>) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1949–2023)<a href="#cite_note-73">[b]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 (81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7 (89.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1 (84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7 (87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3 (79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 (81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6 (85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1 (86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1 (84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 (81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.4 (72.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7 (72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5 (72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4 (70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (58.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #40FF40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.6 (5.02) </td> <td style="background: #34FF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123.6 (4.87) </td> <td style="background: #4DFF4D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.9 (4.68) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.8 (3.42) </td> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.6 (3.72) </td> <td style="background: #55FF55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">110.2 (4.34) </td> <td style="background: #51FF51; color:#000000;" class="notheme">116.2 (4.57) </td> <td style="background: #08FF08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.2 (6.50) </td> <td style="background: #1FFF1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145.2 (5.72) </td> <td style="background: #20FF20; color:#000000;" class="notheme">149.1 (5.87) </td> <td style="background: #53FF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111.6 (4.39) </td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">104.8 (4.13) </td> <td style="background: #47FF47; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,453.8 (57.23) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">136.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C0C020; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143.2 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147.6 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.7 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">231.9 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">255.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">255.6 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">284.6 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.7 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">221.8 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.3 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">168.0 </td> <td style="background: #C2C217; color:#000000;" class="notheme">146.6 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,515.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Bermuda Weather Service (mean max and min 2006–2023, humidity 1995–2010, dew point 2002–2018, sun 1999–2019)<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Bermuda">Wildlife of Bermuda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juvenile_Bermuda_Cedar_at_Ferry_Reach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Juvenile_Bermuda_Cedar_at_Ferry_Reach.jpg/250px-Juvenile_Bermuda_Cedar_at_Ferry_Reach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Juvenile_Bermuda_Cedar_at_Ferry_Reach.jpg/330px-Juvenile_Bermuda_Cedar_at_Ferry_Reach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Juvenile_Bermuda_Cedar_at_Ferry_Reach.jpg/500px-Juvenile_Bermuda_Cedar_at_Ferry_Reach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Young Bermuda cedar tree at <a href="/wiki/Ferry_Reach,_Bermuda" title="Ferry Reach, Bermuda">Ferry Reach</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White-eyed_vireo_(Vireo_griseus_bermudianus)_in_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/White-eyed_vireo_%28Vireo_griseus_bermudianus%29_in_Bermuda.jpg/250px-White-eyed_vireo_%28Vireo_griseus_bermudianus%29_in_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/White-eyed_vireo_%28Vireo_griseus_bermudianus%29_in_Bermuda.jpg/330px-White-eyed_vireo_%28Vireo_griseus_bermudianus%29_in_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/White-eyed_vireo_%28Vireo_griseus_bermudianus%29_in_Bermuda.jpg/500px-White-eyed_vireo_%28Vireo_griseus_bermudianus%29_in_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>White-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus bermudianus)</figcaption></figure> When discovered, Bermuda was uninhabited by humans and mostly dominated by forests of <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_bermudiana" title="Juniperus bermudiana">Bermuda cedar</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a> along its shores.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">Forest cover</a> is around 20% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, which was unchanged from 1990.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Only 165 of the island's current 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> species are considered <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">native</a>; fifteen of those, including the eponymous cedar, are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> The tropical climate of Bermuda allowed settlers to introduce multiple non-native species of trees and plants to the island.<a href="#cite_note-z277-83">[81]</a> Today, multiple types of palm trees, fruit trees, and bananas grow on Bermuda, though the cultivated <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> palms are considered non-native and may be removed.<a href="#cite_note-y376-84">[82]</a> The country contains the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_subtropical_conifer_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda subtropical conifer forests">Bermuda subtropical conifer forests</a> terrestrial ecoregion.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-85">[83]</a> The only <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> of Bermuda are five species of bat, all of which are also found in the eastern United States: the silver-haired bat <a href="/wiki/Lasionycteris_noctivagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasionycteris noctivagans">Lasionycteris noctivagans</a>, eastern red bat <a href="/wiki/Lasiurus_borealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasiurus borealis">Lasiurus borealis</a>, hoary bat <a href="/wiki/Lasiurus_cinereus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasiurus cinereus">Lasiurus cinereus</a>, Seminole bat <a href="/wiki/Lasiurus_seminolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasiurus seminolus">Lasiurus seminolus</a>, and tricolored bat <a href="/wiki/Perimyotis_subflavus" class="mw-redirect" title="Perimyotis subflavus">Perimyotis subflavus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda include its national bird, the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_petrel" title="Bermuda petrel">Bermuda petrel</a> or cahow, which was rediscovered in 1951 after having been thought extinct since the 1620s.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The cahow is important as an example of a <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_taxon" title="Lazarus taxon">Lazarus</a> species, hence the government has a programme to protect it, including restoration of its habitat areas. Another well-known species includes the <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird" title="White-tailed tropicbird">white-tailed tropicbird</a>, locally known as the longtail. These birds come inland to breed around February to March and are Bermudians' first sign of incoming spring.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rock_lizard" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda rock lizard">Bermuda rock lizard</a> (or Bermuda rock skink) was long thought to have been the only indigenous non-bird land vertebrate of Bermuda, discounting the marine turtles that lay their eggs on its beaches. However, scientists have recently discovered through genetic DNA studies that a species of turtle, the <a href="/wiki/Diamondback_terrapin" title="Diamondback terrapin">diamondback terrapin</a>, previously thought to have been introduced to the archipelago, actually pre-dated the arrival of humans.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Only three <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a> species have been recorded on Bermuda. The western honey bee <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Apis mellifera</a> was introduced by English colonists around 1616,<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> marking the beginning of beekeeping's cultural significance on the island. A second species, the sweat bee <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lasioglossum_semiviridie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lasioglossum semiviridie (page does not exist)">Lasioglossum semiviridie</a>, was last recorded in 1922. Recent DNA analysis has revealed that the leafcutter bee <a href="/wiki/Megachile_pruina" title="Megachile pruina">Megachile pruina</a> in Bermuda constitutes a unique evolutionary lineage, distinct from M. pruina populations in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bermuda" title="Demographics of Bermuda">Demographics of Bermuda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19th_Century_young_Bermudian_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/19th_Century_young_Bermudian_man.jpg/250px-19th_Century_young_Bermudian_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/19th_Century_young_Bermudian_man.jpg/330px-19th_Century_young_Bermudian_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/19th_Century_young_Bermudian_man.jpg/500px-19th_Century_young_Bermudian_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="2533" /></a><figcaption>Young Bermudian man in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,white); color: var(--color-base,black)"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Racial groups in Bermuda (2016 Census)<a href="#cite_note-Bermuda_2016_Census-2">[2]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnic groups</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Black</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:52%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">52%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">White</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:31%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">31%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Mixed</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Asian</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Bermuda's 2016 Census put its population at 63,779 and, with an area of 53.2 km2 (20.5 sq mi), it has a calculated population density of 1,201 people/km2 (3,110 people/sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Bermuda_2016_Census-2">[2]</a> As of July 2018, the population is estimated to be 71,176.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> The racial makeup of Bermuda was 52% <a href="/wiki/Dark_skin" title="Dark skin">Black</a>, 31% <a href="/wiki/White_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="White skin">White</a>, 9% multiracial, 4% <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>, and 4% other races, these numbers being based on self-identification recorded by the 2016 census. The majority of those who answered "Black" may have any mixture of black, white or other ancestry. Native-born Bermudians made up 70% of the population, compared to 30% non-natives.<a href="#cite_note-Bermuda_2016_Census-2">[2]</a> The island experienced large-scale immigration over the 20th century, especially after World War II. About 64% of the population identified themselves with Bermudian ancestry in 2010, which was an increase from the 51% who did so in the 2000 census. Those identifying with British ancestry dropped by 1% to 11% - although those born in the United Kingdom remain the largest non-native group at 3,942 people. The number of people born in Canada declined by 13%. 13% of the population reported West Indian ancestry and the number increased by 538. A significant segment of the population is of Portuguese ancestry (25%), the result of immigration over the past 160 years,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> of whom 79% have residency status. In June 2018, Premier <a href="/wiki/Edward_David_Burt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward David Burt">Edward David Burt</a> announced that 4 November 2019 'will be declared a public holiday to mark the 170th anniversary of the arrival of the first Portuguese immigrants in Bermuda' due to the significant impact that Portuguese immigration has had on the territory.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Those first immigrants arrived from <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> aboard the vessel the Golden Rule on 4 November 1849.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> There are also several thousand <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> workers, principally from the United Kingdom, Canada, the West Indies, South Africa, and the United States, who reside in Bermuda. They are primarily engaged in specialised professions such as accounting, finance, and insurance. Others are employed in various trades, such as hotels, restaurants, construction, and landscaping services. Despite the high cost of living, the high salaries offer expatriates several benefits by moving to Bermuda and working for a period of time.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Of the total workforce of 38,947 people in 2005, government employment figures stated that 11,223 (29%) were non-Bermudians.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> The predominant language in Bermuda is <a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> spellings and conventions are used in print media and formal written communications.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> is also spoken by migrants from the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Islands">Cape Verde Islands</a> and their descendants.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Theresa%27s_Cathedral_chapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/St._Theresa%27s_Cathedral_chapel.jpg/170px-St._Theresa%27s_Cathedral_chapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/St._Theresa%27s_Cathedral_chapel.jpg/255px-St._Theresa%27s_Cathedral_chapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/St._Theresa%27s_Cathedral_chapel.jpg/340px-St._Theresa%27s_Cathedral_chapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The image of the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Senhor_Santo_Cristo_dos_Milagres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult of Senhor Santo Cristo dos Milagres">Lord Holy Christ of the Miracles</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a>, venerated by <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azoreans</a> in Bermuda</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Religious affiliations in Bermuda (2010)<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (46.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (14.5%)</li> <li>Other Christian (9.1%)</li> <li>Unaffiliated (17.8%)</li> <li>Other religion (12.4%)</li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:Red;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Other religion (12.4%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie25" style="background:White;color:#000" title="Protestant (46.2%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:White;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.212turn)" title="Protestant (46.2%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Yellow;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.462turn)" title="Roman Catholic (14.5%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Yellow;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.482turn)" title="Roman Catholic (14.5%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.607turn)" title="Other Christian (9.1%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.628turn)" title="Other Christian (9.1%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Grey;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.698turn)" title="Unaffiliated (17.8%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Grey;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.751turn)" title="Unaffiliated (17.8%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> Christianity is the largest religion on Bermuda.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> Various Protestant denominations are dominant at 46.2% (including Anglican 15.8%; African Methodist Episcopal 8.6%; Seventh-day Adventist 6.7%; Pentecostal 3.5%; Methodist 2.7%; Presbyterian 2.0%; Church of God 1.6%; Baptist 1.2%; Salvation Army 1.1%; Brethren 1.0%; other Protestant 2.0%).<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> Roman Catholics form 14.5%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.3%, and other Christians 9.1%.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> The balance of the population are <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> 1%, other 3.9%, none 17.8%, or unspecified 6.2% (2010 est.).<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Bermuda" title="Anglican Church of Bermuda">Anglican Church of Bermuda</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> diocese separate from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, operates the oldest non-Catholic parish in the New World, <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_St._George%27s" title="St. Peter's Church, St. George's">St. Peter's Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> are served by a single <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> diocese, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Hamilton_in_Bermuda" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda">Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bermuda" title="Politics of Bermuda">Politics of Bermuda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Bermuda_1953_4.5p.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Stamp_Bermuda_1953_4.5p.jpg/220px-Stamp_Bermuda_1953_4.5p.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Stamp_Bermuda_1953_4.5p.jpg/330px-Stamp_Bermuda_1953_4.5p.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Stamp_Bermuda_1953_4.5p.jpg/440px-Stamp_Bermuda_1953_4.5p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> on a 1953 Bermudian stamp</figcaption></figure> Bermuda is an <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">Overseas Territory</a> of the United Kingdom, and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a> is the sovereign government.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the British monarch (currently <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>) and is exercised on his behalf by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">governor of Bermuda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> The governor is appointed by the king on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a>. Since January 2025, the governor is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Murdoch_(diplomat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Murdoch (diplomat) (page does not exist)">Andrew Murdoch</a>; he was sworn in on 23 January 2025.<a href="#cite_note-gov-100">[98]</a> There is also a deputy governor (currently Tom Oppenheim).<a href="#cite_note-gov-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Defence and foreign affairs are the responsibility of the United Kingdom, which also retains responsibility to ensure good government and must approve any changes to the Constitution of Bermuda. Bermuda is Britain's oldest overseas territory. Although the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a> retains ultimate legislative authority over the territory, in 1620, a Royal Proclamation granted Bermuda limited self-governance, delegating to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">House of Assembly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">Parliament of Bermuda</a> the internal legislation of the colony. The Parliament of Bermuda is the fifth oldest legislature in the world, behind the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> of Poland, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Tynwald</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda-The_State_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bermuda-The_State_House.jpg/220px-Bermuda-The_State_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bermuda-The_State_House.jpg/330px-Bermuda-The_State_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bermuda-The_State_House.jpg/440px-Bermuda-The_State_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/State_House,_Bermuda" title="State House, Bermuda">State House</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">St. George's</a>, the home of Bermuda's <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">parliament</a> between 1620 and 1815</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sessions_House,_Hamilton,_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sessions_House%2C_Hamilton%2C_Bermuda.jpg/250px-Sessions_House%2C_Hamilton%2C_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sessions_House%2C_Hamilton%2C_Bermuda.jpg/330px-Sessions_House%2C_Hamilton%2C_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sessions_House%2C_Hamilton%2C_Bermuda.jpg/500px-Sessions_House%2C_Hamilton%2C_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">Sessions House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a>, current home of the House of Assembly and the Supreme Court</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Bermuda (page does not exist)">Constitution of Bermuda</a> came into force in 1968 and has been amended several times since then.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> The head of government is the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of Bermuda">premier of Bermuda</a>; a cabinet is nominated by the premier and appointed officially by the governor.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> The legislative branch consists of a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral parliament">bicameral parliament</a> modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Bermuda" title="Senate of Bermuda">Senate</a> is the upper house, consisting of 11 members appointed by the governor on the advice of the premier and the leader of the opposition. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">House of Assembly</a>, or lower house, has 36 members, elected by the eligible voting populace in secret ballot to represent geographically defined constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bermuda" title="Elections in Bermuda">Elections</a> for the Parliament of Bermuda must be called at no more than five-year intervals. The <a href="/wiki/2020_Bermudian_general_election" title="2020 Bermudian general election">most recent</a> took place on 1 October 2020. Following this election, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labour_Party_(Bermuda)" title="Progressive Labour Party (Bermuda)">Progressive Labour Party</a> held onto power, with <a href="/wiki/Edward_David_Burt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward David Burt">Edward David Burt</a> sworn in as Premier for the second time.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> There are few accredited diplomats in Bermuda. The United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Bermuda, comprising both the United States Consulate and the <a href="/wiki/US_Customs_and_Border_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="US Customs and Border Protection">US Customs and Border Protection</a> Services at the <a href="/wiki/L.F._Wade_International_Airport" title="L.F. Wade International Airport">L.F. Wade International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner (providing over 71% of total imports, 85% of tourist visitors, and an estimated $163 billion of US capital in the Bermuda insurance/re-insurance industry). According to the 2016 Bermuda census 5.6% of Bermuda residents were born in the US, representing over 18% of all foreign-born people.<a href="#cite_note-2016_census-107">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationality_and_citizenship">Nationality and citizenship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nationality and citizenship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British nationality law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda_passport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bermuda_passport.jpg/150px-Bermuda_passport.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bermuda_passport.jpg/225px-Bermuda_passport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bermuda_passport.jpg/300px-Bermuda_passport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>A British passport as issued by the Department of Immigration of the Government of Bermuda on behalf of the Passport Office of the Government of the United Kingdom, and often erroneously described as a <a href="/wiki/Bermudian_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermudian passport">Bermudian passport</a></figcaption></figure> Historically, English (later British) colonials shared the same citizenship as those born within that part of the sovereign territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a>) that lay within the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Britain">Island of Britain</a> (although <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> had effectively created English citizenship,<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> citizens were still termed 'subjects of the King of England' or 'English subjects'. With the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">1707 union of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland</a>, this was replaced with 'British Subject', which encompassed citizens throughout the sovereign territory of the British Government, including its colonies, though not the <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorates</a>). With no <a href="/wiki/Representative_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative government">representation</a> at the sovereign or national level of government, British colonials were therefore not consulted, or required to give their consent, to a series of Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom between 1968 and 1982, which were to limit their rights and ultimately change their citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> When several colonies had been elevated before the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> status, collectively forming the old <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations#Adoption_and_formalisation_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a> (as distinct from the United Kingdom and its dependent colonies), their citizens remained British Subjects, and in theory, any British Subject born anywhere in the World had the same basic right to enter, reside, and work in the United Kingdom as a British Subject born in the United Kingdom whose parents were also both British Subjects born in the United Kingdom (although a number of governmental policies and practices acted to thwart the free exercise of these rights by various groups of colonials, including Greek Cypriots).<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> When the Dominions and an increasing number of colonies began choosing complete independence from the United Kingdom after the Second World War, the Commonwealth was transformed into a community of independent nations, or <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>, each recognising the British monarch as its own head of state (creating separate monarchies with the same person occupying all of the separate Thrones; the exception being republican India).<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> 'British Subject' was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1948" title="British Nationality Act 1948">British Nationality Act 1948</a> with 'Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies' for the residents of the United Kingdom and its colonies, as well as for the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>. However, as it was desired to retain free movement for all Commonwealth Citizens throughout the Commonwealth, 'British Subject' was retained as a blanket nationality shared by Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies (the 'British realm') as well as the citizens of the various other Commonwealth realms.<a href="#cite_note-Warwick-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The inflow of <a href="/wiki/People_of_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="People of colour">people of colour</a> to the United Kingdom in the 1940s and 1950s from both the remaining colonies and newly independent Commonwealth nations was responded to with a backlash that led to the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Immigrants_Act_1962" title="Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962">Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962</a>, which restricted the rights of Commonwealth nationals to enter, reside and work in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> This Act also allowed certain colonials (primarily ethnic-Indians in African colonies) to retain Citizenship of the United Kingdom and Colonies if their colonies became independent, which was intended as a measure to ensure these people did not become <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">stateless</a> if they were denied the citizenship of their newly independent nation.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Many ethnic-Indians from former African colonies (notably <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>) subsequently relocated to the United Kingdom, in response to which the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Immigrants_Act_1968" title="Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968">Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968</a> was rapidly passed, stripping all British Subjects (including Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies) who were not born in the United Kingdom, and who did not have a Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies parent or grandparent born in the United Kingdom or some other qualification (such as existing residence status), of the rights to freely enter, reside and work in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Although the 1968 Act was intended primarily to bar immigration of specific British passport holders from Commonwealth countries in Africa, it amended the wording of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 in such a way as to apply to all Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies who were not specifically excepted, including most colonials. This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_1971" title="Immigration Act 1971">Immigration Act 1971</a>, which effectively divided Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies into two types, although their citizenship remained the same: Patrials, who were those from (or with a specified qualifying connection to) the United Kingdom itself, who retained the rights of free entry, abode, and work in the United Kingdom; and those born in the colonies (or in foreign countries to British Colonial parents), from whom those rights were denied.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1981" title="British Nationality Act 1981">British Nationality Act 1981</a>, which entered into force on 1 January 1983,<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> abolished British Subject status, and stripped colonials of their full British Citizenship of the United Kingdom and Colonies, replacing it with British Dependent Territories Citizenship, which entailed no right of abode or to work anywhere. This left Bermudians and most other erstwhile British colonials as British nationals without the rights of British citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Warwick-115">[113]</a> The exceptions were the <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltarians</a> (permitted to retain British Citizenship to also retain <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship of the European Union</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islanders</a>, who were permitted to retain the same new British Citizenship that became the default citizenship for those from the United Kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>. The stripping of citizens' birthrights from Bermudians by the British Government in 1968 and 1971, and the change of their citizenship in 1983, violated the rights granted them by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charters</a> at the founding of the colony. Bermuda (fully The Somers Isles or Islands of Bermuda) had been settled by the <a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">London Company</a> (which had been in occupation of the archipelago since the 1609 wreck of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Venture" title="Sea Venture">Sea Venture</a>) in 1612, when it received its Third Royal Charter from <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James I</a>, amending the boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Colony">First Colony of Virginia</a> far enough across the Atlantic to include Bermuda. The citizenship rights guaranteed to settlers by King James I in the original Royal Charter of 10 April 1606, thereby applied to Bermudians:<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Alsoe wee doe, for us, our heires and successors, declare by theise presentes that all and everie the parsons being our subjects which shall dwell and inhabit within everie or anie of the saide severall Colonies and plantacions and everie of theire children which shall happen to be borne within the limitts and precincts of the said severall Colonies and plantacions shall have and enjoy all liberties, franchises and immunites within anie of our other dominions to all intents and purposes as if they had been abiding and borne within this our realme of Englande or anie other of our saide dominions.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a></blockquote> These rights were confirmed in the Royal Charter granted to the London Company's spin-off, the <a href="/wiki/Somers_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Somers Isles">Company of the City of London for the Plantacion of The Somers Isles</a>, in 1615 on Bermuda being separated from Virginia: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">And wee doe for vs our heires and successors declare by these Pnts, that all and euery persons being our subjects which shall goe and inhabite within the said Somer Ilandes and every of their children and posterity which shall happen to bee borne within the limits thereof shall haue and enjoy all libertyes franchesies and immunities of free denizens and natural subjectes within any of our dominions to all intents and purposes, as if they had beene abiding and borne within this our Kingdome of England or in any other of our Dominions<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a></blockquote> Bermuda is not the only territory whose citizenship rights were laid down in a Royal Charter. In regards to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">St. Helena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Beaumont" title="Tim Beaumont">Lord Beaumont of Whitley</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> debate on the British Overseas Territories Bill on 10 July 2001, stated:<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Citizenship was granted irrevocably by Charles I. It was taken away by Parliament because of growing opposition to immigration at the time.</blockquote> Some Conservative Party backbenchers stated that it was the unpublished intention of the Conservative British Government to return to a single citizenship for the United Kingdom and all of the remaining territories once Hong Kong had been handed over to China. Whether this was so will never be known as by 1997 the Labour Party was in Government. The Labour Party had declared prior to the election that the colonies had been ill-treated by the British Nationality Act 1981, and it had made a pledge to return to a single citizenship for the United Kingdom and the remaining territories part of its election manifesto. Other matters took precedence, however, and this commitment was not acted upon during Labour's first term in Government. The House of Lords, in which multiple former colonial Governors sat (including former Governor of Bermuda Lord Waddington), lost patience and tabled and passed its own bill, then handed it down to the House of Commons to confirm in 2001. As a result, the British Dependent Territories were renamed the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">British Overseas Territories</a> in 2002 (the term 'dependent territory' had caused much ire in the former colonies, especially well-heeled and self-reliant Bermuda, as it implied not only that British Dependent Territories Citizens were 'other than British', but that their relationship to Britain and to 'real British people' was both inferior and parasitic).<a href="#cite_note-FAC-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> At the same time, although Labour had promised a return to a single citizenship for the United Kingdom, Crown dependencies, and all remaining territories, British Dependent Territories Citizenship, renamed British Overseas Territories Citizenship, remained the default citizenship for the territories, other than the Falkland Islands and Gibraltar (for which British Citizenship is still the default citizenship). The bars to residence and work in the United Kingdom that had been raised against holders of British Dependent Territories Citizenship by The British Nationality Act 1981 were, however, removed, and British Citizenship was made attainable by simply obtaining a second British passport with the citizenship recorded as British Citizen (requiring a change to passport legislation as prior to 2002, it had been illegal to possess two British Passports).<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> In March 2021, the government implemented a new visa policy towards foreigners, through which residency can be obtained by way of investing at least $2.5 million in "real estate, Bermuda government bonds, a contribution to the island's debt relief fund or the Bermuda Trust Fund, and charity", among other options. According to the Labour Minister, Jason Hayward, this step had to be taken to relieve some of the country's debt resulting from the Covid pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Bermuda" title="Administrative divisions of Bermuda">Administrative divisions of Bermuda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda-divmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bermuda-divmap.png/250px-Bermuda-divmap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bermuda-divmap.png/330px-Bermuda-divmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bermuda-divmap.png/500px-Bermuda-divmap.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Parishes of Bermuda</figcaption></figure> Bermuda is divided into nine <a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">parishes</a> and two incorporated municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> Bermuda's nine parishes are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Parish" title="Devonshire Parish">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Parish" title="Hamilton Parish">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paget_Parish" title="Paget Parish">Paget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Parish" title="Pembroke Parish">Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandys_Parish" title="Sandys Parish">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Parish" title="Smith's Parish">Smith's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Parish,_Bermuda" title="Southampton Parish, Bermuda">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Parish,_Bermuda" title="St. George's Parish, Bermuda">St George's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Parish" title="Warwick Parish">Warwick</a></li></ul> Bermuda's two incorporated municipalities are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a> (city)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">St George's</a> (town)</li></ul> Bermuda's two informal villages are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flatts_Village,_Bermuda" title="Flatts Village, Bermuda">Flatts Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Village,_Bermuda" title="Somerset Village, Bermuda">Somerset Village</a></li></ul> Jones Village in Warwick, Cashew City (St. George's), Claytown (Hamilton), Middle Town (Pembroke), and <a href="/wiki/Tucker%27s_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucker's Town">Tucker's Town</a> (St. George's) are neighbourhoods (the original settlement at Tucker's Town was replaced with a golf course in the 1920s and the few houses in the area today are mostly on the water's edge of Castle Harbour or the adjacent peninsula); Dandy Town and North Village are sports clubs, and Harbour View Village is a small public housing development. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> As a British Overseas Territory, Bermuda does not have a seat in the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="General Assembly of the United Nations">United Nations</a>; it is represented by Britain in matters of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">foreign affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> To promote its economic interests abroad, Bermuda maintains <a href="/wiki/Representative_of_Bermuda,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative of Bermuda, London">representative offices</a> in London<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> and Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Only the <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States#Europe" title="List of diplomatic missions of the United States">United States</a> and Portugal have full-time diplomatic representation in Bermuda (the U.S. maintains a Consulate-General, and Portugal maintains a Consulate), while 17 countries maintain honorary consuls in Bermuda.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Bermuda's proximity to the US had made it attractive as the site for summit conferences between British prime ministers and US presidents. The first summit was held in December 1953, at the insistence of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, to discuss relations with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Participants included Churchill, US president <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and French premier <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Laniel" title="Joseph Laniel">Joseph Laniel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> In 1957 a second summit conference was held. The British prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, arrived earlier than President Eisenhower, to demonstrate they were meeting on British territory, as tensions were still high regarding the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">previous year's conflict over the Suez Canal</a>. Macmillan returned in 1961 for the third summit with President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. The meeting was called to discuss Cold War tensions arising from construction of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Visitors-145">[143]</a> The most recent summit conference in Bermuda between the two powers occurred in 1990, when British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> met US president <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Visitors-145">[143]</a> Direct meetings between the president of the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of Bermuda">premier of Bermuda</a> have been rare. The most recent meeting was on 23 June 2008, between Premier <a href="/wiki/Ewart_Brown" title="Ewart Brown">Ewart Brown</a> and President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. Prior to this, the leaders of Bermuda and the United States had not met at the White House since a 1996 meeting between Premier David Saul and President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rg-146">[144]</a> Bermuda has also joined several other jurisdictions in efforts to protect the <a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> In 2013 and 2017 Bermuda chaired the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories_Association" title="United Kingdom Overseas Territories Association">United Kingdom Overseas Territories Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asylum_offer_to_four_former_Guantánamo_detainees">Asylum offer to four former Guantánamo detainees</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Asylum offer to four former Guantánamo detainees">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay#Bermuda" title="Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay: Bermuda</a></div> On 11 June 2009, four <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghurs</a> who had been held in the United States <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay_detention_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantánamo Bay detention camp">Guantánamo Bay detention camp</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, were transferred to Bermuda.<a href="#cite_note-AssociatedPress2009-06-11-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-RadioFreeAsia2009-06-11-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-RoyalGazette2009-06-11a-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-RoyalGazette2009-06-11b-153">[151]</a> The four men were among 22 Uyghurs who claimed to be refugees who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan after fleeing the <a href="/wiki/American_aerial_bombardment_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan">American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan</a>. They were accused of training to assist the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>'s military. They were cleared as safe for release from Guantánamo in 2005 or 2006, but US domestic law prohibited deporting them back to China, their country of citizenship, because the US government determined that China was <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">likely to violate</a> their human rights. In September 2008, the men were cleared of all suspicion and Judge Ricardo Urbina in Washington ordered their release. Congressional opposition to their admittance to the United States was strong<a href="#cite_note-AssociatedPress2009-06-11-150">[148]</a> and the US failed to find a home for them until Bermuda and <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> agreed to accept the 22 men in June 2009. The secret bilateral discussions that led to prisoner transfers between the US and the devolved Bermuda government sparked diplomatic ire from the United Kingdom, which was not consulted on the move despite Bermuda being a British territory. The British Foreign Office issued the following statement: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">We've underlined to the Bermuda Government that they should have consulted with the United Kingdom as to whether this falls within their competence or is a security issue, for which the Bermuda Government do not have delegated responsibility. We have made clear to the Bermuda Government the need for a security assessment, which we are now helping them to carry out, and we will decide on further steps as appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a></blockquote> In August 2018, the four Uyghurs were granted limited citizenship in Bermuda. The men now have the same rights as Bermudians except the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_North_America,_British_West_Indies_and_the_Caribbean_Community">British North America, British West Indies and the Caribbean Community</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: British North America, British West Indies and the Caribbean Community">edit</a>]</div> The British Government originally grouped Bermuda with North America (given its proximity, and Bermuda having been established as an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Colony">Carolina Colony</a>, the nearest landfall, having been settled from Bermuda). After the acknowledgement by the British Government of the independence of <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">thirteen continental colonies</a> (including Virginia and the Carolinas) in 1783, Bermuda was generally grouped regionally by the British Government with <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> (and more widely, as part of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>), substantially nearer to Bermuda than is the Caribbean. From 1783 through 1801, the British Empire, including British North America, was administered by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, then from 1801 to 1854 by the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> (which became the War and Colonial Office) and Secretary of State for War and Colonies (as the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a> was renamed). From 1824, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> was divided by the War and Colonial Office into four administrative departments, including North America, the West Indies, Mediterranean and Africa, and Eastern Colonies, of which the North American department included Bermuda.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> and War Office, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> and the Secretary of State for War, were all separated in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-Maton95-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maton98-158">[156]</a> The War Office, from then until the 1867 <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">confederation</a> of the Dominion of Canada, split the military administration of the British colonial and foreign stations into nine districts with North America and North Atlantic including the station of Bermuda.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> The Colonial Office, by 1862, oversaw eight Colonies in British North America, which included Bermuda separately.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> By 1867, administration of the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic Ocean</a> archipelago of the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, which had been colonised in 1833, had been added to the remit of the North American Department of the Colonial Office.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Fo llowing the 1867 <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Canada">confederation</a> of most of the British North American colonies to form the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion of Canada">Dominion of Canada</a>, Bermuda and Newfoundland remained as the only British colonies in North America (although the Falkland Islands also continued to be administered by the North American Department of the Colonial Office).<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> The reduction of the territory administered by the British Government would result in re-organisation of the Colonial Office. In 1901, the departments of the Colonial Office included the North American and Australasian department to which Bermuda was a part.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> In 1907, the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Newfoundland">Colony of Newfoundland</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a>, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_fortress" title="Imperial fortress">Imperial fortress</a> of Bermuda as the sole remaining British North American colony. Bermuda, with a land mass totalling less than 21 square miles and a population of 17,535, could hardly constitute an Imperial administrative region on its own. By 1908, the Colonial Office included two departments (one overseeing dominion and <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">protectorate</a> business, the other colonial): The Crown Colonies Department was made up of a West Indian Division that included Bermuda, as well as Jamaica, Turks Islands, British Honduras, British Guiana, Bahamas, Bermuda, Trinidad, Barbados, Windward Islands, Leeward Islands, Falkland Islands, and St. Helena.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_Governors_and_Staff_Officers_in_British_North_America_and_West_Indies_1778_and_1784.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Military_Governors_and_Staff_Officers_in_British_North_America_and_West_Indies_1778_and_1784.jpg/250px-Military_Governors_and_Staff_Officers_in_British_North_America_and_West_Indies_1778_and_1784.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Military_Governors_and_Staff_Officers_in_British_North_America_and_West_Indies_1778_and_1784.jpg/330px-Military_Governors_and_Staff_Officers_in_British_North_America_and_West_Indies_1778_and_1784.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Military_Governors_and_Staff_Officers_in_British_North_America_and_West_Indies_1778_and_1784.jpg/500px-Military_Governors_and_Staff_Officers_in_British_North_America_and_West_Indies_1778_and_1784.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption>Military Governors and Staff Officers in British North America and West Indies, 1778 and 1784</figcaption></figure> Following Canadian confederation in 1867, the British political, naval and military hierarchy in Bermuda became increasingly separated from that of the Canadian Government (the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> headquarters for the <a href="/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station" title="North America and West Indies Station">North America and West Indies Station</a> had spent summers at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and winters at Bermuda, but settled at Bermuda year round with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Halifax" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax">Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax</a> finally being transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> in 1907, and the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Garrison" title="Bermuda Garrison">Bermuda Garrison</a> had been placed under the military Commander-in-Chief America in New York during the American War of Independence, and had been part of the Nova Scotia Command thereafter, but became the separate Bermuda Command from the 1860s with the Major-General or Lieutenant-General appointed as Commander-in-Chief of Bermuda also filling the civil role of <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Governor of Bermuda</a>), and Bermuda was increasingly perceived by the British Government as in, or at least grouped for convenience with, the British West Indies (although the established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> in Bermuda, which from 1825 to 1839 had been attached to the See of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>) remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Newfoundland" title="Diocese of Newfoundland">Diocese of Newfoundland and Bermuda</a> until 1879, when the Synod of the Church of England in Bermuda was formed and a Diocese of Bermuda became separate from the Diocese of Newfoundland, but continued to be grouped under the Bishop of Newfoundland and Bermuda until 1919, when Newfoundland and Bermuda each received its own bishop.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> Newfoundland attained Dominion status in 1907, leaving the nearest other territories to Bermuda that were still within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">British Realm</a> (a term which replaced Dominion in 1952 as the dominions and a number of colonies moved towards full political independence) as the British colonies in the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Other denominations also at one time included Bermuda with Nova Scotia or Canada. Following the separation of the Church of England from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, Roman Catholic worship was outlawed in England (subsequently Britain) and its colonies, including Bermuda, until the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1791" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791</a>, and operated thereafter under restrictions until the Twentieth Century. Once Roman Catholic worship was established, Bermuda formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Halifax-Yarmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Halifax-Yarmouth">Archdiocese of Halifax, Nova Scotia</a> until 1953, when it was separated to become the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Hamilton_in_Bermuda" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda">Apostolic Prefecture of Bermuda Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-romancatholicbermuda_about-us-169">[167]</a> The congregation of the first <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> in Bermuda (St. John African Methodist Episcopal Church, erected in 1885 in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Parish,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Parish, Bermuda">Hamilton Parish</a>) had previously been part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="British Methodist Episcopal Church">British Methodist Episcopal Church</a> of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-romancatholicbermuda_about-us-169">[167]</a> An appreciable number of British West Indians immigrated to Bermuda during the course of the 20th Century, with some filling qualified roles and integrating into the community, but others working as labourers and often derided as criminals or "jump ups" competing for jobs and pushing down the cost of labour.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> In recent decades, West Indians also came to be associated in Bermuda with law enforcement. The difficulty faced by the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Police_Service" title="Bermuda Police Service">Bermuda Police Service</a> in obtaining recruits locally had long led to recruitment of constables from the British Isles, which resulted in criticism of the racial make up of the force not reflecting that of the wider community. Consequently, in 1966 the Bermuda Police Force (as it was then titled) began also recruiting constables from British West Indian police forces, starting with seven constables from Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Although the practice of recruiting from the British West Indies would continue, it was not deemed entirely successful. As the "Bermuda Report for the year 1971" recorded: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">More recently police have been recruited from the Caribbean with a view to correcting the racial imbalance in the force. This has not been particularly successful, Bermudians regarding West Indians as much, if not more, expatriate as recruits from the United Kingdom, which has been and remains the main source of recruitment.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a></blockquote> Despite the traditional antipathy some Bermudians had for West Indians, and despite Bermuda not being in the Caribbean region, Bermuda became an associate member of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a> (CARICOM) in July 2003.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> CARICOM is a <a href="/wiki/Socio-economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economic">socio-economic</a> bloc of nations in or near the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> established in 1973. Other outlying member states include the Co-operative Republic of <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> in South America, and <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> in Central America. The <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a>, an associate member of CARICOM, and the Commonwealth of <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a>, a full member of CARICOM, are in the Atlantic, but close to the Caribbean. Other nearby nations or territories, such as the United States, are not members (although the US Commonwealth of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> has <a href="/wiki/Observer_status" title="Observer status">observer status</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a> announced in 2007 that they would seek ties with CARICOM). Bermuda has minimal trade with the Caribbean region, and little in common with it economically, being roughly 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) from the Caribbean Sea; it joined CARICOM primarily to strengthen cultural links with the region.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Among some scholars,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] "the Caribbean" can be a socio-historical category, commonly referring to a cultural zone characterised by the legacy of slavery (a characteristic Bermuda shared with the Caribbean and the US) and the plantation system (which did not exist in Bermuda). It embraces the islands and parts of the neighbouring continent, and may be extended to include the Caribbean Diaspora overseas.<a href="#cite_note-acs-aec.org-182">[180]</a> The PLP, which was the party in government when the decision was made to join CARICOM, has been dominated for decades by West Indians and their descendants. The prominent roles of West Indians among Bermuda's black politicians and labour activists predated party politics in Bermuda, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/E._F._Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="E. F. Gordon">E. F. Gordon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> The late PLP leader, Dame <a href="/wiki/Lois_Browne-Evans" title="Lois Browne-Evans">Lois Browne-Evans</a> (whose parents and grandparents emigrated to Bermuda from <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Kitts" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kitts">St. Kitts</a> in 1914), and her <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidadian</a>-born husband, John Evans (who co-founded the West Indian Association of Bermuda in 1976),<a href="#cite_note-royalgazette.com-185">[183]</a> were prominent members of this group. A generation later, PLP politicians included <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of Bermuda">Premiers</a> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ewart_Brown" title="Ewart Brown">Ewart Brown</a> (raised in Jamaica, with two Jamaican grandparents)<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_David_Burt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward David Burt">Edward David Burt</a> (whose mother is Jamaican),<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Deputy Premier Walter Roban (son of Matthew Roban, from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a>),<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> and Senator Rolfe Commissiong (son of Trinidadian musician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_Patrick_Commissiong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolph Patrick Commissiong (page does not exist)">Rudolph Patrick Commissiong</a>).<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> They have emphasised Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies. A number of Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies have objected to this emphasis.<a href="#cite_note-royalgazette.com-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> The decision to join CARICOM stirred up a huge amount of debate and speculation among the Bermudian community and politicians.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> Opinion polls conducted by two Bermudian newspapers, <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Gazette_(Bermuda)" title="The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)">The Royal Gazette</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Bermuda_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bermuda Sun">The Bermuda Sun</a>, showed that clear majorities of Bermudians were opposed to joining CARICOM.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> The UBP, which had been in government from 1968 to 1998, argued that joining CARICOM was detrimental to Bermuda's interests, in that:<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> <ul><li>Bermuda's trade with the West Indies is negligible, its primary economic partners being the US, Canada, and UK (it has no direct air or shipping links to Caribbean islands);</li> <li>CARICOM is moving towards a single economy;</li> <li>the Caribbean islands are generally competitors to Bermuda's already ailing tourism industry; and</li> <li>participation in CARICOM would involve considerable investment of money and the time of government officials that could more profitably be spent elsewhere.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police">Police</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Police">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Police_Service" title="Bermuda Police Service">Bermuda Police Service</a></div> Law enforcement in Bermuda is provided chiefly by the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Police_Service" title="Bermuda Police Service">Bermuda Police Service</a> and is also supported with the Customs Department and Immigration Department. During certain times the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bermuda_Regiment" title="Royal Bermuda Regiment">Royal Bermuda Regiment</a> can be called in to assist law enforcement personnel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_and_defence">Military and defence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Military and defence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bermuda" title="Military of Bermuda">Military of Bermuda</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bermuda" title="Special:EditPage/Bermuda">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg/250px-BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg/330px-BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg/500px-BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3866" data-file-height="2693" /></a><figcaption>The First <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Volunteer_Rifle_Corps" title="Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps">Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps</a> Contingent, raised in 1914. By the war's end, the two BVRC contingents had lost over 75% of their combined strength.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg/250px-Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg/330px-Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg/440px-Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Remembrance Day Parade, Hamilton, Bermuda</figcaption></figure> A former <a href="/wiki/Imperial_fortress" title="Imperial fortress">Imperial fortress</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">colony</a> once known as "the Gibraltar of the West" and "Fortress Bermuda", defence of Bermuda, as part of the British <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>, is the responsibility of the British Government. For the first two centuries of settlement, the most potent armed force operating from Bermuda was its merchant shipping fleet, which turned to <a href="/wiki/Privateering" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateering">privateering</a> at every opportunity. The Bermuda government maintained a local (infantry) militia and fortified coastal artillery batteries manned by volunteer artillerymen. Bermuda tended toward the Royalist side during the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">English Civil War</a>, being the first of six colonies to recognise <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> as King on the execution of his father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, in 1649, and was one of those targeted by the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_prohibiting_Trade_with_the_Barbadoes,_Virginia,_Bermuda_and_Antego" title="An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego">An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego</a>, which was passed on 30 October 1650. With control of the "army" (the militia and coastal artillery), the colony's Royalists deposed the Governor, Captain Thomas Turner, elected John Trimingham to replace him, and exiled a number of its Parliamentary leaning <a href="/wiki/Independent_(religion)" title="Independent (religion)">Independents</a> to settle the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> under <a href="/wiki/William_Sayle" title="William Sayle">William Sayle</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Eleutheran_Adventurers" title="Eleutheran Adventurers">Eleutheran Adventurers</a>. Bermuda's barrier reef, coastal artillery batteries and militia provided a defence too powerful for the fleet sent in 1651 by Parliament under the command of Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Ayscue" title="George Ayscue">George Ayscue</a> to capture the Royalist colonies. The Parliamentary Navy was consequently forced to blockade Bermuda for several months 'til the Bermudians negotiated a peace. After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, Bermuda was established as the Western Atlantic headquarters of the North America Station (later called the <a href="/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station" title="North America and West Indies Station">North America and West Indies Station</a>, and later still the America and West Indies Station as it absorbed other stations) of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. Once the Royal Navy established a base and dockyard defended by regular soldiers, however, the militias were disbanded following the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. At the end of the 19th century, the colony raised volunteer units to form a reserve for the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Garrison" title="Bermuda Garrison">military garrison</a>. Due to its isolated location in the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic Ocean</a>, Bermuda was vital to the Allies' war effort during both <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world wars</a> of the 20th century, serving as a marshalling point for trans-Atlantic convoys, as well as a naval air base. By the Second World War, both the Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> were operating <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">Seaplane</a> bases on Bermuda. In May 1940, the US requested base rights in Bermuda from the United Kingdom, but British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> was initially unwilling to accede to the American request without getting something in return.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> In September 1940, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Destroyers_for_Bases_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers for Bases Agreement">Destroyers for Bases Agreement</a>, the UK granted the US base rights in Bermuda. Bermuda and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> were not originally included in the agreement, but both were added to it, with no war material received by the UK in exchange. One of the terms of the agreement was that the airfield the US Army built would be used jointly by the US and the UK (which it was for the duration of the war, with RAF Transport Command relocating there from <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force,_Bermuda,_1939-1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Air Force, Bermuda, 1939-1945">Darrell's Island</a> in 1943). The US Army established the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Base_Command" title="Bermuda Base Command">Bermuda Base Command</a> in 1941 to co-ordinate its <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">air</a>, anti-aircraft, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps" title="United States Army Coast Artillery Corps">coast artillery</a> assets during the war. The US Navy operated a <a href="/wiki/USN_Submarine_Base,_Ordnance_Island,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="USN Submarine Base, Ordnance Island, Bermuda">submarine base</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Island,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Island, Bermuda">Ordnance Island</a> from 1942 through 1945.<a href="#cite_note-bermuda-online.org-53">[52]</a> Construction began in 1941 of two airbases consisting of 5.8 km2 (2.2 sq mi) of land, largely reclaimed from the sea. For a number of years, Bermuda's bases were used by <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a> transport and refuelling aircraft and by <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> aircraft patrolling the Atlantic for enemy submarines, first <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">German</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet</a>. The principal installation, <a href="/wiki/Kindley_Air_Force_Base" title="Kindley Air Force Base">Kindley Air Force Base</a> on the eastern coast, was transferred to the US Navy in 1970 and redesignated <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Bermuda" title="Naval Air Station Bermuda">Naval Air Station Bermuda</a>. As a naval air station, the base continued to host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft, as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> aircraft. The original <a href="/wiki/NAS_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Bermuda">NAS Bermuda</a> on the west side of the island, a <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplane</a> base until the mid-1960s, was designated as the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex. It provided optional anchorage and dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, <a href="/wiki/US_Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="US Coast Guard">US Coast Guard</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> vessels, depending on size. An additional US Navy compound known as <a href="/wiki/Naval_Facility_Bermuda" title="Naval Facility Bermuda">Naval Facility Bermuda</a> (NAVFAC Bermuda), a submarine-detecting <a href="/wiki/SOSUS" title="SOSUS">SOSUS</a> station, was located to the west of the Annex near a Canadian Forces communications facility in the Tudor Hill area; it was converted from a US Army coast artillery bunker in 1954 and operated until 1995. Although leased for 99 years, US forces withdrew in 1995, as part of the wave of base closures following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Canada, which had operated a war-time naval base, <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Somers_Isles" title="HMCS Somers Isles">HMCS Somers Isles</a>, on the old Royal Navy base at Convict Bay, St George's, also established a radio-listening post at Daniel's Head in the West End of the islands during this time. In the 1950s, after the end of World War II, the Royal Naval dockyard and the military garrison were closed. A small Royal Navy supply base, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Malabar_(shore_establishment)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Malabar (shore establishment)">HMS Malabar</a>, continued to operate within the dockyard area, supporting transiting Royal Navy ships and submarines until it, too, was closed in 1995, along with the American and Canadian bases. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Ambuscade_in_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/HMS_Ambuscade_in_Bermuda.jpg/250px-HMS_Ambuscade_in_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/HMS_Ambuscade_in_Bermuda.jpg/330px-HMS_Ambuscade_in_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/HMS_Ambuscade_in_Bermuda.jpg/440px-HMS_Ambuscade_in_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Ambuscade_(F172)" title="HMS Ambuscade (F172)">HMS Ambuscade</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Bermuda" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda">Royal Naval Dockyard in 1988</a></figcaption></figure> Bermudians served in the British armed forces during both <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and World War II. After the latter, Major-General <a href="/wiki/Glyn_Gilbert" title="Glyn Gilbert">Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert</a>, Bermuda's highest-ranking soldier, was instrumental in developing the Royal Bermuda Regiment. A number of other Bermudians and their descendants had preceded him into senior ranks, including Bahamian-born Admiral <a href="/wiki/James_Gambier,_1st_Baron_Gambier" title="James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier">Lord Gambier</a>, and Bermudian-born <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> Brigadier A. John Harvey. When promoted to brigadier at age 38, following his wounding at the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a>, Harvey became the youngest-ever Royal Marine Brigadier. The <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">Cenotaph</a> in front of the Cabinet Building (in Hamilton) was erected in tribute to Bermuda's Great War dead (the tribute was later extended to Bermuda's Second World War dead) and is the site of the annual <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> commemoration. Today, the only military unit remaining in Bermuda, other than <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Sea_Cadet_Corps" title="Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps">naval</a> and army cadet corps, is the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bermuda_Regiment" title="Royal Bermuda Regiment">Royal Bermuda Regiment</a>, an amalgam of the voluntary units originally formed toward the end of the 19th century. Although the Regiment's predecessors were voluntary units, until 2018 the modern body was formed primarily by conscription: balloted males were required to serve for three years, two months part-time, once they turn 18. Conscription was abolished 1 July 2018.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> In early 2020 the Royal Bermuda Regiment formed the Bermuda Coast Guard. Its 24-hour on-duty service includes search and rescue, counter-narcotics operations, border control, and protection of Bermuda's maritime interests. The Bermuda Coast Guard will interact with the rest of the Royal Bermuda Regiment and the Bermuda Police Service.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bermuda" title="Economy of Bermuda">Economy of Bermuda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_Street,_Hamilton,_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Front_Street%2C_Hamilton%2C_Bermuda.jpg/250px-Front_Street%2C_Hamilton%2C_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Front_Street%2C_Hamilton%2C_Bermuda.jpg/330px-Front_Street%2C_Hamilton%2C_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Front_Street%2C_Hamilton%2C_Bermuda.jpg/500px-Front_Street%2C_Hamilton%2C_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Front Street, Hamilton</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bermuda_electricity_production.svg/250px-Bermuda_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bermuda_electricity_production.svg/330px-Bermuda_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bermuda_electricity_production.svg/500px-Bermuda_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Bermuda electricity production by source</figcaption></figure> Banking and other financial services now form the largest sector of the economy at about 85% of GDP, with tourism being the second largest industry at 5%.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-22">[21]</a> Industrial and agriculture activities occur; however, these are on a limited scale and Bermuda is heavily reliant on imports.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> Living standards are high and as of 2019 Bermuda has the 6th-highest GDP per capita in the world.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1890s_to_1920s:_economy_severely_affected_by_lily_virus">1890s to 1920s: economy severely affected by lily virus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1890s to 1920s: economy severely affected by lily virus">edit</a>]</div> Early <a href="/wiki/Lilium_longiflorum" title="Lilium longiflorum">Easter Lily bulb</a> exports to New York—then vital financially for Bermuda—became badly diseased from the late 19th century to the mid-1920s. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ogilvie" title="Lawrence Ogilvie">Lawrence Ogilvie</a>, the Bermuda Department of Agriculture <a href="/wiki/Plant_pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant pathologist">plant pathologist</a> saved the industry by identifying the problem as a virus (not aphid damage as previously thought) and instituting controls in the fields and packing houses. Exports showed a marked improvement: from 23 cases of lily bulbs in 1918, to 6,043 cases in 1927 from the 204 lily fields then in existence.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Still in his 20s at the time, Ogilvie was professionally honoured by an article in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature magazine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> The lily export trade continued to flourish until the 1940s when the Japanese captured much of the market.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Currency">edit</a>]</div> In 1970, the country switched its currency from the <a href="/wiki/Bermudian_pound" title="Bermudian pound">Bermudian pound</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bermudian_dollar" title="Bermudian dollar">Bermudian dollar</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange rate">pegged</a> and or <a href="/wiki/Financial_capital" title="Financial capital">capital</a> at par with the US dollar. US notes and coins are used interchangeably with Bermudian notes and coins within the islands for most practical purposes; however, banks levy an exchange rate fee for the purchase of US dollars with Bermudian dollars for those going out of the islands for external purposes.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Monetary_Authority" title="Bermuda Monetary Authority">Bermuda Monetary Authority</a> is the issuing authority for all banknotes and coins and regulates financial institutions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Finance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Bermuda" title="Taxation in Bermuda">Taxation in Bermuda</a></div> Bermuda is an <a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">offshore financial centre</a>, which results from its minimal standards of business regulation/laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income. It has one of the highest consumption taxes in the world and taxes all imports in lieu of an income tax system. Bermuda's consumption tax is equivalent to local income tax to local residents and funds government and infrastructure expenditures. The local tax system depends upon import duties, payroll taxes and <a href="/wiki/Consumption_tax" title="Consumption tax">consumption taxes</a>. Foreign private individuals cannot easily open bank accounts or subscribe to mobile phone or internet services.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Having no corporate income tax, Bermuda is a popular <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax avoidance location</a>. Google, for example, is known to have shifted over $10 billion in revenue to its Bermuda subsidiary using the <a href="/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement" title="Double Irish arrangement">Double Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sandwich" title="Dutch Sandwich">Dutch Sandwich</a> tax avoidance strategies, reducing its 2011 tax liability by $2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Black_Hole" title="Bermuda Black Hole">Bermuda Black Hole</a> is another tax avoidance method in which untaxed profits end up in Bermuda. Large numbers of leading international insurance companies operate in Bermuda.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> Those internationally owned and operated businesses that are physically based in Bermuda (around four hundred) are represented by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Bermuda_International_Companies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Bermuda International Companies (page does not exist)">Association of Bermuda International Companies</a> (ABIC). In total, over 15,000 exempted or international companies are currently registered with the <a href="/wiki/Registrar_of_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Registrar of Companies">Registrar of Companies</a> in Bermuda, most of which hold no office space or employees. The <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Stock_Exchange" title="Bermuda Stock Exchange">Bermuda Stock Exchange</a> (BSX) specialises in listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities, debt issues, funds (including hedge fund structures) and depository receipt programmes. The BSX is a full member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Exchanges" title="World Federation of Exchanges">World Federation of Exchanges</a> and is located in an <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> member nation. It also has Approved Stock Exchange status under Australia's Foreign Investment Fund (FIF) taxation rules and Designated Investment Exchange status by the UK's Financial Services Authority.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> Four banks operate in Bermuda,<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> having consolidated total assets of $24.3 billion (March 2014).<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BDA_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BDA_Bermuda.jpg/220px-BDA_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BDA_Bermuda.jpg/330px-BDA_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BDA_Bermuda.jpg/440px-BDA_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption>One of Bermuda's pink-sand beaches at Astwood Park</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harrington_Sound,_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Harrington_Sound%2C_Bermuda.jpg/220px-Harrington_Sound%2C_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Harrington_Sound%2C_Bermuda.jpg/330px-Harrington_Sound%2C_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Harrington_Sound%2C_Bermuda.jpg/440px-Harrington_Sound%2C_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>View of Harrington Sound from behind Bermuda Aquarium, Museum, and Zoo</figcaption></figure> Tourism is Bermuda's second-largest industry, with the island attracting over half a million visitors annually, of whom more than 80% are from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> Other significant sources of visitors are from Canada and the United Kingdom. However, the sector is vulnerable to external shocks, such as the 2008 recession.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Housing">edit</a>]</div> The affordability of housing became a prominent issue during Bermuda's business peak in 2005 but has softened with the decline of Bermuda's real estate prices. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> lists the average cost of a house in June 2003 as $976,000,<a href="#cite_note-cia-215">[213]</a> while real estate agencies have claimed that this figure had risen to between $1.6 million<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> and $1.845 million by 2007,<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> though such high figures have been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bermuda" title="List of schools in Bermuda">List of schools in Bermuda</a></div> The Bermuda Education Act 1996 requires that only three categories of schools can operate in the Bermuda Education system:<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> <ul><li>An aided school has all or a part of its property vested in a body of trustees or board of governors and is partially maintained by public funding or, since 1965 and the <a href="/wiki/Desegregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation">desegregation</a> of schools, has received a grant-in-aid out of public funds.</li> <li>A maintained school has the whole of its property belonging to the Government and is fully maintained by public funds.</li> <li>A private school, not maintained by public funds and which has not, since 1965 and the desegregation of schools, received any capital grant-in-aid out of public funds. The private school sector consists of six traditional private schools, two of which are religious schools, and the remaining four are secular with one of these being a single-gender school and another a <a href="/wiki/Montessori_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Montessori method">Montessori school</a>. Also, within the private sector there are a number of home schools, which must be registered with the government and receive minimal government regulation. The only boys' school opened its doors to girls in the 1990s, and in 1996, one of the aided schools became a private school.</li></ul> Prior to 1950, the Bermuda school system was racially segregated.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> When the desegregation of schools was enacted in 1965, two of the formerly maintained "white" schools and both single-sex schools opted to become private schools. The rest became part of the public school system and were either aided or maintained. There are 38 schools in the Bermuda Public School System, including 10 preschools, 18 primary schools, 5 middle schools, 2 senior schools (<a href="/wiki/The_Berkeley_Institute" title="The Berkeley Institute">The Berkeley Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cedarbridge_Academy" title="Cedarbridge Academy">Cedarbridge Academy</a>), 1 school for students with physical and cognitive challenges, and 1 for students with behavioural problems.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> There is one aided primary school, two aided middle schools, and one aided senior school. Since 2010, Portuguese has been taught as an optional foreign language in the Bermudian school system.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> For higher education, the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_College" title="Bermuda College">Bermuda College</a> offers various <a href="/wiki/Associate_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate degrees">associate degrees</a> and other certificate programmes.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Bermuda does not have any Bachelor-level colleges or universities. Bermuda's graduates usually attend Bachelor-level universities in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> In May 2009, the Bermudian Government's application was approved to become a contributory member of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a> (UWI). Bermuda's membership enabled Bermudian students to enter the university at an agreed-upon subsidised rate by 2010. UWI also agreed that its <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies_Open_Campus" title="University of the West Indies Open Campus">Open Campus</a> (online degree courses) would become open to Bermudian students in the future, with Bermuda becoming the 13th country to have access to the Open Campus.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> In 2010, it was announced that Bermuda would be an "associate contributing country" due to local Bermudian laws.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bermuda" title="Culture of Bermuda">Culture of Bermuda</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays in Bermuda">Holidays in Bermuda</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_IOD_sloop_and_a_19th_Century_Bermudian_working_boat_in_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/An_IOD_sloop_and_a_19th_Century_Bermudian_working_boat_in_Bermuda.jpg/250px-An_IOD_sloop_and_a_19th_Century_Bermudian_working_boat_in_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/An_IOD_sloop_and_a_19th_Century_Bermudian_working_boat_in_Bermuda.jpg/330px-An_IOD_sloop_and_a_19th_Century_Bermudian_working_boat_in_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/An_IOD_sloop_and_a_19th_Century_Bermudian_working_boat_in_Bermuda.jpg/500px-An_IOD_sloop_and_a_19th_Century_Bermudian_working_boat_in_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/International_One_Design" title="International One Design">IOD</a> sloop and a 19th-century Bermudian working boat in Bermuda</figcaption></figure> Bermuda's culture is a mixture of the various sources of its population: Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots cultures were evident in the 17th century, and became part of the dominant British culture. English is the primary and official language. Due to 160 years of immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands (primarily the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, though also from <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Islands">Cape Verde Islands</a>), a portion of the population also speaks Portuguese. There are strong British influences, together with <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">Afro-Caribbean</a> ones. The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian was <a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince#Publication_of_The_History_of_Mary_Prince" title="Mary Prince">The History of Mary Prince</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">slave narrative</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince" title="Mary Prince">Mary Prince</a>. The book was published in 1831 at the height of Great Britain's abolitionist movement.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graham_Ingham" title="Graham Ingham">Ernest Graham Ingham</a>, an expatriate author, published his books at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The novelist <a href="/wiki/Brian_Burland" title="Brian Burland">Brian Burland</a> (1931– 2010) achieved a degree of success and acclaim internationally. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Barry" title="Angela Barry">Angela Barry</a> has won critical recognition for her published fiction.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Music of Bermuda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bermuda" title="Architecture of Bermuda">Architecture of Bermuda</a></div> West Indian musicians introduced <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso music</a> when Bermuda's tourist industry was expanded with the increase of visitors brought by post-Second World War aviation. Local icons the <a href="/wiki/The_Talbot_Brothers_of_Bermuda" title="The Talbot Brothers of Bermuda">Talbot Brothers</a> performed calypso music for a number of decades both in Bermuda and the United States, and appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sullivan_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Sullivan Show">Ed Sullivan Show</a>. While calypso appealed more to tourists than to the local residents, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> has been embraced by a number of Bermudians since the 1970s with the influx of <a href="/wiki/Jamaicans" title="Jamaicans">Jamaican</a> immigrants. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gombey_dancers_from_Bermuda2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gombey_dancers_from_Bermuda2001.jpg/250px-Gombey_dancers_from_Bermuda2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gombey_dancers_from_Bermuda2001.jpg/330px-Gombey_dancers_from_Bermuda2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gombey_dancers_from_Bermuda2001.jpg/500px-Gombey_dancers_from_Bermuda2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Gombey dancers from Bermuda at the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Folklife_Festival" title="Smithsonian Folklife Festival">Smithsonian Folklife Festival</a> in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> Noted Bermudian musicians include <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">operatic tenor</a> Gary Burgess; jazz pianist <a href="/wiki/Lance_Hayward" title="Lance Hayward">Lance Hayward</a>; singer-songwriter and poet, <a href="/wiki/Heather_Nova" title="Heather Nova">Heather Nova</a>, and her brother <a href="/wiki/Mishka_(musician)" title="Mishka (musician)">Mishka</a>, reggae musician; classical musician and conductor <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Amis" title="Kenneth Amis">Kenneth Amis</a>; and more recently, <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Collie_Buddz" title="Collie Buddz">Collie Buddz</a>. The dances of the <a href="/wiki/Gombey" title="Gombey">Gombey</a> dancers, seen at multiple events, are strongly influenced by African, Caribbean and British cultural traditions. Alfred Birdsey was one of the more famous and talented watercolourists, known for his impressionistic landscapes of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">St George's</a>, and the surrounding sailboats, homes, and bays of Bermuda. Hand-carved cedar sculptures are another speciality. In 2010, his sculpture We Arrive was unveiled in Barr's Bay Park, overlooking <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Harbour,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton Harbour, Bermuda">Hamilton Harbour</a>, to commemorate the freeing of slaves in 1835 from the American brig <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(slave_ship)" title="Enterprise (slave ship)">Enterprise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Local resident Tom Butterfield founded the <a href="/wiki/Masterworks_Museum_of_Bermuda_Art" title="Masterworks Museum of Bermuda Art">Masterworks Museum of Bermuda Art</a> in 1986, initially featuring works about Bermuda by artists from other countries. He began with pieces by American artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Winslow_Homer" title="Winslow Homer">Winslow Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Charles Demuth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a>, who had lived and worked on Bermuda. In 2008, the museum opened its new building, constructed within the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Botanical_Gardens" title="Bermuda Botanical Gardens">Botanical Gardens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Bermuda hosts an annual international film festival, which shows multiple independent films. One of the founders is film producer and director <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rankin_Jr." title="Arthur Rankin Jr.">Arthur Rankin Jr.</a>, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Rankin/Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankin/Bass">Rankin/Bass</a> production company.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_and_recreation_in_Bermuda" title="Sports and recreation in Bermuda">Sports and recreation in Bermuda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:95_Coy_RGA_team_and_Governor%27s_Cup_in_Bermuda_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/95_Coy_RGA_team_and_Governor%27s_Cup_in_Bermuda_1917.jpg/220px-95_Coy_RGA_team_and_Governor%27s_Cup_in_Bermuda_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/95_Coy_RGA_team_and_Governor%27s_Cup_in_Bermuda_1917.jpg/330px-95_Coy_RGA_team_and_Governor%27s_Cup_in_Bermuda_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/95_Coy_RGA_team_and_Governor%27s_Cup_in_Bermuda_1917.jpg/440px-95_Coy_RGA_team_and_Governor%27s_Cup_in_Bermuda_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5815" data-file-height="3131" /></a><figcaption>The football team of 95 Company, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Garrison_Artillery" title="Royal Garrison Artillery">Royal Garrison Artillery</a>, victors in the 1917 Governor's Cup football match, pose with the cup. The cup was contested annually by teams from the various Royal Navy, British Army <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Garrison" title="Bermuda Garrison">Bermuda Garrison</a>, and Royal Air Force units stationed in Bermuda.</figcaption></figure> Many sports popular today were formalised by British <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a> and universities in the 19th century. These schools produced the civil servants and military and naval officers required to build and maintain the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and team sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act as part of a team. Former public schoolboys continued to pursue these activities, and founded organisations such as <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">the Football Association</a> (FA). Bermuda's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere ensured that the naval and military officers quickly introduced the newly formalised sports to Bermuda, including <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Lawn_tennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawn tennis">tennis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_national_cricket_team" title="Bermuda national cricket team">Bermuda's national cricket team</a> participated in the <a href="/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricket World Cup 2007">Cricket World Cup 2007</a> in the West Indies but were knocked out of the World Cup. The <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_national_football_team" title="Bermuda national football team">Bermuda national football team</a> managed to qualify to the <a href="/wiki/2019_CONCACAF_Gold_Cup" title="2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup">2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup</a>, the country's first ever major football competition. In 2007, Bermuda hosted the 25th <a href="/wiki/PGA_Grand_Slam_of_Golf" title="PGA Grand Slam of Golf">PGA Grand Slam of Golf</a>. This 36-hole event was held on 16–17 October 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Mid_Ocean_Club" title="Mid Ocean Club">Mid Ocean Club</a> in Tucker's Town. This season-ending tournament is limited to four golfers: the winners of the <a href="/wiki/Masters_Tournament" title="Masters Tournament">Masters</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)" title="U.S. Open (golf)">U.S. Open</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Championship" title="The Open Championship">The Open Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/PGA_Championship" title="PGA Championship">PGA Championship</a>. The event returned to Bermuda in 2008 and 2009. One-armed Bermudian golfer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinn_Talbot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quinn Talbot (page does not exist)">Quinn Talbot</a> was both the United States National Amputee Golf Champion for five successive years and the British World One-Arm Golf Champion.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_One_Design_-_Hamilton_Harbour_-_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/International_One_Design_-_Hamilton_Harbour_-_Bermuda.jpg/250px-International_One_Design_-_Hamilton_Harbour_-_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/International_One_Design_-_Hamilton_Harbour_-_Bermuda.jpg/330px-International_One_Design_-_Hamilton_Harbour_-_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/International_One_Design_-_Hamilton_Harbour_-_Bermuda.jpg/500px-International_One_Design_-_Hamilton_Harbour_-_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/International_One_Design" title="International One Design">IOD</a> racer on a mooring in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Harbour,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton Harbour, Bermuda">Hamilton Harbour</a></figcaption></figure> The Government announced in 2006 that it would provide substantial financial support to Bermuda's cricket and <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_national_football_team" title="Bermuda national football team">football</a> teams. Football did not become popular with Bermudians until after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Bermuda's most prominent footballers are <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Best" title="Clyde Best">Clyde Best</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Goater" title="Shaun Goater">Shaun Goater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Lightbourne" title="Kyle Lightbourne">Kyle Lightbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggie_Lambe" title="Reggie Lambe">Reggie Lambe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Nusum" title="Sam Nusum">Sam Nusum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nahki_Wells" title="Nahki Wells">Nahki Wells</a>. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hogges" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Hogges">Bermuda Hogges</a> were formed as the nation's first professional football team to raise the standard of play for the Bermuda national football team. The team played in the <a href="/wiki/United_Soccer_Leagues_Second_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="United Soccer Leagues Second Division">United Soccer Leagues Second Division</a> but folded in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> Sailing, fishing and <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> sports are popular with both residents and visitors alike. The prestigious <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Race">Newport–Bermuda Yacht Race</a> is a more than 100-year-old tradition, with boats racing between <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, and Bermuda. In 2007, the 16th biennial <a href="/wiki/Marion,_Massachusetts" title="Marion, Massachusetts">Marion</a>-Bermuda yacht race occurred. A sport unique to Bermuda is racing the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Fitted_Dinghy" title="Bermuda Fitted Dinghy">Bermuda Fitted Dinghy</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_One_Design" title="International One Design">International One Design</a> racing also originated in Bermuda.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Bermuda at the 2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a>, Bermuda competed in sailing, athletics, swimming, diving, triathlon and equestrian events. In those Olympics, Bermuda's Katura Horton-Perinchief made history by becoming the first black female diver to compete in the Olympic Games. Bermuda has had two Olympic medallists, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Hill_(boxer)" title="Clarence Hill (boxer)">Clarence Hill</a> – who won a bronze medal in boxing – and <a href="/wiki/Flora_Duffy" title="Flora Duffy">Flora Duffy</a>, who won a gold medal in triathlon. It is tradition for Bermuda to march in the Opening Ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_shorts" title="Bermuda shorts">Bermuda shorts</a>, regardless of the summer or winter Olympic celebration. Bermuda also competes in the biennial <a href="/wiki/Island_Games" title="Island Games">Island Games</a>, which it hosted in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> In 1998, Bermuda established its own Basketball Association.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hospitals_Board" title="Bermuda Hospitals Board">Bermuda Hospitals Board</a> operates the King Edward VII Memorial Hospital, located in <a href="/wiki/Paget_Parish" title="Paget Parish">Paget Parish</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mid-Atlantic_Wellness_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mid-Atlantic Wellness Institute (page does not exist)">Mid-Atlantic Wellness Institute</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Parish" title="Devonshire Parish">Devonshire Parish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> Boston's Lahey Medical Center has an established visiting specialists program on the island which provides Bermudians and expats with access to specialists regularly on the island.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> There were about 6,000 hospital admissions, 30,000 emergency department attendances and 6,300 outpatient procedures in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> Unlike the other territories that still remain under British rule, Bermuda does not have <a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">national healthcare</a>. Employers must provide a healthcare plan and pay for up to 50% of the cost for each employee.<a href="#cite_note-Healthcare-242">[240]</a> Healthcare is a mandatory requirement and is expensive, even with the help provided by employers.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> There are only a few approved healthcare providers that offer insurance to Bermudians.<a href="#cite_note-Healthcare-242">[240]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit">[update]</a>, these were the Bermudian government's Health Insurance Department, three other approved licensed health insurance companies, and three approved health insurance schemes (provided by the Bermudian government for its employees and by two banks).<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> There are no <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedics</a> on the island. The Bermuda Hospitals Board said in 2018 that they were not vital in Bermuda because of its small size.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nurse_practitioner" title="Nurse practitioner">Nurse practitioners</a> on the island, of which there are not many, can be granted authority to write prescriptions "under the authority of a medical practitioner".<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda">COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda</a></div> The Minister for Health during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda">COVID-19 pandemic</a> was <a href="/wiki/Kim_Wilson_(politician)" title="Kim Wilson (politician)">Kim Wilson</a>, who led the territory's approach with "an abundance of caution".<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bermuda#Notable_cultural_figures" title="Culture of Bermuda">Notable cultural people of Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bermuda" title="Economy of Bermuda">Economy of Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bermuda#Notable_historical_figures" title="History of Bermuda">Notable historical people of Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Bermuda-related_articles" title="Index of Bermuda-related articles">Index of Bermuda-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_and_recreation_in_Bermuda#Notable_sporting_figures" title="Sports and recreation in Bermuda">Notable sporting people of Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bermuda" title="Outline of Bermuda">Outline of Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Places_of_interest_in_Bermuda" title="Places of interest in Bermuda">Places of interest in Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bermuda#Notable_political_figures" title="Politics of Bermuda">Notable political people of Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bermuda" title="Telecommunications in Bermuda">Telecommunications in Bermuda</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Standard time in Bermuda is four hours behind Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> UTC is not permitted to drift more than 0.9 seconds from GMT. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 2006 to 2023. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-World_Factbook-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_1-26">aa</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bermuda/">"Bermuda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>. North America. July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202200/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bermuda">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Bermuda&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbermuda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/20px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/40px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bermuda_2016_Census-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bermuda_2016_Census_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bermuda_2016_Census_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bermuda_2016_Census_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bermuda_2016_Census_2-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.bm/sites/default/files/2016%20Census%20Report.pdf">"Bermuda 2016 Census"</a> (PDF). Bermuda Department of Statistics. December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715222940/https://www.gov.bm/sites/default/files/2016%20Census%20Report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bermuda+2016+Census&rft.pub=Bermuda+Department+of+Statistics&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.bm%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2016%2520Census%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bermuda_{{!}}_Data-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bermuda_{{!}}_Data_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bermuda_{{!}}_Data_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/country/BM">"Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. Bermuda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809152352/https://data.worldbank.org/country/BM">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fcountry%2FBM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020203134/http://www.bermudalaws.bm/laws/Consolidated%20Laws/Time%20Zone%20Act%201929.pdf">"Time Zone Act"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bermudalaws.bm/laws/Consolidated%20Laws/Time%20Zone%20Act%201929.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+Zone+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bermudalaws.bm%2Flaws%2FConsolidated%2520Laws%2FTime%2520Zone%2520Act%25201929.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLefroy1981" class="citation book cs1">Lefroy, Sir John Henry (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89080098932&view=1up&seq=145">Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands 1515–1685, Volume I</a>. Bermuda: The Bermuda Historical Society and The Bermuda National Trust (the first edition having been published in 1877, with funds provided by the Government of Bermuda), printed in Canada by The University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorials+of+the+Discovery+and+Early+Settlement+of+the+Bermudas+or+Somers+Islands+1515%E2%80%931685%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=Bermuda&rft.pub=The+Bermuda+Historical+Society+and+The+Bermuda+National+Trust+%28the+first+edition+having+been+published+in+1877%2C+with+funds+provided+by+the+Government+of+Bermuda%29%2C+printed+in+Canada+by+The+University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Lefroy&rft.aufirst=Sir+John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dwu.89080098932%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1976" class="citation book cs1">Smith, James E. (1976). Slavery in Bermuda. USA: Vantage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0533020430" title="Special:BookSources/978-0533020430"><bdi>978-0533020430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Bermuda&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Vantage+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0533020430&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFindexed_by_A._C._Hollis_Hallett._Updated_by:_C._F._E._Hollis_Hallett2005" class="citation book cs1">indexed by A. C. Hollis Hallett. Updated by: C. F. E. Hollis Hallett (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmb.bm/member-portal/product/19th-century-church-registers-of-bermuda-pdf">19th Century Church Registers of Bermuda</a>. Bermuda: Juniperhill Press and Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. Page x, Guide to the Use of this Index: Coloured and White. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921992-23-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-921992-23-8"><bdi>0-921992-23-8</bdi></a>. <q>Today, the term 'Coloured' as a racial distinction referring to the Black population is no longer used, but in the period covered by this index it was the usual term and has been retained......We suspect that the clergy generally made a decision whether they would describe a person as 'White', and the 'Coloured' designation was used for everyone not described as 'White'. Users of this index should not confine themselves to 'White' or 'Coloured' registers (where they are separated) but should look at both. They should also not take too seriously the indication 'Col.' or 'Wh.' that appears often under Comments; these were occasionally written into the margins of the register by the clergyman or parish clerk.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=19th+Century+Church+Registers+of+Bermuda&rft.place=Bermuda&rft.pages=Page+x%2C+Guide+to+the+Use+of+this+Index%3A+Coloured+and+White&rft.pub=Juniperhill+Press+and+Bermuda+Maritime+Museum+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-921992-23-8&rft.au=indexed+by+A.+C.+Hollis+Hallett.+Updated+by%3A+C.+F.+E.+Hollis+Hallett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmb.bm%2Fmember-portal%2Fproduct%2F19th-century-church-registers-of-bermuda-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJJill_B._Gaieski,1_Amanda_C._Owings,1_Miguel_G._Vilar,1_Matthew_C._Dulik,1_David_F._Gaieski,2_Rachel_M._Gittelman,1_John_Lindo,1_Lydia_Gau,1_Theodore_G._Schurr1*,_and_The_Genographic_Consortium_(1_=_Department_of_Anthropology,_University_of_Pennsylvania,_Philadelphia,_PA_19104;_2_=_Department_of_Emergency_Medicine,_Hospital_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania,_Philadelphia,_PA_19104)2011" class="citation journal cs1">JJill B. Gaieski,1 Amanda C. Owings,1 Miguel G. Vilar,1 Matthew C. Dulik,1 David F. Gaieski,2 Rachel M. Gittelman,1 John Lindo,1 Lydia Gau,1 Theodore G. Schurr1*, and The Genographic Consortium (1 = Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; 2 = Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104) (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.21588">"Genetic Ancestry and Indigenous Heritage in a Native American Descendant Community in Bermuda"</a>. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 146 (3). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (Volume146, Issue 3, November 2011, Pages 392–405): 392–405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.21588">10.1002/ajpa.21588</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9483">0002-9483</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21994016">21994016</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <q>the non-white population....we analyzed genetic variation among members of this community....Our results reveal that the majority of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome haplotypes are of African and West Eurasian origin. However, unlike other English-speaking New World colonies, most African mtDNA haplotypes appear to derive from central and southeast Africa, reflecting the extent of maritime activities in the region........RESULTS: mtDNA diversity...The majority of mtDNA lineages observed in Bermudians (68%) originated in Africa....West Eurasian haplogroups comprised 31% of the Bermudian mtDNA haplotypes..... Y-chromosome diversity...one-third of the Bermudian male participants, had three NRY haplogroups of African ancestry...West Eurasian haplogroups accounted for the majority of the male participants and the vast majority of their Y-chromosomes....More than two-thirds of the mtDNAs (68%) are of African origin, and approximately one-third of them (31%) are of European origin. By contrast, Native American lineages constitute less than 1% of Bermudian mtDNAs, somewhat less was expected based on oral histories and archival data....The NRY haplogroup data likewise reveal clear contributions from the same two major source areas. However, the trend is reversed, with European lineages accounting for 66% of St. David's Islander Y-chromosomes and African lineages accounting for 32% of them. Native American haplogroups comprised only 2% of Bermudian Y-chromosomes, less than anticipated based on oral history and archival data.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Genetic+Ancestry+and+Indigenous+Heritage+in+a+Native+American+Descendant+Community+in+Bermuda&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E392-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0002-9483&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21994016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.21588&rft.au=JJill+B.+Gaieski%2C1+Amanda+C.+Owings%2C1+Miguel+G.+Vilar%2C1+Matthew+C.+Dulik%2C1+David+F.+Gaieski%2C2+Rachel+M.+Gittelman%2C1+John+Lindo%2C1+Lydia+Gau%2C1+Theodore+G.+Schurr1%2A%2C+and+The+Genographic+Consortium+%281+%3D+Department+of+Anthropology%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania%2C+Philadelphia%2C+PA+19104%3B+2+%3D+Department+of+Emergency+Medicine%2C+Hospital+of+the+University+of+Pennsylvania%2C+Philadelphia%2C+PA+19104%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.21588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_-_Bermuda_10-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bermuda">"Bermuda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a> (online ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528082525/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bermuda">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019. 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Retrieved 10 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bernews&rft.atitle=Looking+at+the+tale+of+the+%22Isle+of+Devils%22&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Juanae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernews.com%2F2014%2F10%2Flooking-tale-isle-devils%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholls2011" class="citation web cs1">Nicholls, Mark (3 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Somers_Sir_George_1554-1610">"Sir George Somers (1554–1610)"</a>. Encyclopedia Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709030535/http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Somers_Sir_George_1554-1610">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft.atitle=Sir+George+Somers+%281554%E2%80%931610%29&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2FSomers_Sir_George_1554-1610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLefroy1981" class="citation book cs1">Lefroy, John Henry (1981). Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands 1515–1685, Volume I. 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The Royal Gazette. 3 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20121003/ISLAND/710039997">the original</a> on 22 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Support+sought+for+Portuguese+language+courses&rft.date=2012-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Farticle%2F20121003%2FISLAND%2F710039997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bermuda#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010">"Religions in Bermuda"</a>. Globalreligiousfutures.org. 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Retrieved 16 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Globalreligiousfutures.org&rft.atitle=Religions+in+Bermuda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fbermuda%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gov_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gov_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241219232600/https://www.gov.bm/governor-bermuda">"The Governor of Bermuda"</a>. www.gov.bm. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 19 December 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.bm&rft.atitle=The+Governor+of+Bermuda&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.bm%2Fgovernor-bermuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.bm/articles/deputy-governor-swearing">"Deputy Governor Swearing-In (1 May 2022)"</a>. Government of Bermuda. 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Retrieved 18 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Cannonier%3A+%27Bermuda+has+seen+a+new+day%27&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Farticle%2F20121217%2FNEWS%2F712179887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrangeways2017" class="citation news cs1">Strangeways, Sam (19 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalgazette.com/politics/article/20170719/burt-cries-hallelujah-as-victory-for-plp-is-declared">"Burt cries 'Hallelujah' as victory for PLP is declared"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Gazette_(Bermuda)" title="The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)">The Royal Gazette</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221156/http://www.royalgazette.com/politics/article/20170719/burt-cries-hallelujah-as-victory-for-plp-is-declared">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Burt+cries+%27Hallelujah%27+as+victory+for+PLP+is+declared&rft.date=2017-07-19&rft.aulast=Strangeways&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F20170719%2Fburt-cries-hallelujah-as-victory-for-plp-is-declared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bm.usconsulate.gov/our-relationship/policy-history">"Our Relationship: Policy & History"</a>. bm.usconsulate.gov. Government of the United States of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917172306/https://bm.usconsulate.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021. <q>Approximately 40 employees, including the Consul General, Deputy Principal Officer, Consul, U.S. Customs and Border Protection Port Director and officers are assigned to the Consulate General.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bm.usconsulate.gov&rft.atitle=Our+Relationship%3A+Policy+%26+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbm.usconsulate.gov%2Four-relationship%2Fpolicy-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016_census-107"><a href="#cite_ref-2016_census_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715222940/https://www.gov.bm/sites/default/files/2016%20Census%20Report.pdf">"2016 Census Report"</a> (PDF). Government of Bermuda, Department of Statistics. 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United for Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721183912/https://www.humanrights.com/what-are-human-rights/brief-history/magna-carta.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Magna+Carta%2C+Petition+of+Right%2C+History+of+Civil+Liberties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrights.com%2Fwhat-are-human-rights%2Fbrief-history%2Fmagna-carta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarwick2007" class="citation web cs1">Warwick, Professor (of Political Science) John (24 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://john-warwick.blogspot.com/2007/09/race-and-development-of-immigration.html">"Race and the development of Immigration policy during the 20th century"</a>. Race and the development of Immigration policy during the 20th century. Professor John Warwick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128160137/http://john-warwick.blogspot.com/2007/09/race-and-development-of-immigration.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021. <q>issues of race and racial exclusion were undoubtedly the biggest factor in legislation and policy developments regarding citizenship law and the right of abode in the UK during the second half of the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Race+and+the+development+of+Immigration+policy+during+the+20th+century&rft.atitle=Race+and+the+development+of+Immigration+policy+during+the+20th+century&rft.date=2007-09-24&rft.aulast=Warwick&rft.aufirst=Professor+%28of+Political+Science%29+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjohn-warwick.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F09%2Frace-and-development-of-immigration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithVarnava2018" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Evan; Varnava, Andrekos (4 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyandpolicy.org/opinion-articles/articles/restrictions-on-british-colonial-migrants-in-an-era-of-free-movement-the-ca">"Restrictions on British colonial migrants in an era of free movement: the case of Cyprus"</a>. History & Policy. Institute of Historical Research, Senate House, University of London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911110804/https://www.historyandpolicy.org/opinion-articles/articles/restrictions-on-british-colonial-migrants-in-an-era-of-free-movement-the-ca">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021. <q>The British authorities sought to restrict further numbers from immigrating to Britain through a number of measures, despite the fact that Cypriots were British subjects. This was done predominantly through the refusal to issue passports, as well as requesting that those travelling from the island pay a surety bond. The British limited the number of passports issued to Cypriots intending to travel to Britain. To obtain a passport for Britain, Cypriots had to pay a bond (in case they had to be repatriated).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=Restrictions+on+British+colonial+migrants+in+an+era+of+free+movement%3A+the+case+of+Cyprus&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft.au=Varnava%2C+Andrekos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyandpolicy.org%2Fopinion-articles%2Farticles%2Frestrictions-on-british-colonial-migrants-in-an-era-of-free-movement-the-ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monarchist.org.au/what_are_the_commonwealth_realms">"What Are the Commonwealth Realms?"</a>. www.monarchist.org.au. Australian Monarchist League. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911121444/https://www.monarchist.org.au/what_are_the_commonwealth_realms">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021. <q>These are independent kingdoms where Elizabeth II is Queen and Sovereign. There are 16 of them (see below) and all are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Each Realm, being independent of all the others, titles the Queen differently.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.monarchist.org.au&rft.atitle=What+Are+the+Commonwealth+Realms%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monarchist.org.au%2Fwhat_are_the_commonwealth_realms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/canada">"Canada: History and present government"</a>. Royal.UK. The Royal Household. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817093631/https://www.royal.uk/canada">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021. <q>Canada has been a monarchy for centuries – first under the kings of France in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, then under the British Crown in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and now as a kingdom in her own right. These lands had been occupied for thousands of years by Aboriginal Peoples who, now for many centuries, have maintained an enduring and very close relationship with the person of the Sovereign and the Crown of Canada.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal.UK&rft.atitle=Canada%3A+History+and+present+government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fcanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/australia">"Australia"</a>. Royal.UK. The Royal Household. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201044226/https://www.royal.uk/australia">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2021. <q>The Queen's relationship to Australia is unique. In all her duties, she speaks and acts as Queen of Australia, and not as Queen of the United Kingdom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal.UK&rft.atitle=Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Faustralia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/commonwealth">"The Commonwealth"</a>. Royal.UK. The Royal Household. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918112529/https://www.royal.uk/commonwealth">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021. <q>After achieving independence, India was the first of a number of countries which decided that, although they wished to become republics, they still wanted to remain within the Commonwealth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal.UK&rft.atitle=The+Commonwealth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fcommonwealth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warwick-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warwick_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warwick_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarwick2007" class="citation web cs1">Warwick, Professor (of Political Science) John (24 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://john-warwick.blogspot.com/2007/09/race-and-development-of-immigration.html">"Race and the development of Immigration policy during the 20th century"</a>. Race and the development of Immigration policy during the 20th century. Professor John Warwick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128160137/http://john-warwick.blogspot.com/2007/09/race-and-development-of-immigration.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Race+and+the+development+of+Immigration+policy+during+the+20th+century&rft.atitle=Race+and+the+development+of+Immigration+policy+during+the+20th+century&rft.date=2007-09-24&rft.aulast=Warwick&rft.aufirst=Professor+%28of+Political+Science%29+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjohn-warwick.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F09%2Frace-and-development-of-immigration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLidher2018" class="citation web cs1">Lidher, Sundeep (20 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.runnymedetrust.org/blog/british-citizenship-and-the-windrush-generation">"British citizenship and the windrush generation"</a>. www.runnymedetrust.org. The Runnymede Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911121445/https://www.runnymedetrust.org/blog/british-citizenship-and-the-windrush-generation">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.runnymedetrust.org&rft.atitle=British+citizenship+and+the+windrush+generation&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.aulast=Lidher&rft.aufirst=Sundeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.runnymedetrust.org%2Fblog%2Fbritish-citizenship-and-the-windrush-generation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearsall2014" class="citation web cs1">Pearsall, Mark (14 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/british-nationality-subject-citizen/">"British nationality: subject or citizen?"</a>. nationalarchives.gov.uk. British Government National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911121449/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/british-nationality-subject-citizen/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=British+nationality%3A+subject+or+citizen%3F&rft.date=2014-04-14&rft.aulast=Pearsall&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Findex.php%2Fbritish-nationality-subject-citizen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/commonwealth-immigration-control-legislation.htm">"Commonwealth Immigration control and legislation: The Commonwealth Immigration Act 1962"</a>. nationalarchives.gov.uk. British Government National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921232746/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/commonwealth-immigration-control-legislation.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2021. <q>Butler oversaw the production of the Bill that became the Commonwealth Immigration Act of 1962. This controlled the immigration of all Commonwealth passport holders (except those who held UK passports). Prospective immigrants now needed to apply for a work voucher, graded according to the applicant's employment prospects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+Immigration+control+and+legislation%3A+The+Commonwealth+Immigration+Act+1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fcabinetpapers%2Fthemes%2Fcommonwealth-immigration-control-legislation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/commonwealth-immigration-control-legislation.htm">"Commonwealth Immigration control and legislation: The Commonwealth Immigration Act 1962"</a>. nationalarchives.gov.uk. British Government National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140510/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/commonwealth-immigration-control-legislation.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021. <q>In 1967, Asians from Kenya and Uganda, fearing discrimination from their own national governments, began to arrive in Britain. They had retained their British citizenship following independence, and were therefore not subject to the act. The Conservative Enoch Powell and his associates campaigned for tighter controls. The Labour government responded with the Commonwealth Immigration Act of 1968. It extended control to those without a parent or grandparent who was born in or was a citizen of the UK.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+Immigration+control+and+legislation%3A+The+Commonwealth+Immigration+Act+1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fcabinetpapers%2Fthemes%2Fcommonwealth-immigration-control-legislation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8sdbk7/revision/4">"Migration's effect on Britain - government. Post-war British laws for and against immigration, 1945-1972: Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911144833/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8sdbk7/revision/4">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021. <q>This act imposed strict quotas and removed automatic right of entry into Britain for Asian British passport holders (except those born in Britain or those who had a British parent or grandparent). The next Conservative government brought in further tough controls on immigration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Migration%27s+effect+on+Britain+-+government.+Post-war+British+laws+for+and+against+immigration%2C+1945-1972%3A+Commonwealth+Immigrants+Act+1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fz8sdbk7%2Frevision%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zx93tyc/revision/2">"Commonwealth immigrants in the Modern Era, 1948-present"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911144832/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zx93tyc/revision/2">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+immigrants+in+the+Modern+Era%2C+1948-present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fzx93tyc%2Frevision%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/26/newsid_3220000/3220635.stm">"ON THIS DAY 1950-2005: 26 November, 1968: Race discrimination law tightened"</a>. BBC News. 26 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206192711/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/26/newsid_3220000/3220635.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2021. <q>At the beginning of the year, up to 1,000 Kenyan Asians, who hold British passports, were arriving in Britain each month. Amid growing unrest, the government rushed through the Commonwealth Immigrants Act in March, restricting the number of Kenyan Asians who could enter the country to those who had a relative who was already a British resident. The new Race Relations Act is intended to counter-balance the Immigration Act, and so fulfil the government's promise to be "fair but tough" on immigrants</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=ON+THIS+DAY+1950-2005%3A+26+November%2C+1968%3A+Race+discrimination+law+tightened&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fnovember%2F26%2Fnewsid_3220000%2F3220635.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/9/contents/enacted">"Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968"</a>. www.legislation.gov.uk. British Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911144835/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/9/contents/enacted">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021. <q>Status: This item of legislation is only available to download and view as PDF.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+Immigrants+Act+1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1968%2F9%2Fcontents%2Fenacted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalik2018" class="citation news cs1">Malik, Kenan (4 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/04/commonwealth-immigrants-act-1968-racism">"Opinion: Race; Racist rhetoric hasn't been consigned to Britain's past"</a>. The Guardian. London: Guardian News & Media Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911144832/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/04/commonwealth-immigrants-act-1968-racism">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Race%3B+Racist+rhetoric+hasn%27t+been+consigned+to+Britain%27s+past&rft.date=2018-03-04&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Kenan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2018%2Fmar%2F04%2Fcommonwealth-immigrants-act-1968-racism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/commonwealth-immigration-control-legislation.htm">"Commonwealth Immigration control and legislation: The Commonwealth Immigration Act 1962"</a>. nationalarchives.gov.uk. British Government National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904140510/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/commonwealth-immigration-control-legislation.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021. <q>The Conservative government announced the Immigration Act of 1971. The act replaced employment vouchers with work permits, allowing only temporary residence. 'Patrials' (those with close UK associations) were exempted from the act.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+Immigration+control+and+legislation%3A+The+Commonwealth+Immigration+Act+1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fcabinetpapers%2Fthemes%2Fcommonwealth-immigration-control-legislation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8sdbk7/revision/4">"Migration's effect on Britain - government. Post-war British laws for and against immigration, 1945-1972: Immigration Act 1971"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911144833/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8sdbk7/revision/4">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021. <q>This Act moved away from the employment vouchers scheme and established temporary work permits. The Act also introduced the category of 'patrial' which was a 'grandfather' clause: if you had a grandparent born in the UK then you were exempt from the immigration controls.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Migration%27s+effect+on+Britain+-+government.+Post-war+British+laws+for+and+against+immigration%2C+1945-1972%3A+Immigration+Act+1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fz8sdbk7%2Frevision%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1982/933/made">"The British Nationality Act 1981 (Commencement) Order 1982"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401134239/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1982/933/made">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+British+Nationality+Act+1981+%28Commencement%29+Order+1982&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1982%2F933%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLord_Waddington2001" class="citation book cs1">Lord Waddington (10 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/2001/jul/10/british-overseas-territories-bill-hl">"British Overseas Territories Bill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. House of Lords. col. 1014–1037.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=British+Overseas+Territories+Bill&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-1014-1037&rft.pub=House+of+Lords&rft.date=2001-07-10&rft.au=Lord+Waddington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F2001%2Fjul%2F10%2Fbritish-overseas-territories-bill-hl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230160030/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/2001/jul/10/british-overseas-territories-bill-hl">"British Overseas Territories Bill [H.L.] (Hansard, 10 July 2001)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. 10 July 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/2001/jul/10/british-overseas-territories-bill-hl">the original</a> on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=British+Overseas+Territories+Bill+%5BH.L.%5D+%28Hansard%2C+10+July+2001%29&rft.date=2001-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F2001%2Fjul%2F10%2Fbritish-overseas-territories-bill-hl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Exec. Order No. 1 (April 10, 1601; in English) <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=K7GRIUBKMVRBL76">"No. 1: First Charter of Virginia"</a>. www.originalsources.com. Western Standard Publishing Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911153733/https://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=K7GRIUBKMVRBL76">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. 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Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.originalsources.com&rft.atitle=No.+2%3A+Second+Charter+of+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.originalsources.com%2FDocument.aspx%3FDocID%3DKEPRJAXF2IKNNY6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=K5WQWAFPH3Y9A4N">"No. 3: Third Charter of Virginia"</a>. www.originalsources.com. Western Standard Publishing Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911153729/https://www.originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=K5WQWAFPH3Y9A4N">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. 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Retrieved 23 July 2024. <q>JAMAICANS in Bermuda have come a long way in only a few years. Once laughingly dismissed as "jump-ups", they have since established themselves as pillars of our community, gaining recognition for the many worthy contributions they have made to the island.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Jamaicans+put+%27jump-ups%27+tag+behind+them&rft.date=2002-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Fother%2Farticle%2F20110203%2Fcelebrating-jamaicans-put-jump-ups-tag-behind-them&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Campbell, Sandra (2 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebermudian.com/heritage/heritage-heritage/power-prejudice-the-story-of-the-1902-dockyard-riots-the-reverend-charles-monk-trial">"Power & Prejudice: The Story of the 1902 Dockyard Riots & The Reverend Charles Monk Trial"</a>. The Bermudian. Bermuda: The Bermudian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bermudian&rft.atitle=Power+%26+Prejudice%3A+The+Story+of+the+1902+Dockyard+Riots+%26+The+Reverend+Charles+Monk+Trial&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebermudian.com%2Fheritage%2Fheritage-heritage%2Fpower-prejudice-the-story-of-the-1902-dockyard-riots-the-reverend-charles-monk-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZiral2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Ziral, James A. (16 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240713185234/https://www.thebermudian.com/heritage/heritage-heritage/a-forgotton-chapter-blacks-in-the-building-of-dockyard/">"A Forgotton Chapter: Blacks in the Building of Dockyard"</a>. The Bermudian. Bermuda: The Bermudian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebermudian.com/heritage/heritage-heritage/a-forgotton-chapter-blacks-in-the-building-of-dockyard/">the original</a> on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bermudian&rft.atitle=A+Forgotton+Chapter%3A+Blacks+in+the+Building+of+Dockyard&rft.date=2023-03-16&rft.aulast=Ziral&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebermudian.com%2Fheritage%2Fheritage-heritage%2Fa-forgotton-chapter-blacks-in-the-building-of-dockyard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShorto2011" class="citation news cs1">Shorto, Lieutenant-Colonel A. Gavin (4 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalgazette.com/other/article/20110204/the-roots-of-creole-charm/">"The roots of Creole charm"</a>. The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Retrieved 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+roots+of+Creole+charm&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft.aulast=Shorto&rft.aufirst=Lieutenant-Colonel+A.+Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Fother%2Farticle%2F20110204%2Fthe-roots-of-creole-charm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2012" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Ceola (24 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20120824/NEWS/708249993">"Tributes for icon of Bermuda's West Indian community"</a>. The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Retrieved 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Tributes+for+icon+of+Bermuda%27s+West+Indian+community&rft.date=2012-08-24&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ceola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Farticle%2F20120824%2FNEWS%2F708249993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStovell2018" class="citation news cs1">Stovell, E. McNeil (8 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalgazette.com/opinion/article/20181208/our-caribbean-neighbours-deserve-more-respect">"Our Caribbean neighbours deserve more respect"</a>. The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Retrieved 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Our+Caribbean+neighbours+deserve+more+respect&rft.date=2018-12-08&rft.aulast=Stovell&rft.aufirst=E.+McNeil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2F20181208%2Four-caribbean-neighbours-deserve-more-respect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"BERMUDA POLICE FORCE TRAINING SCHOOL". The Bermuda Recorder. Bermuda. 25 February 1966. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bermuda+Recorder&rft.atitle=BERMUDA+POLICE+FORCE+TRAINING+SCHOOL&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1966-02-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1">Bermuda Report for the year 1971 (Report). Her Majesty's Stationery Office (Printed in Bermuda by the Island Press Ltd). 1975. pages 23 and 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-580164-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-580164-2"><bdi>0-11-580164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Bermuda+Report+for+the+year+1971&rft.pages=pages+23+and+24&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office+%28Printed+in+Bermuda+by+the+Island+Press+Ltd%29&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-11-580164-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bermuda-online.org/bdagovt.htm">"Bermuda Government today"</a>. Bermuda-Online.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702140057/http://www.bermuda-online.org/bdagovt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2010. <q>In July 2003, Bermuda formally joined the Caribbean Community as an Associate Member (non-voting member)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bermuda-Online.org&rft.atitle=Bermuda+Government+today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbermuda-online.org%2Fbdagovt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2003" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Stevenson (3 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110114416/http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20030703/NEWS/307039988">"Premier signs Caricom deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Gazette_(Bermuda)" title="The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)">The Royal Gazette</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20030703/NEWS/307039988">the original</a> on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Premier+signs+Caricom+deal&rft.date=2003-07-03&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Stevenson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Farticle%2F20030703%2FNEWS%2F307039988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110114104/http://www.gov.bm/portal/erver.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_2043_223_990_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/central_policy_unit/dept___cpu___reports/articles/caricom_discussion_paper_3.pdf">"Strengthening Bermuda's Links to the Caribbean: Associate Membership of the Caribbean Community"</a> (PDF) (Discussion paper). Government of Bermuda. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.bm/portal/erver.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_2043_223_990_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/central_policy_unit/dept___cpu___reports/articles/caricom_discussion_paper_3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strengthening+Bermuda%27s+Links+to+the+Caribbean%3A+Associate+Membership+of+the+Caribbean+Community&rft.pub=Government+of+Bermuda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.bm%2Fportal%2Ferver.pt%2Fgateway%2FPTARGS_0_2_2043_223_990_43%2Fhttp%253B%2Fptpublisher.gov.bm%253B7087%2Fpublishedcontent%2Fpublish%2Fcabinet_office%2Fcentral_policy_unit%2Fdept___cpu___reports%2Farticles%2Fcaricom_discussion_paper_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-acs-aec.org-182"><a href="#cite_ref-acs-aec.org_182-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Girvan" title="Norman Girvan">Girvan, Norman</a> (2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615225544/http://www.acs-aec.org/About/SG/Girvan/Speeches/rei1.htm">"Reinterpreting the Caribbean"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acs-aec.org/About/SG/Girvan/Speeches/rei1.htm">the original</a> on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reinterpreting+the+Caribbean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs-aec.org%2FAbout%2FSG%2FGirvan%2FSpeeches%2Frei1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> In New Caribbean Thought, Folke Lindahl and Brian Meeks (eds), UWI Press, pp. 3 ff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mUC4PA7ZedYC&pg=PA3">Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412174947/https://books.google.com/books?id=mUC4PA7ZedYC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> 12 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/976-640-103-9" title="Special:BookSources/976-640-103-9">976-640-103-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20110616/ISLAND11/706149914/-1">"Dr EF Gordon – fought tirelessly for equal rights for black Bermudians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Gazette_(Bermuda)" title="The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)">The Royal Gazette</a>. 16 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026051055/http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20110616/ISLAND11/706149914/-1">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dr+EF+Gordon+%E2%80%93+fought+tirelessly+for+equal+rights+for+black+Bermudians&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Farticle%2F20110616%2FISLAND11%2F706149914%2F-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill,_René2011" class="citation web cs1">Hill, René (15 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314000453/http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20110815/ISLAND02/708159968">"President aims to make West Indian Association more cohesive, responsive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Gazette_(Bermuda)" title="The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)">The Royal Gazette</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20110815/ISLAND02/708159968">the original</a> on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=President+aims+to+make+West+Indian+Association+more+cohesive%2C+responsive&rft.date=2011-08-15&rft.au=Hill%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Farticle%2F20110815%2FISLAND02%2F708159968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-royalgazette.com-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-royalgazette.com_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-royalgazette.com_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2012" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Ceola (24 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313195214/http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20120824/NEWS/708249993">"Tributes for icon of Bermuda's West Indian community"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Gazette_(Bermuda)" title="The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)">The Royal Gazette</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20120824/NEWS/708249993">the original</a> on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Tributes+for+icon+of+Bermuda%27s+West+Indian+community&rft.date=2012-08-24&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ceola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Farticle%2F20120824%2FNEWS%2F708249993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHainey1999" class="citation news cs1">Hainey, Raymond (1 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalgazette.com/other/business/article/20110208/patterson-tells-jamaicans-they-can-aid-their-country">"Patterson tells Jamaicans they can aid their country"</a>. The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Retrieved 23 July 2024. <q>Transport Minister Dr. Ewart Brown, who went to school in Jamaica, and had two Jamaican grandparents, said he hoped Mr. Patterson's visit, the first by a Jamaican PM, would put an end to strains in the relationship between Atlantic Bermuda and its Caribbean neighbours. Dr. Brown said: "Tonight perhaps we can put to rest our ambivalent and sometimes schizoid attitude to West Indians." He added that the only school named after a black teacher in Bermuda was Victor Scott – who was a Jamaican.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Patterson+tells+Jamaicans+they+can+aid+their+country&rft.date=1999-11-01&rft.aulast=Hainey&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Fother%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2F20110208%2Fpatterson-tells-jamaicans-they-can-aid-their-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20170723/new-bermuda-premier-miracle-baby">"New Bermuda premier a "miracle baby""</a>. The Gleaner. Jamaica. 23 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2024. <q>An older sister of Bermuda's new Premier David Burt says he was a "miracle baby" as their Jamaican mother, Merlin, suffered complications during her pregnancy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gleaner&rft.atitle=New+Bermuda+premier+a+%22miracle+baby%22&rft.date=2017-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F20170723%2Fnew-bermuda-premier-miracle-baby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalgazette.com/other/business/article/20110209/roban-happy-to-work-in-the-shadows-he-works-quietly-believing-in-the-gentle-art-of-persuasion-rat">"Roban: Happy to work in the shadows: He works quietly, believing in the gentle art of persuasion rather than decree. But, as Roger Crombie discovers, there"</a>. The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. 8 December 1998. Retrieved 15 August 2024. <q>Mr. Roban's father, Matthew Roban, came to Bermuda from St. Vincent and the Grenadines. He married Charlotte Pavey and the couple had two children, Walter and his sister Teresa Pavey Roban.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Roban%3A+Happy+to+work+in+the+shadows%3A+He+works+quietly%2C+believing+in+the+gentle+art+of+persuasion+rather+than+decree.+But%2C+as+Roger+Crombie+discovers%2C+there&rft.date=1998-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Fother%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2F20110209%2Froban-happy-to-work-in-the-shadows-he-works-quietly-believing-in-the-gentle-art-of-persuasion-rat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Kent2003" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Kent (15 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalgazette.com/other/article/20110203/roban-denies-that-plp-ran-a-racist-campaign">"Roban denies that PLP ran a racist campaign"</a>. The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Retrieved 15 August 2024. <q>He denied any PLP involvement with printed material that Mr. Swan said had appeared on sports club noticeboards and in the mail suggesting that UBP candidates were "carrying out the slavemaster's agenda". "Speaking as one of the campaign managers, I can say that no such material was produced by the PLP," said Mr. Roban. "This had nothing to do with the PLP. "Mr. Swan should be very careful about who he is aiming these accusations against. He seems to be accusing the people who operate these clubs. "Race plays a role in many aspects of Bermuda life and we are aware of that and deal with it with sensibility. We do not deal with it lightly, certainly not in a way that could abuse or insult people."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Roban+denies+that+PLP+ran+a+racist+campaign&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft.au=Jonathan+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Fother%2Farticle%2F20110203%2Froban-denies-that-plp-ran-a-racist-campaign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSékou_Hendrickson2024" class="citation news cs1">Sékou Hendrickson (15 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalgazette.com/politics/news/article/20240815/oba-leader-says-walter-robans-criticisms-are-worn-out">"OBA leader says Walter Roban's criticisms are worn-out"</a>. The Royal Gazette. 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He said: "To Bermuda, we in the OBA double our commitment to not act like this Progressive Labour Party Government, to simplify government and governing, to exist solely to serve the interests of others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Gazette&rft.atitle=OBA+leader+says+Walter+Roban%27s+criticisms+are+worn-out&rft.date=2024-08-15&rft.au=S%C3%A9kou+Hendrickson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F20240815%2Foba-leader-says-walter-robans-criticisms-are-worn-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCommissiong2020" class="citation web cs1">Commissiong, Rudolph Patrick (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panonthenet.com/upclose/1950s/rudolph-commissiong.htm">"Meet Rudolph Commissiong – a pioneer of steelband music – Arranger & Captain of Esso Dixie Stars – UpClose!"</a>. 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Double Agent. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-6795-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-6795-0"><bdi>978-1-4516-6795-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Double+Agent&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-6795-0&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGovernHarris2018" class="citation book cs1">McGovern, Terrance; Harris, Edward (2018). Defenses of Bermuda 1612–1995 (Fortress 112). New York: Osprey Publishing c/o Bloomsbury Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defenses+of+Bermuda+1612%E2%80%931995+%28Fortress+112%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing+c%2Fo+Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=McGovern&rft.aufirst=Terrance&rft.au=Harris%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRonnie1995" class="citation book cs1">Ronnie, Art (1995). Counterfeit Hero: Fritz Duquesne, Adventurer and Spy. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-733-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-733-3"><bdi>1-55750-733-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/605599179">605599179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counterfeit+Hero%3A+Fritz+Duquesne%2C+Adventurer+and+Spy&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F605599179&rft.isbn=1-55750-733-3&rft.aulast=Ronnie&rft.aufirst=Art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newamericandeskenewy00newy">"Bermuda"</a>. The New American Desk Encyclopedia (Third ed.). New York, NY: Signet. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-451-17566-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-451-17566-2"><bdi>0-451-17566-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bermuda&rft.btitle=The+New+American+Desk+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Signet&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-451-17566-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewamericandeskenewy00newy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Anonymous, but probably written by John Smith (1580–1631): The Historye of the Bermudaes or Summer Islands. University of Cambridge Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108011570" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108011570">978-1108011570</a>.</li> <li>Boultbee, Paul G., and David F. Raine. Bermuda. Oxford: ABC-Clio Press, 1998.</li> <li>Connell, John. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14662049408447675">"Britain's Caribbean colonies: The End of the Era of Decolonisation?"</a> (subscription required) The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 32(1), 87–106. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14662049408447675">10.1080/14662049408447675</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGloverDaniel_Blake_Smith2008" class="citation cs2">Glover, Lorri; Daniel Blake Smith (2008), The Shipwreck That Saved Jamestown: The Sea Venture Castaways and the Fate of America, New York: Henry Holt and Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805086546" title="Special:BookSources/9780805086546"><bdi>9780805086546</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/177818614">177818614</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shipwreck+That+Saved+Jamestown%3A+The+Sea+Venture+Castaways+and+the+Fate+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F177818614&rft.isbn=9780805086546&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Lorri&rft.au=Daniel+Blake+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABermuda" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Bermuda at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bermuda" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Bermuda">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bermuda" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Bermuda">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Bermuda" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Bermuda">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bermuda" class="extiw" title="q:Bermuda">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Bermuda" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Bermuda">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bermuda" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Bermuda">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bermuda" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Bermuda">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bermuda" class="extiw" title="voy:Bermuda">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23635" class="extiw" title="d:Q23635">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.bm/">Official website</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bermuda">Government of Bermuda</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gotobermuda.com/">Bermuda Tourism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bermuda.com/">Bermuda Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.bm/">Bermuda Parliament</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bermudachamber.bm/">Bermuda Chamber of commerce</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926195143/http://bermuda-online.org/forts.htm">Bermuda's British Army forts from 1609</a> (archived 26 September 2006)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/20px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/40px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Bermuda" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Bermuda">Wikimedia Atlas of Bermuda</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bermuda_articles583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bermuda</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Bermuda-related_articles" title="Index of Bermuda-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bermuda" title="History of Bermuda">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Bermuda" title="Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda">Hurricane strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Railway" title="Bermuda Railway">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_sloop" title="Bermuda sloop">Sloop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">Colonisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">London Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Venture" title="Sea Venture">Sea Venture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Somers" title="George Somers">George Somers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somers_Isles_Company" title="Somers Isles Company">Somers Isles Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Butler" title="Nathaniel Butler">Nathaniel Butler</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bermuda" title="Military of Bermuda">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Base_Command" title="Bermuda Base Command">Bermuda Base Command (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militias_1612%E2%80%931815" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militias 1612–1815">Militias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militia_1612%E2%80%931687" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militia 1612–1687">1612–1687</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militia_1687%E2%80%931813" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militia 1687–1813">1687–1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militia_1813" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militia 1813">1813</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station" title="North America and West Indies Station">North American Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force,_Bermuda_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Royal Air Force, Bermuda (1939–1945)">RAF in Bermuda during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USN_Submarine_Base,_Ordnance_Island,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="USN Submarine Base, Ordnance Island, Bermuda">USN Submarine Base, Ordnance Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda_Volunteer/Territorial_Army_Units_1895%E2%80%931965&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bermuda Volunteer/Territorial Army Units 1895–1965 (page does not exist)">Volunteer/Territorial Army Units 1895–1965</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bermuda" title="Geography of Bermuda">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Institute_of_Ocean_Sciences" title="Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences">Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Bermuda" title="List of islands of Bermuda">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_National_Trust" title="Bermuda National Trust">National Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spittal_Pond_Nature_Reserve" title="Spittal Pond Nature Reserve">Spittal Pond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Bermuda" title="Category:Environment of Bermuda">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Bermuda">Flora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_onion#Bermuda_onions" title="Sweet onion">Bermuda onion</a> (cultivated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarina" title="Casuarina">Casuarina</a> (invasive)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeodendron_laneanum" title="Elaeodendron laneanum">Elaeodendron laneanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_bermudiana" title="Juniperus bermudiana">Juniperus bermudiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilium_longiflorum" title="Lilium longiflorum">Lilium longiflorum</a> (cultivated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabal_bermudana" title="Sabal bermudana">Sabal bermudana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisyrinchium_bermudiana" title="Sisyrinchium bermudiana">Sisyrinchium bermudiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Bermuda">Fauna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_land_snail" title="Bermuda land snail">Bermuda land snail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_petrel" title="Bermuda petrel">Bermuda petrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rock_skink" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda rock skink">Bermuda rock skink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ground_dove" title="Common ground dove">Common ground dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_bluebird" title="Eastern bluebird">Eastern bluebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_catbird" title="Gray catbird">Gray catbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_kiskadee" title="Great kiskadee">Great kiskadee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">Humpback whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">Mourning dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_cardinal" title="Northern cardinal">Northern cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-eyed_vireo" title="White-eyed vireo">White-eyed vireo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird" title="White-tailed tropicbird">White-tailed tropicbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-crowned_night_heron" title="Yellow-crowned night heron">Yellow-crowned night heron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bermuda" title="List of schools in Bermuda">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Berkeley_Institute" title="The Berkeley Institute">Berkeley Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedarbridge_Academy" title="Cedarbridge Academy">Cedarbridge Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_High_School" title="Bermuda High School">Bermuda HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Institute" title="Bermuda Institute">Bermuda Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltus_Grammar_School" title="Saltus Grammar School">Saltus Grammar School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Academy" title="Warwick Academy">Warwick Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Tertiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_College" title="Bermuda College">Bermuda College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bermuda" title="Politics of Bermuda">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bermuda" title="Elections in Bermuda">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Police_Service" title="Bermuda Police Service">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bermuda">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bermuda" title="List of political parties in Bermuda">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Premiers_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Premiers of Bermuda">Premiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bermuda" title="Economy of Bermuda">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="ACE Limited">ACE Ltd.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_dollar" title="Bermudian dollar">Bermudian dollar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfield_Bank" title="Butterfield Bank">Butterfield Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity in Bermuda">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSBC_Bank_Bermuda" title="HSBC Bank Bermuda">HSBC Bank Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Industrial_Union" title="Bermuda Industrial Union">Industrial Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Monetary_Authority" title="Bermuda Monetary Authority">Monetary Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Public_Services_Association" title="Bermuda Public Services Association">Public Services Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Stock_Exchange" title="Bermuda Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bermuda" title="Transport in Bermuda">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XL_Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="XL Capital">XL Capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bermuda" title="Category:Society of Bermuda">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Bermuda" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Bermuda">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Places_of_interest_in_Bermuda" title="Places of interest in Bermuda">Places of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Causeway,_Bermuda" title="The Causeway, Bermuda">The Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fairmont_Hamilton_Princess" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fairmont Hamilton Princess">The Fairmont Hamilton Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Bermuda" title="Government House, Bermuda">Government House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton, Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Bermuda" title="List of lighthouses in Bermuda">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Bermuda" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda">Royal Naval Dockyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Bridge,_Bermuda" title="Somerset Bridge, Bermuda">Somerset Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Victoria Park, Hamilton, Bermuda">Victoria Park, Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Bermuda">Communications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Broadcasting" title="Bermuda Broadcasting">Bermuda Broadcasting Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Bermuda" title="List of newspapers in Bermuda">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Bermuda" title="Postal codes in Bermuda">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Bermuda" title="Television in Bermuda">TV stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bermuda" title="Culture of Bermuda">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bermuda" title="Architecture of Bermuda">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda" title="Coat of arms of Bermuda">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_cuisine" title="Bermudian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombey" title="Gombey">Gombey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_kite" title="Bermuda kite">Kites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bermuda" title="Public holidays in Bermuda">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Day" title="Bermuda Day">Bermuda Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_shorts" title="Bermuda shorts">Shorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_and_recreation_in_Bermuda" title="Sports and recreation in Bermuda">Sports and recreation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Bermuda">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Bermuda" title="Anglican Church of Bermuda">Anglican Church of Bermuda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Most_Holy_Trinity,_Bermuda" title="Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity, Bermuda">Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Hamilton_in_Bermuda" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda">Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Theresa_of_Lisieux" title="Cathedral of Saint Theresa of Lisieux">Cathedral of Saint Theresa of Lisieux</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bermuda" title="Outline of Bermuda">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Bermuda-related_articles" title="Index of Bermuda-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bermuda" title="Category:Bermuda">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Bermuda95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_North_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/20px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/40px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template talk:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries, territories and dependencies of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Sovereign Base Areas</a>. 2 Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd>Current territory</dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd>†Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> 1177–1542</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> 1542–1800 (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">integrated into the UK</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li>†Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>23 since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a>13 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>15 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>23 since 1658</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a>12 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>14 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a>13 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>23 since 1816</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>12Now †<a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li>13<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of †<a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of †<a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li>14<a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li>15Now †<a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)26</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>18 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malacca">Malacca</a> 1824–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malacca" title="Crown Colony of Malacca">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>19 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>19 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Penang" title="Crown Colony of Penang">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>18Now †<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, †<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and †<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li>19<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li>26Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bermuda</a> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>20 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a>21 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a>20 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a>20 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a>22 1892–1979</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a>20 1900–1974</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>20Now part of the †<a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li>21Now †<a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li>22Now †<a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and †*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a>4 1670–1688</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>5 since 1833</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>5 since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>4Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li>5Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>23 since 1658</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>23 since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>23 since 1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> since 1833</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> (transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>) 1841–1933</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> (transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>) 1841–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a>24 since 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>25 since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>23Since 2009 part of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li>24Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li>25Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outlying_territories_of_European_countries315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template talk:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outlying_territories_of_European_countries315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Outlying territories of European countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Territories under European <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see <a href="/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries#Inclusion_criteria" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries">inclusion criteria</a> for further information).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_and_Amsterdam_Islands" title="Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands">Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam"> Amsterdam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul"> Saint Paul Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassas_da_India" title="Bassas da India">Bassas da India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Island" title="Europa Island">Europa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Islands" title="Glorioso Islands">Glorioso Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banc_du_Geyser" title="Banc du Geyser"> Geyser Shoal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Nova_Island" title="Juan de Nova Island">Juan de Nova Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromelin_Island" title="Tromelin Island">Tromelin Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_Soberan%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Plazas de Soberanía">Plazas de Soberanía</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands" title="Alhucemas Islands">Alhucemas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velez_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Velez Islands">Velez Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)534" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" title="Template:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" title="Template talk:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)534" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Caribbean_Community" title="Secretariat of the Caribbean Community">Secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Caribbean_Community" title="Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community">Secretary-General</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Free_Trade_Association" title="Caribbean Free Trade Association">Caribbean Free Trade Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaguaramas" title="Treaty of Chaguaramas">Treaty of Chaguaramas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">Single Market and Economy (CSME)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Caribbean_Community" title="Flag of the Caribbean Community"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/120px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/250px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/40px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/60px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/120px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Meteorological_Organisation" title="Caribbean Meteorological Organisation">Caribbean Meteorological Organisation (CMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fund_for_Commodities" title="Common Fund for Commodities">Common Fund for Commodities (CFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Court of Justice (CCJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Disaster_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency">Disaster Emergency Management (CDEMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Examinations_Council" title="Caribbean Examinations Council">Examinations Council (CXC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Institute_for_Meteorology_and_Hydrology" title="Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology">Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Public Health Agency (CARPHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">Single Market and Economy (CSME)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CARIFORUM" title="CARIFORUM">CARIFORUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Member of the Community but not of the <a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">CARICOM Single Market and Economy</a> (CSME)</li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British overseas territory</a> awaiting entrustment to join the CSME</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world69" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority236"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language161"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23635#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1739" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23635#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1739" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23635#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126599932">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206531/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhrYVTfQtMgXb8KghHHmd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4005759-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79115394">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128751&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX453621">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007552619805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/df3bbd94-6a4c-3fc3-bb6e-cd701623db8a">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/6d219093-02b3-4bdd-9444-cc56e0585f98">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/2qRZ0vvQ">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027237362">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFGozney2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrady,_F.V.Olson,_S.L.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHainey1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannauZuill1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill,_René2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornc._2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowes,_James2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJJill_B._Gaieski,1_Amanda_C._Owings,1_Miguel_G._Vilar,1_Matthew_C._Dulik,1_David_F._Gaieski,2_Rachel_M._Gittelman,1_John_Lindo,1_Lydia_Gau,1_Theodore_G._Schurr1*,_and_The_Genographic_Consortium_(1_=_Department_of_Anthropology,_University_of_Pennsylvania,_Philadelphia,_PA_19104;_2_=_Department_of_Emergency_Medicine,_Hospital_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania,_Philadelphia,_PA_19104)2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarvis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Kent2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones,_Simon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevan1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalid_al_Wasi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonkina2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLefroy1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLidher2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinHanscomMurthyGalli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGovernHarris2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeggs,_Martin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMercerCollins1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMercerCollins1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorison1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholls2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Kane,_Caitlin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaquet1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearsall2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPethen,_Valarie1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiper2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRigby1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonnie1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoseGilbertOuterbridgeMorales2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRushe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRybeck\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShorto2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithBreen2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSmithVarnava2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStark1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStockdale1784\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStovell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrangeways2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrangeways2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSékou_Hendrickson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVacherRowe1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarwick2007\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiral2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFindexed_by_A._C._Hollis_Hallett._Updated_by:_C._F._E._Hollis_Hallett2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFkbsmith2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFla_Huta2019\"] = 1,\n [\"Edward\"] = 1,\n [\"Terms_of_Union\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 5,\n [\"Bermuda topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"British dependencies\"] = 1,\n [\"British overseas territories\"] = 1,\n [\"CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Caribbean Community (CARICOM)\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed span\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Hansard\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite executive order\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 51,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 125,\n [\"Convert\"] = 13,\n [\"Coord\"] = 3,\n [\"Countries of North America\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 16,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"English official language clickable map\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Grey\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox dependency\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 19,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Outlying territories of European countries\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"SS\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 2,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-9f8bf677c-wqpxg","timestamp":"20250408095752","ttl":1951336,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bermuda","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bermuda","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q23635","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q23635","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-04-22T00:40:07Z","dateModified":"2025-04-03T14:30:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bf\/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg","headline":"British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean"}</script> </body> </html>