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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fight for independence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fight_for_independence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fight for independence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fight_for_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satyagraha_in_Gujarat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satyagraha_in_Gujarat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Satyagraha in Gujarat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satyagraha_in_Gujarat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fundamental_Rights_and_Economic_Policy:_1931" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundamental_Rights_and_Economic_Policy:_1931"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy: 1931</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundamental_Rights_and_Economic_Policy:_1931-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_Battle_with_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_Battle_with_Subhas_Chandra_Bose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Legal Battle with Subhas Chandra Bose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_Battle_with_Subhas_Chandra_Bose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quit_India_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quit_India_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Quit India movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quit_India_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_and_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_and_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Partition and independence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Partition_and_independence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Partition and independence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Partition_and_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cabinet_mission_and_partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_mission_and_partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cabinet mission and partition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_mission_and_partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_integration_of_independent_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_integration_of_independent_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Political integration of independent India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_integration_of_independent_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leading_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leading_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leading India</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leading_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leading India subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leading_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Father_of_All_India_Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Father_of_All_India_Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Father of All India Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Father_of_All_India_Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Gandhi_and_Nehru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Gandhi_and_Nehru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relations with Gandhi and Nehru</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_with_Gandhi_and_Nehru-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relations with Gandhi and Nehru subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Gandhi_and_Nehru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ban_on_RSS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ban_on_RSS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ban on RSS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ban_on_RSS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rashtriya_Ekta_Diwas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rashtriya_Ekta_Diwas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Rashtriya Ekta Diwas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rashtriya_Ekta_Diwas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorative_stamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorative_stamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Commemorative stamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorative_stamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statue_of_Unity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statue_of_Unity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span><i>Statue of Unity</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statue_of_Unity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_institutions_and_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_institutions_and_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Other institutions and monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_institutions_and_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>State honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vallabhbhai Patel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="सरदार वल्लभ भाई पटेल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सरदार वल्लभ भाई पटेल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84" title="ساردار فالاباي باتل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساردار فالاباي باتل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AB_%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Վալապպհաի Փաթել – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վալապպհաի Փաթել" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="বল্লভভাই পেটেল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বল্লভভাই পেটেল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="বল্লভভাই পটেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বল্লভভাই পটেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Валлабхаи Патель – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Валлабхаи Патель" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Валабхаі Патэль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валабхаі Патэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="वल्लभभाई पटेल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वल्लभभाई पटेल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sard%C3%A1r_Vallabhbh%C3%A1%C3%AD_Pat%C3%A9l" title="Sardár Vallabhbháí Patél – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sardár Vallabhbháí Patél" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84" title="والابای پاتل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والابای پاتل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2" title="વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%B8%8C%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4_%ED%8C%8C%ED%85%94" title="발라브바이 파텔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발라브바이 파텔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B0%D5%A2%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Վալլաբհբհայ Պատել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վալլաբհբհայ Պատել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="वल्लभ भाई पटेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वल्लभ भाई पटेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9C" title="ואלאבאי פאטל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ואלאבאי פאטל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ವಲ್ಲಭ್‌ಭಾಯಿ ಪಟೇಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಲ್ಲಭ್‌ಭಾಯಿ ಪಟೇಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვალაბჰაი პეტელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვალაბჰაი პეტელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8E%D9%84%D9%8E%D8%A8%DA%BE_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%8E%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84" title="وَلَبھ بھای پَٹیل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وَلَبھ بھای پَٹیل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velebaijs_Patels" title="Velebaijs Patels – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Velebaijs Patels" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="सरदार बल्लभ भाई पटेल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सरदार बल्लभ भाई पटेल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD" title="വല്ലഭായി പട്ടേൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വല്ലഭായി പട്ടേൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="वल्लभभाई पटेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वल्लभभाई पटेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%89" title="ساردار فالاباى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساردار فالاباى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Валлабхаи Пател – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Валлабхаи Пател" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="वल्लभभाई पटेल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वल्लभभाई पटेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%83%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ヴァッラブバーイー・パテール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァッラブバーイー・パテール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2" title="ବଲ୍ଲଭଭାଇ ପଟେଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବଲ୍ଲଭଭାଇ ପଟେଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2" title="ਵੱਲਭਭਾਈ ਪਟੇਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੱਲਭਭਾਈ ਪਟੇਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%BE_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ولبھ بھائی پٹیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولبھ بھائی پٹیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ولب بای پټيل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ولب بای پټيل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Jhaverbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Патель, Валлабхаи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Патель, Валлабхаи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="सरदार वल्लभभाई पटेल – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सरदार वल्लभभाई पटेल" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱞᱚᱵᱷ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱯᱚᱴᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱞᱚᱵᱷ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱯᱚᱴᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhabhai_Patel" title="Vallabhabhai Patel – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vallabhabhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valabhaj_Patel" title="Valabhaj Patel – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Valabhaj Patel" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வல்லபாய் பட்டேல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வல்லபாய் பட்டேல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="సర్దార్ వల్లభ్‌భాయ్ పటేల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సర్దార్ వల్లభ్‌భాయ్ పటేల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ವಲ್ಲಭಭಾಯಿ ಪಟೇಲ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವಲ್ಲಭಭಾಯಿ ಪಟೇಲ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%97_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Валлаббхаї Пател – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валлаббхаї Пател" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%BE_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ولبھ بھائی پٹیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولبھ بھائی پٹیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vallabhbhai Patel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94" title="萨达尔·瓦拉巴伊·帕特尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨达尔·瓦拉巴伊·帕特尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE" title="帕特爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="帕特爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94" title="萨达尔·瓦拉巴伊·帕特尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨达尔·瓦拉巴伊·帕特尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian independence activist (1875–1950)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sardar Patel" redirects here. For the honorific prefix, see <a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Vallabhbhai Patel</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardar_patel_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="605" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Sardar Patel in 1949</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister of India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 August 1947 – 15 December 1950</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_Rajagopalachari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravarti Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (India)">Minister of Home Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 August 1947 – 15 December 1950</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Rajendra Prasad</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten</a><br /><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">C. Rajagopalachari</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1875-10-31</span>)</span>31 October 1875<br /><a href="/wiki/Nadiad" title="Nadiad">Nadiad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 December 1950<span style="display:none">(1950-12-15)</span> (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Jhaverben Patel</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1893; died 1909)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maniben_Patel" title="Maniben Patel">Maniben</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dahyabhai_Patel" title="Dahyabhai Patel">Dahyabhai</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vithalbhai_Patel" title="Vithalbhai Patel">Vithalbhai Patel</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Posthumous_award" title="Posthumous award">posthumous</a>, 1991)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Gujarati:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">[ʋəlːəbːʰɑi<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒʰəʋeɾbʰɑi<span class="wrap"> </span>pəʈel]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>: <i>Vallabhbhāī Jhāvērabhāī Paṭēla</i>; 31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950), commonly known as <b>Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Indian independence activist and statesman who served as the first <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_Minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Minister of India">Home Minister of India</a> from 1947 to 1950. He was a senior leader of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, who played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> and India's <a href="/wiki/Political_integration_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Political integration India">political integration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India and elsewhere, he was often called <i><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></i>, meaning "Chief" in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. He acted as the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (India)">Home Minister</a> during the political integration of India and the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biooff_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biooff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patel was born in <a href="/wiki/Nadiad" title="Nadiad">Nadiad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kheda_district" title="Kheda district">Kheda district</a> and raised in the countryside of the state of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-indomitable_sardar_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indomitable_sardar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a successful lawyer. One of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s earliest political lieutenants, he organised peasants from <a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borsad" title="Borsad">Borsad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bardoli" title="Bardoli">Bardoli</a> in Gujarat in <a href="/wiki/Non-violent" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-violent">non-violent</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> against the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, becoming one of the most influential leaders in Gujarat. He was appointed as the 49th <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">President of Indian National Congress</a>. Under the chairmanship of Patel "Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy" resolution was passed by the Congress. Patel's position at the highest level in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> was largely connected with his role from 1934 onwards (when the Congress abandoned its <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> of elections) in the party organisation. Based at an apartment in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a>, he became the Congress's main fundraiser and chairman of its Central Parliamentary Board, playing the leading role in selecting and financing candidates for the 1934 elections to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Legislative_Assembly" title="Central Legislative Assembly">Central Legislative Assembly</a> in New Delhi and for the provincial elections of 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While promoting the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a>. Patel made a climactic speech to more than 100,000 people gathered at <a href="/wiki/Gowalia_Tank" title="Gowalia Tank">Gowalia Tank</a> in Bombay on 7 August 1942. Historians believe that Patel's speech was instrumental in electrifying nationalists, who up to then had been sceptical of the proposed rebellion. Patel's organising work in this period is credited by historians with ensuring the success of the rebellion across India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990316_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990316-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, Patel organised relief efforts for <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a> refugees fleeing to <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> and Delhi from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and worked to restore peace. Besides those provinces that had been under direct British rule, approximately 565 self-governing <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> had been released from British <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a> (<a href="/wiki/10_%26_11_Geo._6" class="mw-redirect" title="10 & 11 Geo. 6">10 & 11 Geo. 6</a>. c. 30). Patel, together with <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten</a> persuaded almost every princely state to accede to India.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanajaoba_1991_p._223_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanajaoba_1991_p._223-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patel's commitment to national integration in the newly independent country earned him the sobriquet "<b>Iron Man of India</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also remembered as the "patron saint of India's civil servants" for playing a pioneering role in establishing the modern <a href="/wiki/All_India_Services" title="All India Services">All India Services</a> system. The <i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Unity" title="Statue of Unity">Statue of Unity</a></i>, the world's tallest statue which was erected by the Indian government at a cost of US$420 million, was dedicated to him on 31 October 2018 and is approximately 182 metres (597 ft) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_background">Early life and background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandamama_1948_01_(page_11_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Chandamama_1948_01_%28page_11_crop%29.jpg/180px-Chandamama_1948_01_%28page_11_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Chandamama_1948_01_%28page_11_crop%29.jpg/270px-Chandamama_1948_01_%28page_11_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Chandamama_1948_01_%28page_11_crop%29.jpg/360px-Chandamama_1948_01_%28page_11_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Sardar Vallabhai Patel as deputy prime minister that appeared in the 1948 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Chandamama" title="Chandamama">Chandamama</a></i> magazine.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sardar Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the six children of Jhaverbhai Patel and Ladba, was born in <a href="/wiki/Nadiad" title="Nadiad">Nadiad</a>, Gujarat. He followed <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and belonged to <a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a> sect of Mahaprabhu <a href="/wiki/Vallabhacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabhacharya">Vallabhacharya</a> and took the <a href="/wiki/Diksha" title="Diksha">diksha</a> from the descendant of <a href="/wiki/Vallabhacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabhacharya">Vallabhacharya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patel's date of birth was never officially recorded; Patel entered it as 31 October on his <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculation</a> examination papers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi19903_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi19903-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Patidar" title="Patidar">Patidars</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Leva_Patel" title="Leva Patel">Leva Patel</a> community of Central Gujarat; although after his fame, both Leva Patel and <a href="/wiki/Kadava_Patidar" title="Kadava Patidar">Kadava Patidar</a> have claimed him as one of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patel travelled to attend schools in <a href="/wiki/Nadiad" title="Nadiad">Nadiad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petlad" title="Petlad">Petlad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Borsad" title="Borsad">Borsad</a>, living self-sufficiently with other boys. He reputedly cultivated a <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">stoic</a> character. A popular anecdote recounts that he lanced his own painful <a href="/wiki/Boil" title="Boil">boil</a> without hesitation, even as the barber charged with doing it trembled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199014_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Patel passed his matriculation at the relatively late age of 22, he was generally regarded by his elders as an unambitious man destined for a commonplace job. Patel himself, though, harboured a plan to study to become a lawyer, work and save funds, travel to England, and become a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patel spent years away from his family, studying on his own with books borrowed from other lawyers, passing his examinations within two years. Fetching his wife Jhaverba from her parents' home, Patel set up his household in <a href="/wiki/Godhra" title="Godhra">Godhra</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Call_to_the_bar" title="Call to the bar">called to the bar</a>. During the many years it took him to save money, Patel – now an advocate – earned a reputation as a fierce and skilled lawyer. The couple had a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Maniben_Patel" title="Maniben Patel">Maniben</a>, in 1903 and a son, <a href="/wiki/Dahyabhai_Patel" title="Dahyabhai Patel">Dahyabhai</a>, in 1905. Patel also cared for a friend suffering from the <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">Bubonic plague</a> when it swept across Gujarat. When Patel himself came down with the disease, he immediately sent his family to safety, left his home, and moved into an isolated house in Nadiad (by other accounts, Patel spent this time in a dilapidated temple); there, he recovered slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patel practised law in <a href="/wiki/Godhra" title="Godhra">Godhra</a>, Borsad, and <a href="/wiki/Anand,_Gujarat" title="Anand, Gujarat">Anand</a> while taking on the financial burdens of his homestead in <a href="/wiki/Karamsad" title="Karamsad">Karamsad</a>. Patel was the first chairman and founder of "Edward Memorial High School" Borsad, today known as Jhaverbhai Dajibhai Patel High School. When he had saved enough for his trip to England and applied for a pass and a ticket, they were addressed to "V. J. Patel", at the home of his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Vithalbhai_Patel" title="Vithalbhai Patel">Vithalbhai</a>, who had the same initials as Vallabhai. Having once nurtured a similar hope to study in England, Vithalbhai remonstrated his younger brother, saying that it would be disreputable for an older brother to follow his younger brother. In keeping with concerns for his family's honour, Patel allowed Vithalbhai to go in his place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199021_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199021-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909 Patel's wife Jhaverba was hospitalised in Bombay (present-day <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>) to undergo major surgery for cancer. Her health suddenly worsened and, despite successful emergency surgery, she died in the hospital. Patel was given a note informing him of his wife's demise as he was cross-examining a witness in court. According to witnesses, Patel read the note, pocketed it, and continued his cross-examination and won the case. He broke the news to others only after the proceedings had ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199023_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199023-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patel decided against marrying again. He raised his children with the help of his family and sent them to English-language schools in Bombay. At the age of 36, he journeyed to England and enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a> in London. Completing a 36-month course in 30 months, Patel finished at the top of his class despite having had no previous college background.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Returning to India, Patel settled in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> and became one of the city's most successful barristers. Wearing European-style clothes and sporting urbane mannerisms, he became a skilled <a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">bridge</a> player. Patel nurtured ambitions to expand his practice and accumulate great wealth and to provide his children with modern education. He had made a pact with his brother Vithalbhai to support his entry into politics in the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>, while Patel remained in Ahmedabad to provide for the family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199033_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199033-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fight_for_independence">Fight for independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fight for independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1917, Patel delivered a speech in <a href="/wiki/Borsad" title="Borsad">Borsad</a>, encouraging Indians nationwide to sign Gandhi's petition demanding <i><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></i> – self-rule – from Britain. A month later, he met Gandhi for the first time at the Gujarat Political Conference in <a href="/wiki/Godhra" title="Godhra">Godhra</a>. On Gandhi's encouragement, Patel became the secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sabha" title="Gujarat Sabha">Gujarat Sabha</a>, a public body that would become the Gujarati arm of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. Patel now energetically fought against <i><a href="/wiki/Veth_(India)" title="Veth (India)">veth</a></i> – the forced servitude of Indians to Europeans – and organised relief efforts in the wake of plague and <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kheda" title="Kheda">Kheda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199043_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199043-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kheda peasants' plea for exemption from taxation had been turned down by British authorities. Gandhi endorsed waging a struggle there, but could not lead it himself due to his activities in <a href="/wiki/Champaran" title="Champaran">Champaran</a>. When Gandhi asked for a Gujarati activist to devote himself completely to the assignment, Patel volunteered, much to Gandhi's delight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParikh195355_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParikh195355-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though his decision was made on the spot, Patel later said that his desire and commitment came after intense personal contemplation, as he realised he would have to abandon his career and material ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaojibhai_Patel197239_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaojibhai_Patel197239-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satyagraha_in_Gujarat">Satyagraha in Gujarat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Satyagraha in Gujarat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supported by Congress volunteers <a href="/wiki/Narhari_Parikh" title="Narhari Parikh">Narhari Parikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohanlal_Pandya" title="Mohanlal Pandya">Mohanlal Pandya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Tyabji" title="Abbas Tyabji">Abbas Tyabji</a>, Vallabhbhai Patel began a village-by-village tour in the <a href="/wiki/Kheda_district" title="Kheda district">Kheda district</a> documenting grievances and asking villagers for their support for a statewide revolt by <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">refusing to pay taxes</a>. Patel emphasised the potential hardships and the need for complete unity and non-violence from every village in the face of provocation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199065_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199065-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the revolt was launched and tax revenue withheld, the government sent police and intimidation squads to seize property, including confiscating barn animals and whole farms. Patel organised a network of volunteers to work with individual villages, helping them hide valuables and protect themselves against raids. Thousands of activists and farmers were arrested, but Patel was not. The revolt evoked sympathy and admiration across India, including among pro-British Indian politicians. The government agreed to negotiate with Patel and decided to suspend the payment of taxes for a year, even scaling back the rate. Patel emerged as a hero to Gujaratis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199066–68_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199066–68-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920 he was elected president of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee">Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee</a>; he would serve as its president until 1945.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Patel supported Gandhi's <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1909%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)">Non-cooperation movement</a> and toured the state to recruit more than 300,000 members and raise over Rs.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>million in funds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199091_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199091-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helping organise bonfires in Ahmedabad in which British goods were burned, Patel threw in all his English-style clothes. Along with his daughter Mani and son Dahya, he switched completely to wearing <a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">khadi</a>, the locally produced cotton clothing. Patel also supported Gandhi's controversial suspension of resistance in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident</a>. In Gujarat, he worked extensively in the following years against alcoholism, <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">untouchability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian caste system">caste discrimination</a>, as well as for the empowerment of women. In the Congress, he was a resolute supporter of Gandhi against his <a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swarajist</a> critics. Patel was elected Ahmedabad's municipal president in 1922, 1924, and 1927. During his terms, he oversaw improvements in infrastructure: the supply of electricity was increased, and drainage and sanitation systems were extended throughout the city. The school system underwent major reforms. He fought for the recognition and payment of teachers employed in schools established by nationalists (independent of British control) and even took on sensitive <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>–<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990134_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990134-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patel personally led relief efforts in the aftermath of the torrential rainfall of 1927 that caused major floods in the city and in the Kheda district, and great destruction of life and property. He established refugee centres across the district, mobilised volunteers, and arranged for supplies of food, medicines, and clothing, as well as emergency funds from the government and the public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990138–141_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990138–141-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Gandhi was in prison, Patel was asked by Members of Congress to lead the <i>satyagraha</i> in <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a> in 1923 against a law banning the raising of the Indian flag. He organised thousands of volunteers from all over the country to take part in processions of people violating the law. Patel negotiated a settlement obtaining the release of all prisoners and allowing nationalists to hoist the flag in public. Later that year, Patel and his allies uncovered evidence suggesting that the police were in league with a local <a href="/wiki/Dacoity" title="Dacoity"><i>dacoit</i></a> (criminal) gang related to Devar Baba in the Borsad <i><a href="/wiki/Taluka" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluka">taluka</a></i> even as the government prepared to levy a major tax for fighting dacoits in the area. More than 6,000 villagers assembled to hear Patel speak in support of proposed agitation against the tax, which was deemed immoral and unnecessary. He organised hundreds of Congressmen, sent instructions, and received information from across the district. Every village in the <i>taluka</i> resisted payment of the tax and prevented the seizure of property and land. After a protracted struggle, the government withdrew the tax. Historians believe that one of Patel's key achievements was the building of cohesion and trust amongst the different castes and communities, which had been divided along socio-economic lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990119–125_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990119–125-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1928, Patel returned to the independence struggle from his municipal duties in Ahmedabad when <a href="/wiki/Bardoli" title="Bardoli">Bardoli</a> suffered from a serious double predicament of a famine and a steep tax hike. The revenue hike was steeper than it had been in Kheda even though the famine covered a large portion of Gujarat. After cross-examining and talking to village representatives, emphasising the potential hardship and need for non-violence and cohesion, Patel initiated the struggle with a complete denial of taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990149–151_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990149–151-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patel organised volunteers, camps, and an information network across affected areas. The revenue refusal was stronger than in Kheda, and many sympathy <i>satyagrahas</i> were undertaken across Gujarat. Despite arrests and seizures of property and land, the struggle intensified. The situation came to a head in August, when, through sympathetic intermediaries, he negotiated a settlement that included repealing the tax hike, reinstating village officials who had resigned in protest, and returning seized property and land. It was by the women of Bardoli, during the struggle and after the Indian National Congress victory in that area, that Patel first began to be referred to as <i>Sardar</i> (or chief).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990168_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990168-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fundamental_Rights_and_Economic_Policy:_1931">Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy: 1931</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy: 1931"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the chairmanship of Sardar Patel, the "Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy" resolution was passed by the Congress in 1931. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congressmen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Congressmen.png/300px-Congressmen.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Congressmen.png/450px-Congressmen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Congressmen.png/600px-Congressmen.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj" title="Jamnalal Bajaj">Jamnalal Bajaj</a>, Patel (third from left, in the foreground), <a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhash Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a>, and other Congressmen at Wardha.</figcaption></figure> <p>As Gandhi embarked on the <a href="/wiki/Dandi_Salt_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandi Salt March">Dandi Salt March</a>, Patel was arrested in the village of Ras and was put on trial without witnesses, with no lawyer or journalists allowed to attend. Patel's arrest and Gandhi's subsequent arrest caused the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Satyagraha">Salt Satyagraha</a> to greatly intensify in Gujarat. Districts across Gujarat launched an anti-tax rebellion until and unless Patel and Gandhi were released.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990193_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990193-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once released, Patel served as interim Congress president, but was re-arrested while leading a procession in Bombay. After the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a>, Patel was elected president of Congress for its 1931 session in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>. Here the Congress ratified the pact and committed itself to the defence of fundamental rights and civil liberties. It advocated the establishment of a secular nation with a minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom. Patel used his position as Congress president to organise the return of confiscated land to farmers in Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990206_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990206-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Round Table Conference">Round Table Conference</a> in London, Gandhi and Patel were arrested in January 1932 when the struggle re-opened, and imprisoned in the Yeravda Central Jail. During this term of imprisonment, Patel and Gandhi grew close to each other, and the two developed a close bond of affection, trust, and frankness. Their mutual relationship could be described as that of an elder brother (Gandhi) and his younger brother (Patel). Despite having arguments with Gandhi, Patel respected his instincts and leadership. In prison, the two discussed national and social issues, read Hindu epics, and cracked jokes. Gandhi taught Patel <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. Gandhi's secretary, <a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Desai" title="Mahadev Desai">Mahadev Desai</a>, kept detailed records of conversations between Gandhi and Patel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990221–222_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990221–222-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Gandhi embarked on a fast-unto-death protesting the separate electorates allocated for untouchables, Patel looked after Gandhi closely and himself refrained from partaking of food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990226–229_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990226–229-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patel was later moved to a jail in <a href="/wiki/Nasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasik">Nasik</a>, and refused a British offer for a brief release to attend the cremation of his brother Vithalbhai, who had died in October 1933. He was finally released in July 1934.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Patel's position at the highest level in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> was largely connected with his role from 1934 onwards (when the Congress abandoned its <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> of elections) in the party organisation. Based at an apartment in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a>, he became the Congress's main fundraiser and chairman of its Central Parliamentary Board, playing the leading role in selecting and financing candidates for the 1934 elections to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Legislative_Assembly" title="Central Legislative Assembly">Central Legislative Assembly</a> in New Delhi and for the provincial elections of 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to collecting funds and selecting candidates, he also determined the Congress's stance on issues and opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990248_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990248-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not contesting a seat for himself, Patel nevertheless guided Congressmen elected in the provinces and at the national level. In 1935 Patel underwent surgery for <a href="/wiki/Haemorrhoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemorrhoids">haemorrhoids</a>, yet continued to direct efforts against the plague in Bardoli and again when a drought struck Gujarat in 1939. Patel guided the Congress ministries that had won power across India with the aim of preserving party discipline – Patel feared that the British government would take advantage of opportunities to create conflict among elected Congressmen, and he did not want the party to be distracted from the goal of complete independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990266_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990266-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patel clashed with <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a>, opposing declarations of the adoption of socialism at the 1936 Congress session, which he believed was a diversion from the main goal of achieving independence. In 1938 Patel organised rank and file opposition to the attempts of then-Congress president <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> to move away from Gandhi's principles of non-violent resistance. Patel saw Bose as wanting more power over the party. He led senior Congress leaders in a protest that resulted in Bose's resignation. But criticism arose from Bose's supporters, socialists, and other Congressmen that Patel himself was acting in an authoritarian manner in his defence of Gandhi's authority.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_Battle_with_Subhas_Chandra_Bose">Legal Battle with Subhas Chandra Bose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legal Battle with Subhas Chandra Bose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patel's elder brother <a href="/wiki/Vithalbhai_Patel" title="Vithalbhai Patel">Vithalbhai Patel</a>, died in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> on 22 October 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vithalbhai and <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Bose</a> had been highly critical of Gandhi's leadership during their travels in Europe. "By the time Vithalbhai died in October 1933, Bose had become his primary caregiver. On his deathbed he left a will of sorts, bequeathing three-quarters of his money to Bose to use in promoting India's cause in other countries. When Patel saw a copy of the letter in which his brother had left a majority of his estate to Bose, he asked a series of questions: Why was the letter not attested by a doctor? Had the original paper been preserved? Why were the witnesses to that letter all men from Bengal and none of the many other veteran freedom activists and supporters of the Congress who had been present at Geneva where Vithalbhai had died? Patel may even have doubted the veracity of the signature on the document. The case went to the court and after a legal battle that lasted more than a year, the courts judged that Vithalbhai's estate could only be inherited by his legal heirs, that is, his family. Patel promptly handed the money over to the Vithalbhai Memorial Trust."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta2018[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta2018[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2019)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quit_India_movement">Quit India movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quit India movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a></div> <p>On the outbreak of World War II, Patel supported Nehru's decision to withdraw the Congress from central and provincial legislatures, contrary to Gandhi's advice, as well as an initiative by senior leader <a href="/wiki/Chakravarthi_Rajagopalachari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari">Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari</a> to offer Congress's full support to Britain if it promised Indian independence at the end of the war and installed a democratic government right away. Gandhi had refused to support Britain on the grounds of his moral opposition to war, while <a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhash Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a> was in militant opposition to the British. The British government rejected Rajagopalachari's initiative, and Patel embraced Gandhi's leadership again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParikh1956434–436_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParikh1956434–436-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He participated in Gandhi's call for individual disobedience, and was arrested in 1940 and imprisoned for nine months. He also opposed the proposals of the <a href="/wiki/Cripps_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Cripps mission">Cripps mission</a> in 1942. Patel lost more than twenty pounds during his period in jail.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi,_Patel_and_Maulana_Azad_Sept_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gandhi%2C_Patel_and_Maulana_Azad_Sept_1940.jpg/220px-Gandhi%2C_Patel_and_Maulana_Azad_Sept_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gandhi%2C_Patel_and_Maulana_Azad_Sept_1940.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Azad</a>, Patel, and <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Gandhi</a> at an <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a> (AICC) meeting in Bombay, 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>While Nehru, Rajagopalachari, and <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a> initially criticised Gandhi's proposal for an all-out campaign of civil disobedience to force the British to grant Indian independence, Patel was its most fervent supporter. Arguing that the British would retreat from India as they had from <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, Patel urged that the campaign start without any delay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParikh1956447–479_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParikh1956447–479-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though feeling that the British would not leave immediately, Patel favoured an all-out rebellion that would galvanise the Indian people, who had been divided in their response to the war. In Patel's view, such a rebellion would force the British to concede that continuation of colonial rule had no support in India, and thus speed the transfer of power to Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990311–312_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990311–312-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing strongly in the need for revolt, Patel stated his intention to resign from the Congress if the revolt were not approved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENandurkar1981301_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENandurkar1981301-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi strongly pressured the AICC to approve an all-out campaign of civil disobedience, and the AICC approved the campaign on 7 August 1942. Though Patel's health had suffered during his stint in jail, he gave emotional speeches to large crowds across India,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990313_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990313-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asking them to refuse to pay taxes and to participate in civil disobedience, mass protests, and a shutdown of all civil services. He raised funds and prepared a second tier of command as a precaution against the arrest of national leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParikh1956474–477_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParikh1956474–477-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patel made a climactic speech to more than 100,000 people gathered at <a href="/wiki/Gowalia_Tank" title="Gowalia Tank">Gowalia Tank</a> in Bombay on 7 August: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Governor of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> boasts in London that they left Burma only after reducing everything to dust. So you promise the same thing to India? ... You refer in your radio broadcasts and newspapers to the government established in Burma by Japan as a puppet government? What sort of government do you have in Delhi now?...When France fell before the Nazi onslaught, in the midst of total war, Mr. Churchill offered union with England to the French. That was indeed a stroke of inspired statesmanship. But when it comes to India? Oh no! Constitutional changes in the midst of a war? Absolutely unthinkable ... The objective this time is to free India before the Japanese can come and be ready to fight them if they come. They will round up the leaders, round up all. Then it will be the duty of every Indian to put forth his utmost effort—within non-violence. No source is to be left untapped; no weapon untried. This is going to be the opportunity of a lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParikh1956477–479_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParikh1956477–479-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historians believe that Patel's speech was instrumental in electrifying nationalists, who up to then had been sceptical of the proposed rebellion. Patel's organising work in this period is credited by historians with ensuring the success of the rebellion across India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990316_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990316-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patel was arrested on 9 August and was imprisoned with the entire <a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a> from 1942 to 1945 at the fort in <a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar" title="Ahmednagar">Ahmednagar</a>. Here he spun cloth, played bridge, read a large number of books, took long walks, and practised gardening. He also provided emotional support to his colleagues while awaiting news and developments from the outside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattabhi1946395_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattabhi1946395-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patel was deeply pained at the news of the deaths of Mahadev Desai and <a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba Gandhi</a> later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattabhi194613_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattabhi194613-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Patel wrote in a letter to his daughter that he and his colleagues were experiencing "fullest peace" for having done "their duty".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENandurkar1981390_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENandurkar1981390-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though other political parties had opposed the struggle and the British colonial government had responded by imprisoning most of the leaders of Congress, the Quit India movement was "by far the most serious rebellion since that of 1857", as the viceroy cabled to <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>. More than 100,000 people were arrested and numerous protestors were killed in violent confrontations with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Police" title="Indian Imperial Police">Indian Imperial Police</a>. Strikes, protests, and other revolutionary activities had broken out across India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990318_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990318-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Patel was released on 15 June 1945, he realised that the British government was preparing proposals to transfer power to India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partition_and_independence">Partition and independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Partition and independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1946_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1946 Indian provincial elections">1946 Indian provincial elections</a>, the Congress won a large majority of the elected seats, dominating the Hindu electorate. However the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> won a large majority of Muslim electorate seats. The League had <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">resolved in 1940</a> to demand <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> – an independent state for Muslims – and was a fierce critic of the Congress. The Congress formed governments in all provinces save <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, where it entered into coalitions with other parties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet_mission_and_partition">Cabinet mission and partition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cabinet mission and partition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">British mission</a> proposed two plans for transfer of power, there was considerable opposition within the Congress to both. The plan of 16 May 1946 proposed a loose federation with extensive provincial autonomy, and the "grouping" of provinces based on religious-majority. The plan of 16 May 1946 proposed the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> on religious lines, with over <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Princely_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian Princely States">565 princely states</a> free to choose between independence or accession to either dominion. The League approved both plans while the Congress flatly rejected the proposal of 16 May. Gandhi criticised the 16 May proposal as being inherently divisive, but Patel, realising that rejecting the proposal would mean that only the League would be invited to form a government, lobbied the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a> hard to give its assent to the 16 May proposal. Patel engaged in discussions with the British envoys <a href="/wiki/Sir_Stafford_Cripps" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Stafford Cripps">Sir Stafford Cripps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Lord Pethick-Lawrence</a> and obtained an assurance that the "grouping" clause would not be given practical force, Patel converted <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Rajagopalachari</a> to accept the plan. When the League retracted its approval of the 16 May plan, the viceroy <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Lord Wavell</a> invited the Congress to form the government. Under Nehru, who was styled the "Vice President of the Viceroy's Executive Council", Patel took charge of the departments of home affairs and information and broadcasting. He moved into a government house on Aurangzeb Road in Delhi, which would be his home until his death in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vallabhbhai Patel was one of the first Congress leaders to accept the partition of India as a solution to the rising Muslim separatist movement led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>. He had been outraged by Jinnah's <a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action</a> campaign, which had provoked communal violence across India, and by the viceroy's vetoes of his home department's plans to stop the violence on the grounds of constitutionality. Patel severely criticised the viceroy's induction of League ministers into the government, and the revalidation of the grouping scheme by the British government without Congress's approval. Although further outraged at the League's boycott of the assembly and non-acceptance of the plan of 16 May despite entering government, he was also aware that Jinnah did enjoy popular support amongst Muslims, and that an open conflict between him and the nationalists could degenerate into a Hindu-Muslim civil war of disastrous consequences. The continuation of a divided and weak central government would, in Patel's mind, result in the wider fragmentation of India by encouraging more than 600 princely states towards independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990395–397_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990395–397-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1946 and January 1947, Patel worked with civil servant <a href="/wiki/V._P._Menon" title="V. P. Menon">V. P. Menon</a> on the latter's suggestion for a separate <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> created out of Muslim-majority provinces. Communal violence in Bengal and Punjab in January and March 1947 further convinced Patel of the soundness of partition. Patel, a fierce critic of Jinnah's demand that the Hindu-majority areas of Punjab and Bengal be included in a Muslim state, obtained the partition of those provinces, thus blocking any possibility of their inclusion in Pakistan. Patel's decisiveness on the partition of Punjab and Bengal had won him many supporters and admirers amongst the Indian public, which had tired of the League's tactics, but he was criticised by Gandhi, Nehru, secular Muslims, and socialists for a perceived eagerness to do so. When Lord <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Louis Mountbatten</a> formally proposed the plan on 3 June 1947, Patel gave his approval and lobbied Nehru and other Congress leaders to accept the proposal. Knowing Gandhi's deep anguish regarding proposals of partition, Patel engaged him in frank discussion in private meetings over what he saw as the practical unworkability of any Congress–League coalition, the rising violence, and the threat of civil war. At the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a> meeting called to vote on the proposal, Patel said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I fully appreciate the fears of our brothers from [the Muslim-majority areas]. Nobody likes the division of India and my heart is heavy. But the choice is between one division and many divisions. We must face facts. We cannot give way to emotionalism and sentimentality. The Working Committee has not acted out of fear. But I am afraid of one thing, that all our toil and hard work of these many years might go waste or prove unfruitful. My nine months in office has completely disillusioned me regarding the supposed merits of the Cabinet Mission Plan. Except for a few honourable exceptions, Muslim officials from the top down to the chaprasis (<a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">peons</a> or servants) are working for the League. The communal veto given to the League in the Mission Plan would have blocked India's progress at every stage. Whether we like it or not, de facto Pakistan already exists in the Punjab and Bengal. Under the circumstances I would prefer a de jure Pakistan, which may make the League more responsible. Freedom is coming. We have 75 to 80 percent of India, which we can make strong with our own genius. The League can develop the rest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenon1997385_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenon1997385-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After Gandhi rejected and Congress approved the plan, Patel represented India on the Partition Council,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalraj_Krishna200787_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalraj_Krishna200787-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenon1997397_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenon1997397-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he oversaw the division of public assets, and selected the Indian council of ministers with Nehru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyed201018_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyed201018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, neither Patel nor any other Indian leader had foreseen the intense violence and population transfer that would take place with partition. Patel took the lead in organising relief and emergency supplies, establishing refugee camps, and visiting the border areas with Pakistani leaders to encourage peace. Despite these efforts, the death toll is estimated at between 500,000 and 1 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated number of refugees in both countries exceeds 15 million.<sup id="cite_ref-consequences_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consequences-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding that Delhi and Punjab policemen, accused of organising attacks on Muslims, were personally affected by the tragedies of partition, Patel called out the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> with South Indian regiments to restore order, imposing strict curfews and shoot-on-sight orders. Visiting the <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Auliya_Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizamuddin Auliya Dargah">Nizamuddin Auliya Dargah</a> area in Delhi, where thousands of Delhi Muslims feared attacks, he prayed at the shrine, visited the people, and reinforced the presence of police. He suppressed from the press reports of atrocities in Pakistan against Hindus and <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> to prevent retaliatory violence. Establishing the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Emergency_Committee" title="Delhi Emergency Committee">Delhi Emergency Committee</a> to restore order and organising relief efforts for refugees in the capital, Patel publicly warned officials against partiality and neglect. When reports reached Patel that large groups of Sikhs were preparing to attack Muslim convoys heading for Pakistan, Patel hurried to <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> and met Sikh and Hindu leaders. Arguing that attacking helpless people was cowardly and dishonourable, Patel emphasised that Sikh actions would result in further attacks against Hindus and Sikhs in Pakistan. He assured the community leaders that if they worked to establish peace and order and guarantee the safety of Muslims, the Indian government would react forcefully to any failures of Pakistan to do the same. Additionally, Patel addressed a massive crowd of approximately 200,000 refugees who had surrounded his car after the meetings: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here, in this same city, the blood of Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims mingled in the <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritsar Massacre">bloodbath of Jallianwala Bagh</a>. I am grieved to think that things have come to such a pass that no Muslim can go about in Amritsar and no Hindu or Sikh can even think of living in Lahore. The butchery of innocent and defenceless men, women and children does not behove brave men ... I am quite certain that India's interest lies in getting all her men and women across the border and sending out all Muslims from East Punjab. I have come to you with a specific appeal. Pledge the safety of Muslim refugees crossing the city. Any obstacles or hindrances will only worsen the plight of our refugees who are already performing prodigious feats of endurance. If we have to fight, we must fight clean. Such a fight must await an appropriate time and conditions and you must be watchful in choosing your ground. To fight against the refugees is no fight at all. No laws of humanity or war among honourable men permit the murder of people who have sought shelter and protection. Let there be truce for three months in which both sides can exchange their refugees. This sort of truce is permitted even by laws of war. Let us take the initiative in breaking this vicious circle of attacks and counter-attacks. Hold your hands for a week and see what happens. Make way for the refugees with your own force of volunteers and let them deliver the refugees safely at our frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShankar1974–1975104–105_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShankar1974–1975104–105-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Following his dialogue with community leaders and his speech, no further attacks occurred against Muslim refugees, and a wider peace and order was soon re-established over the entire area. However, Patel was criticised by Nehru, secular Muslims, and Gandhi over his alleged wish to see Muslims from other parts of India depart. While Patel vehemently denied such allegations, the acrimony with <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a> and other secular Muslim leaders increased when Patel refused to dismiss Delhi's Sikh police commissioner, who was accused of discrimination. Hindu and Sikh leaders also accused Patel and other leaders of not taking Pakistan sufficiently to task over the attacks on their communities there, and Muslim leaders further criticised him for allegedly neglecting the needs of Muslims leaving for Pakistan, and concentrating resources for incoming Hindu and Sikh refugees. Patel clashed with Nehru and Azad over the allocation of houses in Delhi vacated by Muslims leaving for Pakistan; Nehru and Azad desired to allocate them for displaced Muslims, while Patel argued that no government professing <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> must make such exclusions. However, Patel was publicly defended by Gandhi and received widespread admiration and support for speaking frankly on communal issues and acting decisively and resourcefully to quell disorder and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_integration_of_independent_India">Political integration of independent India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political integration of independent India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration of India</a></div> <p>As the first Home Minister, Patel played one of the major role in the integration of the princely states into the Indian federation.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated65_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated65-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This achievement formed the cornerstone of Patel's popularity in the post-independence era. He is, in this regard, compared to <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> who unified the many German states in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalraj_Krishna2007_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalraj_Krishna2007-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the plan of 3 June, more than 565 princely states were given the option of joining either India or Pakistan, or choosing independence. Indian nationalists and large segments of the public feared that if these states did not accede, most of the people and territory would be fragmented. The Congress, as well as senior British officials, considered Patel the best man for the task of achieving conquest of the princely states by the Indian dominion. Gandhi had said to Patel, "The problem of the States is so difficult that you alone can solve it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990406_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990406-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patel was considered a statesman of integrity with the practical acumen and resolve to accomplish a monumental task. He asked V.<span class="nowrap"> </span>P.<span class="nowrap"> </span>Menon, a senior civil servant with whom he had worked on the partition of India, to become his right-hand man as chief secretary of the States Ministry. On 6 August 1947, Patel began lobbying the princes, attempting to make them receptive towards dialogue with the future government and forestall potential conflicts. Patel used social meetings and unofficial surroundings to engage most of the monarchs, inviting them to lunch and tea at his home in Delhi. At these meetings, Patel explained that there was no inherent conflict between the Congress and the princely order. Patel invoked the patriotism of India's monarchs, asking them to join in the independence of their nation and act as responsible rulers who cared about the future of their people. He persuaded the princes of 565 states of the impossibility of independence from the Indian republic, especially in the presence of growing opposition from their subjects. He proposed favourable terms for the merger, including the creation of <i><a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Purse in India">privy purses</a></i> for the rulers' descendants. While encouraging the rulers to act out of patriotism, Patel did not rule out force. Stressing that the princes would need to accede to India in good faith, he set a deadline of 15 August 1947 for them to sign the instrument of accession document. All but three of the states willingly merged into the Indian union; only <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junagadh_State" title="Junagadh State">Junagadh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad state">Hyderabad</a> did not fall into his basket.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyed201021_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyed201021-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple#Restoration_of_temple_after_Independence" title="Somnath temple">Somnath temple Restoration</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Somnath_temple_ruins_(1869).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg/250px-Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg/375px-Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg/500px-Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Somnath temple ruins, 1869</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Somanatha_view-II.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Somanatha_view-II.JPG/250px-Somanatha_view-II.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Somanatha_view-II.JPG/375px-Somanatha_view-II.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Somanatha_view-II.JPG/500px-Somanatha_view-II.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Patel ordered <a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath temple</a> reconstructed in 1948.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyderabad_state_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hyderabad_state_1909.jpg/250px-Hyderabad_state_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hyderabad_state_1909.jpg/375px-Hyderabad_state_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hyderabad_state_1909.jpg/500px-Hyderabad_state_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad state">Hyderabad state</a> in 1909. Its area stretched over large parts of the current Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, Karnataka, and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/250px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/375px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/500px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Indian Empire</a> in 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>Junagadh was especially important to Patel, since it was in his home state of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. It was also important because in this Kathiawar district was the ultra-rich <a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath temple</a> (which in the 11th century had been plundered by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>, who damaged the temple and its idols to rob it of its riches, including emeralds, diamonds, and gold). Under pressure from Sir <a href="/wiki/Shah_Nawaz_Bhutto" title="Shah Nawaz Bhutto">Shah Nawaz Bhutto</a>, the Nawab had acceded to Pakistan. It was, however, quite far from Pakistan, and 80% of its population was Hindu. Patel combined diplomacy with force, demanding that Pakistan annul the accession, and that the Nawab accede to India. He sent the Army to occupy three principalities of Junagadh to show his resolve. Following widespread protests and the formation of a civil government, or <i>Aarzi Hukumat</i>, both Bhutto and the Nawab fled to <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, and under Patel's orders the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> and police units marched into the state. A plebiscite organised later produced a 99.5% vote for merger with India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990438_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990438-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech at the Bahauddin College in Junagadh following the latter's take-over, Patel emphasised his feeling of urgency on Hyderabad, which he felt was more vital to India than Kashmir: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If Hyderabad does not see the writing on the wall, it goes the way Junagadh has gone. Pakistan attempted to set off Kashmir against Junagadh. When we raised the question of settlement in a democratic way, they (Pakistan) at once told us that they would consider it if we applied that policy to Kashmir. Our reply was that we would agree to Kashmir if they agreed to Hyderabad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990438_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990438-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Hyderabad was the largest of the princely states, and it included parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, Andhra Pradesh, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> states. Its ruler, the <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a> <a href="/wiki/Osman_Ali_Khan,_Asif_Jah_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII">Osman Ali Khan</a>, was a Muslim, although over 80% of its people were Hindu. The Nizam sought independence or accession with Pakistan. Muslim forces loyal to Nizam, called the <a href="/wiki/Razakars_(Hyderabad)" title="Razakars (Hyderabad)">Razakars</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Qasim_Razvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasim Razvi">Qasim Razvi</a>, pressed the Nizam to hold out against India, while organising attacks on people on Indian soil. Even though a <a href="/wiki/Standstill_agreement_(India)" title="Standstill agreement (India)">Standstill Agreement</a> was signed due to the desperate efforts of Lord Mountbatten to avoid a war, the Nizam rejected deals and changed his positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990480_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990480-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 7, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> gave ultimatum to Nizam, demanding ban on the Razakars and return of Indian troops to <a href="/wiki/Secunderabad_Cantonment_Board" title="Secunderabad Cantonment Board">Secunderabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Siddiqi_1960_p._70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siddiqi_1960_p.-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benichou_2000_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benichou_2000-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zafarullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Zafarullah Khan">Muhammad Zafarullah Khan</a> warned India against this ultimatum.<sup id="cite_ref-Best_2003_p._224_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Best_2003_p._224-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invasion of Hyderabad was then launched on 13 September, after the death of Jinnah on 11 September.<sup id="cite_ref-Hangloo_Murali_2007_p._73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hangloo_Murali_2007_p.-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Institute_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Institute-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the defeat of Razakars, the Nizam signed an instrument of accession, joining India.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leading_India">Leading India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Leading India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_Rajagopalachari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravarti Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a>, along with Nehru and Patel, formed the "triumvirate" that ruled India from 1948 to 1950. Prime Minister Nehru was intensely popular with the masses, but Patel enjoyed the loyalty and the faith of rank and file Congressmen, state leaders, and India's civil servants. Patel was a senior leader in the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a> and was responsible in large measure for shaping India's constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patel was the chairman of the committees responsible for minorities, tribal and excluded areas, fundamental rights, and provincial constitutions. Patel piloted a model constitution for the provinces in the Assembly, which contained limited powers for the state governor, who would defer to the president – he clarified it was not the intention to let the governor exercise power that could impede an elected government.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked closely with Muslim leaders to end separate electorates and the more potent demand for reservation of seats for minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunshi1967207_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunshi1967207-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His intervention was key to the passage of two articles that protected civil servants from political involvement and guaranteed their terms and privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also instrumental in the founding the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">Indian Police Service</a>, and for his defence of Indian civil servants from political attack; he is known as the "patron saint" of India's services. When a delegation of Gujarati farmers came to him citing their inability to send their milk production to the markets without being fleeced by intermediaries, Patel exhorted them to organise the processing and sale of milk by themselves, and guided them to create the <a href="/wiki/Kaira_District_Co-operative_Milk_Producers%27_Union_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union Limited">Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union Limited</a>, which preceded the <a href="/wiki/Amul" title="Amul">Amul</a> milk products brand. Patel also pledged the reconstruction of the ancient but dilapidated <a href="/wiki/Somnath_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnath Temple">Somnath Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a>. He oversaw the restoration work and the creation of a public trust, and pledged to dedicate the temple upon the completion of work (the work was completed after his death and the temple was inaugurated by the first President of India, Dr.<span class="nowrap"> </span>Rajendra Prasad). </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">Pakistani invasion of Kashmir</a> began in September 1947, Patel immediately wanted to send troops into Kashmir. But, agreeing with Nehru and Mountbatten, he waited until Kashmir's monarch had acceded to India. Patel then oversaw India's military operations to secure <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> and the Baramulla Pass, and the forces retrieved much territory from the invaders. Patel, along with Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh" title="Baldev Singh">Baldev Singh</a>, administered the entire military effort, arranging for troops from different parts of India to be rushed to Kashmir and for a major military road connecting Srinagar to <a href="/wiki/Pathankot" title="Pathankot">Pathankot</a> to be built in six months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990455_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990455-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patel strongly advised Nehru against going for arbitration to the United Nations, insisting that Pakistan had been wrong to support the invasion and the accession to India was valid. He did not want foreign interference in a bilateral affair. Patel opposed the release of Rs.<span class="nowrap"> </span>550 million to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a>, convinced that the money would go to finance the war against India in Kashmir. The Cabinet had approved his point but it was reversed when Gandhi, who feared an intensifying rivalry and further communal violence, went on a fast-unto-death to obtain the release. Patel, though not estranged from Gandhi, was deeply hurt at the rejection of his counsel and a Cabinet decision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990463_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990463-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949 a crisis arose when the number of Hindu refugees entering <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, Assam, and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> from <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> climbed to over 800,000. The refugees in many cases were being forcibly evicted by Pakistani authorities, and were victims of intimidation and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990497_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990497-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nehru invited <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>, Prime Minister of Pakistan, to find a peaceful solution. Despite his aversion, Patel reluctantly met Khan and discussed the matter. Patel strongly criticised Nehru's plan to sign a pact that would create minority commissions in both countries and pledge both India and Pakistan to a commitment to protect each other's minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990498_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990498-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mookerjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Syama Prasad Mookerjee">Syama Prasad Mookerjee</a> and K.<span class="nowrap"> </span>C.<span class="nowrap"> </span>Neogy, two <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a> ministers, resigned, and Nehru was intensely criticised in West Bengal for allegedly appeasing Pakistan. The pact was immediately in jeopardy. Patel, however, publicly came to Nehru's aid. He gave emotional speeches to members of Parliament, and the people of West Bengal, and spoke with scores of delegations of Congressmen, Hindus, Muslims, and other public interest groups, persuading them to give peace a final effort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990499_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990499-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2015 the Government of India declassified surveillance reports suggesting that Patel, while Home Minister, and Nehru were among officials involved in alleged government-authorised spying on the family of <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Father_of_All_India_Services">Father of All India Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Father of All India Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28%; border-width: 2px; color: #202122;background-color: #ffefd5;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><i>There is no alternative to this administrative system... The Union will go, you will not have a united India if you do not have good All-India Service which has the independence to speak out its mind, which has sense of security that you will standby your work... If you do not adopt this course, then do not follow the present Constitution. Substitute something else... these people are the instrument. Remove them and I see nothing but a picture of chaos all over the country</i>. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;">in Constituent Assembly discussing the role of <a href="/wiki/All_India_Services" title="All India Services">All India Services</a>.</span><sup id="cite_ref-Discussion_in_Constituent_Assembly_on_role_of_Indian_Administrative_Service_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discussion_in_Constituent_Assembly_on_role_of_Indian_Administrative_Service-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:Save_the_integrity_of_the_civil_service_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Save_the_integrity_of_the_civil_service-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>He was also instrumental in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Services" title="All India Services">All India Services</a> which he described as the country's "Steel Frame". In his address to the probationers of these services, he asked them to be guided by the spirit of service in day-to-day administration. He reminded them that the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">ICS</a> was no-longer neither Imperial, nor civil, nor imbued with any spirit of service after Independence. His exhortation to the probationers to maintain utmost impartiality and incorruptibility of administration is as relevant today as it was then. "A civil servant cannot afford to, and must not, take part in politics. Nor must he involve himself in communal wrangles. To depart from the path of rectitude in either of these respects is to debase public service and to lower its dignity," he had cautioned them on 21 April 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He, more than anyone else in post-independence India, realised the crucial role that civil services play in administering a country, in not merely maintaining law and order, but running the institutions that provide the binding cement to a society. He, more than any other contemporary of his, was aware of the needs of a sound, stable administrative structure as the lynchpin of a functioning polity. The present-day all-India administrative services owe their origin to the man's sagacity and thus he is regarded as Father of modern <a href="/wiki/All_India_Services" title="All India Services">All India Services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-One_Who_Forged_India’s_Steel_Frame_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One_Who_Forged_India’s_Steel_Frame-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_Gandhi_and_Nehru">Relations with Gandhi and Nehru</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Relations with Gandhi and Nehru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru,_Gandhi_and_Patel_AICC_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nehru%2C_Gandhi_and_Patel_AICC_1946.jpg/220px-Nehru%2C_Gandhi_and_Patel_AICC_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nehru%2C_Gandhi_and_Patel_AICC_1946.jpg/330px-Nehru%2C_Gandhi_and_Patel_AICC_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nehru%2C_Gandhi_and_Patel_AICC_1946.jpg/440px-Nehru%2C_Gandhi_and_Patel_AICC_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Nehru, Gandhi and Patel in 1946</figcaption></figure> <p>Patel was intensely loyal to Gandhi, and both he and Nehru looked to him to arbitrate disputes. However, Nehru and Patel sparred over national issues.<sup id="cite_ref-google88_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google88-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Nehru asserted control over Kashmir policy, Patel objected to Nehru's sidelining his home ministry's officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990459_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990459-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nehru was offended by Patel's decision-making regarding the states' integration, having consulted neither him nor the Cabinet. Patel asked Gandhi to relieve him of his obligation to serve, believing that an open political battle would hurt India. After much personal deliberation and contrary to Patel's prediction, Gandhi on 30 January 1948 told Patel not to leave the government. A free India, according to Gandhi, needed both Patel and Nehru. Patel was the last man to privately talk with Gandhi, who was assassinated just minutes after Patel's departure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990467_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990467-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Gandhi's wake, Nehru and Patel embraced each other and addressed the nation together. Patel gave solace to many associates and friends and immediately moved to forestall any possible violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990467–469_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990467–469-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within two months of Gandhi's death, Patel suffered a major heart attack; the timely action of his daughter, his secretary, and a nurse saved Patel's life. Speaking later, Patel attributed the attack to the grief bottled up due to Gandhi's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990472–473_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990472–473-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criticism arose from the media and other politicians that Patel's home ministry had failed to protect Gandhi. Emotionally exhausted, Patel tendered a letter of resignation, offering to leave the government. Patel's secretary persuaded him to withhold the letter, seeing it as fodder for Patel's political enemies and political conflict in India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990469–470_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990469–470-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Nehru sent Patel a letter dismissing any question of personal differences or desire for Patel's ouster. He reminded Patel of their 30-year partnership in the independence struggle and asserted that after Gandhi's death, it was especially wrong for them to quarrel. Nehru, Rajagopalachari, and other Congressmen publicly defended Patel. Moved, Patel publicly endorsed Nehru's leadership and refuted any suggestion of discord, and dispelled any notion that he sought to be prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990469–470_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990469–470-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nehru gave Patel a free hand in integrating the princely states into India.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated65_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated65-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the two committed themselves to joint leadership and non-interference in Congress party affairs, they sometimes would criticise each other in matters of policy, clashing on the issues of Hyderabad's integration and UN mediation in Kashmir. Nehru declined Patel's counsel on sending assistance to <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> after its <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%931951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Tibet (1950–1951)">1950 invasion</a> by the People's Republic of China and on ejecting the Portuguese from <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> by military force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990508–512_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990508–512-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Nehru pressured <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> to decline a nomination to become the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> in 1950 in favour of Rajagopalachari, he angered the party, which felt Nehru was attempting to impose his will. Nehru sought Patel's help in winning the party over, but Patel declined, and Prasad was duly elected. Nehru opposed the 1950 Congress presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a>, a conservative Hindu leader, endorsing <a href="/wiki/Jivatram_Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivatram Kripalani">Jivatram Kripalani</a> instead and threatening to resign if Tandon was elected. Patel rejected Nehru's views and endorsed Tandon in Gujarat, where Kripalani received not one vote despite hailing from that state himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990523–524_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990523–524-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patel believed Nehru had to understand that his will was not law with the Congress, but he personally discouraged Nehru from resigning after the latter felt that the party had no confidence in him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990504–506_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990504–506-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ban_on_RSS">Ban on RSS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ban on RSS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28%; border-width: 2px; font-size: 95%; color: #202122;background-color: #ffefd5;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><i>The other is the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">R.S.S.</a> I have made them an open offer. Change your plans, give up secrecy, respect the Constitution of India, show your loyalty to the (<a href="/wiki/National_Flag_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National Flag of India">National Flag</a>) and make us believe that we can trust your words. Whether they are friends or foes, and even if they are our own dear children, we are not going to allow them to play with fire so that the house may be set on fire. It would be criminal to allow young men to indulge in acts of violence and destruction.</i>. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, <span style="font-size:85%;">Speaking on R.S.S, during a public speech.</span><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>In January 1948, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated</a> by Hindutva activist <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the assassination, many prominent leaders of the Hindu nationalist organisation <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS) were arrested, and the organisation was banned on 4 February 1948 by Patel. During the court proceedings in relation to the assassination Godse began claiming that he had left the organisation in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-IAR_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAR-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vallabhbhai Patel had remarked that the "RSS men expressed joy and distributed sweets after Gandhi's death".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh201582_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh201582-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The charged RSS leaders were acquitted of the conspiracy charge by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>. Following his release in August 1948, <a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar</a> wrote to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to lift the ban on RSS. After Nehru replied that the matter was the responsibility of the Home Minister, Golwalkar consulted Vallabhai Patel regarding the same. Patel then demanded an absolute pre-condition that the RSS adopt a formal written constitution<sup id="cite_ref-PLJ100_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLJ100-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and make it public, where Patel expected RSS to pledge its loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, accept the Tricolor as the <a href="/wiki/National_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="National Flag">National Flag</a> of India, define the power of the head of the organisation, make the organisation democratic by holding internal elections, authorisation of their parents before enrolling the pre-adolescents into the movement, and to renounce violence and secrecy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199688,_89_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199688,_89-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham200714_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200714-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noorani2000_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorani2000-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Golwalkar launched a huge agitation against this demand during which he was imprisoned again. Later, a constitution was drafted for RSS, which, however, initially did not meet any of Patel's demands. After a failed attempt to agitate again, eventually the RSS's constitution was amended according to Patel's wishes with the exception of the procedure for selecting the head of the organisation and the enrolment of pre-adolescents. However, the organisation's internal democracy which was written into its constitution, remained a 'dead letter'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199689_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199689-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 July 1949 the Government of India lifted the ban on the RSS by issuing a communique stating that the decision to lift the ban on the RSS had been taken in view of the RSS leader Golwalkar's undertaking to make the group's loyalty towards the Constitution of India and acceptance and respect towards the National Flag of India more explicit in the Constitution of the RSS, which was to be worked out in a democratic manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Noorani2000_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorani2000-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Curran1950_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curran1950-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years">Final years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his twilight years, Patel was honoured by members of Parliament. He was awarded honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate of law">doctorates of law</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rashtrasant_Tukadoji_Maharaj_Nagpur_University" title="Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University">Nagpur University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Allahabad" title="University of Allahabad">University of Allahabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a> in November 1948, subsequently receiving honorary doctorates from <a href="/wiki/Osmania_University" title="Osmania University">Osmania University</a> in February 1949 and from <a href="/wiki/Punjab_University,_Chandigarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab University, Chandigarh">Punjab University</a> in March 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-mourn_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mourn-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyed201025_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyed201025-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, Patel had been featured on the cover page of the January 1947 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 March 1949 authorities lost radio contact with a Royal <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dove" title="De Havilland Dove">de Havilland Dove</a> carrying Patel, his daughter <a href="/wiki/Maniben_Patel" title="Maniben Patel">Maniben</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yadavindra_Singh" title="Yadavindra Singh">Maharaja of Patiala</a> from Delhi to Jaipur.<sup id="cite_ref-plane_mishap_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plane_mishap-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pilot had been ordered to fly at a low altitude due to turbulence.<sup id="cite_ref-communique_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communique-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the flight, loss of power in an engine caused the pilot to make an emergency landing in a desert area in Rajasthan.<sup id="cite_ref-communique_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communique-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to the aircraft's flying at a low altitude, the pilot was unable to send a distress call with the aircraft's VHF radio, nor could he use his HF equipment as the crew lacked a trained signaller.<sup id="cite_ref-communique_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communique-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With all passengers safe, Patel and others tracked down a nearby village and local officials. A subsequent RIAF court of inquiry headed by Group Captain (later Air Chief Marshal and Chief of the Air Staff) <a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">Pratap Chandra Lal</a> concluded the forced landing had been caused by <a href="/wiki/Fuel_starvation" title="Fuel starvation">fuel starvation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-plane_mishap_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plane_mishap-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-communique_113-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communique-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Patel returned to Delhi, thousands of Congressmen gave him a resounding welcome. In Parliament, MPs gave a long standing ovation to Patel, stopping proceedings for half an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990494–495_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990494–495-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patel's health declined rapidly through the summer of 1949. He later began coughing blood, whereupon <a href="/wiki/Maniben_Patel" title="Maniben Patel">Maniben</a> began limiting his meetings and working hours and arranged for a personalised medical staff to begin attending to Patel. The then <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of West Bengal">Chief Minister of West Bengal</a>, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a> heard Patel make jokes about his impending end, and in a private meeting Patel admitted to his ministerial colleague <a href="/wiki/N._V._Gadgil" class="mw-redirect" title="N. V. Gadgil">N. V. Gadgil</a> that he was not going to live much longer. Patel's health worsened after 2 November, when he began losing consciousness frequently and was confined to his bed. He was flown to Bombay on 12 December on advice from Dr<span class="nowrap"> </span>Roy, to recuperate as his condition was deemed critical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990530_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990530-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nehru, Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, and Menon all came to see him off at the airport in Delhi. Patel was extremely weak and had to be carried onto the aircraft in a chair. In Bombay, large crowds gathered at <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_International_Airport" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport">Santacruz Airport</a> to greet him. To spare him from this stress, the aircraft landed at <a href="/wiki/Juhu_Aerodrome" title="Juhu Aerodrome">Juhu Aerodrome</a>, where Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/B._G._Kher" title="B. G. Kher">B. G. Kher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> were present to receive him with a car belonging to the Governor of Bombay that took Vallabhbhai to Birla House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990532_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990532-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kp99_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kp99-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After suffering a massive heart attack (his second), Patel died on 15 December 1950 at Birla House in Bombay.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an unprecedented and unrepeated gesture, on the day after his death more than 1,500 officers of India's civil and police services congregated to mourn at Patel's residence in Delhi and pledged "complete loyalty and unremitting zeal" in India's service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanjabi1969157–158_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanjabi1969157–158-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous governments and world leaders sent messages of condolence upon Patel's death, including <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Lie" title="Trygve Lie">Trygve Lie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In homage to Patel, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> declared a week of national mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patel's <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> was planned at <a href="/wiki/Girgaum_Chowpatty" class="mw-redirect" title="Girgaum Chowpatty">Girgaum Chowpatty</a>, but this was changed to Sonapur (now Marine Lines) when his daughter conveyed that it was his wish to be cremated like a common man in the same place as his wife and brother were earlier cremated. His cremation in Sonapur in Bombay was attended by a crowd of one million including Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, Rajagopalachari and President <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kp99_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kp99-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vpsb74_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vpsb74-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990533_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990533-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="List of things named after Vallabhbhai Patel">List of things named after Vallabhbhai Patel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A021_(Small).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/A021_%28Small%29.jpg/220px-A021_%28Small%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/A021_%28Small%29.jpg/330px-A021_%28Small%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/A021_%28Small%29.jpg/440px-A021_%28Small%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>The central hall of the <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Memorial" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patelcoat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Patelcoat.jpg/180px-Patelcoat.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Patelcoat.jpg/270px-Patelcoat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Patelcoat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>The coat of Patel, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Memorial" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial</a>, Ahmedabad</figcaption></figure> <p>Sardar Patel is a widely celebrated Indian freedom fighter in India, as well as a respected leader. In his eulogy, delivered the day after Patel's death, <a href="/wiki/Girija_Shankar_Bajpai" title="Girija Shankar Bajpai">Girija Shankar Bajpai</a>, the Secretary-General of the Ministry of External Affairs, paid tribute to "a great patriot, a great administrator and a great man. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was all three, a rare combination in any historic epoch and in any country."<sup id="cite_ref-mourn_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mourn-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bajpai lauded Patel for his achievements as a patriot and as an administrator, notably his vital role in securing India's stability in the aftermath of Independence and Partition: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>...History holds many examples of the fruits of freedom squandered by lack of attention to stability and order, the twin foundations of society. Though a revolutionary in his fight against foreign rule, Sardar Patel was no believer in abrupt or violent change; progress by evolution was really his motto. And so, although in August 1947 power changed hands, and with it the spirit of the administration, the machinery of Government was preserved. As Home Minister and Minister for States, the Sardar had a double task, conservative in the good sense of the word, in what had been Provinces in the old India, creative in the Indian States. Neither was easy. To the ordinary stresses of a transition caused by the withdrawal of trained personnel which had wielded all power for a hundred years was added the strain of partition, and the immense human upheavals and suffering that followed it. The fate of our new State hung in the balance during those perilous months when millions moved across the new frontiers under conditions which are still vivid—indeed, too vivid—in our memories, and therefore, need not be described. That despite some oscillation the scales stayed steady was due not only to the faith of the people in its leaders, but to the firm will and strong hand of the new Home Minister. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="center-aligned" style="">Official Records of Patel's death<sup id="cite_ref-mourn_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mourn-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Among Patel's surviving family, <a href="/wiki/Maniben_Patel" title="Maniben Patel">Maniben Patel</a> lived in a flat in Bombay for the rest of her life following her father's death; she often led the work of the <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_Memorial_Trust" title="Sardar Patel Memorial Trust">Sardar Patel Memorial Trust</a>, which organises the prestigious annual <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_Memorial_Lectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Patel Memorial Lectures">Sardar Patel Memorial Lectures</a>, and other charitable organisations. <a href="/wiki/Dahyabhai_Patel" title="Dahyabhai Patel">Dahyabhai Patel</a> was a businessman who was elected to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Indian Parliament</a>) as an <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament#India" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">MP</a> in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patel was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a>, India's highest civilian honour, in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was announced in 2014 that his birthday, 31 October, would become an annual national celebration known as <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Ekta_Diwas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtriya Ekta Diwas">Rashtriya Ekta Diwas</a> (National Unity Day).<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Patel was ranked third in <a href="/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)" title="Outlook (Indian magazine)">Outlook India's</a> poll of <a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Indian" title="The Greatest Indian">the Greatest Indian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patel's family home in Karamsad is preserved in his memory.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Memorial" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial</a> in Ahmedabad was established in 1980 at the <a href="/wiki/Moti_Shahi_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moti Shahi Mahal">Moti Shahi Mahal</a>. It comprises a museum, a gallery of portraits and historical pictures, and a library containing important documents and books associated with Patel and his life. Amongst the exhibits are many of Patel's personal effects and relics from various periods of his personal and political life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyed201027_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyed201027-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patel is the namesake of many public institutions in India. A major initiative to build dams, canals, and hydroelectric power plants in the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada River</a> valley to provide a tri-state area with drinking water and electricity and to increase agricultural production was named the <i><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Sarovar_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Sarovar Project">Sardar Sarovar</a></i>. Patel is also the namesake of the <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_National_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology">Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology</a> in Surat, <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_University" title="Sardar Patel University">Sardar Patel University</a>, Sardar Patel High School, and the <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_Vidyalaya" title="Sardar Patel Vidyalaya">Sardar Patel Vidyalaya</a>, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University Of Agriculture and Technology in Meerut [U.P.]. India's <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">national police training academy</a> is also named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport">international airport</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> is named after him. Also the <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Patel Stadium">international cricket stadium</a> of Ahmedabad (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Motera" title="Motera">Motera</a> Stadium) is named after him. A <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_Stadium,_Ahmedabad" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad">national cricket stadium</a> in Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, used for national matches and events, is also named after him. The chief outer ring road encircling Ahmedabad is named S<span class="nowrap"> </span>P Ring Road. The Gujarat government's institution for training government functionaries is named Sardar Patel Institute of Public Administration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rashtriya_Ekta_Diwas">Rashtriya Ekta Diwas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rashtriya Ekta Diwas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Ekta_Diwas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtriya Ekta Diwas">Rashtriya Ekta Diwas</a> (National Unity Day) was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> and inaugurated by Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> in 2014. The intent is to pay tribute to Patel, who was instrumental in keeping India united. It is to be celebrated on 31 October every year as annual commemoration of the birthday of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, one of the founding leaders of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>. The official statement for Rashtriya Ekta Diwas by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (India)">Home Ministry</a> of India cites that the National Unity Day "will provide an opportunity to re-affirm the inherent strength and resilience of our nation to withstand the actual and potential threats to the unity, integrity and security of our country."<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National Unity Day celebrates the birthday of Patel because, during his term as <a href="/wiki/Home_Minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Minister of India">Home Minister of India</a>, he is credited for the integration of over 550 independent <a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states of India">princely states</a> into India from 1947 to 1949 by Independence Act (1947). He is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> of India".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorative_stamps">Commemorative stamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Commemorative stamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commemorative stamps released by <a href="/wiki/India_Post" title="India Post">India Post</a> (by year) – </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vallabhbhai_Patel_1965_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1965"><img alt="1965" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vallabhbhai_Patel_1965_stamp_of_India.jpg/104px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_1965_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vallabhbhai_Patel_1965_stamp_of_India.jpg/156px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_1965_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vallabhbhai_Patel_1965_stamp_of_India.jpg/208px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_1965_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="809" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1965</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vallabhbhai_Patel_1975_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1975"><img alt="1975" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vallabhbhai_Patel_1975_stamp_of_India.jpg/89px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_1975_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vallabhbhai_Patel_1975_stamp_of_India.jpg/133px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_1975_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vallabhbhai_Patel_1975_stamp_of_India.jpg/177px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_1975_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1975</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vallabhbhai_Patel_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1997"><img alt="1997" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vallabhbhai_Patel_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg/92px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vallabhbhai_Patel_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg/138px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vallabhbhai_Patel_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg/184px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="922" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1997</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Police_Academy_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2008"><img alt="2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Police_Academy_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg/90px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Police_Academy_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Police_Academy_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg/135px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Police_Academy_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Police_Academy_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg/180px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Police_Academy_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="927" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">2008</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vallabhbhai_Patel_2016_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2016"><img alt="2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vallabhbhai_Patel_2016_stamp_of_India.jpg/106px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_2016_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vallabhbhai_Patel_2016_stamp_of_India.jpg/159px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_2016_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vallabhbhai_Patel_2016_stamp_of_India.jpg/212px-Vallabhbhai_Patel_2016_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">2016</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_India_-_2016_-_Colnect_804349_-_National_Unity_Day_Salute_to_the_Unifier_of_India.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="A commemorative postage stamp on National Unity Day(31st October), Salute to the Unifier of India was issued on 31st October, 2016 by Department of Posts, Government of India."><img alt="A commemorative postage stamp on National Unity Day(31st October), Salute to the Unifier of India was issued on 31st October, 2016 by Department of Posts, Government of India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stamp_of_India_-_2016_-_Colnect_804349_-_National_Unity_Day_Salute_to_the_Unifier_of_India.jpeg/90px-Stamp_of_India_-_2016_-_Colnect_804349_-_National_Unity_Day_Salute_to_the_Unifier_of_India.jpeg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stamp_of_India_-_2016_-_Colnect_804349_-_National_Unity_Day_Salute_to_the_Unifier_of_India.jpeg/135px-Stamp_of_India_-_2016_-_Colnect_804349_-_National_Unity_Day_Salute_to_the_Unifier_of_India.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stamp_of_India_-_2016_-_Colnect_804349_-_National_Unity_Day_Salute_to_the_Unifier_of_India.jpeg/181px-Stamp_of_India_-_2016_-_Colnect_804349_-_National_Unity_Day_Salute_to_the_Unifier_of_India.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="446" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A commemorative postage stamp on National Unity Day(31st October), Salute to the Unifier of India was issued on 31st October, 2016 by Department of Posts, Government of India.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statue_of_Unity"><i>Statue of Unity</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Statue of Unity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Unity" title="Statue of Unity">Statue of Unity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Unity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Statue_of_Unity.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Unity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Statue_of_Unity.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Unity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Statue_of_Unity.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Unity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Sardar Vallabhai Patel <i>Statue of Unity</i> in Gujarat, India</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Unity" title="Statue of Unity">Statue of Unity</a></i> is a monument dedicated to Patel, located in the Indian state of Gujarat, facing the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada Dam">Narmada Dam</a>, 3.2 km away from Sadhu Bet near <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>. At the height of 182 metres (597 feet), it is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">tallest statue</a>, exceeding the <a href="/wiki/Spring_Temple_Buddha" title="Spring Temple Buddha">Spring Temple Buddha</a> by 54 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This statue and related structures are spread over 20,000 square meters and are surrounded by an artificial lake spread across 12 km and cost an estimated 29.8 billion rupees ($425m).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was inaugurated by India's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> on 31 October 2018, the 143rd anniversary of Patel's birth. The height of the statue in meters has been picked to match the total assembly constituencies in Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_institutions_and_monuments">Other institutions and monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other institutions and monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="List of things named after Vallabhbhai Patel">List of things named after Vallabhbhai Patel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_statue_at_Katra_Gulab_Singh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_statue_at_Katra_Gulab_Singh.jpg/180px-Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_statue_at_Katra_Gulab_Singh.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_statue_at_Katra_Gulab_Singh.jpg/270px-Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_statue_at_Katra_Gulab_Singh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_statue_at_Katra_Gulab_Singh.jpg/360px-Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_statue_at_Katra_Gulab_Singh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>Patel statue at <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_Chowk" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Chowk">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Chowk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katra_Gulab_Singh" title="Katra Gulab Singh">Katra Gulab Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh">Pratapgarh</a><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_Memorial_Trust" title="Sardar Patel Memorial Trust">Sardar Patel Memorial Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Memorial" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Sarovar_Dam" title="Sardar Sarovar Dam">Sardar Sarovar Dam</a>, Gujarat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_National_Institute_of_Technology,_Surat" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat">Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_University" title="Sardar Patel University">Sardar Patel University</a>, Gujarat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_University_of_Police,_Security_and_Criminal_Justice" title="Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice">Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_Institute_of_Technology" title="Sardar Patel Institute of Technology">Sardar Patel Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasad" title="Vasad">Vasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_Vidyalaya" title="Sardar Patel Vidyalaya">Sardar Patel Vidyalaya</a>, New Delhi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Police_Academy" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_College_of_Engineering" title="Sardar Patel College of Engineering">Sardar Patel College of Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_Institute_of_Technology" title="Sardar Patel Institute of Technology">Sardar Patel Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_Chowk" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Chowk">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Chowk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Katra_Gulab_Singh" title="Katra Gulab Singh">Katra Gulab Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_district,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh">Pratapgarh</a>, Uttar Pradesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_Institute_of_Technology" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasad" title="Vasad">Vasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_Police_Museum" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Patel Stadium">Sardar Patel Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_Stadium,_Ahmedabad" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_University_of_Agriculture_and_Technology" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel_Chest_Institute" title="Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute">Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Unity" title="Statue of Unity">Statue of Unity</a><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_University_of_Agriculture_and_Technology" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_honours">State honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: State honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid blue;background-color:#CEE8F0; color:black;"> </span> Posthumous</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ribbon </th> <th>Decoration </th> <th width="100px">Country </th> <th width="100px">Date </th> <th width="300px">Note </th> <th>Ref. </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CEE8F0;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg/100px-Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg/150px-Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg/200px-Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>The highest civilian honour of India. </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_media">In popular media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In popular media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1947: Patel was featured on the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Kantilal_Rathod" title="Kantilal Rathod">Kantilal Rathod</a> directed a documentary on Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.</li> <li>1982: In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a></i> (1982), actor <a href="/wiki/Saeed_Jaffrey" title="Saeed Jaffrey">Saeed Jaffrey</a> portrayed Patel.</li> <li>1989: In a satirical novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Indian_Novel" title="The Great Indian Novel">The Great Indian Novel</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a>, the character of Vidur Hastinapuri is simultaneously based on Patel as well as the epic <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> character <a href="/wiki/Vidura" title="Vidura">Vidura</a>.</li> <li>1993: The biographical film <i><a href="/wiki/Sardar_(1993_film)" title="Sardar (1993 film)">Sardar</a></i> was produced and directed by <a href="/wiki/Ketan_Mehta" title="Ketan Mehta">Ketan Mehta</a> and featured noted Indian actor <a href="/wiki/Paresh_Rawal" title="Paresh Rawal">Paresh Rawal</a> as Patel; it focused on Patel's leadership in the years leading up to independence, the partition of India, India's political integration and Patel's relationship with Gandhi and Nehru. The film was screened retrospectively on 12 August 2016 at the <i>Independence Day Film Festival</i> jointly presented by the Indian <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Film_Festivals" title="Directorate of Film Festivals">Directorate of Film Festivals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense (India)">Ministry of Defense</a>, commemorating the 70th <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Indian Independence Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2000: Arun Sadekar plays Patel in <i><a href="/wiki/Hey_Ram" title="Hey Ram">Hey Ram</a></i> – a film made by <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Haasan" title="Kamal Haasan">Kamal Haasan</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_rights_leaders" title="List of civil rights leaders">List of civil rights leaders</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Unity" title="Statue of Unity">Statue of Unity</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a> is a title of nobility that has been used to denote a chief or leader of a tribe or group.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> was known for the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The statue of Sardar Vallabhai Patel is about 182 meters tall and located near the Narmada Dam, 3.2 km away on the river island called Bet, near Vadodara in Gujarat.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-vallabhbhai-patel-v-p-menon-and-mountbatten-unified-india-4915468/">"How Vallabhbhai Patel, V P Menon, and Mountbatten unified India"</a>. 31 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031141905/http://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-vallabhbhai-patel-v-p-menon-and-mountbatten-unified-india-4915468/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Vallabhbhai+Patel%2C+V+P+Menon%2C+and+Mountbatten+unified+India&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2Fhow-vallabhbhai-patel-v-p-menon-and-mountbatten-unified-india-4915468%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biooff-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biooff_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan. <i>Patel: a life (Biography)</i>. navjivan trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patel%3A+a+life+%28Biography%29&rft.pub=navjivan+trust&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indomitable_sardar-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indomitable_sardar_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalchand1977" class="citation book cs1">Lalchand, Kewalram (1977). <i>The Indomitable Sardar</i>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 4. <q>Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indomitable+Sardar&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Lalchand&rft.aufirst=Kewalram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrass2004" class="citation book cs1">Brass, Paul R. (2004). <i>Patel, Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai (1875/6–1950), Politician in India</i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patel%2C+Vallabhbhai+Jhaverbhai+%281875%2F6%E2%80%931950%29%2C+Politician+in+India&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990316-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990316_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990316_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanajaoba_1991_p._223-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanajaoba_1991_p._223_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanajaoba1991" class="citation book cs1">Sanajaoba, N. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eYC4tjzyi4C&pg=PA223"><i>Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001</i></a>. Mittal Publications. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-271-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-271-4"><bdi>978-81-7099-271-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240315055859/https://books.google.com/books?id=9eYC4tjzyi4C&pg=PA223">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>The princely states had been wooed by Mountbatten, Patel and Nehru to join the Indian Dominion</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Society%3A+Strategy+for+Public+Choice%2C+2001&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-271-4&rft.aulast=Sanajaoba&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eYC4tjzyi4C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-pays-rich-tribute-to-iron-man-sardar-patel-on-his-141st-birth-anniversary-3730221">"PM Modi pays rich tribute to 'iron man' Sardar Patel on his 141st birth anniversary"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>, 31 October 2016, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221100132/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-pays-rich-tribute-to-iron-man-sardar-patel-on-his-141st-birth-anniversary-3730221/">archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=PM+Modi+pays+rich+tribute+to+%27iron+man%27+Sardar+Patel+on+his+141st+birth+anniversary&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-news-india%2Fpm-modi-pays-rich-tribute-to-iron-man-sardar-patel-on-his-141st-birth-anniversary-3730221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46028342/">"India unveils the world's tallest statue"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>, 31 October 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425195444/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46028342">archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=India+unveils+the+world%27s+tallest+statue&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-46028342%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vallabhai+Patel">"Vallabhai Patel"</a>. <i>TheFreeDictionary.com</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Soviet Encyclopedia">The Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a>. 1970–1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822022827/https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Vallabhai+Patel">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheFreeDictionary.com&rft.atitle=Vallabhai+Patel&rft.date=1970%2F1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FVallabhai%2BPatel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Argov, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/446269">Vallabhbhai Patel</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007232739/https://www.inc.in/en/our-inspiration/sardar-vallabhbhai-patel">"Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel"</a>. <i>Indian National Congress</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+National+Congress&rft.atitle=Sardar+Vallabhbhai+Patel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc.in%2Fen%2Four-inspiration%2Fsardar-vallabhbhai-patel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi19903-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi19903_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/community-power-how-the-patels-hold-sway-over-gujarat/story-WejgSajNL5YcxA3rUf8ajK.html">"Community power: how the Patels hold sway over Gujarat"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 1 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806200958/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/community-power-how-the-patels-hold-sway-over-gujarat/story-WejgSajNL5YcxA3rUf8ajK.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Community+power%3A+how+the+Patels+hold+sway+over+Gujarat&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Fcommunity-power-how-the-patels-hold-sway-over-gujarat%2Fstory-WejgSajNL5YcxA3rUf8ajK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199014-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199014_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199013-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199013_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199016-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199016_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199021-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199021_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199023-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199023_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/photos/education-gallery/education-profiles-of-indias-top-freedom-fighters/3">"Education profiles of India's topfreedom fighters"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>, 12 May 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015210909/https://indianexpress.com/photos/education-gallery/education-profiles-of-indias-top-freedom-fighters/3/">archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Education+profiles+of+India%27s+topfreedom+fighters&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Fphotos%2Feducation-gallery%2Feducation-profiles-of-indias-top-freedom-fighters%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199033-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi199033_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivu.org/people/politics/patel.html">"Famous Vegetarians – Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel"</a>. International Vegetarian Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019214244/https://ivu.org/people/politics/patel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Delhi: ISHA Books. p. 238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+fighters+of+India+%28Volume+2%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=ISHA+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=Lion+M.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990395–397-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990395–397_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, pp. 395–397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenon1997385-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenon1997385_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenon1997">Menon 1997</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalraj_Krishna200787-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalraj_Krishna200787_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalraj_Krishna2007">Balraj Krishna 2007</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenon1997397-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenon1997397_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenon1997">Menon 1997</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyed201018-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyed201018_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyed2010">Syed 2010</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench,_Patrick1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_French" title="Patrick French">French, Patrick</a> (1997). <i>Liberty and Death: India's Journey to Independence and Division</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+India&rft.aulast=%22Postcolonial+Studies%22+project&rft.aufirst=Department+of+English%2C+Emory+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english.emory.edu%2FBahri%2FPart.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShankar1974–1975104–105-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShankar1974–1975104–105_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShankar1974–1975">Shankar 1974–1975</a>, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal2008" class="citation book cs1">Agrawal, Lion M.G. (2008). <i>Freedom fighters of India (Volume 2)</i>. New Delhi: ISHA Books. pp. 241–242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+fighters+of+India+%28Volume+2%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=241-242&rft.pub=ISHA+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=Lion+M.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated65-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated65_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated65_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButa_Singh2008" class="citation journal cs1">Buta Singh (July–December 2008). "Role of Sardar Patel in the Integration of Indian States". <i>Calcutta Historical Journal</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 65–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calcutta+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Role+of+Sardar+Patel+in+the+Integration+of+Indian+States&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-78&rft.date=2008-07%2F2008-12&rft.au=Buta+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalraj_Krishna2007-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalraj_Krishna2007_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalraj_Krishna2007">Balraj Krishna 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990406-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990406_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyed201021-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyed201021_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyed2010">Syed 2010</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990438-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990438_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990438_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990480-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990480_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siddiqi_1960_p.-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siddiqi_1960_p._70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi1960" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqi, A. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EsM9AAAAMAAJ"><i>Pakistan Seeks Security</i></a>. Longmans, Green, Pakistan Branch. p. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314170954/https://books.google.com/books?id=EsM9AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Seeks+Security&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+Pakistan+Branch&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Siddiqi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEsM9AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benichou_2000-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benichou_2000_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenichou2000" class="citation book cs1">Benichou, L. D. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Loiq3YrFy40C&pg=PA231"><i>From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938-1948</i></a>. Orient Longman. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1847-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1847-6"><bdi>978-81-250-1847-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171609/https://books.google.com/books?id=Loiq3YrFy40C&pg=PA231">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Autocracy+to+Integration%3A+Political+Developments+in+Hyderabad+State%2C+1938-1948&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1847-6&rft.aulast=Benichou&rft.aufirst=L.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLoiq3YrFy40C%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Best_2003_p._224-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Best_2003_p._224_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Best2003" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Best, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aTyk_neEmg0C&pg=PA224"><i>British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. From 1946 through 1950. Asia 1948</i></a>. E (Asia). Univ. Publ. of America. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55655-768-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55655-768-2"><bdi>978-1-55655-768-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171006/https://books.google.com/books?id=aTyk_neEmg0C&pg=PA224">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Documents+on+Foreign+Affairs%3A+Reports+and+Papers+from+the+Foreign+Office+Confidential+Print.+From+1946+through+1950.+Asia+1948.&rft.series=E+%28Asia%29&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Univ.+Publ.+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55655-768-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaTyk_neEmg0C%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hangloo_Murali_2007_p.-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hangloo_Murali_2007_p._73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanglooMurali2007" class="citation book cs1">Hangloo, Rattan Lal; Murali, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwVuAAAAMAAJ"><i>New Themes in Indian History: Art, Politics, Gender, Environment, and Culture</i></a>. Black & White. pp. 240–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89320-15-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89320-15-7"><bdi>978-81-89320-15-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Themes+in+Indian+History%3A+Art%2C+Politics%2C+Gender%2C+Environment%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=240-241&rft.pub=Black+%26+White&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-89320-15-7&rft.aulast=Hangloo&rft.aufirst=Rattan+Lal&rft.au=Murali%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnwVuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan_Institute-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Institute_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41392796">"Vol. 17, No. 2, Second Quarter, 1964"</a>. <i>Pakistan Horizon</i>. <b>17</b> (2). Pakistan Institute of International Affairs: 169. 1964. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-980X">0030-980X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41392796">41392796</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230825042231/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41392796">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Horizon&rft.atitle=Vol.+17%2C+No.+2%2C+Second+Quarter%2C+1964&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41392796%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0030-980X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41392796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApparasu2022" class="citation web cs1">Apparasu, Srinivasa Rao (16 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-hyd-merger-with-union-unfolded-101663352521085.html">"How Hyd merger with Union unfolded"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118095707/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-hyd-merger-with-union-unfolded-101663352521085.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=How+Hyd+merger+with+Union+unfolded&rft.date=2022-09-16&rft.aulast=Apparasu&rft.aufirst=Srinivasa+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fhow-hyd-merger-with-union-unfolded-101663352521085.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/freedom/22patel.htm">"Sardar Patel was the real architect of the Constitution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060505154446/http://www.rediff.com/freedom/22patel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=Sardar+Patel+was+the+real+architect+of+the+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Ffreedom%2F22patel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunshi1967207-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunshi1967207_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMunshi1967">Munshi 1967</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990455-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990455_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990463-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990463_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990497-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990497_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990498-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990498_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990499-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990499_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nehru-snooping-on-Netajis-kin-gives-BJP-anti-Congress-ammunition/articleshow/46883283.cms">"Nehru 'snooping' on Netaji's kin gives BJP anti-Congress ammunition"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 11 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414031208/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nehru-snooping-on-Netajis-kin-gives-BJP-anti-Congress-ammunition/articleshow/46883283.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Nehru+%27snooping%27+on+Netaji%27s+kin+gives+BJP+anti-Congress+ammunition&rft.date=2015-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FNehru-snooping-on-Netajis-kin-gives-BJP-anti-Congress-ammunition%2Farticleshow%2F46883283.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Discussion_in_Constituent_Assembly_on_role_of_Indian_Administrative_Service-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Discussion_in_Constituent_Assembly_on_role_of_Indian_Administrative_Service_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Debates/cadebatefiles/C10101949.html">"Discussion in Constituent Assembly on role of Indian Administrative Service"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214014527/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Debates/cadebatefiles/C10101949.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+India&rft.atitle=Discussion+in+Constituent+Assembly+on+role+of+Indian+Administrative+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F164.100.47.194%2FLoksabha%2FDebates%2Fcadebatefiles%2FC10101949.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sardar-patels-great-contribution-was-the-indian-administrative/articleshow/61356227.cms">"Sardar Patel's great contribution was the Indian Administrative Service"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. New Delhi. 31 October 2018. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61311680">61311680</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122011101/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sardar-patels-great-contribution-was-the-indian-administrative/articleshow/61356227.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Sardar+Patel%27s+great+contribution+was+the+Indian+Administrative+Service&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61311680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fsardar-patels-great-contribution-was-the-indian-administrative%2Farticleshow%2F61356227.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Save_the_integrity_of_the_civil_service-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Save_the_integrity_of_the_civil_service_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoorani2017" class="citation web cs1">Noorani, A.G. (2 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/020717/save-the-integrity-of-the-civil-service.html">"Save the integrity of the civil service"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle" title="Deccan Chronicle">Deccan Chronicle</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911022509/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/020717/save-the-integrity-of-the-civil-service.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Save+the+integrity+of+the+civil+service&rft.date=2017-07-02&rft.aulast=Noorani&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2F020717%2Fsave-the-integrity-of-the-civil-service.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaidu2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Naidu, M Venkaiah</a> (31 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-birth-anniversary-india-narendra-modi-bjp-4914433/">"The great unifier"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70274541">70274541</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180121164148/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-birth-anniversary-india-narendra-modi-bjp-4914433/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=The+great+unifier&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70274541&rft.aulast=Naidu&rft.aufirst=M+Venkaiah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fopinion%2Fcolumns%2Fsardar-vallabhbhai-patel-birth-anniversary-india-narendra-modi-bjp-4914433%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-One_Who_Forged_India’s_Steel_Frame-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-One_Who_Forged_India’s_Steel_Frame_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boloji.com/articles/15210/one-who-forged-indias-steel-frame">"One Who Forged India's Steel Frame"</a>. H.N. Bali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135710/https://www.boloji.com/articles/15210/one-who-forged-indias-steel-frame">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Who+Forged+India%27s+Steel+Frame&rft.pub=H.N.+Bali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boloji.com%2Farticles%2F15210%2Fone-who-forged-indias-steel-frame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google88-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google88_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJivanta_Schoettli2011" class="citation book cs1">Jivanta Schoettli (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=376oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88"><i>Vision and Strategy in Indian Politics: Jawaharlal Nehru's Policy Choices and the Designing of Political Institutions</i></a>. Routledge. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-62787-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-62787-3"><bdi>978-1-136-62787-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331051200/https://books.google.com/books?id=376oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vision+and+Strategy+in+Indian+Politics%3A+Jawaharlal+Nehru%27s+Policy+Choices+and+the+Designing+of+Political+Institutions&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-62787-3&rft.au=Jivanta+Schoettli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D376oAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990459-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990459_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990467-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990467_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990467–469-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990467–469_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, pp. 467–469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990472–473-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990472–473_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, pp. 472–473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990469–470-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990469–470_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990469–470_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, pp. 469–470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990508–512-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990508–512_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, pp. 508–512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990523–524-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990523–524_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, pp. 523–524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990504–506-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990504–506_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, pp. 504–506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel1975" class="citation book cs1">Patel, Vallabhbhai (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h4wCAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sardar Patel, in Tune with the Millions</i></a>. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Smarak Bhavan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331064002/https://books.google.com/books?id=h4wCAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sardar+Patel%2C+in+Tune+with+the+Millions&rft.pub=Sardar+Vallabhbhai+Patel+Smarak+Bhavan&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Vallabhbhai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh4wCAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNandurkar1965" class="citation web cs1">Nandurkar, G M (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.110517/2015.110517.This-Was-Sardar-The-Commemorative-Volume-Vol-3_djvu.txt">"This Was Sardar The Commemorative Volume Vol 3"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Was+Sardar+The+Commemorative+Volume+Vol+3&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Nandurkar&rft.aufirst=G+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.110517%2F2015.110517.This-Was-Sardar-The-Commemorative-Volume-Vol-3_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2020" class="citation web cs1">Jha, Dhirendra K. (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/historical-record-expose-lie-godse-left-rss">"Historical records expose the lie that Nathuram Godse left the RSS"</a>. <i>The Caravan</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215210130/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/historical-record-expose-lie-godse-left-rss">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Caravan&rft.atitle=Historical+records+expose+the+lie+that+Nathuram+Godse+left+the+RSS&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Dhirendra+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaravanmagazine.in%2Freportage%2Fhistorical-record-expose-lie-godse-left-rss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAR-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAR_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_James_Larson1995" class="citation book cs1">Gerald James Larson (1995). <i>India's Agony Over Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2412-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2412-X"><bdi>0-7914-2412-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Agony+Over+Religion&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7914-2412-X&rft.au=Gerald+James+Larson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh201582-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh201582_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2015">Singh 2015</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLJ100-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PLJ100_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanicker" class="citation book cs1">Panicker, P L John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7178/9/09_chapter%202.pdf#page=79"><i>Gandhian approach to communalism in contemporary India</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 100. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921171335/https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7178/9/09_chapter%202.pdf#page=79">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhian+approach+to+communalism+in+contemporary+India&rft.pages=100&rft.aulast=Panicker&rft.aufirst=P+L+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsg.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2F10603%2F7178%2F9%2F09_chapter%25202.pdf%23page%3D79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199688,_89-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199688,_89_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot1996">Jaffrelot 1996</a>, pp. 88, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200714-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham200714_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2007">Graham 2007</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noorani2000-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noorani2000_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noorani2000_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Gafoor_Abdul_Majeed_Noorani2000" class="citation book cs1">Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT42"><i>The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour</i></a>. LeftWord Books. pp. 28–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87496-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87496-13-7"><bdi>978-81-87496-13-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329142140/https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT42#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+RSS+and+the+BJP%3A+A+Division+of+Labour&rft.pages=28-&rft.pub=LeftWord+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-87496-13-7&rft.au=Abdul+Gafoor+Abdul+Majeed+Noorani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6PnBFW7cdtsC%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199689-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199689_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot1996">Jaffrelot 1996</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curran1950-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Curran1950_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran1950" class="citation journal cs1">Curran, Jean A. 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January 1947. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau+of+India+%E2%80%93+Archive&rft.atitle=RIAF+Plane+Mishap+Near+Jaipur&rft.date=1949-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpibarchive.nic.in%2Farchive%2FArchiveSecondPhase%2FDEFENCE%2F1949-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE%2FPDF%2FDEF-1949-04-16_141.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-communique-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-communique_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-communique_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-communique_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-communique_113-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1949-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1949-06-28_219.pdf">"Press Communique"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Press Information Bureau of India – Archive</i>. 30 June 1949. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216234248/http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1949-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1949-06-28_219.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau+of+India+%E2%80%93+Archive&rft.atitle=Press+Communique&rft.date=1949-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpibarchive.nic.in%2Farchive%2FArchiveSecondPhase%2FDEFENCE%2F1949-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE%2FPDF%2FDEF-1949-06-28_219.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990494–495-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990494–495_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, pp. 494–495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990530-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990530_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990532-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajmohan_Gandhi1990532_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990">Rajmohan Gandhi 1990</a>, p. 532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kp99-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kp99_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kp99_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPran_Nath_Chopra1999" class="citation book cs1">Pran Nath Chopra, Vallabhbhai Patel (1999). <i>The collected works of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Volume 15</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PM+Modi+dedicates+Statue+of+Unity+to+the+Nation+%26%23124%3B+Only+Kashmir+%E2%80%93+Behind+the+News&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlykashmir.in%2F21314%2Fpm-modi-dedicates-statue-of-unity-to-the-nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19470127,00.html">"Time Magazine Cover: Vallabhbhai Patel – Jan. 27, 1947"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228223134/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19470127,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Time+Magazine+Cover%3A+Vallabhbhai+Patel+%E2%80%93+Jan.+27%2C+1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fcovers%2F0%2C16641%2C19470127%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Film-fest-to-celebrate-Independence-Day/articleshow/53609049.cms">"Film fest to celebrate Independence Day"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715170214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Film-fest-to-celebrate-Independence-Day/articleshow/53609049.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Film+fest+to+celebrate+Independence+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpune%2FFilm-fest-to-celebrate-Independence-Day%2Farticleshow%2F53609049.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatt1991" class="citation cs2">Bhatt, M. C. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PseEhWIQ5aUC">"5"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ravindra_Kumar_(political_scientist)" title="Ravindra Kumar (political scientist)">Kumar, Ravindra</a> (ed.), <i>Life and Work of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Publishers_%26_Distributors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (page does not exist)">Atlantic Publishers & Distributors</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331064213/https://books.google.com/books?id=PseEhWIQ5aUC">archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5&rft.btitle=Life+and+Work+of+Sardar+Vallabhbhai+Patel&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Bhatt&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPseEhWIQ5aUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Johnson1953" class="citation cs2">Campbell-Johnson, A. (1953) [1951], <i>Mission With Mountbatten</i>, Dutton, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1302764">1302764</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+With+Mountbatten&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1302764&rft.aulast=Campbell-Johnson&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai1933" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Desai" title="Mahadev Desai">Desai, Mahadev</a> (1933), <i>Vir Vallabhbhai</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vir+Vallabhbhai&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Mahadev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Gandhi, Rajmohan</a> (1990), <i>Patel: A Life</i>, Ahmedabad: <a href="/wiki/Navajivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajivan">Navajivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25788696">25788696</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patel%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Ahmedabad&rft.pub=Navajivan&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25788696&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2007" class="citation cs2">Graham, Bruce Desmond (3 December 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ"><i>Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05374-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05374-7"><bdi>978-0-521-05374-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331064210/https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism+and+Indian+Politics%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Bharatiya+Jana+Sangh&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05374-7&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKxMgPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Guha" title="Ramachandra Guha">Guha, Ramachandra</a> (2007), <i>India After Gandhi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">MacMillan</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+After+Gandhi&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a> (1996), <i>The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics</i>, C. 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L.</a> (1969), <i>The Indomitable Sardar</i> (3rd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan" title="Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan">Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1207231">1207231</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indomitable+Sardar&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1207231&rft.aulast=Panjabi&rft.aufirst=K.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Narhari_Parikh" title="Narhari Parikh">Parikh, Narhari</a> (1953–1956), <i>Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</i>, <a href="/wiki/Navajivan_Pub._House" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajivan Pub. 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House</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7071692">7071692</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sardar+Vallabhbhai+Patel&rft.pub=Navajivan+Pub.+House&rft.date=1953%2F1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7071692&rft.aulast=Parikh&rft.aufirst=Narhari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65653329">65653329</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParikh1953" class="citation cs2">Parikh, Narhari (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.524757/page/n3"><i>Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Vol. I</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sardar+Vallabhbhai+Patel%2C+Vol.+I&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Parikh&rft.aufirst=Narhari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.524757%2Fpage%2Fn3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParikh1956" class="citation cs2">Parikh, Narhari (1956), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.524760"><i>Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Vol. II</i></a>, Navajivan Publishing House Ahmedabad</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sardar+Vallabhbhai+Patel%2C+Vol.+II&rft.pub=Navajivan+Publishing+House+Ahmedabad&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Parikh&rft.aufirst=Narhari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.524760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaojibhai_Patel1972" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Raojibhai_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Raojibhai Patel">Patel, Raojibhai</a> (1972), <i>Hind Ke Sardar</i>, <a href="/wiki/Navajivan_Pub._House" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajivan Pub. House">Navajivan Pub. House</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hind+Ke+Sardar&rft.pub=Navajivan+Pub.+House&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Raojibhai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattabhi1946" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitaramayya_Pattabhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sitaramayya Pattabhi (page does not exist)">Pattabhi, Sitaramayya</a> (1946), <i>Feathers & Stones "my study windows"</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Padma_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padma Publications (page does not exist)">Padma Publications</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37520214">37520214</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feathers+%26+Stones+%22my+study+windows%22&rft.pub=Padma+Publications&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37520214&rft.aulast=Pattabhi&rft.aufirst=Sitaramayya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation cs2">Singh, Neerja (28 July 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nl-JCwAAQBAJ"><i>Patel, Prasad and Rajaji: Myth of the Indian Right</i></a>, SAGE Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-266-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-266-1"><bdi>978-93-5150-266-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329124923/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nl-JCwAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patel%2C+Prasad+and+Rajaji%3A+Myth+of+the+Indian+Right&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft.isbn=978-93-5150-266-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Neerja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNl-JCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed2010" class="citation book cs1">Syed, M.H. (2010). <i>Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</i> (1st ed.). Mumbai: Himalaya Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sardar+Vallabhbhai+Patel&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Himalaya+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=M.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon1985" class="citation cs2">Menon, V.P. (1985), <i>Integration of Indian States</i>, Sangam Books Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86131-465-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86131-465-2"><bdi>978-0-86131-465-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integration+of+Indian+States&rft.pub=Sangam+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-86131-465-2&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=V.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon1961" class="citation cs2">Menon, V.P. (1961), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/99999990823953TheStoryOfTheIntegrationOfTheIndianStates/page/n7"><i>The story of the integration of the Indian States</i></a>, Orient Longmans, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/260719">260719</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+the+integration+of+the+Indian+States&rft.pub=Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F260719&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=V.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F99999990823953TheStoryOfTheIntegrationOfTheIndianStates%2Fpage%2Fn7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/V._P._Menon" title="V. P. Menon">Menon, V.P.</a> (1997) [1957], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/99999990823953TheStoryOfTheIntegrationOfTheIndianStates/page/n7"><i>The Transfer of Power in India</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Orient_Longman" class="mw-redirect" title="Orient Longman">Orient Longman</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8125008842" title="Special:BookSources/978-8125008842"><bdi>978-8125008842</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transfer+of+Power+in+India&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8125008842&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=V.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F99999990823953TheStoryOfTheIntegrationOfTheIndianStates%2Fpage%2Fn7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodson1997" class="citation cs2">Hodson, H.V. (1997), <i>Great Divide; Britain, India, Pakistan</i> (New ed.), Oxford University Press, US, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577821-2"><bdi>978-0-19-577821-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Divide%3B+Britain%2C+India%2C+Pakistan&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577821-2&rft.aulast=Hodson&rft.aufirst=H.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunshi1967" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/K._M._Munshi" class="mw-redirect" title="K. M. Munshi">Munshi, K.M.</a> (1967), <i>Pilgrimage to freedom, 1902–1950</i>, Indian constitutional documents (1st ed.), <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan" title="Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan">Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172764692" title="Special:BookSources/9788172764692"><bdi>9788172764692</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5433579">5433579</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+to+freedom%2C+1902%E2%80%931950&rft.series=Indian+constitutional+documents&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5433579&rft.isbn=9788172764692&rft.aulast=Munshi&rft.aufirst=K.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2018" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Hindol (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BTppDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Man Who Saved India</i></a>. Penguin Random House India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9353052003" title="Special:BookSources/978-9353052003"><bdi>978-9353052003</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331064217/https://books.google.com/books?id=BTppDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Saved+India&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9353052003&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Hindol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBTppDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankar1974–1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Vidya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shankar Vidya (page does not exist)">Shankar, Vidya</a> (1974–1975), <i>My Reminiscences of Sardar Patel (2 volumes)</i> (1st ed.), New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2119134">2119134</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Reminiscences+of+Sardar+Patel+%282+volumes%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1974%2F1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2119134&rft.aulast=Shankar&rft.aufirst=Vidya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel1971" class="citation cs2">Patel, Vallabhbhai (1971), Das, Durga (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21784157"><i>Sardar Patel's correspondence: 1945–50</i></a> (1st ed.), Navajivan Pub. House, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919051226/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21784157?q&versionId=26204935">archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sardar+Patel%27s+correspondence%3A+1945%E2%80%9350&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Navajivan+Pub.+House&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Vallabhbhai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F21784157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVallabhbhai+Patel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Patel, Vallabhbhai, and Pran Nath Chopra. <i>The Collected Works of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</i> (2 vol Konark Publishers, 1991).</li> <li><i>Life and work of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</i>, ed . Parshottam Das Saggi, foreword by <a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a>. Overseas Publishing House, Bomba</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kumar, Ravindra. <i>Life and Work of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</i> (Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 1991).</li> <li>Patel, I. J. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sardarvallabhbha00pate"><i>Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</i></a>.</li> <li>Spodek, Howard. "Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel at 100". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i> (1975): 1925–1936. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40740155">40740155</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabhbhai_Patel&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Vallabhbhai Patel</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vallabhbhai_Patel" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Vallabhbhai Patel">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel" class="extiw" title="q:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9455" class="extiw" title="d:Q9455">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe1098/f1510981.html">Sardar Patel</a> at the National Informatics Centre</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051127054521/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE2-3/lns.html">Operation Polo</a> at Bharat Rakshak.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060507173131/http://sarvadharma.org/Museum/heroes/sardarpatel.htm">Sardar Patel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 7 May 2006) from Sarvadharma.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe1098/f1510981.html">Sardar Patel – Builder of a steel strong India</a> at Press Information Bureau, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> </b><br />1931 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister of India</a> </b><br />1947–1950 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Home_Affairs_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Home Affairs (India)">Minister of Home Affairs</a> </b><br />1947–1950 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Nehru_ministry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Nehru_ministry" title="Template:First Nehru ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Nehru_ministry" title="Template talk:First Nehru ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Nehru_ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Nehru ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Nehru_ministry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Nehru_ministry" title="First Nehru ministry">First Nehru ministry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">External Affairs</a>)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patel</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (India)">Home Affairs</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh" title="Baldev Singh">Singh</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Defence</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Shanmukham_Chetty" title="R. K. Shanmukham Chetty">Chetty</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Azad</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Human_Resource_Development_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Human Resource Development (India)">Education</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Ram</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_and_Employment_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Labour and Employment (India)">Labour</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Law and Justice (India)">Law</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narhar_Vishnu_Gadgil" title="Narhar Vishnu Gadgil">Gadgil</a> <small>(Public Works, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_(India)" title="Ministry of Power (India)">Power</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Kidwai</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)">Communications</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mookerjee</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Industry</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Kaur" title="Amrit Kaur">Kaur</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)">Health</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Matthai" title="John Matthai">Matthai</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Railways_(India)" title="Minister of Railways (India)">Railways</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_Ministry_(India)" title="Template:Home Ministry (India)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_Ministry_(India)" title="Template talk:Home Ministry (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_Ministry_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home Ministry (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (India)">Ministry of Home Affairs (India)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Department of Internal Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">Indian Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard</a></li> <li>National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Sciences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Records_Bureau" title="National Crime Records Bureau">National Crime Records Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Defence_College" title="National Civil Defence College">National Civil Defence College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Crime_Investigation_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Crime Investigation Bureau (page does not exist)">National Crime Investigation Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Council" title="North Eastern Council">North Eastern Council</a></li> <li>North Eastern Police Academy</li> <li>Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Police_Academy" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Rifles" title="Assam Rifles">Assam Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Rifles" title="Rashtriya Rifles">Rashtriya Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Department of Official Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Translation Bureau</li> <li>Central Hindi Training Institute</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Armed_Police_Forces" title="Central Armed Police Forces">Central Armed Police Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Guards">National Security Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Rifles" title="Assam Rifles">Assam Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Security_Corps" title="Defence Security Corps">Defence Security Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bureaus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Immigration_(India)" title="Bureau of Immigration (India)">Bureau of Immigration (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Records_Bureau" title="National Crime Records Bureau">National Crime Records Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Crime_Investigation_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Crime Investigation Bureau (page does not exist)">National Crime Investigation Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Department of Jammu and Kashmir Affairs</li> <li>Department of Home</li> <li>Department of States</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._N._Banerjee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. N. Banerjee (page does not exist)">R. N. Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._R._Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="H. V. R. Iyengar">H. V. R. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._V._Pai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. V. Pai (page does not exist)">A. V. Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B._N._Jha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B. N. Jha (page does not exist)">B. N. Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._Vishwanathan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. Vishwanathan (page does not exist)">V. Vishwanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._P._Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="L. P. Singh">L. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Narain" title="Govind Narain">Govind Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N._K._Mukherjee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. K. Mukherjee (page does not exist)">N. K. Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._L._Khurana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. L. Khurana (page does not exist)">S. L. Khurana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._C._A._Srinivasavaradan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. C. A. Srinivasavaradan (page does not exist)">T. C. A. Srinivasavaradan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._H._Burney" title="S. M. H. Burney">S. M. H. Burney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Chaturvedi" title="T. N. Chaturvedi">T. N. Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._M._K._Wali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. M. K. Wali (page does not exist)">M. M. K. Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Kumar_(politician)" title="Prem Kumar (politician)">Prem Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Pradhan" title="R. D. Pradhan">R. D. Pradhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._G._Somiah" title="C. G. Somiah">C. G. Somiah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._A._Kalyankrishnan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. A. Kalyankrishnan (page does not exist)">J. A. Kalyankrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiromani_Sharma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiromani Sharma (page does not exist)">Shiromani Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresh_Chandra" title="Naresh Chandra">Naresh Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._K._Bhargava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. K. Bhargava (page does not exist)">R. K. Bhargava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhav_Godbole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhav Godbole (page does not exist)">Madhav Godbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._N._Vohra" class="mw-redirect" title="N. N. Vohra">N. N. Vohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Padmanabhaiah" title="K. Padmanabhaiah">K. Padmanabhaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmiki_Prasad_Singh" title="Balmiki Prasad Singh">Balmiki Prasad Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamal_Pande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamal Pande (page does not exist)">Kamal Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswami" title="N. Gopalaswami">N. Gopalaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Baijal" title="Anil Baijal">Anil Baijal</a></li> <li>Dhirendra Singh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Kumar_Duggal" title="Vinod Kumar Duggal">Vinod Kumar Duggal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Pillai" title="Gopal Krishna Pillai">Gopal Krishna Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Singh" title="R. K. Singh">R. K. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Goswami" title="Anil Goswami">Anil Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._C._Goyal" title="L. C. Goyal">L. C. Goyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Mehrishi" title="Rajiv Mehrishi">Rajiv Mehrishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gauba" title="Rajiv Gauba">Rajiv Gauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Kumar_Bhalla" title="Ajay Kumar Bhalla">Ajay Kumar Bhalla</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzari_Lal_Nanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulzari Lal Nanda">Gulzari Lal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirubhai_M._Patel" title="Hirubhai M. Patel">Hirubhai M. Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Zail Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Chandra_Sethi" title="Prakash Chandra Sethi">Prakash Chandra Sethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Singh" title="Buta Singh">Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufti_Mohammad_Sayeed" title="Mufti Mohammad Sayeed">Mufti Mohammad Sayeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda" title="H. D. Deve Gowda">H. D. Deve Gowda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrajit_Gupta" title="Indrajit Gupta">Indrajit Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivraj_Patil" title="Shivraj Patil">Shivraj Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnath_Singh" title="Rajnath Singh">Rajnath Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit_Shah" title="Amit Shah">Amit Shah</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State <br /> for Home Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratanjit_Pratap_Narain_Singh" title="Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh">Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiren_Rijiju" title="Kiren Rijiju">Kiren Rijiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Kishan_Reddy" title="G. Kishan Reddy">G. Kishan Reddy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministers_of_Information_and_Broadcasting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministers_of_Information_and_Broadcasting" title="Template:Ministers of Information and Broadcasting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministers_of_Information_and_Broadcasting" title="Template talk:Ministers of Information and Broadcasting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers_of_Information_and_Broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers of Information and Broadcasting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministers_of_Information_and_Broadcasting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Ministers of Information and Broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._R._Diwakar" title="R. R. Diwakar">R. R. Diwakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_V_Keskar" class="mw-redirect" title="B V Keskar">B. V. Keskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandini_Satpathy" title="Nandini Satpathy">Nandini Satpathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Charan_Shukla" title="Vidya Charan Shukla">Vidya Charan Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Kaushik" title="Purushottam Kaushik">Purushottam Kaushik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Sathe" title="Vasant Sathe">Vasant Sathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._K._L._Bhagat" title="H. K. L. Bhagat">H. K. L. Bhagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Gadgil" class="mw-redirect" title="V. N. Gadgil">V. N. Gadgil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Kumar_Panja" title="Ajit Kumar Panja">Ajit Kumar Panja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Upendra" title="P. Upendra">P. Upendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Kumar_Panja" title="Ajit Kumar Panja">Ajit Kumar Panja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Prasad_Singh_Deo" title="Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo">K. P. Singh Deo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._A._Sangma" title="P. A. Sangma">P. A. Sangma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipal_Reddy" title="Jaipal Reddy">Jaipal Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Prasad" title="Ravi Shankar Prasad">Ravi Shankar Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priya_Ranjan_Dasmunsi" title="Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi">Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Soni" title="Ambika Soni">Ambika Soni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manish_Tewari" title="Manish Tewari">Manish Tewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Javadekar" title="Prakash Javadekar">Prakash Javadekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smriti_Irani" title="Smriti Irani">Smriti Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajyavardhan_Singh_Rathore" title="Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore">Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Javadekar" title="Prakash Javadekar">Prakash Javadekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anurag_Thakur" title="Anurag Thakur">Anurag Thakur</a><span style="font-size:85%;">(incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_National_Congress_25px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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(India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress (I)">Indian National Congress (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_National_Congress_breakaway_parties" title="List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties">Breakaway parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">Regional <br />Congress <br /> Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pradesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Arunachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Assam Pradesh Congress Committee">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Goa Pradesh Congress Committee">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee"> Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Congress_Committee" title="Tamil Nadu Congress Committee">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Andaman and Nicobar Territorial Congress Committee">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Chandigarh Territorial Congress Committee">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Daman and Diu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Ladakh Territorial Congress Committee">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Lakshadweep Territorial Congress Committee">Lakshadweep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Regional_Congress_Committee" title="Mumbai Regional Congress Committee">Mumbai RCC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badruddin_Tyabji" title="Badruddin Tyabji">Badruddin Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yule_(businessman)" title="George Yule (businessman)">George Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherozeshah_Mehta" title="Pherozeshah Mehta">Pherozeshah Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandacharlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandacharlu">Anandacharlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Webb" title="Alfred Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahimtulla_M._Sayani" title="Rahimtulla M. Sayani">Rahimtulla M. Sayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Sankaran_Nair" title="C. Sankaran Nair">C. Sankaran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamohan_Bose" title="Anandamohan Bose">Anandamohan Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Chandavarkar" title="N. G. Chandavarkar">N. G. Chandavarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinshaw_Edulji_Wacha" title="Dinshaw Edulji Wacha">Dinshaw Edulji Wacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ghosh" title="Lalmohan Ghosh">Lalmohan Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(civil_servant)" title="Henry Cotton (civil servant)">Henry Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Ghosh" title="Rash Behari Ghosh">Rash Behari Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishan_Narayan_Dar" title="Bishan Narayan Dar">Bishan Narayan Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Narasinha_Mudholkar" title="Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar">Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Syed_Muhammad_Bahadur" title="Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur">Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Nath_Bose" title="Bhupendra Nath Bose">Bhupendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha,_1st_Baron_Sinha" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha">Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambica_Charan_Mazumdar" title="Ambica Charan Mazumdar">Ambica Charan Mazumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hasan_Imam" title="Syed Hasan Imam">Syed Hasan Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vijayaraghavachariar" title="C. Vijayaraghavachariar">C. Vijayaraghavachariar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="S. Srinivasa Iyengar">S. Srinivasa Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Ahmed_Ansari" title="Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari">Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhogaraju_Pattabhi_Sitaramayya" title="Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya">Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Barooah" title="D. K. Barooah">D. K. Barooah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Kesri" title="Sitaram Kesri">Sitaram Kesri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lok Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">Chembakassery Mathai Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(Madhya_Pradesh_politician)" title="Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhir_Ranjan_Chowdhury" title="Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury">Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravneet_Singh_Bittu" title="Ravneet Singh Bittu">Ravneet Singh Bittu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rajya Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswamy_Ayyangar" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Chandra_Biswas" title="Charu Chandra Biswas">Charu Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Chagla" title="M. C. Chagla">M. C. Chagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodardas_Kalidas_Shah" title="Kodardas Kalidas Shah">Kodardas Kalidas Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalapati_Tripathi" title="Kamalapati Tripathi">Kamalapati Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">V.P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Dutt_Tiwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayan Dutt Tiwari">Narayan Dutt Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Shiv_Shankar" title="P. Shiv Shankar">P. Shiv Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Vora" title="Motilal Vora">Motilal Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Patel" title="Ahmed Patel">Ahmed Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digvijaya_Singh" title="Digvijaya Singh">Digvijaya Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Singhvi" title="Abhishek Singhvi">Abhishek Singhvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Shukla" title="Rajeev Shukla">Rajeev Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Dal" title="Seva Dal">Seva Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Mahila_Congress" title="All India Mahila Congress">All India Mahila Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Professionals_Congress" title="All India Professionals Congress">All India Professionals Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress">Chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Anumula Revanth Reddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Congress" title="Category:Indian National Congress">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_Bharat_Ratna_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bharat_Ratna" title="Template:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bharat_Ratna" title="Template talk:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bharat_Ratna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Bharat_Ratna_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> Award</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1954–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Das" title="Bhagwan Das">Bhagwan Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._Visvesvaraya" title="M. Visvesvaraya">M. Visvesvaraya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Vaman_Kane" title="Pandurang Vaman Kane">Pandurang Vaman Kane</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali" title="Aruna Asaf Ali">Aruna Asaf Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._Subramaniam" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Subramaniam">C. Subramaniam</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Bordoloi" title="Gopinath Bordoloi">Gopinath Bordoloi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi" title="Bhimsen Joshi">Bhimsen Joshi</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">C. N. R. Rao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–2040</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karpoori_Thakur" title="Karpoori Thakur">Karpoori Thakur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mahatma_Gandhi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Template:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Template talk:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mahatma_Gandhi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life events<br />and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ambulance_Corps" title="Indian Ambulance Corps">Indian Ambulance Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoy_Farm" title="Tolstoy Farm">Tolstoy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement#Gandhi_arrives_in_India" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraha" title="Vaikom Satyagraha">Vaikom Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)#Second_Round_Table_Conference_(September_–_December_1931)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Second Round Table Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poona_Pact" title="Poona Pact">Poona Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_speech" title="Quit India speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Vidyapith" title="Gujarat Vidyapith">Gujarat Vidyapith University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harijan_Sevak_Sangh" title="Harijan Sevak Sangh">Harijan Sevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochrab_Ashram" title="Kochrab Ashram">India ashrams (Kochrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Asram" title="Gandhi Memorial Asram">Sodepur Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevagram" title="Sevagram">Sevagram)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fasts_undertaken_by_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi">List of fasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Practices_and_beliefs_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi">Practices and beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">Composite nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_economics" title="Gandhian economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trusteeship_(Gandhism)" title="Trusteeship (Gandhism)">trusteeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_Talim" title="Nai Talim">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleven_vows" title="Eleven vows">Eleven vows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Publications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harijan_(magazine)" title="Harijan (magazine)"><i>Harijan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hind_Swaraj_or_Indian_Home_Rule" title="Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule"><i>Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Opinion" title="Indian Opinion">Indian Opinion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Prabhat" title="Mangal Prabhat">Mangal Prabhat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_India" title="Young India"><i>Young India</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Social_Sins" title="Seven Social Sins">Seven Social Sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajivan_Trust" title="Navajivan Trust">Navajivan Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Gandhi Heritage Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)"><i>Civil Disobedience</i> (essay)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsee_Rustomjee" title="Parsee Rustomjee">Parsee Rustomjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i>) (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Masque of Anarchy</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmad" title="Narmad">Narmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Kumara" title="Shravana Kumara">Shravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Rajchandra" title="Shrimad Rajchandra">Shrimad Rajchandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Ba%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṛaḷ">Tirukkuṛaḷ</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Gandhi's translation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Raghupati_Raghava_Raja_Ram" title="Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram">Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ekla_Chalo_Re" title="Ekla Chalo Re">Ekla Chalo Re</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hari_Tuma_Haro" title="Hari Tuma Haro">Hari Tuma Haro</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Jana_To" title="Vaishnava Jana To">Vaishnava Jana To</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Anand" title="Swami Anand">Swami Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Freer_Andrews" title="Charles Freer Andrews">C. F. Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj" title="Jamnalal Bajaj">Jamnalal Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarlal_Banker" title="Shankarlal Banker">Shankarlal Banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarla_Behn" title="Sarla Behn">Sarla Behn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Krishna_Chandiwala" title="Brij Krishna Chandiwala">Brij Krishna Chandiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhakar_Chaturvedi" title="Sudhakar Chaturvedi">Sudhakar Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugatram_Dave" title="Jugatram Dave">Jugatram Dave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Desai" title="Mahadev Desai">Mahadev Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Dharmadhikari" title="Dada Dharmadhikari">Dada Dharmadhikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Prasad_Gupta" title="Shiv Prasad Gupta">Shiv Prasad Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Hajee_Ahmed_Jhaveri" title="Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri">Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._Kumarappa" title="J. C. Kumarappa">J. C. Kumarappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kallenbach" title="Hermann Kallenbach">Hermann Kallenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">Acharya Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanlal_Pandya" title="Mohanlal Pandya">Mohanlal Pandya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narhari_Parikh" title="Narhari Parikh">Narhari Parikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Amtus_Salam" title="Bibi Amtus Salam">Bibi Amtus Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonja_Schlesin" title="Sonja Schlesin">Sonja Schlesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha" title="Anugrah Narayan Sinha">Anugrah Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Sinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Krishna Sinha">Sri Krishna Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._A._Sundaram" title="V. A. Sundaram">V. A. Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Tyabji" title="Abbas Tyabji">Abbas Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravishankar_Vyas" title="Ravishankar Vyas">Ravishankar Vyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishorlal_Mashruwala" title="Kishorlal Mashruwala">Kishorlal Mashruwala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_depictions_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi">Artistic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhigiri" title="Gandhigiri">Gandhigiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Award" title="Gandhi Peace Award">Gandhi Peace Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Foundation" title="Gandhi Peace Foundation">Gandhi Peace Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize" title="Gandhi Peace Prize">Gandhi Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Kashi_Vidyapith" title="Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith">Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Series" title="Mahatma Gandhi Series">Indian currency (Gandhi Series,</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_New_Series" title="Mahatma Gandhi New Series">Gandhi New Series,</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_10_Rupee_Mahatma_Gandhi_postage_stamp" title="Indian 10 Rupee Mahatma Gandhi postage stamp">Indian 10 Rupee postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Family of Mahatma Gandhi">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamchand_Uttamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi">Karamchand Gandhi (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harilal_Gandhi" title="Harilal Gandhi">Harilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi" title="Manilal Gandhi">Manilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi" title="Devdas Gandhi">Devdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maganlal_Gandhi" title="Maganlal Gandhi">Maganlal (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaldas_Gandhi" title="Samaldas Gandhi">Samaldas (nephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Manilal_Gandhi" title="Arun Manilal Gandhi">Arun (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_Gandhi" title="Ela Gandhi">Ela (granddaughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Rajmohan (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalkrishna_Gandhi" title="Gopalkrishna Gandhi">Gopalkrishna (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Gandhi" title="Ramchandra Gandhi">Ramchandra (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi_(scientist)" title="Kanu Gandhi (scientist)">Kanu (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu (grandnephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushar_Gandhi" title="Tushar Gandhi">Tushar (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Gandhi" title="Leela Gandhi">Leela (great-granddaughter)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_and_Rani_Bang" title="Abhay and Rani Bang">Abhay Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajkishore_Prasad" title="Brajkishore Prasad">Brajkishore Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draupadi_Murmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Draupadi Murmu">Draupadi Murmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Vallabh_Pant" class="mw-redirect" title="Govind Vallabh Pant">Govind Vallabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bondurant" title="Joan Bondurant">Joan Bondurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanza_del_Vasto" title="Lanza del Vasto">Lanza del Vasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lacerda_de_Moura" title="Maria Lacerda de Moura">Maria Lacerda de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjee_Singh" title="Ramjee Singh">Ramjee Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Sane" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Sane">Sane Guruji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Memorials_to_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Accra" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Accra">Ghana</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Gandhi_Maidan" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Gandhi Maidan">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salt_Satyagraha_Memorial" title="National Salt Satyagraha Memorial">National Salt Satyagraha Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_of_India" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament of India">New Delhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Johannesburg" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Pietermaritzburg" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Tavistock_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Tavistock Square">Tavistock Square</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(Davis,_California)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (Davis, California)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Denver)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Denver)">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(Houston)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (Houston)">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_(Milwaukee)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Milwaukee)">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(New_York_City)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (New York City)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (San Francisco)">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dignity,_Equality,_and_Justice" title="Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(India)" title="Martyrs' Day (India)">Martyrs' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_for_Nonviolence" title="Season for Nonviolence">Season for Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Palace" title="Aga Khan Palace">Aga Khan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Bhawan,_Chandigarh" title="Gandhi Bhawan, Chandigarh">Gandhi Bhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Mandapam_(Chennai)" title="Gandhi Mandapam (Chennai)">Gandhi Mandapam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Market" title="Gandhi Market">Gandhi Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(bookstore)" title="Gandhi (bookstore)">Bookstores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Promenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi Promenade">Gandhi Promenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Smriti" title="Gandhi Smriti">Gandhi Smriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari#Tourist_sites" title="Kanyakumari">Gandhi Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Museum,_Madurai" title="Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai">Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Teerth" title="Gandhi Teerth">Gandhi Teerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Temple,_Bhatara" title="Gandhi Temple, Bhatara">Gandhi Temple, Bhatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaba_Gandhi_No_Delo" title="Kaba Gandhi No Delo">Kaba Gandhi No Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirti_Mandir,_Porbandar" title="Kirti Mandir, Porbandar">Kirti Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_College" title="Mahatma Gandhi College">Mahatma Gandhi College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Marine_National_Park" title="Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park">Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_Centre,_Matale" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale">Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Bhavan" title="Mani Bhavan">Mani Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_High_School_(Rajkot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred High School (Rajkot)">Mohandas Gandhi High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gandhi_Museum" title="National Gandhi Museum">National Gandhi Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials" title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials">Raj Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_named_after_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi">Roads named after Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_House" title="Satyagraha House">Satyagraha House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9455#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9455#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9455#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081538865">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73948024">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19717/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgXcHgpVBvchFQ9f4QXh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118976079">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50082056">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124503349">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124503349">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Patel, Vallabhbhai"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20191049098&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p075174529">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsw3tx4w64r7w">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810812856005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/368701">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279606005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07153746?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1131817">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118976079.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033658854">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/78116281">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFGraham2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanglooMurali2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJha2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJivanta_Schoettli2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLalchand1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunshi1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaidu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNandurkar1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNandurkar1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNayar1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoorani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadmavathiHariprasath2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanicker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanjabi1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParikh1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParikh1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatel1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatel1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatel1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattabhi1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPran_Nath_Chopra1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRaojibhai_Patel1972\"] = 1,\n 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1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Main article\"] = 2,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Ministers of Information and Broadcasting\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 10,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 2,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 3,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 3,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 76,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Snd\"] = 8,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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