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id="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations_and_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations_and_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Organizations and people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations_and_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>From the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>From the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nonviolent resistance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مقاومة سلمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقاومة سلمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Негвалтоўнае супраціўленне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Негвалтоўнае супраціўленне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resist%C3%A8ncia_no-violenta" title="Resistència no-violenta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Resistència no-violenta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikke-voldelig_modstand" title="Ikke-voldelig modstand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ikke-voldelig modstand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewaltfreie_Aktion" title="Gewaltfreie Aktion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gewaltfreie Aktion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistencia_no_violenta" title="Resistencia no violenta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Resistencia no violenta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neperforta_rezisto" title="Neperforta rezisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neperforta rezisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indarkeria_ez_aktibo" title="Indarkeria ez aktibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indarkeria ez aktibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مقاومت بدون خشونت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقاومت بدون خشونت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9sistance_non_violente" title="Résistance non violente – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Résistance non violente" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistencia_non_violenta" title="Resistencia non violenta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Resistencia non violenta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%8F%AD%EB%A0%A5_%EC%A0%80%ED%95%AD" title="비폭력 저항 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비폭력 저항" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%B9_%D5%A2%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ոչ բռնի դիմադրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ոչ բռնի դիմադրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7" title="अहिंसक प्रतिरोध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अहिंसक प्रतिरोध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenasilni_otpor" title="Nenasilni otpor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nenasilni otpor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlawanan_tanpa_kekerasan" title="Perlawanan tanpa kekerasan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perlawanan tanpa kekerasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistenza_nonviolenta" title="Resistenza nonviolenta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Resistenza nonviolenta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="התנגדות בלתי אלימה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התנגדות בלתי אלימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevardarb%C4%ABga_preto%C5%A1an%C4%81s" title="Nevardarbīga pretošanās – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nevardarbīga pretošanās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अहिंसक प्रतिकार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अहिंसक प्रतिकार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хүчирхийлэлгүй эсэргүүцэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүчирхийлэлгүй эсэргүүцэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikkevoldelig_motstand" title="Ikkevoldelig motstand – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ikkevoldelig motstand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="له تشدد پرته مقاومت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="له تشدد پرته مقاومت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bierny_op%C3%B3r_(nauki_polityczne)" title="Bierny opór (nauki polityczne) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bierny opór (nauki polityczne)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resist%C3%AAncia_n%C3%A3o_violenta" title="Resistência não violenta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Resistência não violenta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Ненасильственное сопротивление – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ненасильственное сопротивление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenasilni_otpor" title="Nenasilni otpor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nenasilni otpor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenasilni_otpor" title="Nenasilni otpor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nenasilni otpor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4kivallaton_vastarinta" title="Väkivallaton vastarinta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Väkivallaton vastarinta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredligt_motst%C3%A5nd" title="Fredligt motstånd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fredligt motstånd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8" title="అహింసాత్మక ప్రతిఘటన – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అహింసాత్మక ప్రతిఘటన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D3%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Муқовимати ғайризӯроварӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муқовимати ғайризӯроварӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eiddetsiz_direni%C5%9F" title="Şiddetsiz direniş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şiddetsiz direniş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80" title="Ненасильницький опір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ненасильницький опір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A5u_tranh_b%E1%BA%A5t_b%E1%BA%A1o_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng" title="Đấu tranh bất bạo động – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đấu tranh bất bạo động" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97" title="非暴力抵抗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Act of protest through nonviolent means</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Salt_March.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gandhi_Salt_March.jpg/250px-Gandhi_Salt_March.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gandhi_Salt_March.jpg/375px-Gandhi_Salt_March.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gandhi_Salt_March.jpg/500px-Gandhi_Salt_March.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Salt_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Satyagraha">Salt March</a> on March 12, 1930</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamdem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vietnamdem.jpg/250px-Vietnamdem.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vietnamdem.jpg/375px-Vietnamdem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vietnamdem.jpg/500px-Vietnamdem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>A demonstrator offers a flower to military police at a <a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a>-sponsored protest in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, on October 21, 1967.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Non-violent_resistance_during_the_No_NATO_protests,_Chicago,_May_20,_2012_(7245658490).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Non-violent_resistance_during_the_No_NATO_protests%2C_Chicago%2C_May_20%2C_2012_%287245658490%29.jpg/250px-Non-violent_resistance_during_the_No_NATO_protests%2C_Chicago%2C_May_20%2C_2012_%287245658490%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Non-violent_resistance_during_the_No_NATO_protests%2C_Chicago%2C_May_20%2C_2012_%287245658490%29.jpg/375px-Non-violent_resistance_during_the_No_NATO_protests%2C_Chicago%2C_May_20%2C_2012_%287245658490%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Non-violent_resistance_during_the_No_NATO_protests%2C_Chicago%2C_May_20%2C_2012_%287245658490%29.jpg/500px-Non-violent_resistance_during_the_No_NATO_protests%2C_Chicago%2C_May_20%2C_2012_%287245658490%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3536" data-file-height="2476" /></a><figcaption>A "No NATO" protester in Chicago, in front of police, 2012</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nonviolent resistance</b>, or <b>nonviolent action</b>, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a>, is the practice of achieving <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">goals</a> such as social change through <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, economic or political noncooperation, <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagraha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constructive_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructive program">constructive program</a>, or other methods, while <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">refraining from violence and the threat of violence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of action highlights the desires of an individual or group that feels that something needs to change to improve the current condition of the resisting person or group. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> is the most popular figure related to this type of protest; <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> celebrates Gandhi's birthday, October 2, as the <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a>. Other prominent advocates include <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Etienne de la Boétie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Te_Whiti_o_Rongomai" title="Te Whiti o Rongomai">Te Whiti o Rongomai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tohu_K%C4%81kahi" title="Tohu Kākahi">Tohu Kākahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Berrigan" title="Daniel Berrigan">Daniel Berrigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Berrigan" title="Philip Berrigan">Philip Berrigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Sharp" title="Gene Sharp">Gene Sharp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">Jose Rizal</a>, and many others. From 1966 to 1999, nonviolent civic resistance played a critical role in fifty of sixty-seven transitions from <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing revolution</a>" (1989–1991) in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, led to the three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic countries">Baltic countries</a>' restoration of independence from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1991 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Dissolution of USSR in December 1991 did not involve the Baltic States (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Recently, nonviolent resistance has led to the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. Research shows that nonviolent campaigns diffuse spatially. Information on nonviolent resistance in one country could significantly affect nonviolent activism in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many movements which promote philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> have pragmatically adopted the methods of nonviolent action as an effective way to achieve social or <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> goals.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They employ nonviolent resistance tactics such as: <a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">information warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picketing_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Picketing (protest)">picketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (protest)">marches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">vigils</a>, leafletting, <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnitizdat" title="Magnitizdat">magnitizdat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagraha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protest_art" title="Protest art">protest art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">protest music</a> and poetry, community education and <a href="/wiki/Consciousness_raising" title="Consciousness raising">consciousness raising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">tax resistance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">sanctions</a>, legal/diplomatic wrestling, <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroads</a>, principled refusal of awards/honors, and <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strikes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current nonviolent resistance movements include: the <a href="/wiki/Jeans_Revolution" title="Jeans Revolution">Jeans Revolution</a> in Belarus, the fight of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_dissidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban dissidents">Cuban dissidents</a>, and internationally the <a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a> and <a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a>. </p><p>Although nonviolent movements can maintain broader public legitimacy by refraining from violence, some segments of society may perceive protest movements as being more violent than they really are when they disagree with the social goals of the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great deal of work has addressed the factors that lead to violent mobilization, but less attention has been paid to understanding why disputes become violent or nonviolent, comparing these two as strategic choices relative to conventional politics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonviolent_resistance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Dates </th> <th>Region </th> <th>Main article </th> <th>Summary </th> <th>Refs </th></tr> <tr> <td>BCE 470–391 </td> <td>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Mohist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohist">Mohist</a> philosophical school disapproved of war. However, since they lived in a time of warring polities, they cultivated the science of <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Around CE 26–36 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> demonstrated in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> to try to convince <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> not to set up <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> standards, with images of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> and the eagle of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (both images were considered <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatrous</a> by religious Jews). Pilate surrounded the Jewish protesters with soldiers and threatened them with death, to which they replied that they were willing to die rather than see the laws of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> violated. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Before <span class="nowrap">1500–1835</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>, New Zealand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moriori_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriori people">Moriori</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Moriori_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriori people">Moriori</a> were a branch of the New Zealand <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> that colonized the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> and eventually became <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>. Their lack of resources and small population made <a href="/wiki/Conventional_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional war">conventional war</a> unsustainable, so it became customary to resolve disputes nonviolently or <a href="/wiki/Championship" title="Championship">ritually</a>. Due to this tradition of nonviolence, the entire population of 2000 people was enslaved, killed or cannibalized when 900 Māori invaded the island in 1835. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1819 </td> <td>England </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peterloo_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterloo massacre">Peterloo massacre</a> </td> <td>Famine and chronic unemployment, coupled with the lack of <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">northern England</a>, led to a peaceful demonstration of 60,000–80,000 persons, including women and children. The demonstration was organized and rehearsed, with a "prohibition of all weapons of offence or defence" and exhortations to come "armed with no other weapon but that of a self-approving conscience". <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> charged into the crowd, with <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabres</a> drawn, and in the ensuing confusion, 15 people were killed and 400–700 were injured. Newspapers expressed horror, and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Shelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Shelley">Percy Shelley</a> glorified nonviolent resistance in the poem <a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Masque of Anarchy</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> cracked down on reform, with the passing of what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Six_Acts" title="Six Acts">Six Acts</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1823–1829 </td> <td>Ireland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Association" title="Catholic Association">Catholic Association</a> </td> <td>One of the first mass-membership political movements of Europe, the Catholic Association, was founded by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a> to use nonviolent means to push the British government to pass Catholic emancipation, which culminated in the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829</a> by the government of <a href="/wiki/The_Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="The Duke of Wellington">the Duke of Wellington</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1834–1838 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#End_of_slavery" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">End of Slavery in Trinidad</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>, then the colonial power in Trinidad, first announced in 1833 the impending total <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">liberation of slaves</a> by 1840. In 1834 at an address by the Governor at Government House about the new laws, an unarmed group of mainly elderly people of African descent began chanting: "Pas de six ans. Point de six ans" ("No six years. Not at all six years"), drowning out the voice of the Governor. Peaceful protests continued until the passing of a resolution to abolish apprenticeship and the achievement of de facto freedom. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1838 </td> <td>US </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_removal" title="Cherokee removal">Cherokee removal</a> </td> <td>The majority of <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> refused to recognize the minority-promulgated <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota" title="Treaty of New Echota">Treaty of New Echota</a> and therefore did not sell their livestock or goods, and did not pack anything to travel to the west before the soldiers came and forcibly removed them. That ended tragically in the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_trail_of_tears" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee trail of tears">Cherokee trail of tears</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848–1920 </td> <td>US </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a> </td> <td>A political movement that spanned over a century, where women protested in order to receive the right to suffrage in the United States. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1849–1867 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Passive_Resistance_(Hungary)" title="Passive Resistance (Hungary)">Passive Resistance (Hungary)</a> </td> <td>In the failed <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a>, the Hungarians tried to regain independence and were defeated by the Austrian Empire only with the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. After 1848, the empire instituted several constitutional reforms, trying to resolve the problem, but without success. The resistance was instrumental in keeping up hope and spirit in a Hungary fully incorporated into Austria and characterized by reprisals against political dissidents, thousands of treason trials, military governance, centralization, absolutism, censorship and direct control of Vienna over every aspect of public life. Their followers carefully avoided any political agitation or criticism of the establishment, and strictly concentrated on national issues of non-political nature, such as the use of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a>, development of the Hungarian economy, and protection of the legal standing of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Hungarian Academy of Sciences">Hungarian Academy of Sciences</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1867–1918 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Czech_Party" title="Old Czech Party">Old Czech Party</a> </td> <td>Passive resistance of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Czech_Party" title="Old Czech Party">Old Czech Party</a> reacted on autonomy gained to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, but not to the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. After 1874, wing of the party disagreeing with passive resistance stance, formed new <a href="/wiki/Young_Czech_Party" title="Young Czech Party">Young Czech Party</a>. Old Czechs remained with their politics, but they lost decisive influence in the politics of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860–1894, 1915–1918 </td> <td>New Zealand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Tainui-Waikato</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori King">Māori King</a> <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81whiao" title="Tāwhiao">Tāwhiao</a> forbade <a href="/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a> Māori using violence in the face of British <a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">colonisation</a>, saying in 1881, "The killing of men must stop; the destruction of land must stop. I shall bury my patu in the earth and it shall not rise again ... Waikato, lie down. Do not allow blood to flow from this time on." This was inspirational to Waikato Māori who refused to fight in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. In response, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">government</a> brought in <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> for the Tainui-Waikato people (other Māori <a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a> were exempt) but they continued to resist, the majority of conscripts choosing to suffer harsh military punishments rather than join the army. For the duration of the war, no Tainui soldiers were sent overseas. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1879–1881 </td> <td>New Zealand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parihaka" title="Parihaka">Parihaka</a> </td> <td>The Māori village of <a href="/wiki/Parihaka" title="Parihaka">Parihaka</a> became the center of passive resistance campaigns against Europeans occupying confiscated land in the area. More than 400 followers of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Te_Whiti_o_Rongomai" title="Te Whiti o Rongomai">Te Whiti o Rongomai</a> were arrested and jailed, most without trial. Sentences as long as 16 months were handed out for the acts of ploughing land and erecting fences on their property. More than 2000 inhabitants remained seated when 1600 armed soldiers raided and destroyed the village. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Cowan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1879 </td> <td>Ireland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a> </td> <td>Irish nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a>, in a speech in <a href="/wiki/Ennis" title="Ennis">Ennis</a> proposed that when dealing with tenants who took farms where another tenant was evicted, rather than resorting to violence, everyone in the locality should shun them. Following this Captain <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boycott" title="Charles Boycott">Charles Boycott</a>, the land agent of an absentee landlord in <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">County Mayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, was subject to social <a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">ostracism</a> organized by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Land League">Irish Land League</a> in 1880. Boycott attempted to evict eleven tenants from his land. While Parnell's speech did not refer to land agents or landlords, the tactic was applied to Boycott when the alarm was raised about the evictions. Despite the short-term economic hardship to those undertaking this action, Boycott soon found himself isolated – his workers stopped work in the fields and stables, as well as in his house. Local businessmen stopped trading with him, and the local postman refused to deliver mail. The success of this led to the movement spreading throughout Ireland and gave rise to the term to <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a>, and eventually led to legal reform and increased support for Irish independence.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903–1906 </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>Protest against the <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1902" title="Education Act 1902">Education Act 1902</a> </td> <td>This civil disobedience movement was launched against the <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1902" title="Education Act 1902">Education Act 1902</a> to defend the rights and influence of <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> denominations in British school boards. Nonconformists believed this law to be calculated to support denominational (mainly <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>) religious teaching in the schools. <a href="/wiki/John_Clifford_(minister)" title="John Clifford (minister)">John Clifford</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">baptist</a> <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a>, led the movement, which consisted in refusing to pay the taxes established by the <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1902" title="Education Act 1902">Education Act 1902</a>. By 1906, over 170 men had been imprisoned for this refusal, and yet no change to the law was made.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement had a large share in the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Balfour Ministry">Unionist government</a> in <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">January 1906</a> but failed to achieve its ultimate aim of getting a nondenominational act passed. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1905 </td> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1905)" title="Bloody Sunday (1905)">Bloody Sunday (1905)</a> </td> <td>Unarmed demonstrators led by Father Georgy Gapon marched to the Winter Palace to present a petition to the Czar. They were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908–1962 </td> <td>Samoa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Mau movement</a> </td> <td>Nonviolent movement for Samoan independence from colonial rule in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919. 2.8, 3.1 </td> <td>Korea </td> <td><a href="/wiki/March_1st_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1st Movement">March 1st Movement</a> </td> <td>This movement became the inspiration of the later <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a>—resistance and many other nonviolent movements in Asia. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">1919–22 </span> </td> <td>Egypt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1919">Egyptian Revolution of 1919</a> </td> <td>A countrywide revolution against the <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="British occupation of Egypt">British occupation of Egypt</a>. It was carried out by Egyptians from different walks of life in the wake of the British-ordered <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> of revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Saad_Zaghlul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saad Zaghlul">Saad Zaghlul</a> and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Wafd_Party" title="Wafd Party">Wafd Party</a> in 1919. The event led to Egyptian independence in 1922 and the implementation of a new <a href="/wiki/1923_Constitution_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="1923 Constitution of Egypt">constitution in 1923</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919–1921 </td> <td>Ireland </td> <td>Irish Non-cooperation movement </td> <td>During the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_for_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish War for Independence">Irish War for Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalists</a> used many nonviolent means to resist <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British rule</a>. Amongst these was <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">abstention</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British parliament">British parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">tax boycotts</a>, and the creation of alternative local government, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_Courts" title="Dáil Courts">Dáil Courts</a>, and police. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919–present </td> <td>Israel/Palestine </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestinian_non-violent_resistance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palestinian non-violent resistance (page does not exist)">Palestinian nonviolent resistance</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camps</a> and strategic nonviolent resistance to Israeli construction of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Jewish settlements</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_Barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank Barrier">West Bank Barrier</a> have been adopted as tactics by Palestinians as part of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>. For example, citizens of the Palestinian village of <a href="/wiki/Beit_Sahour" title="Beit Sahour">Beit Sahour</a> engaged in a tax strike during the First Intifada. <p>In 2010, A "White Intifada" took hold in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. Activities included weekly peaceful protests by Palestinian activists accompanied by Israeli human rights organization <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a> and Israeli academics and students against settlers and security forces. The EU, through its foreign policy chief <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ashton" title="Catherine Ashton">Catherine Ashton</a> has criticised Israel for convicting an organiser of the peaceful movement and said that she was deeply concerned about the arrest of Abdullah Abu Rahmeh. There have been two fatalities among protesters and an American peace activist suffered brain damage after being hit by a tear gas canister. </p> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920–1922 </td> <td>India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1909%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)">Non-cooperation movement</a> </td> <td>A series of nationwide people's movements of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, led by <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</a> (Mahatma Gandhi) and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. In addition to bringing about independence, Gandhi's nonviolence also helped improve the status of the <a href="/wiki/Dalit_(outcaste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalit (outcaste)">Untouchables</a> in Indian society.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929-1946 </td> <td>Pakistan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a> (Servants of God) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a> along with his companions established an organization among Pashtun in the <a href="/wiki/North_Western_Frontier_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="North Western Frontier Province">North Western Frontier Province</a> and called it <a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a> (Servants of God). The organization recruited over 250,000 unarmed members. They committed daily two hours community service and practiced nonviolence resistance to British Raj occupation. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920–1925 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akali_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Akali Movement">Akali Movement</a> </td> <td>Peaceful movement to free <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwaras</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mahant" title="Mahant">Mahants</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1923 </td> <td>Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">The Occupation of the Ruhr</a> </td> <td>With the aim of occupying the centre of German coal, iron, and steel production in the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr valley">Ruhr valley</a>, France invaded Germany for neglecting some of its reparation payments after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">occupation of the Ruhr</a> was initially greeted by a campaign of passive resistance. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930–1934 </td> <td>India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil disobedience movement">Civil disobedience movement</a> </td> <td>Nonviolent resistance marked by rejecting British imposed taxes, boycotting British manufactured products and mass strikes, led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) and the Indian National Congress. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933–1945 </td> <td>Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German Resistance</a> </td> <td>Throughout <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, there were a series of small and usually isolated groups that used nonviolent techniques against the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>. These groups include the <a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional Church">Confessional Church</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940–1943 </td> <td>Denmark </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Danish resistance movement</a> </td> <td>During World War II, after the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>, the Danish government adopted a policy of official co-operation (and unofficial obstruction) which they called "negotiation under protest." Embraced by many Danes, the unofficial resistance included slow production, emphatic celebration of Danish culture and history, and bureaucratic quagmires. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940–1944 </td> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a> Jewish refuge </td> <td>During World War II, with the leadership of two <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> local ministers <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Trocm%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="André Trocmé">André Trocmé</a> and Edouard Theis, the citizens of the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon (and of the neighbouring areas) risked their lives to hide Jews who were being rounded up by the Nazis and the collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Vichy_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy regime">Vichy regime</a> and sent to the <a href="/wiki/Death_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Death camp">death camps</a>. This was done in open defiance of the Vichy government's orders. It is estimated that the people of the area of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon saved between 3,000 and 5,000 Jews from certain death. A small garden and plaque on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> memorial to the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> in Israel was dedicated to the people of le Chambon-sur-Lignon. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940–1945 </td> <td>Norway </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norwegian resistance movement</a> </td> <td>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Norwegian civil disobedience included preventing the <a href="/wiki/Nazification" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazification">Nazification</a> of Norway's educational system, distributing of illegal newspapers, and maintaining social distance (an "ice front") from the German soldiers. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942 </td> <td>India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a> (<i>Bharat Chhodo Andolan</i> or the August Movement) was a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in response to Mohandas Gandhi's call for immediate independence. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945–1971 </td> <td>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_South_African_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal resistance to South African apartheid">Internal resistance to South African apartheid</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a> and allied <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_South_African_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal resistance to South African apartheid">anti-apartheid</a> groups initially carried out nonviolent resistance against pro-<a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> governments in South Africa. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946–1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Democratic_Revolution_of_1954" title="Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954">Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954</a> </td> <td>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strikes</a> were initiated by the large <a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">working poor</a> against <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> under Hawaii's <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">plantation economy</a>. Movement members took over most of the government in 1954 and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Hawaii">State of Hawaii</a> was established in 1959. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955–1968 </td> <td>USA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Chicano_Movement" title="Chicano Movement">Chicano Movement</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">Mass anti-war protests in the United States</a> </td> <td>Tactics of nonviolent resistance, such as bus boycotts, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_march" class="mw-redirect" title="Selma to Montgomery march">marches</a>, and mass demonstrations, were used during the Civil Rights Movement. This movement succeeded in bringing about legislative change, making separate seats, drinking fountains, and schools for African Americans illegal, and obtaining full <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Open_Housing_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Open Housing Movement">open housing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.">Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a> were prominent leaders of this movement, and were inspired by the nonviolent resistance of Gandhi. One study found that nonviolent activism of the era tended to produce favorable media coverage and changes in public opinion focusing on the issues organizers were raising, but violent protests tended to generate unfavorable media coverage that generated public desire to restore law and order.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957–present </td> <td>USA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Non-Violent_Action" title="Committee for Non-Violent Action">Committee for Non-Violent Action</a> </td> <td>Among the most dedicated to nonviolent resistance against the US arsenal of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> has been the <a href="/wiki/Plowshares_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Plowshares Movement">Plowshares Movement</a>, consisting largely of <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> priests, such as <a href="/wiki/Dan_Berrigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Berrigan">Dan Berrigan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a>. Since the first Plowshares action in <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia,_Pennsylvania" title="King of Prussia, Pennsylvania">King of Prussia, Pennsylvania</a> during the autumn of 1980, more than 70 of these actions have taken place. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959–present </td> <td>Cuba </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuban_opposition_since_1959" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban opposition since 1959">Cuban opposition since 1959</a> </td> <td>There have been many nonviolent activists in opposition to Cuba's <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> regime. Among these are <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Luis_Boitel" title="Pedro Luis Boitel">Pedro Luis Boitel</a> (1931–1972), <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Fari%C3%B1as_Hern%C3%A1ndez" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillermo Fariñas Hernández">Guillermo Fariñas Hernández</a> ("El Coco"), and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_P%C3%A9rez" title="Jorge Luis García Pérez">Jorge Luis García Pérez</a> (known as Antúnez), all of whom have performed <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strikes</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-RWB_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWB-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965–1972 </td> <td>USA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion#Vietnam_War" title="Draft evasion">Draft resistance</a> </td> <td>During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, many young Americans chose to resist the military <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">draft</a> by refusing to cooperate with the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">Selective Service System</a>. Techniques of resistance included misrepresenting one's physical or mental condition to the draft board, disrupting draft board processes, going "underground", going to jail, leaving the country, and publicly promoting such activities. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 11, 1967 </td> <td>USA </td> <td>Los Angeles <a href="/wiki/Black_Cat_Tavern" title="Black Cat Tavern">Black Cat Tavern</a> Protest </td> <td>A tense standoff and potential riot between hundreds of LAPD riot gear-laden police officers and swelling crowds of more than four hundred homosexual citizens was averted after a last minute plea from then new Governor <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. The resulting stand-down order directed the hundreds of <a href="/wiki/LAPD" class="mw-redirect" title="LAPD">LAPD</a> officers present to cease and desist from further unprovoked harassment of homosexuals in Los Angeles. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">Los Angeles Police Department</a> ceased raiding establishments or public assemblies of homosexuals in Los Angeles for decades. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967–1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil_rights_movement" title="Northern Ireland civil rights movement">Northern Ireland civil rights movement</a> </td> <td>Movement led by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Association" title="Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association">Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association</a> seeking an end to discrimination against <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Catholics</a> in areas such as elections (which were subject to <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a> and property requirements), discrimination in employment, in public housing, policing; and abuse of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Authorities_(Special_Powers)_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1922" title="Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922">Special Powers Act</a>. The movement used marches, pickets, sit-ins and protests. In the wake of rising violence (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bogside" title="Battle of the Bogside">Battle of the Bogside</a>, <a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">1969 Northern Ireland riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday 1972</a>) NICRA ceased operation and the conflict descended into the violent "<a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">Troubles</a>" which lasted until 1998. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td>Worldwide </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> </td> <td>The protests that raged throughout 1968 were for the most part student-led. Worldwide, campuses became the front-line battle grounds for social change. While <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">opposition to the Vietnam War</a> dominated the protests, students also protested for civil liberties, against racism, for <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, and the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Ecology_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecology movement">Ecology movement</a> can be traced to the protests against nuclear and <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapons">biological weapons</a> during this year. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> </td> <td>During the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>, the Czechoslovak citizens responded to the attack on their sovereignty with passive resistance. Russian troops were frustrated as street signs were painted over, their water supplies mysteriously shut off, and buildings decorated with flowers, flags, and slogans like, "An elephant cannot swallow a hedgehog". </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970–1981 </td> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larzac" title="Larzac">Larzac</a> </td> <td>In response to an expansion of a military base, local farmers including <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bov%C3%A9" title="José Bové">José Bové</a> and other supporters including <a href="/wiki/Lanza_del_Vasto" title="Lanza del Vasto">Lanza del Vasto</a> took part in nonviolent resistance. The military expansion was canceled after ten years of resistance. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td>Iran </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> of 1979 or 1979 Revolution (often known as the Islamic Revolution), refers to events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy under <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980–1981 as movement </td> <td>Poland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Fighting_Solidarity" title="Fighting Solidarity">Fighting Solidarity</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Orange_Alternative" title="Orange Alternative">Orange Alternative</a> etc. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a>, a broad <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> ranging from people associated with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> workers and intellectuals to members of the anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">Left</a> (minority), advocated <a href="/wiki/Non-violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-violence">nonviolence</a> in its members' activities. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Alternative" title="Orange Alternative">Orange Alternative</a> offered a wider group of citizens an alternative way of opposition against the authoritarian regime by means of a peaceful protest that used absurd and nonsensical elements. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Manfred_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manfred-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a> </td> <td>A series of nonviolent and prayerful mass street demonstrations that toppled <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> and placed <a href="/wiki/Corazon_C._Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Corazon C. Aquino">Corazon C. Aquino</a> into power. After an election which had been condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines">Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines</a>, over two million Filipinos protested human rights violations, <a href="/wiki/Election_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Election fraud">election fraud</a>, massive political corruption, and other abuses of the <a href="/wiki/Marcos_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcos regime">Marcos regime</a>. Yellow was a predominant theme, the colour being associated with Corazon Aquino and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno S. Aquino Jr.</a>, who was assassinated three years prior. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988–2016 </td> <td>Burma </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonviolent_Movement_for_Freedom_and_Democracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonviolent Movement for Freedom and Democracy (page does not exist)">Nonviolent Movement for Freedom and Democracy</a> </td> <td>Starting from 1988 Peaceful Demonstration led by <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> that caused her house arrest and thousands killed and jailed and tortured by the military, the struggle continues more than two decades. Despite many victims and painful process (including annulled winning of 1990 election), it was happily ended by the victory of opposition party on 2015 election and Aung San Suu Kyi has elected as the country first state counsellor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Following the restoration of military rule in 2021, civil resistance has been used as part of campaigns for democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987–1989/1991 </td> <td>The Baltic countries (<a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing revolution</a> </td> <td>A cycle of mass demonstrations featuring spontaneous singing in the three Baltic countries. The movement eventually collected 4,000,000 people who sang national songs and hymns, which were strictly forbidden during the years of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic States">Soviet occupation of the Baltic States</a>, as local rock musicians played. In later years, people acted as <a href="/wiki/Human_shield" title="Human shield">human shields</a> to protect radio and TV stations from the Soviet tanks, eventually regaining Lithuania's, Latvia's, and Estonia's independence without almost any blood shed. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a> </td> <td>Nonviolence in 1989 Tiananmen protests. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td>Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a> </td> <td>Approximately two million people joined their hands on 23 August 1989 to form a human chain spanning 675.5 kilometres (419.7 mi) across the three Baltic states – <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, which were at the time under the Soviet rule. It marked the 50th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> between the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> </td> <td>Protesters protested peacefully against the one-party rule. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989–90 </td> <td>East Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday demonstrations in East Germany</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday demonstrations in East Germany</a> in 1989 and 1990 (German: <i lang="de">Montagsdemonstrationen</i>) were a series of peaceful political protests against the authoritarian government of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (GDR) of East Germany that took place every Monday evening.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990–91 </td> <td>Azerbaijan SSR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a> </td> <td>A crackdown of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azeri</a> protest demonstrations by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan SSR">Azerbaijan SSR</a>. The demonstrators protested against <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">ethnic violence</a>, demanded the ousting of communist officials and called for independence from the Soviet Union. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996–97 </td> <td>Serbia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1996%E2%80%931997_protests_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="1996–1997 protests in Serbia">1996–1997 protests in Serbia</a> </td> <td>The protests started November 17, 1996 in Niš where thousands of opposition supporters gathered to protest against election fraud. Belgrade University students joined on November 19, 1996, and protests lasted even after February 11, 1997, when <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> signed the "lex specialis", which accepted the opposition victory and instated local government in several cities, but without acknowledging any wrongdoing. The protests were strongest in the capital Belgrade, where they gathered up to 200,000 people, but spread over most cities and towns in Serbia. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>Serbia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otpor!" class="mw-redirect" title="Otpor!">Otpor!</a> </td> <td>Otpor! (English: Resistance!) was a civic youth movement that existed as such from 1998 until 2003 in Serbia (then a federal unit within FR Yugoslavia), employing nonviolent struggle against the regime of <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> as their course of action. In the course of two-year nonviolent struggle against Milosevic, Otpor spread across Serbia and attracted more than 70,000 supporters. They were credited for their role in the successful overthrow of Slobodan Milošević on 5 October 2000. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>Liberia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Liberia_Mass_Action_for_Peace" title="Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace">Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace</a> </td> <td>This <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a>, started by women praying and singing in a fish market, brought an end to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">Second Liberian Civil War</a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>Georgia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a> </td> <td>A pro-Western peaceful change of power in Georgia in November 2003. The revolution was brought about by widespread protests over the disputed parliamentary elections and culminated in the ousting of President <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a>, which marked the end of the Soviet era of leadership in the country. The event derives its name from the climactic moment, when demonstrators led by <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> stormed the Parliament session with red roses in hand. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004–2005 </td> <td>Ukraine </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a> </td> <td>A series of protests and political events that took place in Ukraine in the immediate aftermath of the run-off vote of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2004 Ukrainian presidential election">2004 Ukrainian presidential election</a> which was marred by massive corruption, voter <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a> and direct electoral fraud. Nationwide, the democratic revolution was highlighted by a series of acts of civil disobedience, <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strikes</a> organized by the opposition movement. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>Lebanon </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Revolution" title="Cedar Revolution">Cedar Revolution</a> </td> <td>A chain of demonstrations in Lebanon (especially in the capital <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>) triggered by the assassination of the former Lebanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rafik_Hariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafik Hariri">Rafik Hariri</a> on February 14, 2005. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005–06, 2009 </td> <td>Ukraine </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Remember_about_the_Gas_%E2%80%93_Do_not_buy_Russian_goods!" title="Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!">Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!</a> </td> <td>A campaign to boycott Russian goods as a reaction to political pressure of Russian Federation to Ukraine in the <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes" title="Russia–Ukraine gas disputes">gas conflicts</a> of <a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="2005–06 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute">2005–2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/2009_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_dispute" title="2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute">2008–2009</a> years. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009–present </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Escobal_mine_protests" title="Escobal mine protests">Escobal mine protests</a> </td> <td>Protests against the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Escobal_mine" title="Escobal mine">Escobal mine</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Rafael_Las_Flores" title="San Rafael Las Flores">San Rafael Las Flores</a>, centering around environmental concerns and the land rights of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Xinca_people" title="Xinca people">Xinca people</a>. Protesters have used nonviolent tactics such as standing to block access to mine facilities and organizing community referendums, and they have been met with extreme violence from both the mine's private security and the Guatemalan state. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:02_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010–2011 </td> <td>Tunisia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Tunisian Revolution</a> </td> <td>A chain of demonstrations against unemployment and government corruption in Tunisia began in December 2010. Protests were triggered by the self-immolation of vegetable seller <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a> and resulted in the overthrow of 24-year-ruling president <a href="/wiki/Zine_el-Abidine_Ben_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali">Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali</a> on January 14, 2011. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>Egypt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egyptian Revolution</a> </td> <td>A chain of protests, sit-ins, and strikes by millions of Egyptians starting January 25, 2011 eventually led to the resignation of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> on February 11. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>Libya </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)#Beginnings_of_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">Libyan Protests</a> </td> <td>Protests against the regime of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a> began on January 13, 2011. In late January, Jamal al-Hajji, a writer, political commentator and accountant, "call[ed] on the Internet for demonstrations to be held in support of greater freedoms in Libya" inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian</a> revolutions. He was arrested on 1 February by plain-clothes police officers, and charged on 3 February with injuring someone with his car. Amnesty International stated that because al-Hajji had previously been imprisoned for his nonviolent political opinions, the real reason for the present arrest appeared to be his call for demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-AI_JamalH_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI_JamalH-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early February, Gaddafi, on behalf of the Jamahiriya, met with political activists, journalists and media figures and warned them that they would be held responsible if they disturbed the peace or created chaos in Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-awsat_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awsat-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plans to protest were inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-awsat_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awsat-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>Syria </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War">Syrian Uprising</a> </td> <td>Protests against the regime of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> began on March 15, 2011. Security forces responded with a harsh crackdown, arresting thousands of dissidents and killing hundreds of protesters. Peaceful protests were largely crushed by the army or subsided as rebels and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> fighters took up arms against the government, leading to a full-blown rebellion against the Assad regime. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011 Indian anti-corruption movement</a> </td> <td>The movement gained momentum from 5 April 2011, when anti-corruption activist <a href="/wiki/Anna_Hazare" title="Anna Hazare">Anna Hazare</a> began a <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar" title="Jantar Mantar">Jantar Mantar</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>. The chief legislative aim of the movement was to alleviate corruption in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government">Indian government</a> through introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Jan_Lokpal_Bill" title="Jan Lokpal Bill">Jan Lokpal Bill</a>. Another aim, spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Ramdev" title="Ramdev">Ramdev</a>, was the repatriation of <a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">black money</a> from Swiss and other foreign banks. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011–2014 </td> <td>Bahrain </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_uprising_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini uprising of 2011">Bahraini uprising of 2011</a> </td> <td>Inspired by the regional <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, protests started in Bahrain on <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Rage_(Bahrain)" title="Day of Rage (Bahrain)">14 February</a>. The government responded harshly, <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Thursday_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloody Thursday (2011)">killing</a> four protesters camping in <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Roundabout" title="Pearl Roundabout">Pearl Roundabout</a>. Later, protesters were allowed to reoccupy the roundabout where they staged <a href="/wiki/March_of_loyalty_to_martyrs" title="March of loyalty to martyrs">large marches</a> amounting to 150,000 participants. <p>On 14 March, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Shield">GCC forces</a> were requested by the government and entered the country, which the opposition called an "occupation". The following day, a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> was declared and protests paused after a brutal crackdown was launched against protesters, including doctors and bloggers. Nearly 3,000 people have been arrested, and at least five people died due to torture while in police custody. </p><p>Protests resumed after lifting emergency law on 1 June, and several large rallies were staged by the opposition parties, including a march on 9 March 2012 attended by over 100,000. Smaller-scale protests and clashes outside of the capital have continued to occur almost daily. More than 80 people had died since the start of the uprising. </p> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979–present </td> <td>Saudi Arabia </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_uprising_(1979%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudi uprising (1979–present) (page does not exist)">Saudi uprising (1979–present)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabian protests</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia#Discrimination_in_the_workforce" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia#Discrimination in the workforce</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr#Street_protests" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr#Street protests</a> </td> <td>Shiite community leaders in Qatif announced that they would publicly celebrate the Day of Ashura festival, despite the fact that celebration of Shiite festivals was banned. Despite government threats to disperse protests, on 25 November 1979 4,000 Shiite in Safwa took to the streets to publicly celebrate the Day of Ashura. Shia are prohibited from becoming teachers of religious subjects, which constitute about half of the courses in secondary education. Shia cannot become principals of schools. Some Shia have become university professors but often face harassment from students and faculty alike. Shia are disqualified as witnesses in court, as Saudi Sunni sources cite the Shi'a practise of Taqiyya wherein it is permissible to lie while one is in fear or at risk of significant persecution. Shia cannot serve as judges in ordinary court, and are banned from gaining admission to military academies,[34] and from high-ranking government or security posts, including becoming pilots in Saudi Airlines. Amir Taheri quotes a Shi'ite businessman from Dhahran as saying "It is not normal that there are no Shi'ite army officers, ministers, governors, mayors and ambassadors in this kingdom. This form of religious apartheid is as intolerable as was apartheid based on race.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (February 2017)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> In October 2011, during the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests, al-Nimr said that young people protesting in response to the arrests of two al-Awamiyah septuagenarians were provoked by police firing at them with live ammunition. On 4 October, he called for calm, stating, "The [Saudi] authorities depend on bullets ... and killing and imprisonment. We must depend on the roar of the word, on the words of justice".[11] He explained further, "We do not accept [the use of firearms]. This is not our practice. We will lose it. It is not in our favour. This is our approach [use of words]. We welcome those who follow such [an] attitude. Nonetheless, we cannot enforce our methodology on those who want to pursue different approaches [and] do not commit to ours. The weapon of the word is stronger than the power of bullets."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (February 2017)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012–2013 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">Yo Soy 132</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a> </td> <td>Peaceful protests against reconstruction of Gezi Park at Istanbul's landmark <a href="/wiki/Taksim_Square" title="Taksim Square">Taksim Square</a>, turned into protests against Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Erdogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Erdogan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>. Over one million people nonviolently resisted police brutal force. Started in Istanbul, protests spread in 10 days to over 82 cities of Turkey. Significant violence from the police side was manifested by use of tear gas and rubber bullets. Many people were arrested, including haphazard arrests of people simply standing at the square. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013–present </td> <td>Ukraine </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Do_not_buy_Russian_goods!" title="Do not buy Russian goods!">Do not buy Russian goods!</a> </td> <td>A campaign to boycott Russian goods as a reaction to a series of Russian <a href="/wiki/Trade_embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade embargo">trade embargos</a> against Ukraine and <a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine">military invasion of Russia in Ukraine</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>Taiwan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_Student_Movement" title="Sunflower Student Movement">Sunflower Student Movement</a> </td> <td>The activists protested the passing of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement (CSSTA) by occupying the Legislative Yuan from March 18 to 10 April 2014. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>Hong Kong </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella Revolution">Umbrella Revolution</a> </td> <td>Student class boycotts and public demonstrations followed by spontaneous outbreak of civil disobedience and street occupation lasting 79 days.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016–present </td> <td>Zimbabwe </td> <td><a href="#ThisFlag_Movement">#ThisFlag Movement</a> </td> <td>Mass Stay Aways which were backed by a rigorous social media campaign to bring social and political change in Zimbabwe. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>Tamil Nadu – India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_pro-Jallikattu_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 pro-Jallikattu protests">2017 pro-Jallikattu protests</a> </td> <td>Peaceful demonstrations organized primarily by civilians, without any specific leaders, followed by outbreak of civil disobedience and people occupying Marina shore in Chennai and other prominent places across the state, demanding permanent solution for Jallikattu by passing permanent ordinance to support Jallikattu and to boycott foreign companies such as Pepsi, Coca-Cola as their water consumption is affecting local farmers. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016–2017 </td> <td>South Korea </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Park_Geun-hye" title="Impeachment of Park Geun-hye">Impeachment of Park Geun-hye</a> </td> <td>Peaceful demonstrations against President Park Geun-hye resulted the impeachment of the South Korean president. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>Catalonia – Spain </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">Catalan independence referendum</a> </td> <td>On October 1, 2017, an illegal referendum was held on the independence of Catalonia. 2,286,217 people participated. During the celebration the police forces acted hard against the voters. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018–present </td> <td>Iran </td> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Wednesdays" class="mw-redirect" title="White Wednesdays">White Wednesdays</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Girl_of_Enghelab_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl of Enghelab Street">Girl of Enghelab Street</a> </td> <td>Peaceful demonstrations against compulsory <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex discrimination">sex discrimination</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>Tamil Nadu – India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sterlite_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Sterlite protest">Anti-Sterlite protest</a> </td> <td>100-day peaceful demonstration against Sterlite Copper Corporation in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu. Despite pollution control regulatory and environmental research institute reports along with apex court orders to shut down the industry, smelting operations were continued. Public demanded state to stop further expansion plans as a continuum of response against ill effects of pollution caused by the smelter. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018–2019 </td> <td>Sudan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Sudanese_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–19 Sudanese protests">2018–19 Sudanese protests</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a> </td> <td>Peaceful demonstrations and <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a> against the regime of <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> and succeeding <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)" title="Transitional Military Council (2019)">military junta</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019–2021 </td> <td>Algeria </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Algerian protests">2019 Algerian protests</a> </td> <td>Peaceful demonstrations and <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a> against the regime of <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019–2020 </td> <td>India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaheen_Bagh_protest" title="Shaheen Bagh protest">Shaheen Bagh protest</a> </td> <td>Peaceful protests led by Muslim ladies against <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_(Amendment)_Act,_2019" title="Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019">CAA</a> among other things. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020–2021 </td> <td>Belarus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">2020–2021 Belarusian protests</a> </td> <td>Peaceful mass demonstrations against the contested re-election of President <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_issues_related_to_the_suppression_of_the_2020_Belarusian_protests" title="Human rights issues related to the suppression of the 2020 Belarusian protests">state violence</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020–2021 </td> <td>India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Indian_farmers%27_protest" title="2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest">2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest</a> </td> <td>Peaceful protest against the three farm bills passed by parliament. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020–2021 </td> <td>Thailand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Thai_protests" title="2020–2021 Thai protests">2020–2021 Thai Protests</a> </td> <td>Ongoing peaceful protest to reform the Thai Monarchy and coup-installed government. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021–present </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i_University_protests" title="2021 Boğaziçi University protests">2021 Boğaziçi University protests</a> </td> <td>Ongoing peaceful protests against the rector appointment without election </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022–present </td> <td>Pakistan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">2022 Regime Change Conspiracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ongoing peaceful protests all over the country & worldwide (among nonresident Pakistanis especially UK & USA) against the alleged foreign conspiracy & military backed government and demanding fresh elections. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Paper_Protests" class="mw-redirect" title="White Paper Protests">White Paper Protests</a> </td> <td>A series of protests against COVID-19 lockdowns began in mainland China in November 2022. Protesters usually held blank sheets of paper as a symbol. </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_civil_disobedience">Comparison with civil disobedience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonviolent_resistance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison with civil disobedience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nonviolent resistance is often but wrongly taken as synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>. Each of these terms—nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience—has different connotations and commitments. <a href="/wiki/Berel_Lang" title="Berel Lang">Berel Lang</a> argues against the conflation of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience on the grounds that the necessary conditions for an act instancing civil disobedience are: (1) that the act violates the law, (2) that the act is performed intentionally, and (3) that the actor anticipates and willingly accepts punitive measures made on the part of the state against him in retaliation for the act. Since acts of nonviolent political resistance need not satisfy any of these criteria, Lang argues that the two categories of action cannot be identified with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, civil disobedience is a form of political action which necessarily aims at reform, rather than revolution. Its efforts are typically directed at the disputing of particular laws or groups of laws while conceding the authority of the government responsible for them.<sup id="cite_ref-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, political acts of nonviolent resistance can have revolutionary ends.<sup id="cite_ref-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lang, civil disobedience need not be nonviolent, although the extent and intensity of the violence is limited by the non-revolutionary intentions of the persons engaging in civil disobedience.<sup id="cite_ref-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lang argues the violent resistance by citizens being forcibly relocated to detentions, short of the use of lethal violence against representatives of the state, could plausibly count as civil disobedience but could not count as nonviolent resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonviolent_resistance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nonviolence_protesters-04-16-00.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nonviolence_protesters-04-16-00.JPG/220px-Nonviolence_protesters-04-16-00.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nonviolence_protesters-04-16-00.JPG/330px-Nonviolence_protesters-04-16-00.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nonviolence_protesters-04-16-00.JPG/440px-Nonviolence_protesters-04-16-00.JPG 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Pro-nonviolence protesters at an anti-globalization protest</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Bridge_Muslim_DSCN0197.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/London_Bridge_Muslim_DSCN0197.jpg/220px-London_Bridge_Muslim_DSCN0197.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/London_Bridge_Muslim_DSCN0197.jpg/330px-London_Bridge_Muslim_DSCN0197.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/London_Bridge_Muslim_DSCN0197.jpg/440px-London_Bridge_Muslim_DSCN0197.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3687" data-file-height="3392" /></a><figcaption>Muslims offering peace at <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a> after the 2017 terrorist attack</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyday_resistance" title="Everyday resistance">Everyday resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonviolent_resistance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Documentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Force_More_Powerful" title="A Force More Powerful">A Force More Powerful</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Steve_York" title="Steve York">Steve York</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Start_a_Revolution" title="How to Start a Revolution">How to Start a Revolution</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Ruaridh_Arrow" title="Ruaridh Arrow">Ruaridh Arrow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations_and_people">Organizations and people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonviolent_resistance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Organizations and people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nonviolence_organizations" title="Category:Nonviolence organizations">Category:Nonviolence organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nonviolent_resistance_movements" title="Category:Nonviolent resistance movements">Category:Nonviolent resistance movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-war_activists_by_nationality" title="Category:Anti-war activists by nationality">Category:Anti-war activists by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_activists_by_nationality" title="Category:Human rights activists by nationality">Category:Human rights activists by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democracy_activists_by_nationality" title="Category:Democracy activists by nationality">Category:Democracy activists by nationality</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concepts">Concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonviolent_resistance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nonviolence" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian nonviolence">Christian nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian-based_defense" title="Civilian-based defense">Civilian-based defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">Industrial action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet resistance">Internet resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpassivity" title="Interpassivity">Interpassivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">Nonviolent revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_obedience" title="Passive obedience">Passive obedience</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pen_is_mightier_than_the_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen is mightier than the sword">Pen is mightier than the sword</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_strike" title="Sex strike">Sex strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">Sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Social defence">Social defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">Teach-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_Non-violent_Intervention" title="Third Party Non-violent Intervention">Third Party Non-violent Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transarmament" title="Transarmament">Transarmament</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonviolent_resistance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCommunications2019" class="citation web cs1">Communications, Michelle Nicholasen Weatherhead Center (2019-02-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/02/why-nonviolent-resistance-beats-violent-force-in-effecting-social-political-change/">"Why nonviolent resistance beats violent force in effecting social, political change"</a>. <i>Harvard Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resistance+to+conscription+%E2%80%93+Maori+and+the+First+World+War+%26%23124%3B+NZHistory.net.nz%2C+New+Zealand+history+online&rft.pub=Nzhistory.net.nz&rft.date=2007-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fwar%2Fmaori-in-first-world-war%2Fresistence-to-conscription&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowan-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cowan_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow02NewZ-c43-2.html">"James Cowan, <i>The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume II, 1922, page 478"</i></a><i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091211065050/http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow02NewZ-c43-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-15</span></span>.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Cowan%2C+The+New+Zealand+Wars%3A+A+History+of+the+Maori+Campaigns+and+the+Pioneering+Period%3A+Volume+II%2C+1922%2C+page+478.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzetc.org%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-Cow02NewZ-c43-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historic.org.nz/magazinefeatures/2000aug/2000_08c_single.html">"The Legacy of Parihaka"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511152223/http://www.historic.org.nz/magazinefeatures/2000aug/2000_08c_single.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Parihaka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic.org.nz%2Fmagazinefeatures%2F2000aug%2F2000_08c_single.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlow1973" class="citation book cs1">Marlow, Joyce (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wW4uAAAAMAAJ&q=Captain+Boycott"><i>Captain Boycott and the Irish</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Deutsch" title="André Deutsch">André Deutsch</a>. pp. 133–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-233-96430-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-233-96430-0"><bdi>978-0-233-96430-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+Boycott+and+the+Irish&rft.pages=133-142&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9+Deutsch&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-233-96430-0&rft.aulast=Marlow&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwW4uAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DCaptain%2BBoycott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearle,_G.R.1971" class="citation book cs1">Searle, G.R. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AH-7yrffS-oC"><i>The Quest for National Efficiency: a Study in British Politics and Political Thought, 1899–1914</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 207–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520017948" title="Special:BookSources/9780520017948"><bdi>9780520017948</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=AH-7yrffS-oC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+National+Efficiency%3A+a+Study+in+British+Politics+and+Political+Thought%2C+1899%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=207-16&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780520017948&rft.au=Searle%2C+G.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAH-7yrffS-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources quoted in <a href="/wiki/John_Clifford_(minister)" title="John Clifford (minister)">John Clifford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1902" title="Education Act 1902">Education Act 1902</a> Wikipedia pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A History of Modern Europe 1789–1968 by Herbert L. Peacock m.a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2019" class="citation web cs1">Murray, Iain (2019-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/mau-movement/">"The Mau Movement for Samoan Independence"</a>. <i>The Commons Social Change Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commons+Social+Change+Library&rft.atitle=The+Mau+Movement+for+Samoan+Independence&rft.date=2019-03-29&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Fmau-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthySharpBennett1997" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Ronald; Sharp, Gene; Bennett, Brad (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYK6uvOnoOMC"><i>Nonviolent action: a research guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(book)</span>. Taylor & Francis. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1577-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1577-3"><bdi>978-0-8153-1577-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYK6uvOnoOMC&printsec=frontcover#PPA342,M1">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonviolent+action%3A+a+research+guide&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-1577-3&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Sharp%2C+Gene&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYK6uvOnoOMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowersVogeleKruegler1997" class="citation book cs1">Powers, Roger; Vogele, William; Kruegler, Christopher (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jlRHZdWJlV4C"><i>Protest, Power, and Change</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(book)</span>. Taylor & Francis. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0913-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0913-0"><bdi>978-0-8153-0913-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=jlRHZdWJlV4C&printsec=frontcover#PRA1-PA314,M1">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protest%2C+Power%2C+and+Change&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0913-0&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Vogele%2C+William&rft.au=Kruegler%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjlRHZdWJlV4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928102203/http://www.koreafocus.or.kr/design2/layout/content_print.asp?group_id=102423">"Why Did Mao, Nehru and Tagore Applaud the March First Movement?"</a>. Korea Focus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreafocus.or.kr/design2/layout/content_print.asp?group_id=102423">the original</a> on 2011-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Did+Mao%2C+Nehru+and+Tagore+Applaud+the+March+First+Movement%3F&rft.pub=Korea+Focus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreafocus.or.kr%2Fdesign2%2Flayout%2Fcontent_print.asp%3Fgroup_id%3D102423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Hopkinson, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5e-uI55WN-gC"><i>The Irish War of Independence</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(book)</span>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2840-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2840-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-2840-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=5e-uI55WN-gC&printsec=frontcover#PPA13,M1">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+War+of+Independence&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2840-6&rft.aulast=Hopkinson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5e-uI55WN-gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11099394">"EU rebukes Israel for convicting Palestinian protester"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2010-08-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181018082221/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11099394">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=EU+rebukes+Israel+for+convicting+Palestinian+protester&rft.date=2010-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-11099394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDajani2010" class="citation news cs1">Dajani, Jamal (2010-04-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jamal-dajani/deporting-gandhi-from-pal_b_540270.html">"Deporting Gandhi from Palestine"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100424061801/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jamal-dajani/deporting-gandhi-from-pal_b_540270.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Deporting+Gandhi+from+Palestine&rft.date=2010-04-21&rft.aulast=Dajani&rft.aufirst=Jamal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjamal-dajani%2Fdeporting-gandhi-from-pal_b_540270.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8618868.stm">"Palestinians test out Gandhi-style protest"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2010-04-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140518081452/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8618868.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Palestinians+test+out+Gandhi-style+protest&rft.date=2010-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F8618868.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDana2010" class="citation news cs1">Dana, Joseph (2010-10-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-dana/criminalizing-peaceful-pr_b_693657.html">"Criminalizing Peaceful Protest: Israel Jails Another Palestinian Gandhi"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111195331/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-dana/criminalizing-peaceful-pr_b_693657.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Criminalizing+Peaceful+Protest%3A+Israel+Jails+Another+Palestinian+Gandhi&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft.aulast=Dana&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjoseph-dana%2Fcriminalizing-peaceful-pr_b_693657.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/west-bank-arrest-violated-international-law-palestinian-claims-1.357812">"West Bank Arrest Violated International Law, Palestinian Claims"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. 2011-04-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425225328/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/west-bank-arrest-violated-international-law-palestinian-claims-1.357812">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=West+Bank+Arrest+Violated+International+Law%2C+Palestinian+Claims&rft.date=2011-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fwest-bank-arrest-violated-international-law-palestinian-claims-1.357812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501034347/http://josephdana.com/2010/08/criminalizing-peaceful-protest-israel-jails-another-palestinian-gandhi/">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://josephdana.com/2010/08/criminalizing-peaceful-protest-israel-jails-another-palestinian-gandhi/">the original</a> on 2013-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjosephdana.com%2F2010%2F08%2Fcriminalizing-peaceful-protest-israel-jails-another-palestinian-gandhi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDignam2019" class="citation web cs1">Dignam, Joel (2019-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/lessons-from-the-greensboro-student-sit-ins/">"Lessons from the Greensboro Student Sit-ins"</a>. <i>The Commons Social Change Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commons+Social+Change+Library&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+the+Greensboro+Student+Sit-ins&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.aulast=Dignam&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Flessons-from-the-greensboro-student-sit-ins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis60.htm#1960nsm">Nashville Student Movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070306200430/http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis60.htm#1960nsm">Archived</a> 2007-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsenault2006" class="citation book cs1">Arsenault, Raymond (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomriders1960000arse"><i>Freedom Riders</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(book)</span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513674-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513674-6"><bdi>978-0-19-513674-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-12</span></span>. <q>Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+Riders&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513674-6&rft.aulast=Arsenault&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomriders1960000arse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2006" class="citation book cs1">Garrison, Dee (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bracingforarmage00garr_0"><i>Bracing for Armageddon: why civil defense never worked</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(book)</span>. Oxford University Press US. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bracingforarmage00garr_0/page/89">89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518319-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518319-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518319-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bracing+for+Armageddon%3A+why+civil+defense+never+worked&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518319-1&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Dee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbracingforarmage00garr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnopf1998" class="citation book cs1">Knopf, Jeffrey W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c01Xs99026UC"><i>Domestic society and international cooperation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(book)</span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62691-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62691-0"><bdi>978-0-521-62691-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=c01Xs99026UC&printsec=frontcover#PPA122,M1">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+society+and+international+cooperation&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62691-0&rft.aulast=Knopf&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc01Xs99026UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2003" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Scott (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wDJ5vXmgyRgC"><i>Radical pacifism</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(book)</span>. Syracuse University Press. pp. 235–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3003-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3003-6"><bdi>978-0-8156-3003-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=wDJ5vXmgyRgC&printsec=frontcover#PPA235,M1">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+pacifism&rft.pages=235-236&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3003-6&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwDJ5vXmgyRgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RWB-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RWB_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222015833/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=16397">"Guillermo Fariñas ends seven-month-old hunger strike for Internet access"</a>. Reporters Without Borders. 1 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=16397">the original</a> on 22 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guillermo+Fari%C3%B1as+ends+seven-month-old+hunger+strike+for+Internet+access&rft.pub=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsf.org%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D16397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616012546/http://cubacenter.org/en/get-involved/urgent-action">"Amnesty International USA's Medical Action"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cubacenter.org/en/get-involved/urgent-action">the original</a> on 2009-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+USA%27s+Medical+Action&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcubacenter.org%2Fen%2Fget-involved%2Furgent-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez2005" class="citation book cs1">Pérez, José Luis García (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadal.org/english/nota.asp?id_nota=1007"><i>Boitel vive: Testimonio desde el actual presidio político cubano</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(book)</span>. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-987-21129-3-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-987-21129-3-6"><bdi>978-987-21129-3-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114090455/http://www.cadal.org/english/nota.asp?id_nota=1007">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boitel+vive%3A+Testimonio+desde+el+actual+presidio+pol%C3%ADtico+cubano&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-987-21129-3-6&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis+Garc%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cadal.org%2Fenglish%2Fnota.asp%3Fid_nota%3D1007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foley, Michael S. (2003). <i>Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance During the Vietnam War</i>. University of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80782-767-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80782-767-3">978-0-80782-767-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottlieb, Sherry Gershon (1991). <i>Hell No, We Won't Go!: Resisting the Draft During the Vietnam War</i>. Viking Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-83935-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-83935-3">978-0-670-83935-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Roger Neville (1971). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iiLjwkLBI3wC&dq=roger+neville+williams&pg=PA404">The New Exiles: American War Resisters in Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=iiLjwkLBI3wC&pg=PA404&dq=roger+neville+williams&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E9HTUJK7EMPi2gXwwYCwCA&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ">Archived</a> 2016-01-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Liveright Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-533-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-533-3">978-0-87140-533-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black Cat Protest (Now LeBar), <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">City of Los Angeles</a>, Historic Cultural Monument Resistance to LAPD Raids Against Homosexuals| year = 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adair, Bill; Kenny, Moira; and Samudio, Jeffrey B., 2000, Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian History Tour (single folded sheet with text). Center for Preservation Education and Planning. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9648304-7-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9648304-7-7">0-9648304-7-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faderman, Lillian and Timmons, Stuart (2006). Gay L.A.: a History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians. New York: Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02288-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02288-5">978-0-465-02288-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rootes, Christopher. "1968 and the Environmental Movement in Europe." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.kent.ac.uk/sspssr/research/papers/rootes-1968-env-movements.pdf">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. Retrieved 02-2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/Books/AchievSec_Dec04/Martin.pdf">"Defending without the military"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609193534/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/Books/AchievSec_Dec04/Martin.pdf">Archived</a> June 9, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manfred-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manfred_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteger2004" class="citation book cs1">Steger, Manfred B (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEcHo6QcIUwC&q=Solidarity+Poland+nonviolence&pg=PA114"><i>Judging Nonviolence: The Dispute Between Realists and Idealists</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(ebook)</span>. Routledge (UK). p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93397-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93397-1"><bdi>978-0-415-93397-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judging+Nonviolence%3A+The+Dispute+Between+Realists+and+Idealists&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Routledge+%28UK%29&rft.date=2004-01&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93397-1&rft.aulast=Steger&rft.aufirst=Manfred+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVEcHo6QcIUwC%26q%3DSolidarity%2BPoland%2Bnonviolence%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehrBurgessBurgess1993" class="citation book cs1">Wehr, Paul; Burgess, Guy; Burgess, Heidi, eds. (February 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o8ipY9HVHmcC&q=Solidarity+Poland+nonviolence&pg=PA28"><i>Justice Without Violence</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(ebook)</span>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-491-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-491-9"><bdi>978-1-55587-491-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+Without+Violence&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=1993-02&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-491-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do8ipY9HVHmcC%26q%3DSolidarity%2BPoland%2Bnonviolence%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavanaugh-O'Keefe2001" class="citation book cs1">Cavanaugh-O'Keefe, John (January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emmanuelsolidari00cava/page/68"><i>Emmanuel, Solidarity: God's Act, Our Response</i></a>. 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Stateofworldliberty.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stateofworldliberty.org/report/results.html">the original</a> on 2010-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary%2FObservations+%E2%80%93+The+2006+State+of+World+Liberty+Index%3A+Free+People%2C+Free+Markets%2C+Free+Thought%2C+Free+Planet&rft.pub=Stateofworldliberty.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stateofworldliberty.org%2Freport%2Fresults.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglerEngler2023" class="citation web cs1">Engler, Mark; Engler, Paul (2023-12-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/from-the-berlin-wall-to-today/">"From the Berlin Wall to Today — Lessons for Harnessing the Moment of the Whirlwind"</a>. <i>The Commons Social Change Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commons+Social+Change+Library&rft.atitle=From+the+Berlin+Wall+to+Today+%E2%80%94+Lessons+for+Harnessing+the+Moment+of+the+Whirlwind&rft.date=2023-12-03&rft.aulast=Engler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Engler%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Ffrom-the-berlin-wall-to-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Center_on_Nonviolent_ConflictShilueGalvanek2023" class="citation web cs1">International Center on Nonviolent Conflict; Shilue, James Suah; Galvanek, Janel B. (2023-06-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/working-tirelessly-for-peace-and-equality-civil-resistance/">"Working Tirelessly for Peace and Equality Civil Resistance and Peacebuilding in Liberia"</a>. <i>The Commons Social Change Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commons+Social+Change+Library&rft.atitle=Working+Tirelessly+for+Peace+and+Equality+Civil+Resistance+and+Peacebuilding+in+Liberia&rft.date=2023-06-13&rft.au=International+Center+on+Nonviolent+Conflict&rft.au=Shilue%2C+James+Suah&rft.au=Galvanek%2C+Janel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Fworking-tirelessly-for-peace-and-equality-civil-resistance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullAguilar-Stoen2014" class="citation book cs1">Bull, Benedicte; Aguilar-Stoen, Mariel (13 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1100656471"><i>Environmental politics in Latin America : elite dynamics, the left tide and sustainable development</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65379-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65379-0"><bdi>978-1-317-65379-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1100656471">1100656471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+politics+in+Latin+America+%3A+elite+dynamics%2C+the+left+tide+and+sustainable+development&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1100656471&rft.isbn=978-1-317-65379-0&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Benedicte&rft.au=Aguilar-Stoen%2C+Mariel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1100656471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1001792913"><i>Dominant elites in Latin America : from neoliberalism to the 'pink tide'<span></span></i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libyan+Writer+Detained+Following+Protest+Call&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2011-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fnews-and-updates%2Flibyan-writer-detained-following-protest-call-2011-02-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-awsat-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-awsat_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-awsat_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmoud2011" class="citation news cs1">Mahmoud, Khaled (9 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1&id=24095">"Gaddafi Ready for Libya's 'Day of Rage'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asharq_Al-Awsat" title="Asharq Al-Awsat">Asharq Al-Awsat</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110223115101/http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1&id=24095">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asharq+Al-Awsat&rft.atitle=Gaddafi+Ready+for+Libya%27s+%27Day+of+Rage%27&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.aulast=Mahmoud&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faawsat.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews.asp%3Fsection%3D1%26id%3D24095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Due to nature of this table, inline citations weren't used. All references can be found at <a href="/wiki/Bahrain#2011_Bahraini_protests" title="Bahrain">Bahrain#2011 Bahraini protests</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Saudi_Arabian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://everywheretaksim.net/">"everywheretaksim.net – online archive of articles and data related to the Turkish protests 2013"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619160255/http://everywheretaksim.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commons+Social+Change+Library&rft.atitle=An+in+depth+look+at+the+Hong+Kong+democracy+movement&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft.aulast=Tattersall&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Fthe-hong-kong-democracy-movement-an-in-depth-look-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau2019" class="citation web cs1">Lau, Emily (2019-03-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/umbrella-movement-reflections/">"Umbrella Movement Reflections"</a>. <i>The Commons Social Change Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commons+Social+Change+Library&rft.atitle=Umbrella+Movement+Reflections&rft.date=2019-03-23&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Fumbrella-movement-reflections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2364246/us-backed-regime-change-as-it-wants-bases-in-pakistan">"US backed regime change as it 'wants bases in Pakistan'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 2022-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=US+backed+regime+change+as+it+%27wants+bases+in+Pakistan%27&rft.date=2022-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F2364246%2Fus-backed-regime-change-as-it-wants-bases-in-pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berel_Lang,_CD,_NVR_68-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1970" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Berel_Lang" title="Berel Lang">Lang, Berel</a> (1970). "Civil Disobedience and Nonviolence: A Distinction with a Difference". <i>Ethics</i>. <b>80</b> (2): 157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F291763">10.1086/291763</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2379879">2379879</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154512316">154512316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethics&rft.atitle=Civil+Disobedience+and+Nonviolence%3A+A+Distinction+with+a+Difference&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154512316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2379879%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F291763&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Berel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonviolent+resistance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonviolent_resistance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_20th_century">From the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonviolent_resistance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: From the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Case, Clarence Marsh (1923). Non-violent Coercion: A Study in Methods of Social Pressure. Century. ISBN 978-0-598-49467-2.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackerman" title="Peter Ackerman">Peter Ackerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_DuVall" title="Jack DuVall">Jack DuVall</a>, <i>A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict</i>. New York: Palgrave, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-24050-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-24050-9">978-0-312-24050-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a>, <i>In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s</i>. (SNCC is the acronym for <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a>.) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674447257" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674447257">978-0674447257</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">M K Gandhi</a>, <i>Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha)</i>. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2001, orig. 1961. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41606-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41606-9">978-0-486-41606-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Sharp" title="Gene Sharp">Gene Sharp</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Making_Europe_Unconquerable" title="Making Europe Unconquerable">Making Europe Unconquerable: The Potential of Civilian-Based Deterrence and Defence</a></i>. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85066-336-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85066-336-5">978-0-85066-336-5</a>/</li> <li>Gene Sharp, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Nonviolent_Action" title="The Politics of Nonviolent Action">The Politics of Nonviolent Action</a></i>. Boston: Porter Sargent, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87558-068-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87558-068-5">978-0-87558-068-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_21st_century">From the 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonviolent_resistance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: From the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Michael Beer, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Civil-Resistance-Tactics-in-the-21st-Century-Monograph.pdf">Civil Resistance Tactics in the 21st Century</a>". ICNC Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-943271-40-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-943271-40-5">978-1-943271-40-5</a></li> <li>Michael Bröning, <i>The Politics of Change in Palestine. State-Building and Non-Violent Resistance</i>. London: Pluto Press, 2011, Part 5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3093-8">978-0-7453-3093-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Hand" title="Judith Hand">Judith Hand</a>, <i>A Future Without War: The Strategy of a Warfare Transition</i>. San Diego, CA: Questpath Publishing, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9700031-3-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9700031-3-3">978-0-9700031-3-3</a>.</li> <li>Daniel Jakopovich, <i>Revolutionary Peacemaking: Writings for a Culture of Peace and Nonviolence</i>. Zagreb, Croatia: Democratic Thought, 2019, pp. 527. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-55134-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-55134-2-1">978-953-55134-2-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_King_(historian)" title="Michael King (historian)">Michael King</a>, <i>The Penguin History of New Zealand</i>. London: Penguin Books, 2003, pp 219–20, 222, 247–8, and 386. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-301867-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-301867-4">978-0-14-301867-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kurlansky" title="Mark Kurlansky">Mark Kurlansky</a>, <i>Nonviolence: The History of a Dangerous Idea</i>. New York: Modern Library / Random House, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7447-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7447-8">978-0-8129-7447-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">David McReynolds</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyberspacei.com/jesusi/peace/non_resistance/dm">A Philosophy of Nonviolence</a></i>. Originally New York: A.J. Muste Memorial Institute, 2001. No ISBN. Retrieved 22 December 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Adam Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a>, eds., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199552016">Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141115183530/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199552016.do">Archived</a> 2014-11-15 at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a></i>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955201-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955201-6">978-0-19-955201-6</a>. Retrieved 22 December 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Adam Roberts</a>, Michael J. Willis, Rory McCarthy and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a>, eds., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Civil-Resistance-Arab-Spring-Disasters/dp/0198749023">Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters</a></i>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874902-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874902-8">978-0-19-874902-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Schell" title="Jonathan Schell">Jonathan Schell</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconquerable_World" title="The Unconquerable World">The Unconquerable World: Power, Nonviolence, and the Will of the People</a></i>. New York: Metropolitan Books / Henry Holt and Company, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805044560" title="Special:BookSources/9780805044560">9780805044560</a>.</li> <li>Kurt Schock, <i>Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies</i>. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4193-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4193-2">978-0-8166-4193-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Sharp" title="Gene Sharp">Gene Sharp</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209144939/http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations/org/FDTD.pdf">From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation</a></i>. East Boston, MA: The Albert Einstein Institution, 4th ed. 2010, orig. 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880813-09-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880813-09-6">978-1-880813-09-6</a>. Retrieved 22 December 2012.</li> <li>Mike Staresinic, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Activism-Mike-Staresinic/dp/0615417906/ref=la_B002JV8GL8_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1391964481&sr=1-1">Activism: People, Power, Plan </a></i>. Pittsburgh, PA: Breakthrough, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6154-1790-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6154-1790-5">978-0-6154-1790-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wink" title="Walter Wink">Walter Wink</a>, <i>Jesus and Nonviolence: A Third Way</i>. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3609-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3609-8">978-0-8006-3609-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sr%C4%91a_Popovi%C4%87_(activist)" title="Srđa Popović (activist)">Srdja Popovic</a>, Andrej Milivojevic, Slobodan Djinovic, "Nonviolent Struggle: 50 Crucial Points". Belgrade, Serbia: DMD, 2006</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonviolent_resistance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nonviolent_resistance" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/black-power">"Black Power!"</a>. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-war_and_peace_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-war" title="Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-war" title="Template talk:Anti-war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-war_and_peace_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_organizations" title="Anti-nuclear organizations">Anti-nuclear organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">Anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Women_for_Peace" title="Coalition of Women for Peace">Coalition of Women for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Code Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOPEACE_Party" title="ECOPEACE Party">ECOPEACE Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenham_Common_Women%27s_Peace_Camp" title="Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp">Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">Iraq War resisters in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pacifist_organisations" title="List of pacifist organisations">List of pacifist organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Socialist_Party_of_Japan" title="New Socialist Party of Japan">New Socialist Party of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_commission" title="Peace commission">Peace commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_conference" title="Peace conference">Peace conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_congress" title="Peace congress">Peace congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_psychology" title="Peace psychology">Peace psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceworker" title="Peaceworker">Peaceworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/React,_Include,_Recycle" title="React, Include, Recycle">React, Include, Recycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Social Democratic Party (Japan)">Social Democratic Party (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Swedish_political_party)" title="Unity (Swedish political party)">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Peace_Crusade" title="The Women's Peace Crusade">The Women's Peace Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li>Anarchism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvenkismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Finvenkismo">Finvenkismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern-war_pacifism" title="Modern-war pacifism">Modern-war pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacificism" title="Pacificism">Pacificism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Testimony of peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">World peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-war_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-war art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of books with anti-war themes">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_Yutel_for_Peace" title="Concert Yutel for Peace">Concert Yutel for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Universal_Peace" title="Dances of Universal Peace">Dances of Universal Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_for_Peace" title="Festival for Peace">Festival for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_Piano_Peace_Project" title="Imagine Piano Peace Project">Imagine Piano Peace Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Among_Civilizations" title="Dialogue Among Civilizations">Dialogue Among Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">List of peace prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_peace" title="List of places named after peace">List of places named Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:Peace monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_Proclamation" title="Mother's Day Proclamation">Mother's Day Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert" title="Nobel Peace Prize Concert">Nobel Peace Prize Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_museum" title="Peace museum">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_%26_Love_(festival)" title="Peace & Love (festival)">Peace & Love (festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace journalism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peace_News" title="Peace News">Peace News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_One_Day" title="Peace One Day">Peace One Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of plays with anti-war themes">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_Peace_Concert" title="Show of Peace Concert">Show of Peace Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_songs" title="List of anti-war songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Non-Violence_Project" title="The Non-Violence Project">The Non-Violence Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bell Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Black" title="Women in Black">Women in Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_March_for_Peace_and_Nonviolence" title="World March for Peace and Nonviolence">World March for Peace and Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed-in" title="Bed-in">Bed-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">De-escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demilitarisation" title="Demilitarisation">Demilitarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Peace" title="Department of Peace">Department of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die-in" title="Die-in">Die-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Economic sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Day_of_Action_on_Military_Spending" title="Global Day of Action on Military Spending">Global Day of Action on Military Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesson_of_Munich" title="Lesson of Munich">Lesson of Munich</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_Violent_Resistance_(psychological_intervention)" title="Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)">Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_walk" title="Peace walk">Peace walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces">Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares" title="Swords to ploughshares">Swords to ploughshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">Teach-in</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_Non-violent_Intervention" title="Third Party Non-violent Intervention">Third Party Non-violent Intervention</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" title="Turning the other cheek">Turn the other cheek</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Violence_begets_violence" title="Violence begets violence">Violence begets violence</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition to specific<br />wars or their aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>War of 1812 (<a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_Britain" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain">UK</a>; <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States">US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Opposition to the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">list of protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">War on Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Military action in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 anti-war protests in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Far_Eastern_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Far Eastern protests">in Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">Landmines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">Military taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Nuclear disarmament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_convention" title="Nuclear weapons convention">Nuclear weapons convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Canada" title="Category:Pacifism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Article 12 of the Constitution of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Germany" title="Pacifism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#Israel" title="Peace movement">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Pacifism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Spain" title="Pacifism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Pacifism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_the_United_States" title="Pacifism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-war_movement" title="Category:Anti-war movement">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events<br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement<br />songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted<br />historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mahatma_Gandhi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Template:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Template talk:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mahatma_Gandhi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life events<br />and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ambulance_Corps" title="Indian Ambulance Corps">Indian Ambulance Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoy_Farm" title="Tolstoy Farm">Tolstoy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement#Gandhi_arrives_in_India" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraha" title="Vaikom Satyagraha">Vaikom Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)#Second_Round_Table_Conference_(September_–_December_1931)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Second Round Table Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poona_Pact" title="Poona Pact">Poona Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_speech" title="Quit India speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Vidyapith" title="Gujarat Vidyapith">Gujarat Vidyapith University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harijan_Sevak_Sangh" title="Harijan Sevak Sangh">Harijan Sevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochrab_Ashram" title="Kochrab Ashram">India ashrams (Kochrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Asram" title="Gandhi Memorial Asram">Sodepur Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevagram" title="Sevagram">Sevagram)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fasts_undertaken_by_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi">List of fasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Practices_and_beliefs_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi">Practices and beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">Composite nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_economics" title="Gandhian economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trusteeship_(Gandhism)" title="Trusteeship (Gandhism)">trusteeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_Talim" title="Nai Talim">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleven_vows" title="Eleven vows">Eleven vows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Publications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harijan_(magazine)" title="Harijan (magazine)"><i>Harijan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hind_Swaraj_or_Indian_Home_Rule" title="Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule"><i>Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Opinion" title="Indian Opinion">Indian Opinion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Prabhat" title="Mangal Prabhat">Mangal Prabhat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_India" title="Young India"><i>Young India</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Social_Sins" title="Seven Social Sins">Seven Social Sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajivan_Trust" title="Navajivan Trust">Navajivan Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Gandhi Heritage Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)"><i>Civil Disobedience</i> (essay)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsee_Rustomjee" title="Parsee Rustomjee">Parsee Rustomjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i>) (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Masque of Anarchy</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmad" title="Narmad">Narmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Kumara" title="Shravana Kumara">Shravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Rajchandra" title="Shrimad Rajchandra">Shrimad Rajchandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Ba%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṛaḷ">Tirukkuṛaḷ</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Gandhi's translation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Raghupati_Raghava_Raja_Ram" title="Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram">Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ekla_Chalo_Re" title="Ekla Chalo Re">Ekla Chalo Re</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hari_Tuma_Haro" title="Hari Tuma Haro">Hari Tuma Haro</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Jana_To" title="Vaishnava Jana To">Vaishnava Jana To</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Anand" title="Swami Anand">Swami Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Freer_Andrews" title="Charles Freer Andrews">C. F. Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj" title="Jamnalal Bajaj">Jamnalal Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarlal_Banker" title="Shankarlal Banker">Shankarlal Banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarla_Behn" title="Sarla Behn">Sarla Behn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Krishna_Chandiwala" title="Brij Krishna Chandiwala">Brij Krishna Chandiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhakar_Chaturvedi" title="Sudhakar Chaturvedi">Sudhakar Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugatram_Dave" title="Jugatram Dave">Jugatram Dave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Desai" title="Mahadev Desai">Mahadev Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Dharmadhikari" title="Dada Dharmadhikari">Dada Dharmadhikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Prasad_Gupta" title="Shiv Prasad Gupta">Shiv Prasad Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Hajee_Ahmed_Jhaveri" title="Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri">Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._Kumarappa" title="J. C. Kumarappa">J. C. Kumarappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kallenbach" title="Hermann Kallenbach">Hermann Kallenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">Acharya Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanlal_Pandya" title="Mohanlal Pandya">Mohanlal Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narhari_Parikh" title="Narhari Parikh">Narhari Parikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Amtus_Salam" title="Bibi Amtus Salam">Bibi Amtus Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonja_Schlesin" title="Sonja Schlesin">Sonja Schlesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha" title="Anugrah Narayan Sinha">Anugrah Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Sinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Krishna Sinha">Sri Krishna Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._A._Sundaram" title="V. A. Sundaram">V. A. Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Tyabji" title="Abbas Tyabji">Abbas Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravishankar_Vyas" title="Ravishankar Vyas">Ravishankar Vyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishorlal_Mashruwala" title="Kishorlal Mashruwala">Kishorlal Mashruwala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_depictions_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi">Artistic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhigiri" title="Gandhigiri">Gandhigiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Award" title="Gandhi Peace Award">Gandhi Peace Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Foundation" title="Gandhi Peace Foundation">Gandhi Peace Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize" title="Gandhi Peace Prize">Gandhi Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Kashi_Vidyapith" title="Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith">Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Series" title="Mahatma Gandhi Series">Indian currency (Gandhi Series,</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_New_Series" title="Mahatma Gandhi New Series">Gandhi New Series,</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_10_Rupee_Mahatma_Gandhi_postage_stamp" title="Indian 10 Rupee Mahatma Gandhi postage stamp">Indian 10 Rupee postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Family of Mahatma Gandhi">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamchand_Uttamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi">Karamchand Gandhi (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harilal_Gandhi" title="Harilal Gandhi">Harilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi" title="Manilal Gandhi">Manilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi" title="Devdas Gandhi">Devdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maganlal_Gandhi" title="Maganlal Gandhi">Maganlal (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaldas_Gandhi" title="Samaldas Gandhi">Samaldas (nephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Manilal_Gandhi" title="Arun Manilal Gandhi">Arun (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_Gandhi" title="Ela Gandhi">Ela (granddaughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Rajmohan (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalkrishna_Gandhi" title="Gopalkrishna Gandhi">Gopalkrishna (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Gandhi" title="Ramchandra Gandhi">Ramchandra (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi_(scientist)" title="Kanu Gandhi (scientist)">Kanu (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu (grandnephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushar_Gandhi" title="Tushar Gandhi">Tushar (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Gandhi" title="Leela Gandhi">Leela (great-granddaughter)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_and_Rani_Bang" title="Abhay and Rani Bang">Abhay Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajkishore_Prasad" title="Brajkishore Prasad">Brajkishore Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draupadi_Murmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Draupadi Murmu">Draupadi Murmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Vallabh_Pant" class="mw-redirect" title="Govind Vallabh Pant">Govind Vallabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bondurant" title="Joan Bondurant">Joan Bondurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanza_del_Vasto" title="Lanza del Vasto">Lanza del Vasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lacerda_de_Moura" title="Maria Lacerda de Moura">Maria Lacerda de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjee_Singh" title="Ramjee Singh">Ramjee Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Sane" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Sane">Sane Guruji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Memorials_to_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Accra" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Accra">Ghana</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Gandhi_Maidan" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Gandhi Maidan">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salt_Satyagraha_Memorial" title="National Salt Satyagraha Memorial">National Salt Satyagraha Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_of_India" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament of India">New Delhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Johannesburg" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Pietermaritzburg" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Tavistock_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Tavistock Square">Tavistock Square</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(Davis,_California)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (Davis, California)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Denver)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Denver)">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(Houston)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (Houston)">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_(Milwaukee)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Milwaukee)">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(New_York_City)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (New York City)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (San Francisco)">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dignity,_Equality,_and_Justice" title="Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(India)" title="Martyrs' Day (India)">Martyrs' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_for_Nonviolence" title="Season for Nonviolence">Season for Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Palace" title="Aga Khan Palace">Aga Khan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Bhawan,_Chandigarh" title="Gandhi Bhawan, Chandigarh">Gandhi Bhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Mandapam_(Chennai)" title="Gandhi Mandapam (Chennai)">Gandhi Mandapam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Market" title="Gandhi Market">Gandhi Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(bookstore)" title="Gandhi (bookstore)">Bookstores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Promenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi Promenade">Gandhi Promenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Smriti" title="Gandhi Smriti">Gandhi Smriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari#Tourist_sites" title="Kanyakumari">Gandhi Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Museum,_Madurai" title="Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai">Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Teerth" title="Gandhi Teerth">Gandhi Teerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Temple,_Bhatara" title="Gandhi Temple, Bhatara">Gandhi Temple, Bhatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaba_Gandhi_No_Delo" title="Kaba Gandhi No Delo">Kaba Gandhi No Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirti_Mandir,_Porbandar" title="Kirti Mandir, Porbandar">Kirti Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_College" title="Mahatma Gandhi College">Mahatma Gandhi College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Marine_National_Park" title="Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park">Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_Centre,_Matale" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale">Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Bhavan" title="Mani Bhavan">Mani Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_High_School_(Rajkot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred High School (Rajkot)">Mohandas Gandhi High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gandhi_Museum" title="National Gandhi Museum">National Gandhi Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials" title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials">Raj Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_named_after_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi">Roads named after Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_House" title="Satyagraha House">Satyagraha House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tax_resistance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tax_resistance" title="Template:Tax resistance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tax_resistance" title="Template talk:Tax resistance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tax_resistance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tax resistance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tax_resistance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">Conscientious objection to military taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_acts_of_tax_resistance" title="List of historical acts of tax resistance">List of historical acts of tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance_in_the_United_States" title="Tax resistance in the United States">Tax resistance in the United States</a> .</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tax_resisters" title="Category:Tax resisters">List of tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">Tax avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreported_employment" title="Unreported employment">Unreported employment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiopizzo" title="Addiopizzo">Addiopizzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aide-toi,_le_ciel_t%27aidera" title="Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera">Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Britain_Anti-Poll_Tax_Federation" title="All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation">All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Poll_Tax_Unions" title="Anti-Poll Tax Unions">Anti-Poll Tax Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Real_Estate_Taxpayers" title="Association of Real Estate Taxpayers">Association of Real Estate Taxpayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalunya_Diu_Prou" title="Catalunya Diu Prou">Catalunya Diu Prou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Non-Violent_Action" title="Committee for Non-Violent Action">Committee for Non-Violent Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Pay_Movement" title="I Don't Pay Movement">I Don't Pay Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League" title="Irish National Land League">Irish National Land League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Campaign_for_a_Peace_Tax_Fund" title="National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund">National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Tax_Resistance_Coordinating_Committee" title="National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee">National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_California_War_Tax_Resistance" title="Northern California War Tax Resistance">Northern California War Tax Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagal_Panthis" title="Pagal Panthis">Pagal Panthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacemakers" title="Peacemakers">Peacemakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planka.nu" title="Planka.nu">Planka.nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tax_Resistance_League" title="Women's Tax Resistance League">Women's Tax Resistance League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Act_of_Conscience" title="An Act of Conscience">An Act of Conscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clericis_laicos" title="Clericis laicos">Clericis laicos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cold_War_and_the_Income_Tax:_A_Protest" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest">The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Manifesto" title="Vyborg Manifesto">Vyborg Manifesto</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns<br />by century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuchin_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuchin Revolt">Tuchin Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harelle" title="Harelle">Harelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Rebellion_of_1497" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Rebellion of 1497">Cornish Rebellion of 1497</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croquant_rebellions" title="Croquant rebellions">Croquant rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappenkrieg_(Basel)" title="Rappenkrieg (Basel)">Rappenkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Pitauds" title="Revolt of the Pitauds">Revolt of the Pitauds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelets" title="Angelets">Angelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_papier_timbr%C3%A9" title="Revolt of the papier timbré">Revolt of the papier timbré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_va-nu-pieds" title="Revolt of the va-nu-pieds">Revolt of the va-nu-pieds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Tax_Revolt" title="Salt Tax Revolt">Salt Tax Revolt</a> in Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_uprising_of_1648" title="Moscow uprising of 1648">Salt Riot</a> in Moscow</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair"><i>Gaspee</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rent_War" title="Anti-Rent War">Anti-Rent War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_Tax_War" title="Dog Tax War">Dog Tax War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_House_Tax_Hartal" title="1810 House Tax Hartal">House Tax Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut_Tax_War_of_1898" title="Hut Tax War of 1898">Hut Tax War of 1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Rebellion" title="Low Rebellion">Low Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mejba_Revolt" title="Mejba Revolt">Mejba Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Riots" title="Rebecca Riots">Rebecca Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saminism_Movement" title="Saminism Movement">Saminism Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancament_de_Caixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tancament de Caixes">Tancament de Caixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">Wallachian uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agbekoya" title="Agbekoya">Agbekoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Sahour" title="Beit Sahour">Beit Sahour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondelswarts_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Bondelswarts affair">Bondelswarts affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kheda Satyagraha">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_cult" title="Johnson cult">Johnson cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Mau movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_Tax_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll Tax Riots">Poll Tax Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Rates_Rebellion" title="Poplar Rates Rebellion">Poplar Rates Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turra_Coo" title="Turra Coo">Turra Coo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_poll_tax_repeal_movement" title="Women's poll tax repeal movement">Women's poll tax repeal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_War" title="Women's War">Women's War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Greece" title="Anti-austerity movement in Greece">Anti-austerity movement in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bin_Tax_Campaign" title="Anti-Bin Tax Campaign">Anti-Bin Tax Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_and_Elaine_Brown" title="Edward and Elaine Brown">Edward and Elaine Brown standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnets_Rouges" title="Bonnets Rouges">Bonnets Rouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Home_and_Water_Taxes" title="Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes">Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimento_Passe_Livre" title="Movimento Passe Livre">Movimento Passe Livre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Pos_Me_Salto" title="Movimiento Pos Me Salto">Movimiento Pos Me Salto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests" title="Yellow vests protests">Yellow vests protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax_threshold" title="Income tax threshold">Income tax threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_dangerous_taxpayer" title="Potentially dangerous taxpayer">Potentially dangerous taxpayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar" title="Render unto Caesar">Render unto Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Schiff" title="Irwin Schiff">Irwin Schiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land</a> / <a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_noncompliance" title="Tax noncompliance">Tax noncompliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester" title="Tax protester">Tax protester</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_arguments" title="Tax protester arguments">arguments</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_history_in_the_United_States" title="Tax protester history in the United States">history in the United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_riot" title="Tax riot">Tax riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_slavery" title="Taxation as slavery">Taxation as slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_theft" title="Taxation 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