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<span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economic models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recorded_and_live_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recorded_and_live_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recorded and live forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recorded_and_live_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcast_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Broadcast engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Broadcasting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AB_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A" title="بث لاسلكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بث لاسلكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yay%C4%B1m" title="Yayım – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yayım" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="সম্প্রচার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সম্প্রচার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2ng-s%C3%A0ng" title="Hòng-sàng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòng-sàng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodifusi%C3%B3" title="Radiodifusió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radiodifusió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plo%C5%A1n%C3%A9_vys%C3%ADl%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Plošné vysílání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plošné vysílání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundfunk" title="Rundfunk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rundfunk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling" title="Ringhääling – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ringhääling" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodifusi%C3%B3n" title="Radiodifusión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radiodifusión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrati-difusio" title="Irrati-difusio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irrati-difusio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%B4_%D9%87%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پخش همگانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پخش همگانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9diffusion" title="Télédiffusion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télédiffusion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craolt%C3%B3ireacht" title="Craoltóireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Craoltóireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1" title="방송 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रसारण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रसारण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodifuzija" title="Radiodifuzija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radiodifuzija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyiaran" title="Penyiaran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyiaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodiffusion" title="Radiodiffusion – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Radiodiffusion" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukusakaza" title="Ukusakaza – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukusakaza" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Broadcasting" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utangazaji" title="Utangazaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utangazaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9difizyon" title="Télédifizyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Télédifizyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Радиодифузија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радиодифузија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyiaran" title="Penyiaran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyiaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Нэвтрүүлэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нэвтрүүлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အသံလွှင့်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အသံလွှင့်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitzending" title="Uitzending – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uitzending" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81" title="放送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="放送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kringkasting" title="Kringkasting – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kringkasting" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kringkasting" title="Kringkasting – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kringkasting" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braadkyaasin" title="Braadkyaasin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Braadkyaasin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodifus%C3%A3o" title="Radiodifusão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Radiodifusão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioteleviziune" title="Radioteleviziune – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radioteleviziune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Телерадиовещание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телерадиовещание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmetimi" title="Transmetimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transmetimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Broadcasting" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="وەشاندن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەشاندن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Радиодифузија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радиодифузија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundradio" title="Rundradio – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rundradio" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஒலிபரப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒலிபரப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="การแพร่สัญญาณ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแพร่สัญญาณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yay%C4%B1n" title="Yayın – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yayın" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Телерадіомовлення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телерадіомовлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="نشریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نشریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1t_s%C3%B3ng" title="Phát sóng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phát sóng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD" title="广播 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="广播" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD" title="廣播 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="廣播" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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audiovisual content to dispersed audiences</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Broadcast" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Broadcast (disambiguation)">Broadcast (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broadcasting1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Broadcasting1.JPG/220px-Broadcasting1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Broadcasting1.JPG/330px-Broadcasting1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Broadcasting1.JPG/440px-Broadcasting1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A broadcasting antenna in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Broadcasting</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Data_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Data distribution">distribution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">audio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> content to a dispersed <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a> via any electronic <a href="/wiki/Medium_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium (communication)">mass communications medium</a>, but typically one using the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>), in a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/one-to-many" class="extiw" title="wikt:one-to-many">one-to-many</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-peters_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peters-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadcasting began with <a href="/wiki/AM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="AM radio">AM radio</a>, which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio transmitter">radio transmitters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">receivers</a>. Before this, most implementations of electronic communication (early <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a>) were <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/one-to-one" class="extiw" title="wikt:one-to-one">one-to-one</a>, with the message intended for a single recipient. The term <i>broadcasting</i> evolved from its use as the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about.<sup id="cite_ref-douglas_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later adopted for describing the widespread distribution of information by printed materials<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by telegraph.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples applying it to "one-to-many" radio transmissions of an individual station to multiple listeners appeared as early as 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over-the-air broadcasting is usually associated with <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">television</a>, though more recently, both radio and television transmissions have begun to be distributed by cable (<a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a>). The receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset; the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology and equipment (e.g., a radio or television set) can receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes both government-managed services such as <a href="/wiki/Public_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Public radio">public radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Public television">public television</a>, and private <a href="/wiki/Commercial_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial radio">commercial radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial television">commercial television</a>. The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, title 47, part 97 defines <i>broadcasting</i> as "transmissions intended for reception by the general public, either direct or relayed".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private or two-way <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> transmissions do not qualify under this definition. For example, <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur</a> ("ham") and <a href="/wiki/Citizens_band_radio" title="Citizens band radio">citizens band</a> (CB) radio operators are not allowed to broadcast. As defined, <i>transmitting</i> and <i>broadcasting</i> are not the same. </p><p>Transmission of radio and television programs from a radio or television station to home receivers by <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> is referred to as <i>over the air</i> (OTA) or <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial</a> broadcasting and in most countries requires a <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">broadcasting license</a>. Transmissions using a wire or cable, like <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> (which also retransmits OTA stations with their <a href="/wiki/Retransmission_consent" title="Retransmission consent">consent</a>), are also considered broadcasts but do not necessarily require a license (though in some countries, a license is required). In the 2000s, transmissions of television and radio programs via <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a> digital technology have increasingly been referred to as broadcasting as well.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">History of broadcasting</a></div> <p>In 1894, Italian inventor <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> began developing a wireless communication using the then-newly discovered phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>, showing by 1901 that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the start of <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a> by radio. Audio radio broadcasting began experimentally in the first decade of the 20th century. On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in <a href="/wiki/Glace_Bay" title="Glace Bay">Glace Bay</a>, Nova Scotia, Canada, became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> accelerated the development of radio for <a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">military communications</a>. After the war, commercial radio <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting</a> began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news. <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> again accelerated the development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication, radio navigation, and radar.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development of stereo <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a> of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1970s in the United Kingdom, displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 March 1925, <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a> demonstrated the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store <a href="/wiki/Selfridges" title="Selfridges">Selfridges</a>. Baird's device relied upon the <a href="/wiki/Nipkow_disk" title="Nipkow disk">Nipkow disk</a> and thus became known as the <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">mechanical television</a>. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> beginning on 30 September 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for most of the 20th century, televisions depended on the <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Karl Braun</a>. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by <a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a> and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, interrupted experiments resumed and television became an important home entertainment broadcast medium, using <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> and <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> spectrum. <a href="/wiki/Satellite_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite broadcasting">Satellite broadcasting</a> was initiated in the 1960s and moved into general industry usage in the 1970s, with DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellites) emerging in the 1980s. </p><p>Originally, all broadcasting was composed of <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog signals</a> using <a href="/wiki/Analog_transmission" title="Analog transmission">analog transmission</a> techniques but in the 2000s, broadcasters <a href="/wiki/Digital_switchover" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital switchover">switched</a> to <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_(broadcasting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital signal (broadcasting)">digital signals</a> using <a href="/wiki/Digital_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital transmission">digital transmission</a>. An analog signal is any <a href="/wiki/Continuous_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous signal">continuous signal</a> representing some other quantity, i.e., <i>analogous</i> to another quantity. For example, in an analog <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a>, the instantaneous signal <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> varies continuously with the <a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure" title="Sound pressure">pressure of the sound waves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">digital signal</a> represents the original time-varying quantity as a <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">sampled</a> sequence of <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">quantized</a> values which imposes some <a href="/wiki/Nyquist_frequency" title="Nyquist frequency">bandwidth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> constraints on the representation. In general usage, broadcasting most frequently refers to the transmission of information and entertainment programming from various sources to the general public:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog audio">Analog audio</a> radio (AM, FM) vs. <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_radio_service" title="Digital audio radio service">digital audio radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/HD_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="HD radio">HD radio</a>), <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">digital audio broadcasting</a> (DAB), <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">digital Radio Mondiale</a> (DRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a></li></ul> <p>The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way broadcast networks more than quadrupled during the two decades from 1986 to 2007, from 432 <a href="/wiki/Exabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabytes">exabytes</a> of (optimally compressed) information, to 1.9 <a href="/wiki/Zettabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Zettabytes">zettabytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HilbertLopez2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbertLopez2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the information equivalent of 55 newspapers per person per day in 1986, and 175 newspapers per person per day by 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilbertvideo2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilbertvideo2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a broadcast system, the central high-powered <a href="/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers" title="Radio masts and towers">broadcast tower</a> transmits a high-frequency <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">electromagnetic wave</a> to numerous receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information. The receiver is then <a href="/wiki/Antenna_tuner" title="Antenna tuner">tuned</a> so as to pick up the high-frequency wave and a <a href="/wiki/Demodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Demodulator">demodulator</a> is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information. The broadcast signal can be either analog (signal is varied continuously with respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as a set of discrete values).<sup id="cite_ref-stallings-intro_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stallings-intro-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, there have been several methods used for broadcasting <a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">electronic media</a> audio and video to the general public: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a> broadcasting (1881–1932): the earliest form of electronic broadcasting (not counting data services offered by stock <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">telegraph companies</a> from 1867, if <a href="/wiki/Ticker_tape" title="Ticker tape">ticker-tapes</a> are excluded from the definition). Telephone broadcasting began with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2trophone" title="Théâtrophone">Théâtrophone</a> ("Theatre Phone") systems, which were telephone-based distribution systems allowing subscribers to listen to live <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a> performances over telephone lines, created by French inventor <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Ader" title="Clément Ader">Clément Ader</a> in 1881. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include <a href="/wiki/Telephone_newspaper" title="Telephone newspaper">telephone newspaper</a> services for news and entertainment <a href="/wiki/Radio_programming" title="Radio programming">programming</a> which were introduced in the 1890s, primarily located in large <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> cities. These telephone-based <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscription services</a> were the first examples of electrical/electronic broadcasting and offered a wide variety of programming.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a> (experimentally from 1906, commercially from 1920); <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">audio</a> signals sent through the air as <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a>, picked up by an <a href="/wiki/Radio_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio antenna">antenna</a> and sent to a <a href="/wiki/Tuner_(radio)" title="Tuner (radio)">receiver</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio stations">Radio stations</a> can be linked in <a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">radio networks</a> to broadcast common <a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">radio programs</a>, either in <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">broadcast syndication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subchannel" class="mw-redirect" title="Subchannel">subchannels</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a> broadcasting (telecast), experimentally from 1925, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial television">commercially</a> from the 1930s: an extension of radio to include <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> signals.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable radio</a> (also called <i>cable FM</i>, from 1928) and <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> (from 1932): both via <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a>, originally serving principally as transmission media for programming produced at either radio or <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">television stations</a>, but later expanding into a broad universe of cable-originated <a href="/wiki/Cable_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable channel">channels</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite">Direct-broadcast satellite</a> (DBS) (from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1974</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a> (from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1990</span>): meant for direct-to-home broadcast programming (as opposed to studio network uplinks and down-links), provides a mix of traditional radio or television broadcast programming, or both, with dedicated satellite radio programming. (See also: <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcast#Origins" title="Webcast">Webcasting</a> of video/television (from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1993</span>) and audio/radio (from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1994</span>) streams: offers a mix of traditional radio and television station broadcast programming with dedicated <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_models">Economic models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Broadcasting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are several means of providing financial support for continuous broadcasting: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a>: for-profit, usually privately owned stations, channels, networks, or services providing programming to the public, supported by the sale of air time to advertisers for <a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">radio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">television advertisements</a> during or in breaks between programs, often in combination with cable or <a href="/wiki/Pay_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay cable">pay cable</a> subscription fees.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a>: usually <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a>, publicly owned stations or networks supported by license fees, government funds, grants from foundations, corporate <a href="/wiki/Underwriting" title="Underwriting">underwriting</a>, audience memberships, contributions or a combination of these.</li> <li>Community broadcasting: a form of <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> in which a <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">television station</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio station</a>, is owned, operated or <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_programming" title="Broadcast programming">programmed</a>, by a community group to provide programs of local interest known as <a href="/wiki/Local_programming" title="Local programming">local programming</a>. Community stations are most commonly operated by <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit group">non-profit groups</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperatives">cooperatives</a>; however, in some cases they may be operated by a local <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a> or <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cable_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable company">cable company</a> or a municipal government.</li> <li>Internet Webcast: the audience pays to recharge and buy virtual gifts for the anchor, and the platform converts the gifts into virtual currency. The anchor withdraws the virtual currency, which is drawn by the platform. If the anchor belongs to a trade union, it will be settled by the trade union and the live broadcasting platform, and the anchor will get the salary and part of the bonus. This is the most common profit model of live broadcast products.</li></ul> <p>Broadcasters may rely on a combination of these <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business models</a>. For example, in the United States, <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> (NPR) and the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">Public Broadcasting Service</a> (PBS, television) supplement public membership subscriptions and grants with funding from the <a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting" title="Corporation for Public Broadcasting">Corporation for Public Broadcasting</a> (CPB), which is allocated bi-annually by Congress. US public broadcasting corporate and charitable grants are generally given in consideration of <a href="/wiki/Underwriting_spot" title="Underwriting spot">underwriting spots</a> which differ from commercial advertisements in that they are governed by specific <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> restrictions, which prohibit the advocacy of a product or a "call to action". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recorded_and_live_forms">Recorded and live forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recorded and live forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Broadcasting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="Recorded_broadcasts_and_live_broadcasts"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TV_Station_Control_Room.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/TV_Station_Control_Room.JPG/220px-TV_Station_Control_Room.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/TV_Station_Control_Room.JPG/330px-TV_Station_Control_Room.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/TV_Station_Control_Room.JPG/440px-TV_Station_Control_Room.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">television studio</a> <a href="/wiki/Production_control_room" title="Production control room">production control room</a> in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia, Washington</a>, August 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_Air_DSC0004_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/On_Air_DSC0004_1.jpg/220px-On_Air_DSC0004_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/On_Air_DSC0004_1.jpg/330px-On_Air_DSC0004_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/On_Air_DSC0004_1.jpg/440px-On_Air_DSC0004_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>An "On Air" sign is illuminated, usually in red, while a broadcast or recording session is taking place.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_Maria_Studio_in_Adliswil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Radio_Maria_Studio_in_Adliswil.jpg/220px-Radio_Maria_Studio_in_Adliswil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Radio_Maria_Studio_in_Adliswil.jpg/330px-Radio_Maria_Studio_in_Adliswil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Radio_Maria_Studio_in_Adliswil.jpg/440px-Radio_Maria_Studio_in_Adliswil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Radio_Maria" title="Radio Maria">Radio Maria</a> studio in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first regular television broadcasts started in 1937. Broadcasts can be classified as <i>recorded</i> or <i>live</i>. The former allows correcting errors, and removing superfluous or undesired material, rearranging it, applying <a href="/wiki/Slow-motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow-motion">slow-motion</a> and repetitions, and other techniques to enhance the program. However, some live events like <a href="/wiki/Sports_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports television">sports television</a> can include some of the aspects including slow-motion clips of important goals/hits, etc., in between the <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live television</a> telecast. American radio-network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s, requiring radio programs played for the Eastern and Central <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a> to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific time zone (See: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_time_on_North_American_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of time on North American broadcasting">Effects of time on North American broadcasting</a>). This restriction was dropped for special occasions, as in the case of the German <a href="/wiki/Dirigible" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirigible">dirigible</a> airship <i><a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_disaster" title="Hindenburg disaster">Hindenburg</a></i> disaster at <a href="/wiki/Lakehurst,_New_Jersey" title="Lakehurst, New Jersey">Lakehurst, New Jersey</a>, in 1937. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondents were allowed on U.S. radio. In addition, American radio programs were recorded for playback by <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Radio">Armed Forces Radio</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a> around the world. </p><p>A disadvantage of recording first is that the public may learn the outcome of an event before the recording is broadcast, which may be a <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(media)" title="Spoiler (media)">spoiler</a>. Prerecording may be used to prevent <a href="/wiki/Announcer" title="Announcer">announcers</a> from deviating from an officially approved <a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">script</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Live_radio" title="Live radio">live radio</a> broadcast, as occurred with <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> broadcasts from Germany in the 1940s and with <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Russia" title="Voice of Russia">Radio Moscow</a> in the 1980s. Many events are advertised as being live, although they are often recorded live (sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live</a>-to-<a href="/wiki/Video_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Video tape">tape</a>"). This is particularly true of performances of musical artists on radio when they visit for an in-studio <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concert</a> performance. Similar situations have occurred in <a href="/wiki/Television_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production">television production</a> ("<i><a href="/wiki/The_Cosby_Show" title="The Cosby Show">The Cosby Show</a></i> is recorded in front of a <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live television</a> studio <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a>") and <a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">news broadcasting</a>. </p><p>A broadcast may be distributed through several physical means. If coming directly from the <a href="/wiki/Radio_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio studio">radio studio</a> at a single station or <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">television station</a>, it is sent through the <a href="/wiki/Studio/transmitter_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio/transmitter link">studio/transmitter link</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> and hence from the <a href="/wiki/Television_antenna" title="Television antenna">television antenna</a> located on the <a href="/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers" title="Radio masts and towers">radio masts and towers</a> out to the world. Programming may also come through a <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a>, played either live or recorded for later transmission. Networks of stations may <a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a> the same programming at the same time, originally via <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> link, now usually by satellite. Distribution to stations or networks may also be through physical media, such as <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> (CD), <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, and sometimes other formats. Usually these are included in another broadcast, such as when <a href="/wiki/Electronic_news_gathering" title="Electronic news gathering">electronic news gathering</a> (ENG) returns a story to the station for inclusion on a <a href="/wiki/News_program" class="mw-redirect" title="News program">news programme</a>. </p><p>The final leg of broadcast distribution is how the signal gets to the listener or viewer. It may come over the air as with a <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio station</a> or <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">television station</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a>, or may come through <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">cable radio</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Wireless_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless cable">wireless cable</a>) via the station or directly from a network. The <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> may also bring either <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">internet radio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a> television to the recipient, especially with <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicasting</a> allowing the signal and <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> to be shared. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">broadcast network</a></i> is often used to distinguish networks that broadcast over-the-air television signals that can be received using a <a href="/wiki/Tuner_(television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuner (television)">tuner</a> inside a <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Television_antenna" title="Television antenna">television antenna</a> from so-called networks that are broadcast only via <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cablecast" class="mw-redirect" title="Cablecast">cablecast</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> that uses a <a href="/wiki/Dish_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dish antenna">dish antenna</a>. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast television">broadcast television</a></i> can refer to the <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television programs</a> of such networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_impact">Social impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WTUL_Microphone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/WTUL_Microphone.jpg/220px-WTUL_Microphone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/WTUL_Microphone.jpg/330px-WTUL_Microphone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/WTUL_Microphone.jpg/440px-WTUL_Microphone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">Radio station</a> <a href="/wiki/WTUL" title="WTUL">WTUL</a> studio, <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a <a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(broadcasting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduling (broadcasting)">schedule</a>. As with all technological endeavors, a number of technical terms and <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> have developed. A list of these terms can be found at <a href="/wiki/List_of_broadcasting_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of broadcasting terms">List of broadcasting terms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a>, often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having a <a href="/wiki/Cable_converter_box" title="Cable converter box">cable converter box</a> with <a href="/wiki/Code_(cryptography)" title="Code (cryptography)">decoding</a> equipment in <a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">homes</a>, the latter also enables <a href="/wiki/Subscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription">subscription</a>-based channels, <a href="/wiki/Pay-tv" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay-tv">pay-tv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> services. In his essay, <a href="/wiki/John_Durham_Peters" title="John Durham Peters">John Durham Peters</a> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> is a tool used for dissemination. Peters stated, "<a href="/wiki/Dissemination" title="Dissemination">Dissemination</a> is a lens—sometimes a usefully distorting one—that helps us tackle basic issues such as interaction, presence, and space and time ... on the agenda of any future <a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">communication theory</a> in general".<sup id="cite_ref-jpeters_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpeters-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 211">: 211 </span></sup> Dissemination focuses on the message being relayed from one main source to one large <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a> without the exchange of <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> in between. It is possible for the message to be <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">changed or corrupted by government officials</a> once the main source releases it. There is no way to predetermine how the larger population or audience will absorb the message. They can choose to listen, analyze, or ignore it. Dissemination in communication is widely used in the world of broadcasting. </p><p>Broadcasting focuses on getting a message out and it is up to the general public to do what they wish with it. Peters also states that broadcasting is used to address an open-ended destination.<sup id="cite_ref-jpeters_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpeters-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 212">: 212 </span></sup> There are many forms of broadcasting, but they all aim to distribute a signal that will reach the target <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a>. Broadcasters typically arrange audiences into entire assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-jpeters_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpeters-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 213">: 213 </span></sup> In terms of media broadcasting, a <a href="/wiki/Radio_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio show">radio show</a> can gather a large number of followers who tune in every day to specifically listen to that specific <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockey</a>. The disc jockey follows the script for their radio show and just talks into the <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jpeters_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpeters-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do not expect immediate feedback from any listeners. The message is broadcast across airwaves throughout the community, but the listeners cannot always respond immediately, especially since many radio shows are recorded prior to the actual air time. Conversely, receivers can select opt-in or opt-out of getting broadcast messages using an Excel file, offering them control over the information they receive<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Broadcast_engineering">Broadcast engineering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Broadcast engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast engineering</a></div> <p>Broadcast engineering is the field of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>, and now to some extent <a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">computer engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, which deals with <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> broadcasting. <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio engineering">Audio engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/RF_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="RF engineering">RF engineering</a> are also essential parts of broadcast engineering, being their own <a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">subsets</a> of electrical engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broadcast engineering involves both the <a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">studio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> aspects (the entire <a href="/wiki/Airchain" title="Airchain">airchain</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Remote_broadcast" title="Remote broadcast">remote broadcasts</a>. Every <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">station</a> has a broadcast <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>, though one may now serve an entire station group in a city. In small <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">media markets</a> the engineer may work on a <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> basis for one or more stations as needed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandplan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandplan">Bandplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_quality" title="Broadcast quality">Broadcast quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a> – contains the standards of the topic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_in_the_United_States" title="Broadcasting in the United States">Broadcasting in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cablecast" class="mw-redirect" title="Cablecast">Cablecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Conrad" title="Frank Conrad">Frank Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_air" title="Dead air">Dead air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a> (EBU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_broadcast_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of broadcast satellites">List of broadcast satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_broadcasting_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of broadcasting terms">List of broadcasting terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_awards" title="List of radio awards">List of radio awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_awards" title="List of television awards">List of television awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting">Narrowcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NaSTA" class="mw-redirect" title="NaSTA">NaSTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbroadcast_Multiple_Access_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Network">Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Network</a> (NBMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_broadcast_television_frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="North American broadcast television frequencies">North American broadcast television frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Outside broadcast">Outside broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1927" title="Radio Act of 1927">Radio Act of 1927</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">Reality television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Broadcast_Engineers" title="Society of Broadcast Engineers">Society of Broadcast Engineers</a> (SBE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting_in_Australia" title="Television broadcasting in Australia">Television broadcasting in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposer" title="Transposer">Transposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilkinsburg">Wilkinsburg</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-peters-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peters_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeters1999" class="citation book cs1">Peters, John Durham (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40452957"><i>Speaking into the Air</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66276-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66276-3"><bdi>978-0-226-66276-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40452957">40452957</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730074121/https://www.worldcat.org/title/speaking-into-the-air-a-history-of-the-idea-of-communication/oclc/40452957">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+into+the+Air&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40452957&rft.isbn=978-0-226-66276-3&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=John+Durham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F40452957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-douglas-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-douglas_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1987" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, Susan J. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventingamerica00doug"><i>Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899–1922</i></a></span>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3832-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3832-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-3832-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15485739">15485739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+American+Broadcasting%2C+1899%E2%80%931922&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15485739&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-3832-3&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Susan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finventingamerica00doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822031033079;view=1up;seq=80"><i>The Hand-book of Wyoming and Guide to the Black Hills and Big Horn Regions</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801135348/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822031033079;view=1up;seq=80">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1877, p. 74: "in the case of the estimates sent broadcast by the Department of Agriculture, in its latest annual report, the extent has been sadly underestimated".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070278273;view=1up;seq=340">"Medical Advertising"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801211136/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070278273;view=1up;seq=340">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Saint Louis Medical and Surgical Journal</i>, December 1886, p. 334: "operations formerly described in the city press alone, are now sent broadcast through the country by multiple telegraph".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101050973286;view=1up;seq=841">"Wireless Telegraphy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727033000/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101050973286;view=1up;seq=841">Archived</a> 27 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Electrician</i> (London), 14 October 1898, p. 815: "there are rare cases where, as Dr. Lodge once expressed it, it might be advantageous to 'shout' the message, spreading it broadcast to receivers in all directions".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Electronic Code of Federal Regulation. (28 September 2017). Retrieved 2 October 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacciseMontaser_Marai2018" class="citation web cs1">Maccise, Diana Larrea; Montaser Marai (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://institute.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/2018/mobile%20journalisn%20english.pdf">"Mobile Journalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. AlJazeera Media Training and Development Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205928/https://institute.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/2018/mobile%20journalisn%20english.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teslasociety.com/biography.htm">the original</a> on 14 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tesla+Biography&rft.pub=Tesla+Memorial+Society+of+New+York&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Vujovic&rft.aufirst=Ljubo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teslasociety.com%2Fbiography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Blog/Item/Talking%20Across%20the%20Ocean">"TR Center – Talking Across the Ocean"</a>. theodorerooseveltcenter.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417162827/https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Blog/Item/Talking%20Across%20the%20Ocean">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TR+Center+%E2%80%93+Talking+Across+the+Ocean&rft.pub=theodorerooseveltcenter.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodorerooseveltcenter.org%2FBlog%2FItem%2FTalking%2520Across%2520the%2520Ocean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2011" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, R.J. Jr. (2011). <i>Crystal Clear: The Struggle for Reliable Communications Technology in World War II</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analogue+Signal+%E2%80%93+an+overview&rft.pub=ScienceDirect+Topics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fcomputer-science%2Fanalogue-signal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/digital-signal-processing">"Digital Signal Processing"</a>. ScienceDirect Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808183910/https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/digital-signal-processing">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Signal+Processing&rft.pub=ScienceDirect+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fjournal%2Fdigital-signal-processing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HilbertLopez2011-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HilbertLopez2011_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1200970">"The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531133712/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2011/02/08/science.1200970.DC1/Hilbert-SOM.pdf">Archived</a> 31 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>, 332(6025), 60–65; free access to the article through here: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilbertvideo2011-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hilbertvideo2011_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118072720/https://ideas.economist.com/video/giant-sifting-sound-0">"video animation on The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=video+animation+on+The+World%27s+Technological+Capacity+to+Store%2C+Communicate%2C+and+Compute+Information+from+1986+to+2010&rft.pub=Ideas.economist.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.economist.com%2Fvideo%2Fgiant-sifting-sound-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stallings-intro-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stallings-intro_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaykin2001" class="citation book cs1">Haykin, Simon (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communicationsy000simo"><i>Communication Systems</i></a></span> (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communicationsy000simo/page/n21">1</a>–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-17869-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-17869-9"><bdi>978-0-471-17869-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+Systems&rft.pages=1-3&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-471-17869-9&rft.aulast=Haykin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunicationsy000simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htm">How Radio Works</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102215734/http://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htm">Archived</a> 2 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, HowStuffWorks.com, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diwaxx.ru/">"Информационно – развлекательный портал – DIWAXX.RU – мобильная связь, безопасность ПК и сетей, компьютеры и программы, общение, железо, секреты Windows, web-дизайн, раскрутка и оптимизация сайта, партнерские программы"</a>. <i>Diwaxx.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171103065154/http://www.diwaxx.ru/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diwaxx.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE+%E2%80%93+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%E2%80%93+DIWAXX.RU+%E2%80%93+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C%2C+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%9F%D0%9A+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%8B%2C+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%2C+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B+Windows%2C+web-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diwaxx.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116173416/https://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm">"Broadcast Terminology"</a>. <i>Qsl.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST+GLOSSARY.htm">the original</a> on 16 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qsl.net&rft.atitle=Broadcast+Terminology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qsl.net%2Fn2jac%2Fjota2k%2FBROADCAST%2BGLOSSARY.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpeters-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpeters_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpeters_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpeters_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpeters_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2006" class="citation cs2">Peters, John Durham (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/books/communication-as/n23.xml">"Communication as Dissemination"</a>, <i>Communication as…: Perspectives on Theory</i>, Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 211–222, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781483329055.n23">10.4135/9781483329055.n23</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0658-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0658-6"><bdi>978-1-4129-0658-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220822070805/https://sk.sagepub.com/books/communication-as/n23.xml">archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+as%E2%80%A6%3A+Perspectives+on+Theory&rft.atitle=Communication+as+Dissemination&rft.pages=211-222&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781483329055.n23&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-0658-6&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=John+Durham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Fbooks%2Fcommunication-as%2Fn23.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getitsms.com/blogs/how-to-send-broadcast-messages-on-whatsapp-using-an-excel-file/">"How to Send Broadcast Messages on WhatsApp Using an Excel File?"</a>. <i>getitsms.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=getitsms.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Send+Broadcast+Messages+on+WhatsApp+Using+an+Excel+File%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgetitsms.com%2Fblogs%2Fhow-to-send-broadcast-messages-on-whatsapp-using-an-excel-file%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPizzi2014" class="citation book cs1">Pizzi, Skip (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879025861"><i>A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers</i></a>. Graham Jones (4th ed.). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90683-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90683-4"><bdi>978-1-317-90683-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/879025861">879025861</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825125510/https://www.worldcat.org/title/879025861">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Broadcast+Engineering+Tutorial+for+Non-Engineers.&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F879025861&rft.isbn=978-1-317-90683-4&rft.aulast=Pizzi&rft.aufirst=Skip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F879025861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050918203626/http://careerplanning.about.com/cs/occupations/p/broadcst_sound.htm">"about.com – Broadcast Technician or Sound Engineering Technician: Career Information"</a>. Careerplanning.about.com. 8 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://careerplanning.about.com/cs/occupations/p/broadcst_sound.htm">the original</a> on 18 September 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=about.com+%E2%80%93+Broadcast+Technician+or+Sound+Engineering+Technician%3A+Career+Information&rft.pub=Careerplanning.about.com&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcareerplanning.about.com%2Fcs%2Foccupations%2Fp%2Fbroadcst_sound.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070508172948/http://www.skillset.org/tv/jobs/Studio_Broadcast/article_5477_1.asp">"Transmission Engineer – TV"</a>. skillset. 25 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skillset.org/tv/jobs/Studio_Broadcast/article_5477_1.asp">the original</a> on 8 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transmission+Engineer+%E2%80%93+TV&rft.pub=skillset&rft.date=2012-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skillset.org%2Ftv%2Fjobs%2FStudio_Broadcast%2Farticle_5477_1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Carey, James (1989), <i>Communication as Culture</i>, New York and London: Routledge, pp. 201–30</li> <li>Kahn, Frank J., ed. <i>Documents of American Broadcasting</i>, fourth edition (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984).</li> <li>Lichty Lawrence W., and Topping Malachi C., eds, <i>American Broadcasting: A Source Book on the History of Radio and Television</i> (Hastings House, 1975).</li> <li>Meyrowitz, Joshua, <i>Mediating Communication: What Happens?</i> in Downing, J., Mohammadi, A., and Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. (eds), <i>Questioning The Media</i> (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 1995), pp. 39–53</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2006" class="citation cs2">Peters, John Durham (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/books/communication-as/n23.xml">"Communication as Dissemination"</a>, <i>Communication as…: Perspectives on Theory</i>, Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California United States: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 211–222, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781483329055.n23">10.4135/9781483329055.n23</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0658-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0658-6"><bdi>978-1-4129-0658-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220822070805/https://sk.sagepub.com/books/communication-as/n23.xml">archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+as%E2%80%A6%3A+Perspectives+on+Theory&rft.atitle=Communication+as+Dissemination&rft.pages=211-222&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781483329055.n23&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-0658-6&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=John+Durham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Fbooks%2Fcommunication-as%2Fn23.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thompson, J., <i>The Media and Modernity</i>, in Mackay, H., and O'Sullivan, T. (eds), <i>The Media Reader: Continuity and Transformation</i> (London: Sage, 1999), pp. 12–27</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.histv.net/histoire-de-la-t-s-f-et-de-la-radio">International bibliography – History of wireless and radio broadcasting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barnouw Erik. <i>The Golden Web</i> (Oxford University Press, 1968); <i>The Sponsor</i> (1978); <i>A Tower in Babel</i> (1966).</li> <li>Covert Cathy, and Stevens John L. <i>Mass Media Between the Wars</i> (Syracuse University Press, 1984). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2307-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2307-6">978-0-8156-2307-6</a></li> <li>Tim Crook; <i>International Radio Journalism: History, Theory and Practice</i> Routledge, 1998</li> <li>John Dunning; <i>On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio</i> Oxford University Press, 1998</li> <li>Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P. <i>Broadcasting: Radio and Television</i> (Harper & Brothers, 1952).</li> <li>Maclaurin W. Rupert. <i>Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry</i> (The Macmillan Company, 1949).</li> <li>Robert W. McChesney; <i>Telecommunications, Mass Media, and Democracy: The Battle for the Control of U.S. Broadcasting, 1928–1935</i> Oxford University Press, 1994</li> <li>Gwenyth L. Jackaway; <i>Media at War: Radio's Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924–1939</i> Praeger Publishers, 1995</li> <li>Lazarsfeld Paul F. <i>The People Look at Radio</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 1946).</li> <li>Schramm Wilbur, ed. <i>Mass Communications</i> (University of Illinois Press, 1960).</li> <li>Schwoch James. <i>The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900–1939</i> (University of Illinois Press, 1990). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01690-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01690-5">978-0-252-01690-5</a></li> <li>Slater Robert. <i>This ... is CBS: A Chronicle of 60 Years</i> (Prentice Hall, 1988). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-919234-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-919234-0">978-0-13-919234-0</a></li> <li>Sterling Christopher H. <i>Electronic Media, A Guide to Trends in Broadcasting and Newer Technologies 1920–1983</i> (Praeger, 1984). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-91277-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-91277-2">978-0-275-91277-2</a></li> <li>Sterling Christopher, and Kittross John M. <i>Stay Tuned: A Concise History of American Broadcasting</i> (Wadsworth, 1978).</li> <li>Wells, Alan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3zpeKLHPVBQC"><i>World Broadcasting: A Comparative View</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56750-245-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56750-245-8">1-56750-245-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Broadcasting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Broadcasting" title="Template:Broadcasting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Broadcasting" title="Template talk:Broadcasting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcasting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcasting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital terrestrial television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">Webcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">Peer-to-peer television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent#Film.2C_video.2C_and_music" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent television and movies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />niche</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">Community radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pirate_television" title="Pirate television">Pirate television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">Religious broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">Specialty<br />channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_television_channels" title="List of adult television channels">Adult television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_interest_channel" title="Children's interest channel">Children's interest channel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television channels">Movie television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Music television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiz_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz channel">Quiz channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">Shopping channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Business channels">Business channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">Public affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_news" title="Livestreamed news">Livestreamed news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports broadcasting">Sports broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_interest_channel" title="Women's interest channel">Women's interest channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production<br />and funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">Broadcast network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li>Graphics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-screen_display" title="On-screen display">On-screen display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li> <li>Occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_box" title="Press box">Press box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_pool" title="Press pool">Press pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wireless_video_and_data_distribution_methods" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wireless_video" title="Template:Wireless video"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wireless_video" title="Template talk:Wireless video"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wireless_video" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wireless video"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wireless_video_and_data_distribution_methods" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wireless video and data distribution methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_television" title="Amateur television">Amateur television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Internet television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sensor_network" title="Visual sensor network">Visual sensor network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">Mobile broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_broadband" title="Wireless broadband">Wireless broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_local_loop" title="Wireless local loop">Wireless local loop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> family <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Term Evolution">Long Term Evolution</a> (LTE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G New Radio</a> (5G NR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Service" title="Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service">Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service</a> (MBMS)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">Digital Video Broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">Terrestrial</a> (DVB-T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-H" title="DVB-H">Handheld</a> (DVB-H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">Satellite</a> (DVB-S2)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a> family <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_WiMAX" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile WiMAX">Mobile WiMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">Mobile broadband wireless access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.3">IEEE 802.15.3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">UWB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">WRAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Wireless_Services" title="Advanced Wireless Services">Advanced Wireless Services</a> (AWS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_Broadband_Service" title="Educational Broadband Service">Educational Broadband Service</a> (EBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeRF" title="HomeRF">HomeRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVDDS" title="MVDDS">Multichannel Video and Data Distribution Service</a> (MVDDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipoint_Video_Distribution_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipoint Video Distribution System">Multipoint Video Distribution System</a> (MVDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_multipoint_distribution_service" title="Local multipoint distribution service">Local multipoint distribution service</a> (LMDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_multipoint_distribution_service" title="Multichannel multipoint distribution service">Multichannel multipoint distribution service</a> (MMDS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analog_and_digital_audio_broadcasting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Audio_broadcasting" title="Template:Audio broadcasting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Audio_broadcasting" title="Template talk:Audio broadcasting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Audio_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Audio broadcasting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analog_and_digital_audio_broadcasting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">COFDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frequency_allocation" title="Frequency allocation">Frequency allocations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">LW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">MW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">SW</a> (<a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Band_I" title="Band I">low</a> / <a href="/wiki/Band_II" title="Band II">mid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">high</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAM-D" title="CAM-D">CAM-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">DAB/DAB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">DRM/DRM+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T#ISDB-Tsb" class="mw-redirect" title="ISDB-T">ISDB-Tsb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMeXtra" title="FMeXtra">FMeXtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a></li> <li>CDR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2 Lite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency allocations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Digital_Radio" title="Astra Digital Radio">ADR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">DAB-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-SH" title="DVB-SH">DVB-SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-DMB" title="S-DMB">S-DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETSI_Satellite_Digital_Radio" title="ETSI Satellite Digital Radio">SDR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial radio</a> providers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM" title="Sirius XM">Sirius XM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Canada" title="Sirius XM Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codecs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Adaptive_Multi-Rate_%E2%80%93_Wideband" title="Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband">AMR-WB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Coding" title="High-Definition Coding">HDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">Subcarrier</a> signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation_signalling_system" title="Amplitude modulation signalling system">AMSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectBand" title="DirectBand">DirectBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program-associated_data" title="Program-associated data">PAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Data_System" title="Radio Data System">RDS/RBDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_communications_authority" title="Subsidiary communications authority">SCA/SCMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Radio_Channel" title="Data Radio Channel">DARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (audio)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio data compression">Audio data compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Audio signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (<a href="/wiki/AM_stereo" title="AM stereo">AM stereo</a> formats)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Belar_System" title="AM stereo">Belar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-QUAM" title="C-QUAM">C-QUAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Harris_System" title="AM stereo">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Kahn-Hazeltine" title="AM stereo">Kahn-Hazeltine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_stereo#Magnavox_System" title="AM stereo">Magnavox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (emission)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM_expanded_band" title="AM expanded band">AM expanded band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">Error detection and correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcast_band" title="FM broadcast band">FM broadcast band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_extended_band_in_Brazil" title="FM extended band in Brazil">FM extended band in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipath_propagation" title="Multipath propagation">Multipath propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_relay_station" title="Shortwave relay station">Shortwave relay station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">International broadcasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_radio_systems" title="Comparison of radio systems">Comparison of radio systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communication_studies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communication_studies" title="Template:Communication studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communication_studies" title="Template talk:Communication studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communication_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communication studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communication_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication_studies" title="History of communication studies">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_communication" title="Outline of communication">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Topics and<br /> terminology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocommunication_(science)" title="Biocommunication (science)">Biocommunication</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">Conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrapersonal_communication" title="Intrapersonal communication">Intrapersonal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (philosophy of language)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_communication" title="Models of communication">Models of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent communication">Nonviolent communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symbols" title="List of symbols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_and_conversation_theory" title="Text and conversation theory">Text and conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encoding_communication.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Encoding communication"><img alt="Encoding communication" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/120px-Encoding_communication.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/180px-Encoding_communication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/240px-Encoding_communication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_communication" title="Closed-loop communication">Closed-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">Communication theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicology" title="Communicology">Communicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_communication" title="Crisis communication">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_communication" title="Development communication">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_global_communication" title="Study of global communication">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication" title="International communication">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_cross-border_communication" title="Mediated cross-border communication">Mediated cross-border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_communication" title="Political communication">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_communication" title="Visual communication">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Craig" title="Robert T. 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Lawrence Kincaid">Kincaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Lippman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Morgan" title="Nick Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_C._Quebral" title="Nora C. Quebral">Quebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Rogers" title="Everett Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Schramm" title="Wilbur Schramm">Schramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Tankard_Jr." title="James W. Tankard Jr.">Tankard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tannen" title="Deborah Tannen">Tannen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Wertheimer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Communication_studies" title="Category:Communication studies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15078788#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15078788#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15078788#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050963-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Broadcasting"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85017004">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563491">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292571805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638567">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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