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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">社会哲学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。55种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%85%E1%89%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B0%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%8D%E1%8A%93" title="ማኅበረሰባዊ ፍልስፍና – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማኅበረሰባዊ ፍልስፍና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فلسفة اجتماعية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة اجتماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_social" title="Filosofía social – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filosofía social" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_f%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99" title="Sosial fəlsəfə – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial fəlsəfə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B6%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B8_%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99" title="Ижтимағи фәлсәфә – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ижтимағи фәлсәфә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социална философия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социална философия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="সামাজিক দর্শন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামাজিক দর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_social" title="Filosofia social – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filosofia social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_filozofie" title="Sociální filozofie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální filozofie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialphilosophie" title="Sozialphilosophie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sozialphilosophie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Social philosophy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socifilozofio" title="Socifilozofio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socifilozofio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_social" title="Filosofía social – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filosofía social" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiaalfilosoofia" title="Sotsiaalfilosoofia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsiaalfilosoofia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizarte_filosofia" title="Gizarte filosofia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizarte filosofia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="فلسفه اجتماعی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسفه اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhteiskuntafilosofia" title="Yhteiskuntafilosofia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhteiskuntafilosofia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_sociale" title="Philosophie sociale – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophie sociale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_social" title="Filosofía social – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filosofía social" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פילוסופיה חברתית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פילוסופיה חברתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1rsadalomfiloz%C3%B3fia" title="Társadalomfilozófia – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Társadalomfilozófia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սոցիալական փիլիսոփայություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալական փիլիսոփայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ընկերային Փիլիսոփայութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ընկերային Փիլիսոփայութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat_sosial" title="Filsafat sosial – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filsafat sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lagsleg_heimspeki" title="Félagsleg heimspeki – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Félagsleg heimspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_sociale" title="Filosofia sociale – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filosofia sociale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="社会哲学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会哲学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Әлеуметтік философия – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әлеуметтік философия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="사회철학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회철학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Коомдук философия – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Коомдук философия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_socialis" title="Philosophia socialis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philosophia socialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialin%C4%97_filosofija" title="Socialinė filosofija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Socialinė filosofija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C4%81l%C4%81_filozofija" title="Sociālā filozofija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sociālā filozofija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Општествена филозофија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Општествена филозофија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafah_sosial" title="Falsafah sosial – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Falsafah sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociale_filosofie" title="Sociale filosofie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociale filosofie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialfilosofi" title="Sosialfilosofi – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sosialfilosofi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialfilosofi" title="Sosialfilosofi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosialfilosofi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਮਾਜਕ ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮਾਜਕ ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_spo%C5%82eczna" title="Filozofia społeczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filozofia społeczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_social" title="Filosofia social – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filosofia social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofie_social%C4%83" title="Filozofie socială – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filozofie socială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социальная философия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальная философия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalna_filozofija" title="Socijalna filozofija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Socijalna filozofija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Social philosophy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1lna_filozofia" title="Sociálna filozofia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sociálna filozofia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_shoq%C3%ABrore" title="Filozofia shoqërore – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filozofia shoqërore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социјална филозофија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Социјална филозофија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialfilosofi" title="Socialfilosofi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socialfilosofi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சமூகத் தத்துவம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமூகத் தத்துவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="ปรัชญาสังคม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปรัชญาสังคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplum_felsefesi" title="Toplum felsefesi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toplum felsefesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Соціальна філософія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціальна філософія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtimoiy_falsafa" title="Ijtimoiy falsafa – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ijtimoiy falsafa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%E1%BA%BFt_h%E1%BB%8Dc_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Triết học xã hội – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Triết học xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180592#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>，請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Talk:社会哲学">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Rough_translation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-rough_translation" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="翻譯標記"><img alt="翻譯標記" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="Wikipedia:翻譯指引">翻譯</a>品質不佳。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2016年10月25日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>翻譯者可能不熟悉中文或原文語言，也可能使用了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">機器翻譯</a>。請<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit">協助翻譯</a>本條目或重新編寫，并注意避免<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TNESE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TNESE">翻译腔</a>的问题。<b>明顯拙劣</b>的翻譯請改掛<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:D" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:D">d</a>|<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#G13" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSD">G13</a>}}</code>提交刪除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:哲学">系列条目</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span title="从左到右：柏拉图、康德、尼采、释迦牟尼、孔子、伊本·西那"><img alt="从左到右：柏拉图、康德、尼采、释迦牟尼、孔子、伊本·西那" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Philbar_4.png/220px-Philbar_4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Philbar_4.png/330px-Philbar_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Philbar_4.png/440px-Philbar_4.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="440" usemap="#ImageMap_b14b2c0451708ba6" resource="/wiki/File:Philbar_4.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_b14b2c0451708ba6"><area href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" shape="rect" coords="0,0,73,73" alt="柏拉图" title="柏拉图" /><area href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" shape="rect" coords="73,0,147,73" alt="康德" title="康德" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" shape="rect" coords="147,0,220,73" alt="尼采" title="尼采" /><area href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" shape="rect" coords="0,73,73,147" alt="释迦牟尼" title="释迦牟尼" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="73,73,147,147" alt="孔子" title="孔子" /><area href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" shape="rect" coords="147,73,220,147" alt="伊本·西那" title="伊本·西那" /></map><figcaption>从左到右：柏拉图、康德、尼采、释迦牟尼、孔子、伊本·西那</figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption" style="white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">康德</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">尼采</a></li></ul></div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼">释迦牟尼</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" title="伊本·西那">伊本·西那</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Category:哲学分支">分支</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形而上学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑学</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:各时期哲学">时期</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古典哲学">古典</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">古希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">古印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%B6" title="诸子百家">古中国</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">中世紀</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="宋明理学">宋明理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="近代哲學">近代</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="德国古典哲学">德国古典哲学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="现代哲学">当代</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歐陸哲學">欧陆哲学</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國哲學">地域</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="东方哲学">东方</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="中国哲学">中国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日本哲學">日本</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="美國哲學">美</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="英國哲學">英</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国哲学（页面不存在）">法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:French philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="德国古典哲学">德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="意大利哲学">意</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Russian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄国哲学（页面不存在）">俄</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Russian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Russian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中東哲學">中东</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰哲学</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F" title="Category:哲学传统">传统</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教信仰哲學">各宗教的哲学信仰</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度哲学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教哲学">佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="猶太教哲學">猶太教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="基督教神學">基督教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰教</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="Category:哲学文献">文献</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="Category:美学文献">美学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C" title="Category:知识论著作">知识论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="Category:伦理学文献">伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C" title="Category:逻辑学著作">逻辑学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="Category:形而上学文献">形而上学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Category:政治哲学文献" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Category:Political philosophy literature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="Category:政治哲學文獻">政治哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy_literature" class="extiw" title="en:Category:Political philosophy literature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Category:Political philosophy literature</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:哲学家">哲学家</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="美學家列表">美学家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="知識論者列表">知识论者</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伦理学家列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of ethicists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伦理学家列表（页面不存在）">伦理学家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethicists" class="extiw" title="en:List of ethicists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of ethicists</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="逻辑学家">逻辑学家</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="形而上學學者列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List_of_metaphysicians"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形而上學學者列表（页面不存在）">形而上学学者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" class="extiw" title="en:List of metaphysicians"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List_of_metaphysicians</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会和政治哲学家列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of sociopolitical thinkers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会和政治哲学家列表（页面不存在）">社会和政治哲学家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociopolitical_thinkers" class="extiw" title="en:Index of sociopolitical thinkers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of sociopolitical thinkers</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哲学中的女性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of sociopolitical thinkers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学中的女性（页面不存在）">女哲学家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociopolitical_thinkers" class="extiw" title="en:Index of sociopolitical thinkers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of sociopolitical thinkers</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="Category:哲學相關列表">列表</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哲学索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Index of philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81" class="mw-redirect" title="哲学概要">概要</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B4%E9%91%91" title="哲學年鑑">年份</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="未解決的哲學問題">問題</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="重要哲学出版物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of important publications in philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重要哲学出版物列表（页面不存在）">出版物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:List of important publications in philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of important publications in philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哲学列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of philosophies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学列表（页面不存在）">理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophies" class="extiw" title="en:List of philosophies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of philosophies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哲学词汇表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学词汇表（页面不存在）">词汇表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="哲學家列表">哲學家</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:哲学">哲学主题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy-sidebar" title="Template:Philosophy-sidebar"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy-sidebar" title="Template talk:Philosophy-sidebar"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Philosophy-sidebar" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Philosophy-sidebar"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>社會哲學</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Social Philosophy</span>）是關於<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="社会行动">社會行為</a>和社會与社會制度在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%82" class="mw-redirect" title="价值观">倫理價值觀</a>方面的研究，但不包括在經驗關係方面的問題的研究<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。社會哲學家注重于理解政治，法律，道德和文化問題的社會背景，以及發展新的理論框架，從社會本體論到關注倫理，到國際性的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>理論，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="人權">人權</a>，性別平等和全球正義<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="學科"><span id=".E5.AD.B8.E7.A7.91"></span>學科</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：學科"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在社會哲學和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">倫理</a>或價值理論所解決的問題之間往往存在著相當大的重疊。其他形式的社會哲學包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="政治哲學">政治哲學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="法律哲學">法律哲學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="法學">法學</a>，主要涉及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="国家">國家</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>的社會及其運作。 </p><p>社會哲學、<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="倫理學">倫理學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治哲學</a>都與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>中的其他學科有著密切的聯繫。反過來，社會科學本身也是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會科學哲學（页面不存在）">社會科學哲學</a>的焦點。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語言哲學">語言哲學</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會認識論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會認識論（页面不存在）">社會認識論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Social epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span>的哲學是在顯著程度上與社會哲學重疊的分支。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社會哲學中的相關問題"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E5.95.8F.E9.A1.8C"></span>社會哲學中的相關問題</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：社會哲學中的相關問題"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>社會哲學處理的一些主題是： </p> <ul><li>機構<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="自由意志">自由意志</a></li> <li>權力的意志</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="責任">責任</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="言語行為理論">言語行為</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%85%E5%A2%83%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="情境倫理（页面不存在）">情境倫理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="現代主義">現代主義</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后现代主义">後現代主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="個人主義">個人主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E7%94%A2%E6%AC%8A" title="財產權">財產權</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="權利">權利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%A8%81%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="權威主義">權威</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B" title="意識形態">意識形態</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文化批評" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="cultural critic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化批評（页面不存在）">文化批評</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cultural_critic" class="extiw" title="en:cultural critic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">cultural critic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社會哲學家"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8.E5.AE.B6"></span>社會哲學家</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：社會哲學家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一個關切他們自己的哲學家名單，雖然大多數哲學家並不完全只關注在社會哲學： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="苏格拉底">蘇格拉底</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%BA%95%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6" title="考底利耶">考底利耶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90" title="老子">老子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="莊子">莊子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90" title="荀子">荀子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BE%E5%8F%83" class="mw-redirect" title="曾參">曾參</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E9%9D%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="韓非">韓非</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="提魯瓦魯瓦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thiruvalluvar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E9%AD%AF%E7%93%A6%E9%AD%AF%E7%93%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提魯瓦魯瓦（页面不存在）">提魯瓦魯瓦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" class="extiw" title="en:Thiruvalluvar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thiruvalluvar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·霍布斯">托馬斯·霍布斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E6%A2%AD" title="让-雅克·卢梭">讓-雅克·盧梭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" title="约翰·洛克">约翰·洛克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%81" title="杰里米·边沁">杰里米·邊沁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%BC%A5%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF" title="约翰·弥尔顿">约翰·彌爾顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔">格奥爾格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%BE%E5%A1%9E" title="赫伯特·斯宾塞">赫伯特·斯賓塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB" title="亨利·乔治">亨利·喬治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·马克思">卡爾·馬克思</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="弗里德里希·恩格斯">弗里德里希·恩格斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE-%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E6%9D%B1" title="皮埃爾-約瑟夫·普魯東">皮埃爾-約瑟夫·普魯東</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%AF%E5%AE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="米哈伊尔·亚历山德罗维奇·巴枯宁">米哈伊爾·亞歷山德羅维奇·巴枯寧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E8%B0%A2%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%B3%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="彼得·阿列克谢耶维奇·克鲁泡特金">彼得·阿列克谢耶维奇·克鲁泡特金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%A0%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E9%AD%AF%E6%BC%A2" title="馬素·麥克魯漢">馬素·麥克魯漢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B6%82%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="爱米尔·涂尔干">爱米爾·涂爾幹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="马克斯·韦伯">馬克斯·韋伯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="西格蒙德·弗洛伊德">西格蒙德·弗洛伊德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%8D%A3%E6%A0%BC" title="卡尔·荣格">卡爾·榮格</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·泽赞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Zerzan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B3%BD%E8%B5%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·泽赞（页面不存在）">约翰·泽赞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zerzan" class="extiw" title="en:John Zerzan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Zerzan</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">弗里德里希·尼采</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%9A%E8%AB%BE" title="狄奧多·阿多諾">狄奧多·阿多諾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%85%E6%98%8E" title="瓦尔特·本雅明">瓦爾特·本雅明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">卡爾·波普爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%8D%A1%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%8D%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89" class="mw-redirect" title="卢卡奇·捷尔吉">盧卡奇·捷爾吉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E6%B6%85%E5%BA%93%E5%85%8B" title="安东尼·潘涅库克">安東尼·潘涅庫克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%A8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="西蒙·波娃">西蒙·波娃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%9F%AF" title="米歇尔·福柯">米歇爾·傅科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%A4%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="厄文·高夫曼">厄文·高夫曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="诺姆·乔姆斯基">諾姆·喬姆斯基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B8%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="尚·布希亞">尚·布希亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF" title="科内利乌斯·卡斯托里亚迪斯">科內利烏斯·卡斯托里亞迪斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="居伊·德博">居伊·德博</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87_(%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="伊万·伊里奇 (奥地利哲学家)">伊万·伊里奇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%91%9E%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E9%A0%93" title="泰瑞·伊格頓">泰瑞·伊格頓</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希拉罗·博特姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sheila Rowbotham"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%B9%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希拉罗·博特姆（页面不存在）">希拉罗·博特姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Rowbotham" class="extiw" title="en:Sheila Rowbotham"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sheila Rowbotham</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特蘭·罗素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93%E5%A1%9E" title="赫伯特·马尔库塞">赫伯特·马尔库塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%8B%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98" title="麥克斯·霍克海默">麥克斯·霍克海默</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%B4%90%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF" title="伊曼紐爾·列維納斯">伊曼紐爾·列維納斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86" title="埃里希·弗罗姆">埃里希·弗羅姆</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗雷德·波切" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fred Poché"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗雷德·波切（页面不存在）">弗雷德·波切</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Poch%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="en:Fred Poché"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fred Poché</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿道弗·桑切斯·巴斯克斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿道弗·桑切斯·巴斯克斯（页面不存在）">阿道弗·桑切斯·巴斯克斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_S%C3%A1nchez_V%C3%A1zquez" class="extiw" title="en:Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾尔弗雷德·施密特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾尔弗雷德·施密特（页面不存在）">艾尔弗雷德·施密特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Schmidt_(philosopher)" class="extiw" title="en:Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%83%E7%86%B1%C2%B7%E9%BD%8A%E6%BE%A4%E5%85%8B" title="斯拉沃熱·齊澤克">斯拉沃熱·齊澤克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%A6%E7%89%B9" title="汉娜·阿伦特">漢娜·阿倫特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" title="休伊·牛頓">休伊·牛顿</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社會學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社會學理論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會學概要" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of sociology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會學概要（页面不存在）">社會學概要</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of sociology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of sociology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會模擬" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social simulation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會模擬（页面不存在）">社會模擬</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_simulation" class="extiw" title="en:Social simulation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social simulation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20philosophy">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-01-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140115001650/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20philosophy">存档</a>于2014-01-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsocial%2520philosophy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1467-9833/homepage/ProductInformation.html">Journal of Social Philosophy</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212163903/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291467-9833/homepage/ProductInformation.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2014-02-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialphilosophy.yolasite.com/">Social Philosophy</a>. Cavite State University Main Campus. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171218070526/http://socialphilosophy.yolasite.com/">存档</a>于2017-12-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Social+Philosophy&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Cavite+State+University+Main+Campus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialphilosophy.yolasite.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)">Agency (philosophy)</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220153625/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)">存档</a>于2016-12-20） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Agency+%28philosophy%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAgency_%28philosophy%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%AB%96" title="價值論">價值論</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;">哲学与……</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">艺术</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="设计哲学">设计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="音乐哲学">音乐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="电影哲学">电影</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="历史哲学">历史</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學人類學">人性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="语言哲学">语言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学与文学">文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="文化哲學">文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="教育哲學">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="人生哲学">人生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教哲学">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宇宙学">宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">存在</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="元哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心灵哲学">精神</a></b> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="痛苦（哲学）" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pain (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%97%9B%E8%8B%A6%EF%BC%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="痛苦（哲学）（页面不存在）">痛苦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Pain (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pain (philosophy)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E9%BB%98%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="幽默理論">幽默</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理学哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神经哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neurophilosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神经哲学（页面不存在）">神经哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophilosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Neurophilosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neurophilosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="行動理論">行动</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="数学哲学">数学</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊哲學">信息</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="时空哲学">时空</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="物理哲学">物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="化学哲学">化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學哲學">生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="地理哲學">地理</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="環境哲學">环境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="技术哲学">技术</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="工程学哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of engineering"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工程学哲学（页面不存在）">工程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of engineering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of engineering</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="医学哲学（页面不存在）">医学哲学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="醫療衛生哲學">醫療衛生哲學</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="性哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of sex"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性哲学（页面不存在）">性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_sex" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of sex"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of sex</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会科学的哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of social science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会科学的哲学（页面不存在）">社会科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of social science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of social science</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学与经济学">经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9" title="正義">公正</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="法律哲学">法律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">社会</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="戰爭哲學">战争</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="哲学学派" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学体系列表（页面不存在）">哲学学派</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="哲學史">哲學史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古典哲学">古典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">中世纪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="文艺复兴时期哲学">文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="近代哲學">近代</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="巴洛克时期哲学">巴洛克时期</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">啟蒙時代</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/19%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="19世纪哲学">19世紀</a>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#当代哲学" title="西方哲学史">当代</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="東方哲學">东方</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古典哲学">古典</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="中国哲学">中国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6" title="名家">名家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%89%E7%8E%84%E5%AD%B8" title="魏晉玄學">魏晉玄學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="杨朱学说">杨朱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97" title="禅宗">禅宗</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">希腊-</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="希臘化哲學">希臘化哲學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="前苏格拉底哲学">前苏格拉底</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="毕达哥拉斯主义">毕达哥拉斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%BE%A9%E5%AE%B6" title="智辩家">诡辩学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="柏拉图主义">柏拉图主义</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="亞里斯多德主義">亞里斯多德主義</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8D%E9%81%99%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="逍遙學派">逍遙學派</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E5%84%92%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="犬儒學派">犬儒學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%B3%A9%E9%AD%AF%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="伊比鳩魯學派">伊比鳩魯學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="斯多葛主義">斯多亞學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新柏拉图主义">新柏拉图主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="解釋學">解釋學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教哲学">佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E4%B8%96%E8%AE%BA" title="顺世论">顺世论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度教哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hindu philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教哲学（页面不存在）">印度教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Hindu philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hindu philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="耆那教哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jain philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耆那教哲学（页面不存在）">耆那教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Jain philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jain philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊朗哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iranian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗哲学（页面不存在）">波斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Iranian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iranian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B9%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B" title="玛兹达克">玛兹达克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%90%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="琐罗亚斯德教">祆教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9B" title="祖尔宛">楚尔凡教义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">中世紀</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">9 – 16<br />世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="基督教哲学">基督</a>欧洲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="文藝復興人文主義">人文主义</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="托马斯主义">托马斯主义</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">阿奎那</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">东亚</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宋明理學">宋明理學</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E6%9C%B1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="程朱理学">程朱理学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%B8" title="心學">陆王心学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%98%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="永嘉学派">永嘉学派</a>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E5%84%92%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="韓國儒學">韓國儒學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="日本朱子学">日本朱子学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">印度</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新逻辑学派 (印度哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Navya-Nyāya"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新逻辑学派 (印度哲学)（页面不存在）">新逻辑学派 (印度哲学)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" class="extiw" title="en:Navya-Nyāya"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Navya-Nyāya</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有保留的非二元论 (印度哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vishishtadvaita"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E7%9A%84%E9%9D%9E%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有保留的非二元论 (印度哲学)（页面不存在）">有保留的非二元论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" class="extiw" title="en:Vishishtadvaita"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vishishtadvaita</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="二元论 (印度哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dvaita"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二元论 (印度哲学)（页面不存在）">二元论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita" class="extiw" title="en:Dvaita"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dvaita</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿威罗伊主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Averroism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A8%81%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿威罗伊主义（页面不存在）">阿威罗伊主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism" class="extiw" title="en:Averroism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Averroism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3#哲学思想" title="伊本·西那">阿维森纳</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="照明主义哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Illuminationism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A7%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="照明主义哲学（页面不存在）">照明主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism" class="extiw" title="en:Illuminationism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Illuminationism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学">伊斯兰教义学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏菲主义哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sufi philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%8F%B2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏菲主义哲学（页面不存在）">苏菲主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Sufi philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sufi philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="猶太教哲學">犹太教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="犹太-伊斯兰哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA-%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太-伊斯兰哲学（页面不存在）">犹太-伊斯兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" class="extiw" title="en:Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="近代哲學">近代</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">17 – 19<br />世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><b>人物</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新托马斯主义">新托马斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="笛卡尔主义">笛卡尔主义</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="康德主义">康德主义</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新康德主义">新康德主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格尔主义">黑格尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="马克思主义哲学">马克思主义哲学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">唯物-唯心</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A9%E8%AF%81%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="辩证唯物主义">辩证唯物主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="唯心主義">唯心主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="绝对唯心论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Absolute idealism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="绝对唯心论（页面不存在）">绝对唯心论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_idealism" class="extiw" title="en:Absolute idealism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Absolute idealism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義">效益主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实用主义">实用主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="古典自由主义">自由主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="現代主義">現代主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="現象學">現象學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超验主义">超验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="存在主义">存在主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="日本國學">日本國學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="新儒家">新儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%82%E9%9D%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="寂靜主義">寂静主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="改革宗知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reformed epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%AE%97%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="改革宗知识论（页面不存在）">改革宗知识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Reformed epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reformed epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="西方哲学史">当代</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">20 – 21<br />世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分析女性主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Analytical feminism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分析女性主义（页面不存在）">分析女性主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_feminism" class="extiw" title="en:Analytical feminism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Analytical feminism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="分析马克思主义">分析马克思主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="后分析哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Postanalytic philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后分析哲学（页面不存在）">后分析哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Postanalytic philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Postanalytic philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="结果论">结果论</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義">功利主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="义务伦理学">道义论</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·罗尔斯">罗尔斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%A7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="德性倫理學">德性倫理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗哲學">實驗哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="内在主义与外在主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internalism and externalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内在主义与外在主义（页面不存在）">内在主义与外在主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" class="extiw" title="en:Internalism and externalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internalism and externalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7" title="可证伪性">证伪主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基础主义">基础主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%9E%8D%E8%B4%AF%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="真理融贯论">真理融贯论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="路德维希·维特根斯坦">维特根斯坦</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="逻辑实证主义">逻辑实证主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="维也纳学派">维也纳学派</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日常語言哲學">日常語言哲學</a>-<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然主义知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Naturalized epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然主义知识论（页面不存在）">蒯因的自然主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Naturalized epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Naturalized epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学主义">科学主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法律实证主义">法律实证主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歐陸哲學">欧陆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新馬克思主義">新馬克思主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="西方马克思主义">西方马克思主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後馬克思主義">後馬克思主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格尔主义">黑格尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="批判理論">批判理論</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="法蘭克福學派">法蘭克福學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="結構主義">結構主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後結構主義">後結構主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="解構主義">解構主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="現象學">現象學</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="存在主义">存在主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="解釋學">解釋學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="符號學">符號學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="女性主義">女性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%AD%A6" title="精神分析学">精神分析学</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%B2%A1" title="雅各·拉岡">拉康主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后殖民主义">后殖民主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="后现代主义哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Postmodern philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后现代主义哲学（页面不存在）">后现代主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Postmodern philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Postmodern philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会建构主义">社会建构主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">非西方</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="京都學派">京都學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="俄罗斯宇宙主义">俄国宇宙主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学体系列表（页面不存在）">更多</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="领域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">领域</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形上學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AB%96" title="二元論">二元論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA" title="一元论">一元论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="形而上自然主義">自然主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">本体论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="行動理論">行动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="事件 (哲学)">事件</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="过程哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Process philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="过程哲学（页面不存在）">过程哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Process philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Process philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6" title="現實">現實</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反实在论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anti-realism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%9E%E5%9C%A8%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反实在论（页面不存在）">反实在论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-realism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anti-realism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%AB%96" title="概念論">概念論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="唯心主義">唯心主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="唯物主义">唯物主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自然主义">自然主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%90%8D%E8%AB%96" title="唯名論">唯名論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="實在論">實在論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="唯心主義認識論">唯心主義認識論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="建构主义知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constructivist epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建构主义知识论（页面不存在）">建构主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Constructivist epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constructivist epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特殊主义知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Epistemological particularism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特殊主义知识论（页面不存在）">特殊主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" class="extiw" title="en:Epistemological particularism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Epistemological particularism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="怀疑主义哲学#知识论和怀疑主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophical skepticism#Epistemology and skepticism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="怀疑主义哲学（页面不存在）">怀疑论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism#Epistemology_and_skepticism" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophical skepticism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophical skepticism#Epistemology and skepticism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E6%88%91%E8%AB%96" title="唯我論">唯我論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="信仰主義">信仰主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心灵哲学">精神</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-disambig" title="行为主义">行为主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E6%B6%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="取消主义">取消主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="副现象主义">副现象主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="机能主义(精神哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89(%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机能主义(精神哲学)（页面不存在）">机能主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="extiw" title="en:Functionalism (philosophy of mind)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Functionalism (philosophy of mind)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E6%80%A7" title="客觀性">客观主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="主觀主義">主觀主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="结果论">结果论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="义务伦理学">义务伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%A7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="德性倫理學">德性倫理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="自由意志">自由意志</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AE%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相容论">相容论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6)" title="自由意志主义 (形而上学)">自由意志主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="道德规范性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Norm (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德规范性（页面不存在）">规范性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Norm (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Norm (philosophy)</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德绝对主义">绝对主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="道德特殊主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Moral particularism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德特殊主义（页面不存在）">特殊主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_particularism" class="extiw" title="en:Moral particularism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Moral particularism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德相对主义">相对主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="道德虛無主義">虚无主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德怀疑主义">怀疑主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德普遍主义">普遍主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="形式主义">形式主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艺术制度论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Institutional theory of art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艺术制度论（页面不存在）">制度论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="extiw" title="en:Institutional theory of art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Institutional theory of art</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美学情感" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aesthetic emotions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美学情感（页面不存在）">美学回应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" class="extiw" title="en:Aesthetic emotions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aesthetic emotions</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="经典逻辑">经典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="非經典邏輯">非经典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="形式逻辑">形式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="非形式逻辑">非形式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA" title="悖论">悖论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%AC%E8%AA%A4" title="謬誤">謬誤</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="各地区哲学哲学相关列表" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國哲學">各地区哲学</a></li><li>哲学相关列表</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國哲學">各地区哲学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="非洲哲学">非洲</a><small>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃塞俄比亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ethiopian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃塞俄比亚哲学（页面不存在）">埃塞俄比亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Ethiopian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ethiopian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</small></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿兹特克哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aztec philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿兹特克哲学（页面不存在）">阿兹特克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Aztec philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aztec philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="東方哲學">东方</a><small>（<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="中国哲学">中国</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日本哲學">日本</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="朝韩哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Korean philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%9D%E9%9F%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朝韩哲学（页面不存在）">朝韩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Korean philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Korean philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="香港哲學">香港</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="臺灣哲學">臺灣</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊朗哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iranian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗哲学（页面不存在）">伊朗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Iranian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iranian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度尼西亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indonesian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度尼西亚哲学（页面不存在）">印尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Indonesian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indonesian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴基斯坦哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pakistani philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴基斯坦哲学（页面不存在）">巴基斯坦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Pakistani philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pakistani philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方</a><small>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="American philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="美國哲學">美国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:American philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">American philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="英國哲學">英國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麦哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Danish philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦哲学（页面不存在）">丹麦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Danish philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Danish philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国哲学（页面不存在）">法国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:French philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="德國哲學">德国</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">希腊</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="意大利哲学">意大利</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波兰哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Polish philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰哲学（页面不存在）">波兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Polish philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Polish philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马尼亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Romanian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马尼亚哲学（页面不存在）">罗马尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Romanian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Romanian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Russian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄国哲学（页面不存在）">俄国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Russian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Russian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯洛文尼亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Slovene philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯洛文尼亚哲学（页面不存在）">斯洛文尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Slovene philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Slovene philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81" class="mw-redirect" title="哲学概要">概要</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="未解決的哲學問題">问题</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学体系列表（页面不存在）">学派</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学词汇表（页面不存在）">词汇表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="哲學概念列表">概念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="哲學家列表">哲学家</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学运动（页面不存在）">运动</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重要哲学出版物列表（页面不存在）">出版物</a></li></ul> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/Template:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:链出更改/Template:哲学">最近更改</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="社会哲学和政治哲学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ddaaaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:社会与政治哲学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:社会与政治哲学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:社会与政治哲学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="社会哲学和政治哲学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">社会</a>哲学和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治</a>哲学</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ddaaaa;">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E8%8C%83" title="失范">失范</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E4%BF%97" title="風俗">風俗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E6%83%AF%E6%B3%95" title="习惯法">习俗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="文化遗产">文化遗产</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文化主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Culturalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化主义（页面不存在）">文化主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturalism" class="extiw" title="en:Culturalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Culturalism</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="跨文化主义">跨文化主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="monoculturalism" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Monoculturalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoculturalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoculturalism（页面不存在）">单一文化主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoculturalism" class="extiw" title="en:Monoculturalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Monoculturalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="多元文化主义">多元文化主义</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="反文化">反文化</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="家庭主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Familialism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家庭主義（页面不存在）">家庭主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familialism" class="extiw" title="en:Familialism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Familialism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="历史">历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E8%AA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="荣誉">荣誉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7" title="人性">人性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E8%AE%A4%E5%90%8C" title="身份认同">身份认同</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="身份形成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Identity formation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="身份形成（页面不存在）">身份形成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_formation" class="extiw" title="en:Identity formation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Identity formation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="意识形态">意识形态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="制度">制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%8B%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%89%8B" title="看不見的手">看不見的手</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%A0%E8%AA%A0" title="忠誠">忠诚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="现代性">现代性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共道德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Public morality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共道德（页面不存在）">公共道德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_morality" class="extiw" title="en:Public morality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Public morality</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会风俗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mores"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%A3%8E%E4%BF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会风俗（页面不存在）">社会风俗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores" class="extiw" title="en:Mores"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mores</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="民族性格">民族性格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%B3%95" title="自然法">自然法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96" title="物化">物化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9" title="权利">权利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%95%B0%E5%8C%96" title="社會異化">社會異化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84" title="社會規範">社會規範</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8F%91%E7%A7%A9%E5%BA%8F" title="自发秩序">自发秩序</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="监管" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stewardship"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%91%E7%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="监管（页面不存在）">监管</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewardship" class="extiw" title="en:Stewardship"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stewardship</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F" title="传统">传统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80" title="價值觀">價值觀</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="家庭價值" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Family values"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家庭價值（页面不存在）">家庭價值</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_values" class="extiw" title="en:Family values"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Family values</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%A7%82" title="世界观">世界观</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%8D%E6%9C%8D%E4%BB%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="公民不服从">公民不服从</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%91" title="四民">四民</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9" title="正義">正義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD" title="天命">天命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3" title="和平">和平</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A2%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="财产权">财产权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="革命">革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84" title="社會契約">社會契約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="社会">社会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="战争">战争</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ddaaaa;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="Category:社會理論">社会理论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#f3e1e1;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%A8%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="权威主义">权威主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="集体主义">集体主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="冲突理论">冲突理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="保守主义">保守主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="和谐理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Consensus theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%8C%E8%B0%90%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="和谐理论（页面不存在）">和谐理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Consensus theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Consensus theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E7%BA%A6%E8%AE%BA" title="契约论">契约主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="甘地主义">甘地主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="个人主义">个人主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%80%81%E9%81%93" title="黄老道">黄老道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自由主义">自由主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="自由意志主義">自由意志主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="進步主義">進步主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族自由主義">民族自由主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会建构主义">社会建构主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会达尔文主义">社会达尔文主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="社會決定論">社會決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義">功利主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ddaaaa;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:社会哲学家">社会</a>与<a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:政治哲學家">政治哲學家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E6%9C%AD%E5%88%A9" title="阿布·哈米德·加札利">加札利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="索尔·阿林斯基">阿林斯基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E9%A2%91%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="室利·阿罗频多">阿罗频多</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E4%B8%96%E5%BE%B7" title="伊本·魯世德">伊本·魯世德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" title="希波的奥古斯丁">奥古斯丁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">阿奎那</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若克斯·阿蘇爾門迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joxe Azurmendi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%98%87%E7%88%BE%E9%96%80%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="若克斯·阿蘇爾門迪（页面不存在）">阿蘇爾門迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" class="extiw" title="en:Joxe Azurmendi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joxe Azurmendi</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%BF%AA%E6%AC%A7" title="阿兰·巴迪欧">巴迪欧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%AF%E5%AE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="米哈伊尔·亚历山德罗维奇·巴枯宁">巴枯宁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B8%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="尚·布希亞">鲍德里亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%8A%AA%E7%93%A6" title="阿兰·德·伯努瓦">伯努瓦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%81" title="杰里米·边沁">边沁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%9E%97" title="以赛亚·伯林">伯林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="波納德">波納德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E6%A1%91%E8%91%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="伯纳德·鲍桑葵">鲍桑葵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B" title="埃德蒙·伯克">伯克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E7%BC%AA" title="阿尔贝·加缪">加缪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%BA%95%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6" title="考底利耶">考底利耶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BD%97" title="西塞罗">西塞罗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="诺姆·乔姆斯基">乔姆斯基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AD%94%E5%BE%B7" title="奥古斯特·孔德">孔德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="居伊·德博">德博</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81" title="约翰·杜威">约翰·杜威</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%B4%9B%E5%87%A1%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%AD%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="密洛凡·德热拉斯">德热拉斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E9%87%91" title="亞歷山大·杜金">杜金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B6%82%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="爱米尔·涂尔干">涂尔干</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="弗里德里希·恩格斯">恩格斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%9F%AF" title="米歇尔·福柯">福柯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%82%85%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%B6" title="夏尔·傅立叶">傅立叶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E9%9B%84%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0" title="圣雄甘地">甘地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%AB%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E5%80%AB" title="阿爾諾德·蓋倫">盖伦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%A7%A6%E6%A2%AF%E5%88%A9" title="乔瓦尼·秦梯利">秦梯利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF" title="安东尼奥·葛兰西">葛兰西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%9E%9C%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%80%81%E7%A7%80%E6%96%AF" title="胡果·格老秀斯">格老秀斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%B4%9D%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF" title="于尔根·哈贝马斯">哈贝马斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E9%9D%9E" title="韩非">韩非</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·霍布斯">霍布斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟">休谟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">康德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E5%85%8B" title="罗素·柯克">柯克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E8%B0%A2%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%B3%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="彼得·阿列克谢耶维奇·克鲁泡特金">克鲁泡特金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%9E" title="古斯塔夫·勒庞">勒庞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8" title="戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨">莱布尼茨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7" title="勒·普雷">勒·普雷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" title="约翰·洛克">洛克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E8%8E%8E%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="罗莎·卢森堡">卢森堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="尼可罗·马基亚维利">马基亚维利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·德·迈斯特">迈斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8B%92%E4%BC%AF%E6%9C%97%E5%A3%AB" title="尼古拉·马勒伯朗士">马勒伯朗士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93%E5%A1%9E" title="赫伯特·马尔库塞">马尔库塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="雅克·马里坦">马里坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%A9%AC%E8%A5%BF%E7%95%A5" title="帕多瓦的马西略">马西略</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·马克思">马克思</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%A5%91%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="罗伯特·米契尔斯">米契尔斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·斯图尔特·密尔">密尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E9%B8%A0" title="孟德斯鸠">孟德斯鸠</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尤斯图斯·默泽尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Justus Möser"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尤斯图斯·默泽尔（页面不存在）">默泽尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" class="extiw" title="en:Justus Möser"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Justus Möser</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AD%90" title="墨子">墨子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="穆罕默德">穆罕默德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C" title="安东尼奥·奈格里">内格里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">尼采</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E9%BD%90%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="罗伯特·诺齐克">诺齐克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%82%96%E7%89%B9" title="迈克尔·奥克肖特">奥克肖特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E7%89%B9%E5%98%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%A1%9E%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="何塞·奧特嘉·伊·加塞特">奥特嘉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E7%B4%AF%E6%89%98" title="维尔弗雷多·帕累托">帕累托</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·佩特罗夫·普拉门纳兹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Plamenatz"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E9%97%A8%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·佩特罗夫·普拉门纳兹（页面不存在）">普拉门纳兹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Plamenatz" class="extiw" title="en:John Plamenatz"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Plamenatz</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">波普尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%8C%B5%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="艾茵·兰德">兰德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·罗尔斯">罗尔斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%8D%97" title="歐內斯特·勒南">勒南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E6%A2%AD" title="让-雅克·卢梭">卢梭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="約西亞·羅伊斯">罗伊斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">罗素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%A1%94%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3" title="乔治·桑塔亚那">桑塔亚那</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="P.R.沙卡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=P.R.%E6%B2%99%E5%8D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P.R.沙卡（页面不存在）">沙卡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" class="extiw" title="en:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9" title="让-保罗·萨特">萨特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9" title="卡尔·施米特">施米特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%91%9F%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·瑟尔">希尔勒</a></li> <li><a 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