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<li id="toc-History_of_computer_engineering_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_computer_engineering_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>History of computer engineering education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_computer_engineering_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Professions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_and_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_and_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications and practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications_and_practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications and practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications_and_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computer_hardware_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_hardware_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Computer hardware engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_hardware_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_software_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_software_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Computer software engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_software_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_engineering_licensing_and_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_engineering_licensing_and_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Computer engineering licensing and practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_engineering_licensing_and_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialty_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialty_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Specialty areas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specialty_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specialty areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specialty_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Processor_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processor_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Processor design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processor_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coding,_cryptography,_and_information_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coding,_cryptography,_and_information_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Coding, cryptography, and information protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coding,_cryptography,_and_information_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications_and_wireless_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications_and_wireless_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Communications and wireless networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications_and_wireless_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compilers_and_operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compilers_and_operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Compilers and operating systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compilers_and_operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computational_science_and_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computational_science_and_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Computational science and engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computational_science_and_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_networks,_mobile_computing,_and_distributed_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_networks,_mobile_computing,_and_distributed_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Computer networks, mobile computing, and distributed systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_networks,_mobile_computing,_and_distributed_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_systems:_architecture,_parallel_processing,_and_dependability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_systems:_architecture,_parallel_processing,_and_dependability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Computer systems: architecture, parallel processing, and dependability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_systems:_architecture,_parallel_processing,_and_dependability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_vision_and_robotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_vision_and_robotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Computer vision and robotics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_vision_and_robotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embedded_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embedded_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Embedded systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embedded_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_circuits,_VLSI_design,_testing_and_CAD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_circuits,_VLSI_design,_testing_and_CAD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Integrated circuits, VLSI design, testing and CAD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_circuits,_VLSI_design,_testing_and_CAD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signal,_image_and_speech_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signal,_image_and_speech_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Signal, image and speech processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signal,_image_and_speech_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Quantum computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits_of_Engineering_in_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_of_Engineering_in_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Benefits of Engineering in Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits_of_Engineering_in_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Related fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Computer engineering</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekenaaringenieurswese" title="Rekenaaringenieurswese – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rekenaaringenieurswese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%92%E1%8B%A9%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%9D%E1%88%85%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%93" title="ኮምፒዩተር ምህንድሥና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮምፒዩተር ምህንድሥና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8" title="هندسة الحاسوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هندسة الحاسوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchenier%C3%ADa_informatica" title="Incheniería informatica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Incheniería informatica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxenier%C3%ADa_inform%C3%A1tica" title="Inxeniería informática – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inxeniería informática" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komp%C3%BCter_m%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisliyi" title="Kompüter mühəndisliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kompüter mühəndisliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%86%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="بیلگی سایار مۆهندیس‌لیگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیلگی سایار مۆهندیس‌لیگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2" title="কম্পিউটার প্রকৌশল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কম্পিউটার প্রকৌশল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Компютърно инженерство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компютърно инженерство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Računarsko inženjerstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Računarsko inženjerstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginyeria_Inform%C3%A0tica" title="Enginyeria Informàtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enginyeria Informàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peirianneg_gyfrifiadurol" title="Peirianneg gyfrifiadurol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Peirianneg gyfrifiadurol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Informatik" title="Technische Informatik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Technische Informatik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvutitehnika" title="Arvutitehnika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arvutitehnika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Μηχανική υπολογιστών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μηχανική υπολογιστών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenier%C3%ADa_en_computadores" title="Ingeniería en computadores – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ingeniería en computadores" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputada_in%C4%9Denierarto" title="Komputada inĝenierarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komputada inĝenierarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="مهندسی کامپیوتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهندسی کامپیوتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nie_informatique" title="Génie informatique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génie informatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innealt%C3%B3ireacht_r%C3%ADomhaireachta" title="Innealtóireacht ríomhaireachta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Innealtóireacht ríomhaireachta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="컴퓨터 공학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컴퓨터 공학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwamfuta_injiniyarin" title="Kwamfuta injiniyarin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwamfuta injiniyarin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Համակարգչային ճարտարագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համակարգչային ճարտարագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="संगणक अभियान्त्रिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संगणक अभियान्त्रिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalno_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Računalno inženjerstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Računalno inženjerstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%8Dmputa_injinia" title="Kọmputa injinia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kọmputa injinia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknik_komputer" title="Teknik komputer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teknik komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmNgcikisho_wesiCikizi" title="UmNgcikisho wesiCikizi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmNgcikisho wesiCikizi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafmagns-_og_t%C3%B6lvuverkfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Rafmagns- og tölvuverkfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafmagns- og tölvuverkfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingegneria_informatica" title="Ingegneria informatica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ingegneria informatica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הנדסת מחשבים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנדסת מחשבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8knisi_komputer" title="Tèknisi komputer – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tèknisi komputer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კომპიუტერული ინჟინერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომპიუტერული ინჟინერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endezyariya_komputer%C3%AA" title="Endezyariya komputerê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Endezyariya komputerê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сметачко инженерство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сметачко инженерство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="കംപ്യൂട്ടർ എഞ്ചിനീയറിംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കംപ്യൂട്ടർ എഞ്ചിനീയറിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="संगणक अभियांत्रिकी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संगणक अभियांत्रिकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejuruteraan_komputer" title="Kejuruteraan komputer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kejuruteraan komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_informatica" title="Technische informatica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Technische informatica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="計算機工学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="計算機工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BC%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="د کمپيوټر انجنیري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کمپيوټر انجنیري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%BCynieria_komputerowa" title="Inżynieria komputerowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inżynieria komputerowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenharia_de_computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Engenharia de computação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Engenharia de computação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompyuter_injiniring" title="Kompyuter injiniring – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kompyuter injiniring" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingineria_calculatoarelor" title="Ingineria calculatoarelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ingineria calculatoarelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Компьютерная инженерия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Компьютерная инженерия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxhinieria_kompjuterike" title="Inxhinieria kompjuterike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Inxhinieria kompjuterike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA" title="පරිගණක ඉංජිනේරු ශිල්පය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරිගණක ඉංජිනේරු ශිල්පය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Computer engineering" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Engineering" title="Computer Engineering – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Computer Engineering" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ئەندازیاریی کۆمپیوتەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەندازیاریی کۆمپیوتەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Рачунарски инжењеринг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рачунарски инжењеринг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Računarsko inženjerstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Računarsko inženjerstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tietokonetekniikka" title="Tietokonetekniikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tietokonetekniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datateknik" title="Datateknik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Datateknik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhinyeriyang_pangkompyuter" title="Inhinyeriyang pangkompyuter – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Inhinyeriyang pangkompyuter" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கணினிப் பொறியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணினிப் பொறியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="కంప్యూటర్ ఇంజనీరింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కంప్యూటర్ ఇంజనీరింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="วิศวกรรมคอมพิวเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิศวกรรมคอมพิวเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgisayar_m%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi" title="Bilgisayar mühendisliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgisayar mühendisliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komp%C3%BDuter_in%C5%BEenerligi" title="Kompýuter inženerligi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kompýuter 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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Computer_engineering">reviewed</a> on <i>23 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Engineering discipline specializing in the design of computer hardware</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hardware engineering" redirects here. For engineering other types of hardware, see <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a>. For engineering chemical systems, see <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Computer engineering</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Computer engineer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Telecommunications, technology industry, engineering industry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Specialty</th><td class="infobox-data">Hardware engineering, software engineering, software programming, robotics, networking</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data">Technical knowledge, hardware design, software design</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Science, technology, engineering, industry, computer, exploration</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Computer engineering</b> (<b>CoE</b> or <b>CpE</b>) is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> that integrates several fields of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> , <a href="/wiki/Electronics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics engineering">electronics engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science">Computer Science</a> required to develop <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computer engineering is referred to as Electrical and Computer engineering OR <a href="/wiki/Computer_Science_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science and Engineering">Computer Science and Engineering</a> at some universities </p><p>Computer engineers require training in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electronic engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science">Computer Science</a>, hardware-software integration, <a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">software design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>. It uses the techniques and principles of electrical engineering and computer science, and can encompass areas such as <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a> , <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_(AI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence (AI)">artificial intelligence (AI)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, from the design of individual <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">circuit design</a>. This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work, but also on how to integrate them into the larger picture.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> are one of the applications of computer engineering. </p><p>Computer engineering usually deals with areas including <a href="/wiki/Software_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Software programming">writing software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> for <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded</a> <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>, designing <a href="/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">VLSI</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">chips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analog_device" title="Analog device">analog</a> <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">mixed signal</a> <a href="/wiki/Circuit_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit board">circuit boards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. Computer engineers are also suited for <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a> research, which relies heavily on using <a href="/wiki/Digital_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital systems">digital systems</a> to control and monitor <a href="/wiki/Electrical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical systems">electrical systems</a> like <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">communications</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a>. </p><p>In many institutions of higher learning, computer engineering students are allowed to choose areas of in-depth study in their junior and senior years because the full breadth of knowledge used in the design and application of computers is beyond the scope of an <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">undergraduate degree</a>. Other institutions may require <a href="/wiki/Engineering_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering student">engineering students</a> to complete one or two years of <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">general engineering</a> before declaring computer engineering as their primary focus.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dell_Dimension_C521_Motherboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dell_Dimension_C521_Motherboard.jpg/220px-Dell_Dimension_C521_Motherboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dell_Dimension_C521_Motherboard.jpg/330px-Dell_Dimension_C521_Motherboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dell_Dimension_C521_Motherboard.jpg/440px-Dell_Dimension_C521_Motherboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="2904" /></a><figcaption>This computer <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a> used in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> is the result of computer engineering efforts.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babbage_Difference_Engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Babbage_Difference_Engine.jpg/220px-Babbage_Difference_Engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Babbage_Difference_Engine.jpg/330px-Babbage_Difference_Engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Babbage_Difference_Engine.jpg/440px-Babbage_Difference_Engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3503" data-file-height="2535" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Difference_engine" title="Difference engine">Difference Engine</a>, the first mechanical computer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg/220px-Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg/330px-Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg/440px-Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>, the first electronic computer</figcaption></figure> <p>Computer engineering began in 1939 when <a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_Atanasoff" title="John Vincent Atanasoff">John Vincent Atanasoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Berry" title="Clifford Berry">Clifford Berry</a> began developing the world's first electronic <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computer</a> through <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>. John Vincent Atanasoff was once a physics and mathematics teacher for <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> and Clifford Berry a former graduate under electrical engineering and physics. Together, they created the <a href="/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_computer" title="Atanasoff–Berry computer">Atanasoff-Berry computer</a>, also known as the ABC which took five years to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the original ABC was dismantled and discarded in the 1940s, a tribute was made to the late inventors; a replica of the ABC was made in 1997, where it took a team of researchers and engineers four years and $350,000 to build.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> emerged in the 1970s, after several breakthroughs in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> technology. These include the first working <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brattain" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Brattain">Walter Brattain</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> in 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1955, silicon dioxide surface passivation by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Frosch" title="Carl Frosch">Carl Frosch</a> and Lincoln Derick,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first planar silicon dioxide transistors by Frosch and Derick in 1957,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Planar_process" title="Planar process">planar process</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hoerni" title="Jean Hoerni">Jean Hoerni</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bassett46_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett46-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolithic integrated circuit">monolithic integrated circuit</a> chip by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a> in 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-Saxena140_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saxena140-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET, or MOS transistor) demonstrated by a team at Bell Labs in 1960<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the single-chip <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Federico_Faggin" title="Federico Faggin">Federico Faggin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcian_Hoff" title="Marcian Hoff">Marcian Hoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Shima" title="Masatoshi Shima">Masatoshi Shima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Mazor" title="Stanley Mazor">Stanley Mazor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory1971_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory1971-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_computer_engineering_education">History of computer engineering education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of computer engineering education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first computer engineering degree program in the United States was established in 1971 at <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 250 <a href="/wiki/ABET" title="ABET">ABET</a>-accredited computer engineering programs in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, accreditation of computer engineering schools is done by a variety of agencies as part of the <a href="/wiki/EQANIE" title="EQANIE">EQANIE</a> network. Due to increasing job requirements for engineers who can concurrently design hardware, <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, firmware, and manage all forms of computer systems used in industry, some tertiary institutions around the world offer a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> generally called computer engineering. Both computer engineering and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electronic engineering</a> programs include analog and digital circuit design in their curriculum. As with most engineering disciplines, having a sound knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and science is necessary for computer engineers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computer engineering is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Computer_science_and_engineering" title="Computer science and engineering">computer science and engineering</a> at some universities. Most entry-level computer engineering jobs require at least a bachelor's degree in computer engineering, electrical engineering or computer science. Typically one must learn an array of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linear_algebra" title="Linear algebra">linear algebra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equations</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Degrees in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electronic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electric engineering</a> also suffice due to the similarity of the two fields. Because hardware engineers commonly work with computer software systems, a strong background in computer programming is necessary. According to BLS, "<i>a computer engineering major is similar to electrical engineering but with some computer science courses added to the curriculum</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-CHE_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHE-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some large firms or specialized jobs require a master's degree. </p><p>It is also important for computer engineers to keep up with rapid advances in <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>. Therefore, many continue learning throughout their careers. This can be helpful, especially when it comes to learning new skills or improving existing ones. For example, as the relative cost of fixing a <a href="/wiki/Bug_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug (programming)">bug</a> increases the further along it is in the software development cycle, there can be greater cost savings attributed to developing and testing for quality code as soon as possible in the process, particularly before release.<sup id="cite_ref-The_cost_of_fixing_a_bug_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_cost_of_fixing_a_bug-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professions">Professions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Professions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_engineers" title="Category:Computer engineers">Category:Computer engineers</a></div> <p>A person with a profession in computer engineering is called a computer engineer. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Title </th> <th>Prefix </th> <th>Suffix </th> <th>Requirements </th></tr> <tr> <td>Computer engineer </td> <td>Engr. </td> <td>CpE </td> <td>Passed a degree in computer engineering <p><small>Institution: Educational Institution (such as colleges, universities)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Certified computer engineer </td> <td>Engr. </td> <td>CCpE </td> <td>Passed a certification exam in computer engineering <p><small>Institution: Private institution (such as computer engineering organizations and private companies)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Registered computer engineer </td> <td>Engr. </td> <td>RCpE </td> <td>Passed a licensure exam in computer engineering <p><small>Institution: Public Institution (such as Country's Regulatory Board)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Professional computer engineer </td> <td>Engr. </td> <td>PCpE </td> <td>Passed a professional exam in computer engineering, or work experience <p><small>Institution: Public or Private Institution</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><small><i>*may vary on region and country.</i></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_practice">Applications and practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Applications and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Computer_engineering" title="Talk:Computer engineering">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are two major focuses in computer engineering: hardware and software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_hardware_engineering">Computer hardware engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Computer hardware engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hardware_architect" title="Hardware architect">Hardware architect</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">BLS</a>, Job Outlook employment for computer hardware engineers, the expected ten-year growth from 2019 to 2029 for computer hardware engineering was an estimated 2% and a total of 71,100 jobs. ("<i>Slower than average</i>" in their own words when compared to other occupations)".<sup id="cite_ref-hweng_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hweng-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a decrease from the 2014 to 2024 BLS computer hardware engineering estimate of 3% and a total of 77,700 jobs; "<i>and is down from 7% for the 2012 to 2022 BLS estimate and is further down from 9% in the BLS 2010 to 2020 estimate.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-hweng_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hweng-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, computer hardware is somewhat equal<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to electronic and computer engineering (ECE) and has been divided into many subcategories, the most significant<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> being <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded system design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CHE_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHE-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_software_engineering">Computer software engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Computer software engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> (BLS), "<i>computer applications software engineers and computer systems software engineers are projected to be among the faster than average growing occupations</i>" The expected ten-year growth as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> for computer software engineering was an estimated seventeen percent and there was a total of 1,114,000 jobs that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-softdev_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-softdev-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is down from the 2012 to 2022 BLS estimate of 22% for software developers.<sup id="cite_ref-C.S.E._25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C.S.E.-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-softdev_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-softdev-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And, further down from the 30% 2010 to 2020 BLS estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-CSE2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSE2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, growing concerns over cybersecurity add up to put computer software engineering high above the average rate of increase for all fields. However, some of the work will be outsourced in foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this, job growth will not be as fast as during the last decade, as jobs that would have gone to computer software engineers in the United States would instead go to computer software engineers in countries such as India.<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the BLS Job Outlook for Computer Programmers, 2014–24 has an −8% (a decline, in their words),<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then a Job Outlook, 2019-29 of -9% (Decline),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then a 10% decline for 2021-2031<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and now an 11% decline for 2022-2032<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for those who program computers (i.e. embedded systems) who are not computer application developers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, women in software fields has been declining over the years even faster than other engineering fields.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_engineering_licensing_and_practice">Computer engineering licensing and practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Computer engineering licensing and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computer engineering is generally practiced within larger product development firms, and such practice may not be subject to licensing.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, independent consultants who advertise computer engineering, just like any form of engineering, may be subject to state laws which restrict <a href="/wiki/Professional_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional engineer">professional engineer</a> practice to only those who have received the appropriate License.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Examiners_for_Engineering_and_Surveying" title="National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying">National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying</a> (NCEES) first offered a <a href="/wiki/Principles_and_Practice_of_Engineering_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles and Practice of Engineering Examination">Principles and Practice of Engineering Examination</a> for computer engineering<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialty_areas">Specialty areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Specialty areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many specialty areas in the field of computer engineering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processor_design">Processor design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Processor design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a> design process involves choosing an <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set</a> and a certain execution paradigm (e.g. <a href="/wiki/VLIW" class="mw-redirect" title="VLIW">VLIW</a> or <a href="/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a>) and results in a <a href="/wiki/Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">microarchitecture</a>, which might be described in e.g. <a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a> or <a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> design is divided into design of the following components: <a href="/wiki/Datapath" title="Datapath">datapaths</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">ALUs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">pipelines</a>), control unit: logic which controls the datapaths, <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a> components such as <a href="/wiki/Register_file" title="Register file">register files</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">caches</a>, clock circuitry such as clock drivers, PLLs, clock distribution networks, pad transceiver circuitry, logic gate cell library which is used to implement the logic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coding,_cryptography,_and_information_protection"><span id="Coding.2C_cryptography.2C_and_information_protection"></span>Coding, cryptography, and information protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Coding, cryptography, and information protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Source_code_in_C.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Source_code_in_C.png/220px-Source_code_in_C.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Source_code_in_C.png/330px-Source_code_in_C.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Source_code_in_C.png/440px-Source_code_in_C.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">Source code</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> programming language</figcaption></figure> <p>Computer engineers work in coding, applied cryptography, and information protection to develop new methods for protecting various information, such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Music">music</a>, fragmentation, <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> and other forms of tampering by, for example, <a href="/wiki/Digital_watermarking" title="Digital watermarking">digital watermarking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications_and_wireless_networks">Communications and wireless networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Communications and wireless networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Communications_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications networks">Communications networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></div> <p>Those focusing on communications and wireless networks, work advancements in telecommunications systems and networks (especially wireless networks), modulation and error-control coding, and information theory. High-speed <a href="/wiki/Network_planning_and_design" title="Network planning and design">network design</a>, interference suppression and modulation, design, and analysis of <a href="/wiki/Fault-tolerant_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant system">fault-tolerant system</a>, and storage and transmission schemes are all a part of this specialty.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compilers_and_operating_systems">Compilers and operating systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Compilers and operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows10abstract.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Windows10abstract.png/220px-Windows10abstract.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Windows10abstract.png/330px-Windows10abstract.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Windows10abstract.png/440px-Windows10abstract.png 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Windows 10, an example of an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This specialty focuses on <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> design and development. Engineers in this field develop new operating system architecture, program analysis techniques, and new techniques to assure quality. Examples of work in this field include post-link-time code transformation <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> development and new operating system development.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computational_science_and_engineering">Computational science and engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Computational science and engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computational_science_and_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational science and engineering">Computational science and engineering</a></div> <p>Computational science and engineering is a relatively new discipline. According to the Sloan Career Cornerstone Center, individuals working in this area, "<i>computational methods are applied to formulate and solve complex mathematical problems in engineering and the physical and the social sciences. Examples include aircraft design, the plasma processing of nanometer features on semiconductor wafers, <a href="/wiki/VLSI" class="mw-redirect" title="VLSI">VLSI</a> circuit design, radar detection systems, ion transport through biological channels, and much more</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_networks,_mobile_computing,_and_distributed_systems"><span id="Computer_networks.2C_mobile_computing.2C_and_distributed_systems"></span>Computer networks, mobile computing, and distributed systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Computer networks, mobile computing, and distributed systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></div> <p>In this specialty, engineers build integrated environments for computing, communications, and <a href="/wiki/Information_access" title="Information access">information access</a>. Examples include shared-channel wireless networks, <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive resource management</a> in various systems, and improving the quality of service in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_technology" title="Mobile technology">mobile</a> and ATM environments. Some other examples include work on <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless network systems</a> and fast <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> cluster wired systems.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_systems:_architecture,_parallel_processing,_and_dependability"><span id="Computer_systems:_architecture.2C_parallel_processing.2C_and_dependability"></span>Computer systems: architecture, parallel processing, and dependability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Computer systems: architecture, parallel processing, and dependability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_80486DX2_bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Intel_80486DX2_bottom.jpg/220px-Intel_80486DX2_bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Intel_80486DX2_bottom.jpg/330px-Intel_80486DX2_bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Intel_80486DX2_bottom.jpg/440px-Intel_80486DX2_bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>An example of a computer CPU</figcaption></figure> <p>Engineers working in computer systems work on research projects that allow for reliable, secure, and high-performance computer systems. Projects such as designing processors for <a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">multithreading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_processing_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel processing (computing)">parallel processing</a> are included in this field. Other examples of work in this field include the development of new theories, <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a>, and other tools that add <a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">performance</a> to computer systems.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Computer architecture includes <a href="/wiki/CPU_design" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU design">CPU design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cache_hierarchy" title="Cache hierarchy">cache hierarchy</a> layout, <a href="/wiki/Memory_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory organization">memory organization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_vision_and_robotics">Computer vision and robotics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Computer vision and robotics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanoid_Robot_(1)_ITB_2017.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Humanoid_Robot_%281%29_ITB_2017.JPG/220px-Humanoid_Robot_%281%29_ITB_2017.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Humanoid_Robot_%281%29_ITB_2017.JPG/330px-Humanoid_Robot_%281%29_ITB_2017.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Humanoid_Robot_%281%29_ITB_2017.JPG/440px-Humanoid_Robot_%281%29_ITB_2017.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An example of a <a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">humanoid</a> robot</figcaption></figure> <p>In this specialty, computer engineers focus on developing <a href="/wiki/Visual_sensor_network" title="Visual sensor network">visual sensing technology</a> to sense an environment, representation of an environment, and manipulation of the environment. The gathered three-dimensional information is then implemented to perform a variety of tasks. These include improved human modeling, image communication, and human-computer interfaces, as well as devices such as special-purpose cameras with versatile vision sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embedded_systems">Embedded systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Embedded systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxygen_devices.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oxygen_devices.svg/220px-Oxygen_devices.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oxygen_devices.svg/330px-Oxygen_devices.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oxygen_devices.svg/440px-Oxygen_devices.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Examples of devices that use embedded systems</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded systems</a></div> <p>Individuals working in this area design technology for enhancing the speed, reliability, and performance of systems. <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded systems</a> are found in many devices from a small <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> to the space shuttle. According to the Sloan Cornerstone Career Center, ongoing developments in embedded systems include "<i>automated vehicles and equipment to conduct search and rescue, automated transportation systems, and human-robot coordination to repair equipment in space.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_38-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, computer embedded systems specializations include <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">system-on-chip</a> design, the architecture of <a href="/wiki/Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">edge computing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_circuits,_VLSI_design,_testing_and_CAD"><span id="Integrated_circuits.2C_VLSI_design.2C_testing_and_CAD"></span>Integrated circuits, VLSI design, testing and CAD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Integrated circuits, VLSI design, testing and CAD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">Very-large-scale integration</a></div> <p>This specialty of computer engineering requires adequate knowledge of electronics and electrical systems. Engineers working in this area work on enhancing the speed, reliability, and energy efficiency of next-generation very-large-scale integrated (<a href="/wiki/VLSI" class="mw-redirect" title="VLSI">VLSI</a>) circuits and microsystems. An example of this specialty is work done on reducing the power consumption of VLSI algorithms and architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_38-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signal,_image_and_speech_processing"><span id="Signal.2C_image_and_speech_processing"></span>Signal, image and speech processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Signal, image and speech processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Speech_processing" title="Speech processing">Speech processing</a></div> <p>Computer engineers in this area develop improvements in human–computer interaction, including <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> and synthesis, medical and scientific imaging, or communications systems. Other work in this area includes computer vision development such as <a href="/wiki/Face_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Face recognition">recognition of human facial features</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCCC_38-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCCC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_computing">Quantum computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Quantum computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></div><p>This area integrates the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum</a> behaviour of small particles such as <a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">superposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">interference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">entanglement</a>, with classical computers to solve complex problems and formulate algorithms much more efficiently. Individuals focus on fields like <a href="/wiki/Quantum_cryptography" title="Quantum cryptography">Quantum cryptography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_simulator" title="Quantum simulator">physical simulations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_algorithm" title="Quantum algorithm">quantum algorithms</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits_of_Engineering_in_Society">Benefits of Engineering in Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Benefits of Engineering in Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An accessible avenue for obtaining information and opportunities in technology, especially for young students, is through digital platforms, enabling learning, exploration, and potential income generation at minimal cost and in regional languages, none of which would be possible without engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computer engineering is important in the changes involved in industry 4.0, with engineers responsible for designing and optimizing the technology that surrounds our lives, from <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a> to <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a>. Their work not only facilitates global connections and knowledge access, but also plays a pivotal role in shaping our future, as technology continues to evolve rapidly, leading to a growing demand for skilled computer engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engineering contributes to improving society by creating devices and structures impacting various aspects of our lives, from technology to infrastructure. Engineers also address challenges such as <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, while developing medical treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, the median annual wage across all BLS engineering categories was over $91,000. Some were much higher, with engineers working for petroleum companies at the top (over $128,000). Other top jobs include: Computer Hardware Engineer – $115,080, Aerospace Engineer – $109,650, Nuclear Engineer – $102,220.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_fields">Related fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Related fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science_and_engineering" title="Computer science and engineering">Computer science and engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associations">Associations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIEEE_Computer_SocietyACM2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>; <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> (December 12, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190612130313/https://www.acm.org/education/education/curric_vols/CE-Final-Report.pdf"><i>Computer Engineering 2004: Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Computer Engineering</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. iii. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acm.org/education/education/curric_vols/CE-Final-Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Computer System engineering has traditionally been viewed as a combination of both electronic engineering (EE) and computer science (CS).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Engineering+2004%3A+Curriculum+Guidelines+for+Undergraduate+Degree+Programs+in+Computer+Engineering&rft.pages=iii&rft.date=2004-12-12&rft.au=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.au=ACM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acm.org%2Feducation%2Feducation%2Fcurric_vols%2FCE-Final-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrinity_College_Dublin" class="citation web cs1">Trinity College Dublin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcd.ie/Engineering/about/what_is_eng/computer_eng_intro.html">"What is Computer System Engineering"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Computer+System+Engineering&rft.au=Trinity+College+Dublin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcd.ie%2FEngineering%2Fabout%2Fwhat_is_eng%2Fcomputer_eng_intro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+engineering" class="Z3988"></span>, "Computer engineers need not only to understand how computer systems themselves work but also how they integrate into the larger picture. Consider the car. A modern car contains many separate computer systems for controlling such things as the engine timing, the brakes, and the airbags. 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href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_engineering" title="Artificial intelligence engineering">AI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity_engineering" title="Cybersecurity engineering">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_engineering" title="Data engineering">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network_engineering" title="Computer network engineering">Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_engineering" title="Robotics engineering">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/50px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png" decoding="async" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">Graduate certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">Licensed engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">Engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_A%E2%80%93L" title="Glossary of engineering: A–L">A–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_M%E2%80%93Z" title="Glossary of engineering: M–Z">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_engineering" title="Clinical engineering">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">Health technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_engineering" title="Pharmaceutical engineering">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_engineering" title="Rehabilitation engineering">Rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">MEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosives_engineering" title="Explosives engineering">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilities_engineering" title="Facilities engineering">Facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomatics engineering">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_engineering" title="Information engineering">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumentation engineering">Instrumentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_and_control_engineering" title="Instrumentation and control engineering">and Control</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_engineering" title="Logistics engineering">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_mathematics" title="Engineering mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_engineering" title="Security engineering">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey engineering">Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile engineering">Textile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_degrees" title="Template:Academic degrees"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_degrees" title="Template talk:Academic degrees"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_degrees" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic degrees"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Levels_of_academic_degree" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Levels of <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degree</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">Undergraduate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">Associate degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">Foundation degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">Higher National Diploma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diploma_of_Higher_Education" title="Diploma of Higher Education">Diploma of Higher Education</a> / <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Higher_Education" title="Certificate of Higher Education">Certificate of Higher Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">Honours degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_diploma" title="Postgraduate diploma">Postgraduate diploma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_certificate" title="Postgraduate certificate">certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplom" title="Diplom">Diplom degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Sciences" title="Candidate of Sciences">Candidate of Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Postdoctoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher doctorate">Higher doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sciences" title="Doctor of Sciences">Doctor of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Habilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docent#Northern_Europe" title="Docent">Docent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">Tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No dominant<br />classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_certificate" title="Academic certificate">Academic certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_diploma" title="Artist diploma">Artist diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_degree" title="External degree">External degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurea" title="Laurea">Laurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">Licentiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_degree" title="Magister degree">Magister degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdegree" title="Microdegree">Microdegree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Professional degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_diploma" title="Graduate diploma">Graduate diploma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_diploma" title="Higher diploma">Higher diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_degree" title="Specialist degree">Specialist degree</a>/<a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia#Traditional_model" title="Education in Russia">diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_degree" title="Terminal degree">Terminal degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unearned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_eundem_degree" title="Ad eundem degree"><i>Ad eundem</i> degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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