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<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <head> <title>Tangut script and language</title> <meta name="description" content="Information about the Tangut script, which was modelled on the Chinese script and was used until the 16th century to write Xīxià (Hsihsia), an extinct Sino-Tibetan language" />  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WB7PSHBG');</script>  <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.omniglot.com/images/logos/omniglot_thumbnail.jpg" /> <meta property="og:type" content="https://www.facebook.com/pg/Omniglot-100430558332117/posts/" /> <link href="/styles/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script src="https://the.gatekeeperconsent.com/cmp.min.js" data-cfasync="false"></script> <script async src="//www.ezojs.com/ezoic/sa.min.js"></script> <script> window.ezstandalone = window.ezstandalone || {}; ezstandalone.cmd = ezstandalone.cmd || []; </script></head> <body> <div id="header">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WB7PSHBG" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <p><a href="/index.htm"><img src="/images/logos/header_omniglot.png" width="600" height="70" alt="Omniglot - the online encyclopedia of writing systems & languages" /></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="/index.htm">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/index.htm">Alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/conscripts/index.htm">Constructed scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/languages.htm">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/language/phrases/phraseindex.htm">Phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/language/numbers/index.htm">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/language/ml.htm">Multilingual Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/search.htm">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/news/index.htm">News</a></li> <li><a href="/about.htm">About</a></li> <li><a href="/contact.htm">Contact</a></li> </ul></div> <div id="bodybox"> <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-162"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(162); }); </script><div id="body"> <h1>Tangut <img src="../images/langnames/nm_tangut.gif" width="58" height="139" class="rightfloat" alt="Tangut (𗙏𘙰)" /></h1> <p>The Tangut script was modelled on the <a href="../chinese/index.htm">Chinese</a> and <a href="khitan.htm">Khitan</a> scripts. It was apparently devised by one 'Teacher Iri' in 1037 and was used for the translation of Buddhist texts from Sanskrit and other languages. It was used until the 16th century - the most recent known inscription in the Tangut script dates to 1502. </p> <p>The Tangut script was deciphered with help from a Chinese-Tangut glossary put together by the Chinese diplomatic service during the 12th century. Many scholars have worked on the decipherment of Tangut, including Nikolai Aleksandrovich Nevsky (Николай Александрович Невский) (1892–1937), who compiled a Tangut Dictionary and made it possible to read Tangut texts thanks to his work on reconstructing Tangut grammatical particles. While it is possible to make some sense of Tangut, current understanding of the language is imperfect, particularly of its syntax. </p> <p>There are some 10,000 volumes of manuscripts in Tangut, the majority of which are Buddhist texts, legal documents and law codes dating from between the mid-11th century and the early 13th century. There are also Confucian classics and original works in Tangut. </p> <h2>Notable features</h2> <ul> <li><a href="types.htm">Type of writing system</a>: <a href="semanto-phonetic.php">semanto-phonetic</a></li> <li><a href="direction.htm">Writing direction</a>: right to left in vertical colums</li> <li>Number of characters: about 6,600</li> <li>The Tangut characters represent meanings and sounds, though only about 10% of them are thought to include a phonetic element. </li> </ul> <h3>Used to write</h3> <p>Tangut (𗼇𗟲 / Xi-Xia), an extinct member of the Qiangic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language that was spoken in the Tangut kingdom in north-western China until about the 16th century. Tangut was one of the official languages of the Western Xia Dynasty, which became independent from the Song Dynasty and the start of the 11th century and disappeared after Mongols led by Genghis Khan invaded in 1226. </p> <h2>Tangut phonology (in the IPA)</h2> <p><img src="../images/writing/tangut_phonology.gif" width="462" height="267" alt="Tangut phonology (in the IPA)" /> </p> <h2>Some words in Tangut</h2> <p><img src="../images/writing/tangut_words.gif" width="585" height="764" alt="Some words in Tangut" /> </p> <p><strong>Note</strong>: I think the numbers represent tones: Tangut had two tones (flat and rising). </p> <p><em>Source: <a href="http://teacher.wtuc.edu.tw/92029/html/tangut/tangutdic2.htm">http://teacher.wtuc.edu.tw/92029/html/tangut/tangutdic2.htm</a></em> </p> <h2>Sample text in Tangut (Lotus Sutra)</h2> <p><img src="../images/langsamples/smp_tangut.gif" width="465" height="599" alt="Sample Tangut characters"> </p> <p><em>Source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut</a></em> </p> <h2>Sample video in Tangut</h2> <div class="intrinsic-container intrinsic-container-16x9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nS4IlqNqp38" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <h2>Links</h2> <p>Information about the Tangut script, language and people<br /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut_script">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut_script</a><br /> <a href="http://babelstone.blogspot.com/search/label/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E6%96%87">http://babelstone.blogspot.com/search/label/西夏文</a><br /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut_language">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut_language</a><br /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut</a><br /> <a href="http://teacher.wtuc.edu.tw/92029/html/tangut/index.html">http://teacher.wtuc.edu.tw/92029/html/tangut/index.html</a> </p> <p>Free fonts containing Tangut characters can be found at:<br /> <a href="http://www.mojikyo.org">http://www.mojikyo.org</a> </p> <p>Tangut font and dictionary (in Japanese)<br /> <a href="http://teacher.wtuc.edu.tw/~92029/html/tangut/fdawnload.htm">http://teacher.wtuc.edu.tw/~92029/html/tangut/fdawnload.htm</a> </p> <h3>Qiangic languages</h3> <p><a href="/writing/norhernqiang.htm">Northern Qiang</a>, <a href="/writing/pumi.htm">Pumi</a>, <a href="/writing/southernqiang.htm">Southern Qiang</a>, <a href="/writing/tangut.htm">Tangut</a></p> <h2><a href="/writing/semanto-phonetic.php">Semanto-phonetic writing systems</a></h2> <p><a href="/writing/akkadian.htm">Akkadian Cuneiform</a>, <a href="/writing/egyptian_demotic.htm">Ancient Egyptian (Demotic)</a>, <a href="/writing/egyptian_hieratic.htm">Ancient Egyptian (Hieratic)</a>, <a href="/writing/egyptian.htm">Ancient Egyptian (Hieroglyphs)</a>, <a href="/chinese/index.htm">Chinese</a>, <a href="/writing/chunom.htm">Chữ-nôm</a>, <a href="/writing/cuneiform.htm">Cuneiform</a>, <a href="/writing/japanese.htm">Japanese</a>, <a href="/writing/jurchen.htm">Jurchen</a>, <a href="/writing/khitan.htm">Khitan</a>, <a href="/writing/linearb.htm">Linear B</a>, <a href="/writing/luwian.htm">Luwian</a>, <a href="/writing/mayan.htm">Mayan</a>, <a href="/writing/naxi.htm">Naxi</a>, <a href="/writing/zhuang.htm">Sawndip (Old Zhuang)</a>, <a href="/writing/sui.htm">Sui</a>, <a href="/writing/sumerian.htm">Sumerian Cuneiform</a>, <a href="/writing/tangut.htm">Tangut (Hsihsia)</a></p> <p><a href="/writing/index.htm">Other writing systems</a> </p> <p><em>Page last modified: 15.03.23</em> </p> <p class="right"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.buymeacoffee.com/1.0.0/button.prod.min.js" data-name="bmc-button" data-slug="omniglot" data-color="#FFDD00" data-emoji="" data-font="Cookie" data-text="Buy me a coffee" data-outline-color="#000000" data-font-color="#000000" data-coffee-color="#ffffff"></script> </p> <p class="right">[<a href="#top">top</a>] </p> <hr /> <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-171"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(171); 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