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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benelux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benelux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Benelux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benelux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_confederations_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_confederations_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Indigenous confederations in North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_confederations_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_confederations_in_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_confederations_in_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Indigenous confederations in South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_confederations_in_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia_and_Montenegro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Serbia and Montenegro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia_and_Montenegro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_State_of_Russia_and_Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_State_of_Russia_and_Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Union State of Russia and Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_State_of_Russia_and_Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederation_of_Sahel_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederation_of_Sahel_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Confederation of Sahel States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederation_of_Sahel_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_confederations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_confederations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical confederations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_confederations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical confederations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_confederations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>List</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Confederation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederasie" title="Konfederasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Konfederasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatenbund" title="Staatenbund – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Staatenbund" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كونفدرالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كونفدرالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n" title="Confederación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Confederación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederasiya" title="Konfederasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konfederasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="کونفدارسیون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کونفدارسیون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98" title="মিত্রসংঘ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিত্রসংঘ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Канфедэрацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канфедэрацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Канфэдэрацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канфэдэрацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конфедерация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конфедерация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederacija" title="Konfederacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Konfederacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3" title="Confederació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Confederació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederace" title="Konfederace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konfederace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydffederasiwn" title="Cydffederasiwn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cydffederasiwn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%B8deration" title="Konføderation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konføderation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatenbund" title="Staatenbund – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staatenbund" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%B6deratsioon" title="Konföderatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konföderatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Συνομοσπονδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνομοσπονδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n" title="Confederación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Confederación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederacio" title="Konfederacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konfederacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederazio" title="Konfederazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konfederazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="کنفدراسیون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنفدراسیون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_(organisation_politique)" title="Confédération (organisation politique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Confédération (organisation politique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n" title="Confederación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Confederación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9" title="국가 연합 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국가 연합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Համադաշնություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համադաշնություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8)" title="परिसंघ (प्रशासन) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परिसंघ (प्रशासन)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederacija" title="Konfederacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konfederacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunfederuro" title="Kunfederuro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kunfederuro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederasi" title="Konfederasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konfederasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederazione_di_Stati" title="Confederazione di Stati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Confederazione di Stati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="קונפדרציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונפדרציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კონფედერაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონფედერაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конфедерация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Конфедерация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederasyon" title="Konfederasyon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Konfederasyon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конфедерация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Конфедерация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfeder%C4%81cija" title="Konfederācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konfederācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederacija_(valstybi%C5%B3_s%C4%85junga)" title="Konfederacija (valstybių sąjunga) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konfederacija (valstybių sąjunga)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederazion" title="Confederazion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Confederazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%B6der%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Konföderáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konföderáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Конфедерација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Конфедерација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederasi" title="Konfederasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konfederasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederasi" title="Konfederasi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Konfederasi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကွန်ဖက်ဒရေးရှင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်ဖက်ဒရေးရှင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederatie" title="Confederatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Confederatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88" title="国家連合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国家連合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%B8derasjon" title="Konføderasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konføderasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%B8derasjon" title="Konføderasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konføderasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederacion" title="Confederacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Confederacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederatsiya" title="Konfederatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konfederatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98" title="ਮਹਾਂਸੰਘ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਾਂਸੰਘ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="کانفدراسيون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کانفدراسيون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederacja_pa%C5%84stw" title="Konfederacja państw – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konfederacja państw" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confedera%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Confederação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Confederação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederaciya" title="Konfederaciya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Konfederaciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confedera%C8%9Bie" title="Confederație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Confederație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конфедерация – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Конфедерация" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конфедерация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конфедерация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Confederation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederata" title="Konfederata – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konfederata" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Confederation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfeder%C3%A1cia" title="Konfederácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konfederácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederacija" title="Konfederacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konfederacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C" title="کۆنفیدراڵی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنفیدراڵی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Конфедерација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конфедерација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederacija" title="Konfederacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konfederacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtioliitto" title="Valtioliitto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valtioliitto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederation" title="Konfederation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konfederation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="สมาพันธรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมาพันธรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD" title="Конфедеросиюн – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Конфедеросиюн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederasyon" title="Konfederasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Konfederasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederasi%C3%BDa" title="Konfederasiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Konfederasiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Конфедерація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конфедерація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="منسلکیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منسلکیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederasion_de_Stati" title="Confederasion de Stati – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Confederasion de Stati" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_li%C3%AAn" title="Bang liên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bang liên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E5%88%B6" title="邦联制 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="邦联制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="邦聯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="邦聯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederasyon" title="Konfederasyon – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Konfederasyon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E5%88%B6" title="邦联制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="邦联制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170156#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the type of state. For the Canadian political event, see <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Confederation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Confederation (disambiguation)">Confederation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Confederate state" redirects here. For the secessionist Southern states during the American civil war, see <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>confederation</b> (also known as a <b>confederacy</b> or <b>league</b>) is a political union of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> united for purposes of common action.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually created by a <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a>, confederations of states tend to be established for dealing with critical issues, such as defence, foreign relations, internal trade or currency, with the central government being required to provide support for all its members. Confederalism represents a main form of <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">intergovernmentalism</a>, defined as any form of interaction around states that takes place on the basis of sovereign independence or government. </p><p>The nature of the relationship among the member states constituting a confederation varies considerably. Likewise, the relationship between the member states and the general government and their distribution of powers varies. Some looser confederations are similar to <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">international organisations</a>. Other confederations with stricter rules may resemble <a href="/wiki/Federal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal system">federal systems</a>. These elements of such confederations, the international organization and federalist perspective, has been combined as <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational unions</a>. </p><p>Since the member states of a confederation retain their sovereignty, they have an implicit right of <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a>. The political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Emmerich_de_Vattel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmerich de Vattel">Emmerich de Vattel</a> said: "Several sovereign and independent states may unite themselves together by a perpetual confederacy without each, in particular, ceasing to be a perfect state.... The deliberations in common will offer no violence to the sovereignty of each member".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under a confederation, compared to a <a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">federal state</a>, the central authority is relatively weak.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decisions made by the general government in a unicameral legislature, a council of the member states, require subsequent implementation by the member states to take effect; they are not laws acting directly upon the individual but have more the character of interstate agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, decision-making in the general government usually proceeds by consensus (unanimity), not by the majority. Historically, those features limit the union's effectiveness. Hence, political pressure tends to build over time for the transition to a federal system of government, as in the American, Swiss and German cases of <a href="/wiki/Regional_integration" title="Regional integration">regional integration</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confederated_states">Confederated states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Confederated states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Constituent_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent states">Constituent states</a></div> <p>In terms of internal structure, every confederal state is composed of two or more constituent states, referred to as <i>confederated states</i>. Regarding their <a href="/wiki/Political_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Political systems">political systems</a>, confederated states can have <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchical</a> forms of government. Those that have a republican form (confederated republics) are usually called <i>states</i> (like states of the American <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>, 1861–1865) or <i>republics</i> (like <a href="/wiki/Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics">republics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> within the former <a href="/wiki/State_Union_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="State Union of Serbia and Montenegro">State Union of Serbia and Montenegro</a>, 2003–2006).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2005529–581_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2005529–581-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those that have a monarchical form of government (confederated monarchies) are defined by various hierarchical ranks (like kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Hashemite_Arab_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite Arab Union">Hashemite Arab Union</a> in 1958). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many scholars have claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Belgium">Kingdom of Belgium</a>, a country with a complicated federal structure has adopted some characteristics of a confederation under the pressure of separatist movements, especially in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>. For example, C. E. Lagasse declared that Belgium was "near the political system of a Confederation" regarding the constitutional reform agreements between Belgian <i>Regions</i> and between <i>Communities</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the director of the <i>Centre de recherche et d'information socio-politiques</i> (CRISP) <a href="/wiki/Vincent_de_Coorebyter" title="Vincent de Coorebyter">Vincent de Coorebyter</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called Belgium "undoubtedly a federation...[with] some aspects of a confederation" in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Soir" title="Le Soir">Le Soir</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in <i>Le Soir</i>, Michel Quévit of the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Catholic University of Louvain</a> wrote that the "Belgian political system is already in dynamics of a Confederation".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the Belgian regions and the linguistic communities do not have the autonomy to leave the Belgian state. As such, federal aspects still dominate. Also, for fiscal policy and public finances, the federal state dominates the other levels of government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The increasingly-confederal aspects of the Belgian Federal State appear to be a political reflection of the profound cultural, sociological and economic differences between the <i>Flemish</i> (Belgians who speak Dutch or Dutch dialects) and the <i>Walloons</i> (Belgians who speak French or French dialects).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the last several decades, over 95% of Belgians have voted for political parties that represent voters from only one community, the separatist <a href="/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance" title="New Flemish Alliance">N-VA</a> being the party with the most voter support among the Flemish population. Parties that strongly advocate Belgian unity and appeal to voters of both communities usually play only a marginal role in nationwide general elections. The system in Belgium is known as <a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">consociationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That makes Belgium fundamentally different from federal countries like <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. National parties receive over 90% of voter support in those countries. The only geographical areas comparable with Belgium within Europe are <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> (both part of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>), <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (both part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) and parts of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, where a massive voter turnout for regional (and often separatist) political parties has become the rule in the last decades, and nationwide parties advocating national unity draw around half or sometimes less of the votes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benelux">Benelux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Benelux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> is a politico-economic union of the states of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> bound through treaties and based on consensus between the representatives of the member states. </p><p>They partially share a common foreign policy, especially in regards to their navies through the <a href="/wiki/BeNeSam" title="BeNeSam">BeNeSam</a>. The Dutch defence minister (2010–2012) <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hillen" title="Hans Hillen">Hans Hillen</a> even said on Belgian radio that it is not impossible that the three armed forces of the member-states could be integrated into "Benelux Armed Forces" one day. </p><p>Because of this the Benelux is sometimes labeled as a "kind of confederation" by, for example, Belgian <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Belgium)" title="Minister of State (Belgium)">Minister of State</a> Mark Eyskens.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclamation_Canadian_Confederation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Proclamation_Canadian_Confederation.jpg/220px-Proclamation_Canadian_Confederation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Proclamation_Canadian_Confederation.jpg/330px-Proclamation_Canadian_Confederation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Proclamation_Canadian_Confederation.jpg/440px-Proclamation_Canadian_Confederation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>Proclamation of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Canada is an unusually decentralized <a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">federal state</a>, not a confederate association of sovereign states,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the usual meaning of <i>confederation</i> in modern terms. In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the word <i>confederation</i> has an additional unrelated meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>" refers to the process of (or the event of) establishing or joining the Canadian federal state. </p><p>In modern terminology, Canada is a federation, not a confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, to contemporaries of the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i>, <i>confederation</i> did not have the same connotation of a weakly-centralized federation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> generally refers to the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i>, which formed the <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Dominion of Canada</a> from three of the colonies of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>, and to the subsequent incorporation of other colonies and territories. Beginning on 1 July 1867, it was initially a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> of the British Empire with a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal structure</a>, whose government was led by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>. The initial colonies involved were the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> (becoming <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> from Canada East, formerly the colony of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> from Canada West, formerly the colony of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>. Later participants were <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> (the latter two created in 1905 as federated provinces from parts of the directly federally administered <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, first transferred to the Dominion in 1869 and now possessing <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> governments as itself, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>), and finally Newfoundland (now <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>) in 1949. A Canadian judicial constitutional interpretation, <i><a href="/wiki/Reference_Re_Secession_of_Quebec" title="Reference Re Secession of Quebec">Reference Re Secession of Quebec</a></i>, and a subsequent <a href="/wiki/Clarity_Act" title="Clarity Act">federal</a> law, set forth negotiating conditions for a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian provinces">Canadian province</a> (though not a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada#Territories" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">territory</a>) to leave the Canadian federal state (addressed also by <a href="/wiki/Bill_99" title="Bill 99">a related Quebec law</a>). Importantly, negotiation would first need triggering by referendum and executing by constitutional amendment using a current amending mechanism of Canada's constitution—meaning that, while not legal under the current constitution, it is democratically feasible without resorting to extralegal means or international involvement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its unique nature and the political sensitivities surrounding it cause there to be no common or legal classification for the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU). However, it bears some resemblance to both a confederation<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or a "new" type of confederation) and a federation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational union</a> has also been applied. The EU operates common economic policies with hundreds of common laws, which enable a <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">single economic market</a>, a <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">common customs territory</a>, (mainly) <a href="/wiki/Schengen_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Schengen zone">open internal borders</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">common currency</a> among most member-states. However, unlike a federation, the EU does not have exclusive powers over foreign affairs, defence, taxation, along with the immigration and transit of non-EU nationals. Furthermore, most <a href="/wiki/EU_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="EU laws">EU laws</a>, which have been developed by consensus between <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">relevant national government ministers</a> and then scrutinised and approved or rejected by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, must be <a href="/wiki/Transposition_(law)" title="Transposition (law)">transposed</a> into national law by national parliaments. Most collective decisions by member states are taken by <a href="/wiki/Qualified_majority_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualified majority voting">weighted majorities and blocking minorities</a> typical of upper houses in federations. On the other hand, the absolute unanimity typical of intergovernmentalism is required only in respect to the <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a>, as well as in situations when ratification of a treaty or of a treaty amendment is required. Such a form may thus be described as a semi-intergovernmental confederation. </p><p>However, some academic observers more usually discuss the EU in the terms of it being a federation.<sup id="cite_ref-Josselin2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josselin2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the international law professor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._H._Weiler" title="Joseph H. H. Weiler">Joseph H. H. Weiler</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Academy_of_International_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Academy of International Law">Hague Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>) wrote, "Europe has charted its own brand of constitutional federalism".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jean-Michel Josselin and Alain Marciano see the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> in Luxembourg City as being a primary force behind the building of a federal legal order for the EU,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Josselin stating that a "complete shift from a confederation to a federation would have required to straight-forwardly replace the principality of the member states vis-à-vis the Union by that of the European citizens. As a consequence, both confederate and federate features coexist in the judicial landscape".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a> political science professor <a href="/wiki/R._Daniel_Kelemen" title="R. Daniel Kelemen">R. Daniel Kelemen</a> said: "Those uncomfortable using the 'F' word in the EU context should feel free to refer to it as a quasi-federal or federal-like system. Nevertheless, the EU has the necessary attributes of a federal system. It is striking that while many scholars of the EU continue to resist analyzing it as a federation, most contemporary students of federalism view the EU as a federal system".<sup id="cite_ref-A_Political_Theory_of_Federalism_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Political_Theory_of_Federalism-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Risse and Tanja A. Börzel claim that the "EU only lacks two significant features of a federation. First, the Member States remain the "masters" of the treaties, i.e., they have the exclusive power to amend or change the constitutive treaties of the EU. Second, the EU lacks a real "tax and spend" capacity, in other words, there is no fiscal federalism".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a>, the chairman of the body of experts commissioned to elaborate a constitutional charter for the European Union, was confronted with strong opposition from the United Kingdom towards including the words "federal" or "federation" in the unratified <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Constitution</a> and the word was replaced with either "Community" or "Union".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A majority of the <a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political Groups in the European Parliament</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">EPP</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">S&D Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew Europe</a>, support a federal model for the European Union. The <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">ECR Group</a> argues for a reformed European Union along confederal lines. The <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a> party, led by <a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Giorgia Meloni</a>, campaigns for a confederal Europe. On her election as President of the ECR Party in September 2020 Meloni said, "Let us continue to fight together for a confederate Europe of free and sovereign states".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_confederations_in_North_America">Indigenous confederations in North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indigenous confederations in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Country_of_the_Five_Nations_belonging_to_the_province_of_New_York_and_of_the_Lakes_near_which_the_Nations_of_Far_Indians_live_with_part_of_Canada_taken_from_the_Map_of_the_Louisiane_done_1730.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Map_of_the_Country_of_the_Five_Nations_belonging_to_the_province_of_New_York_and_of_the_Lakes_near_which_the_Nations_of_Far_Indians_live_with_part_of_Canada_taken_from_the_Map_of_the_Louisiane_done_1730.png/350px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Map_of_the_Country_of_the_Five_Nations_belonging_to_the_province_of_New_York_and_of_the_Lakes_near_which_the_Nations_of_Far_Indians_live_with_part_of_Canada_taken_from_the_Map_of_the_Louisiane_done_1730.png/525px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Map_of_the_Country_of_the_Five_Nations_belonging_to_the_province_of_New_York_and_of_the_Lakes_near_which_the_Nations_of_Far_Indians_live_with_part_of_Canada_taken_from_the_Map_of_the_Louisiane_done_1730.png/700px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois#Iroquois_Confederacy" title="Iroquois">Five Nations</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Collection" title="Darlington Collection">Darlington Collection</a>) </figcaption></figure> <p>In the context of the history of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>, a confederacy may refer to a semi-permanent political and military alliance consisting of multiple nations (or "tribes", "bands", or "villages"), which maintained their separate leadership. One of the most well-known is the <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a> (or Iroquois), but there were many others during different eras and locations across <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Western Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsenacommacah" title="Tsenacommacah">Tsenacommacah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Nations_of_Canada" title="Seven Nations of Canada">Seven Nations of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War#Origins" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennacook" title="Pennacook">Pennacook Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederation" title="Illinois Confederation">Illinois Confederation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecumseh's Confederacy">Tecumseh's Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Sioux Nation">Great Sioux Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_Warm_Springs" title="Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs">Warm Springs Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manahoac" title="Manahoac">Manahoac Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Confederacy" title="Iron Confederacy">Iron Confederacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" title="Council of Three Fires">Council of Three Fires</a>. </p><p>The Haudenosaunee Confederacy, historically known as the Iroquois League or the League of Five (later Six) Nations, is the country of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> (in what is now the United States) and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> (in what is now Canada) that consists of six nations: the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a>. The Six Nations have a representative government known as the Grand Council which is the oldest governmental institution still maintaining its original form in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each clan from the five nations sends chiefs to act as representatives and make decisions for the whole confederation. It has been operating since its foundation in 1142 despite limited international recognition today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_confederations_in_South_America">Indigenous confederations in South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indigenous confederations in South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tairona" title="Tairona">Tairona</a> were composed of loose confederations. The Muisca form of government consisted of two different <a href="/wiki/Muisca_rulers" title="Muisca rulers">rulers</a> that governed a region in the central Andean highlands in present-day Colombia. The <i>Hoa</i> ruled the northern section of the confederation, while the <i>Zipa</i> ruled the southern portion. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a> consisted of loose confederations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara kingdoms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a>, with the former being composed of distinct diarchies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia_and_Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Serbia and Montenegro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/State_Union_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="State Union of Serbia and Montenegro">State Union of Serbia and Montenegro</a>, a confederation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Republic of Montenegro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Republic of Serbia</a>. The state was constituted as a loose <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political union</a>, but formally functioned as a sovereign subject of international law, and member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. As a confederation, the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro had very few shared functions, such as defense, foreign affairs and a weak <a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="President of Serbia and Montenegro">common president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Council of Ministers of Serbia and Montenegro">ministerial council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro">parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2005529–581_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2005529–581-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two <a href="/wiki/Constituent_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent republics">constituent republics</a> functioned separately throughout the period of its short existence, and they continued to operate under separate economic policies and to use separate currencies (the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> was and still is the only legal tender in Montenegro, and the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_dinar" title="Serbian dinar">dinar</a> was and still is the legal tender in Serbia). On 21 May 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_independence_referendum,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin independence referendum, 2006">Montenegrin independence referendum</a> was held. The final official results indicated on 31 May that 55.5% of voters voted in favor of independence. The confederation effectively came to an end after Montenegro's formal declaration of independence on 3 June 2006 and Serbia's formal declaration of independence on 5 June. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eidgenossenschaft" title="Eidgenossenschaft">Eidgenossenschaft</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, officially known as the <i>Swiss Confederation</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an example of a modern country that traditionally refers to itself as a confederation because the official (and traditional) name of Switzerland in German (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">the majority language of the Swiss</a>) is <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schweizerische <a href="/wiki/Eidgenossenschaft" title="Eidgenossenschaft">Eidgenossenschaft</a></i></span></i> (literally "Swiss Comradeship by Oath"), an expression which was translated into the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Confoederatio Helvetica</i></span></i> (Helvetic Confederation). It had been a confederacy since its inception in <a href="/wiki/1291" title="1291">1291</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a>, which was originally created as an alliance among the valley communities of the central <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, until it became a federation in 1848 but it retains the name of Confederacy for reasons of historical tradition. The confederacy facilitated management of common interests (such as freedom from external domination especially from the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Empire">Habsburg Empire</a>, the development of republican institutions in a Europe dominated by monarchies and free trade), and it ensured peace between the different cultural entities of the area. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_War" title="Sonderbund War">Sonderbund War</a> of <a href="/wiki/1847" title="1847">1847</a>, when some of the Catholic cantons of Switzerland attempted to set up a separate union (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderbund</i></span></i> in German) against the Protestant majority, a vote was held and the majority of the cantons approved the new Federal Constitution which changed the political system to one of a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_State_of_Russia_and_Belarus">Union State of Russia and Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Union State of Russia and Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></div> <p>In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> signed a treaty to form a confederation,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which came into force on 26 January 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was given the name <i>Union State</i>, and has some characteristics of a federation, it remains a confederation of two sovereign states.<sup id="cite_ref-Kembayev_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kembayev-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its existence has been seen as an indication of Russia's political and economic support for the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus#Lukashenko's_administration" title="Politics of Belarus">Belarusian government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lagutina_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagutina-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confederation was created with the objective of co-ordinating common action on economic integration and foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Kembayev_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kembayev-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of the treaty's provisions have not yet been implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-Lagutina_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagutina-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, in 2020, described it as "a mostly unimplemented confederation".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederation_of_Sahel_States">Confederation of Sahel States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Confederation of Sahel States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 6, 2024, at the end of the first summit of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Sahel_States" title="Alliance of Sahel States">Alliance of Sahel States</a> (AES), the final communiqué announced the creation of a confederation of the three countries of the AES, namely <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. it was in February 2024 that the military powers of the three countries announced the creation of the AES after their withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">ECOWAS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_confederations">Historical confederations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historical confederations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_confederations" title="List of confederations">List of confederations</a></div> <p>Historical confederations (especially those predating the 20th century) may not fit the current definition of a confederation, may be proclaimed as a federation but be confederal (or the reverse), and may not show any qualities that 21st-century political scientists might classify as those of a confederation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List">List</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some have more the characteristics of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>, but appear here because of their self-styling as a "confederation": </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Period </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kings</a> </td> <td align="center">1050 BCE–second century BCE </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">As described in the <a href="/wiki/Hathigumpha_inscription" title="Hathigumpha inscription">Hathigumpha inscription</a>, On the 11th year, Kharavela broke up a confederacy of Tamil kingdoms, which was becoming a threat to Kalinga <a href="/wiki/Kharavela" title="Kharavela">Kharavela</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Toltec_Emblem.svg/15px-Toltec_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Toltec_Emblem.svg/23px-Toltec_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Toltec_Emblem.svg/30px-Toltec_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec Empire</a> </td> <td align="center">496–1122 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Existed as a confederation between the Toltecs and the <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a>, simultaneously as an empire exerting control over places like <a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">800/962–1806 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"><i>De jure</i> an <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a>: it was <i>de facto</i> a multi-ethnic <a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian confederation</a> of German, Italian, Czech, Dutch, and French states before 1512; it was <i>de jure</i> a German polity from 1512 until its fall. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bandera_de_la_confederacion_muisca.png/12px-Bandera_de_la_confederacion_muisca.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bandera_de_la_confederacion_muisca.png/19px-Bandera_de_la_confederacion_muisca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bandera_de_la_confederacion_muisca.png/24px-Bandera_de_la_confederacion_muisca.png 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="1020" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a> </td> <td align="“center”"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–1540 </td> <td style="“font-size:95%;”">Consisted of the Southern Muisca of <a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Bacatá</a> led by the Zipazgo and the Northern Muisca of <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Hunza</a> led by the Zacazgo. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tui_Manu%27a" title="Tui Manu'a">Tui Manuʻa Confederacy</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek–Kipchak confederation</a> </td> <td align="center">9th century–13th century </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">A <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic confederation</a> in the eastern part of the Eurasian Steppe, between the 9th and 13th centuries. The confederation was dominated by two Turkic nomadic tribes: the <a href="/wiki/Kimeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimeks">Kimeks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cumania</a> </td> <td align="center">10th century–1242 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">A Turkic confederation in the western part of the Eurasian Steppe, between the 10th and 13th centuries. The confederation was dominated by two Turkic nomadic tribes: the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/League_of_Mayapan" title="League of Mayapan">League of Mayapan</a> </td> <td align="center">987–1461 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/19px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/29px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/38px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="906" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> </td> <td align="center">1137–1716 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a> </td> <td align="center">1142–present </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Also known as the Iroquois Confederacy or the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Six (formerly Five) Nations</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hanseatenwimpel.svg/23px-Hanseatenwimpel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hanseatenwimpel.svg/35px-Hanseatenwimpel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hanseatenwimpel.svg/46px-Hanseatenwimpel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="80" /></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> </td> <td align="center" style="white-space:nowrap;">13th–17th centuries </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Member cities located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Early_Swiss_cross.svg/15px-Early_Swiss_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Early_Swiss_cross.svg/23px-Early_Swiss_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Early_Swiss_cross.svg/30px-Early_Swiss_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a> </td> <td align="center">1291–1848 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Officially, the "Swiss Confederation". </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a> </td> <td align="center">1375–1468 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">A <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> tribal confederation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> </td> <td align="center">1379–1501 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">A Turkoman tribal confederation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union"><img alt="Kalmar Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_the_Kalmar_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kalmar_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_the_Kalmar_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kalmar_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_the_Kalmar_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kalmar_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a><sup>a</sup> </td> <td align="center">1397–1523 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Aztec_Triple_Alliance.png/23px-Aztec_Triple_Alliance.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Aztec_Triple_Alliance.png/35px-Aztec_Triple_Alliance.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Aztec_Triple_Alliance.png/46px-Aztec_Triple_Alliance.png 2x" data-file-width="2908" data-file-height="1388" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a> </td> <td align="center">1428–1521 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Consisted of the <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texcoco_(altepetl)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcoco (altepetl)">Texcoco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tlacopan" title="Tlacopan">Tlacopan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/12px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/19px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana#Livonian_Confederation" title="Terra Mariana">Livonian Confederation</a> </td> <td align="center">1435–1561 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="239" /></span></span></span> Pre-<a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a><sup>a</sup> </td> <td align="center">1447–1492<br />1501–1569 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Shared a monarch (<a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lithuania#Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_(1236–1569)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">King of Poland</a>), parliament (<i><a href="/wiki/Sejm#History" title="Sejm">Sejm</a></i>), and currency. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a><sup>a</sup> </td> <td align="center">1536–1814 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands</a> </td> <td align="center">1581–1795 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoag Confederacy</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan Confederacy</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederation" title="Illinois Confederation">Illinois Confederation</a> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Green_harp_flag_of_Ireland_17th_century.svg/23px-Green_harp_flag_of_Ireland_17th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Green_harp_flag_of_Ireland_17th_century.svg/35px-Green_harp_flag_of_Ireland_17th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Green_harp_flag_of_Ireland_17th_century.svg/45px-Green_harp_flag_of_Ireland_17th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Ireland" title="Confederate Ireland">Confederate Ireland</a> </td> <td align="center">1641–1649 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg/23px-English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg/35px-English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg/46px-English_Red_Ensign_1620.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="660" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a> </td> <td align="center">1643–1684 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Lunda">Kingdom of Lunda</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1665</span>–1887</div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Aro_Confederacy.svg/10px-Flag_of_the_Aro_Confederacy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Aro_Confederacy.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Aro_Confederacy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Aro_Confederacy.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Aro_Confederacy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="853" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro Confederacy</a> </td> <td align="center">1690–1902 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a> </td> <td align="center">1713–1818 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">The United States of America</a> </td> <td align="center">1781–1789 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Organization of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Western Confederacy</a> </td> <td align="center">1785–1795 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_confederacy" title="Tecumseh's confederacy">Tecumseh's confederacy</a> </td> <td align="center"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1805–1824</span> </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Rhine_Confederation.svg/15px-Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Rhine_Confederation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Rhine_Confederation.svg/23px-Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Rhine_Confederation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Rhine_Confederation.svg/30px-Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Rhine_Confederation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="510" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> </td> <td align="center">1806–1813 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>; had no head of state nor government. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation"><img alt="German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> </td> <td align="center">1815–1866 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada"><img alt="United Provinces of New Granada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_New_Granada_%281811-1814%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Granada_%281811-1814%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_New_Granada_%281811-1814%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Granada_%281811-1814%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_New_Granada_%281811-1814%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Granada_%281811-1814%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">United Provinces of New Granada</a> </td> <td align="center">1810–1816 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/19px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/29px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/38px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway</a><sup>a</sup> </td> <td align="center">1814–1905 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bandeira_da_Confedere%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Equador.svg/23px-Bandeira_da_Confedere%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Equador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bandeira_da_Confedere%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Equador.svg/35px-Bandeira_da_Confedere%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Equador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bandeira_da_Confedere%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Equador.svg/45px-Bandeira_da_Confedere%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Equador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="1024" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">Confederation of the Equator</a> </td> <td align="center">1824 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Located in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation"><img alt="Argentine Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_Argentine_Confederation.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Argentine_Confederation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_Argentine_Confederation.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Argentine_Confederation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_Argentine_Confederation.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Argentine_Confederation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a> </td> <td align="center">1832–1860 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation"><img alt="Peru–Bolivian Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Peru-Bolivian_Confederation.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Peru-Bolivian_Confederation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Peru-Bolivian_Confederation.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Peru-Bolivian_Confederation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Peru-Bolivian_Confederation.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Peru-Bolivian_Confederation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Peru–Bolivian Confederation</a> </td> <td align="center">1836–1839 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a> </td> <td align="center">1842–1844 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Granadine_Confederation" title="Granadine Confederation"><img alt="Granadine Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_New_Granada.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Granada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_New_Granada.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Granada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_New_Granada.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Granada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Granadine_Confederation" title="Granadine Confederation">Granadine Confederation</a> </td> <td align="center">1858–1863 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img alt="Confederate States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> </td> <td align="center">1861–1865 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">11 <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern U.S.</a> secessionist states during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Colombia" title="United States of Colombia">United States of Colombia</a> </td> <td align="center">1863–1886 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlist States</a> </td> <td align="center">1872–1876 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_Mountain_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mountain_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_Mountain_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mountain_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_Mountain_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Mountain_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="497" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Republic">United Republics of North Caucasus</a> </td> <td align="center">1918–1919 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rif" title="Republic of the Rif"><img alt="Republic of the Rif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rif" title="Republic of the Rif">Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif</a> </td> <td align="center">1921–1926 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Also known as the Rif Republic; short-lived republic in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish-occupied Northern Morocco</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> </td> <td>1945–present </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands-Indonesia_Union" title="Netherlands-Indonesia Union">Netherlands-Indonesia Union</a> </td> <td align="center">1949–1956 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> </td> <td align="center">1953–1963 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Also known as the Central African Federation, consisting of the then-British colonies of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation"><img alt="Arab Federation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a><sup>b</sup> </td> <td align="center">1958 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic"><img alt="United Arab Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a><sup>b</sup><br />and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a><sup>b</sup> </td> <td align="center">1958–1961 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, joined by the <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">former Kingdom of Yemen</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a> </td> <td align="center">1961–1963 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Syria_%281972%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria_%281972%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Syria_%281972%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria_%281972%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Syria_%281972%E2%80%931980%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_%281972%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a><sup>b</sup> </td> <td align="center">1972 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Drapeau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Arabe_Islamique_%28Union_tuniso-libyenne%29.svg/23px-Drapeau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Arabe_Islamique_%28Union_tuniso-libyenne%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Drapeau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Arabe_Islamique_%28Union_tuniso-libyenne%29.svg/35px-Drapeau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Arabe_Islamique_%28Union_tuniso-libyenne%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Drapeau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Arabe_Islamique_%28Union_tuniso-libyenne%29.svg/45px-Drapeau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Arabe_Islamique_%28Union_tuniso-libyenne%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a><sup>b</sup> </td> <td align="center">1974 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senegambia_Confederation" title="Senegambia Confederation">Senegambia</a> </td> <td align="center">1982–1989 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> </td> <td>1992–present </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/23px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/35px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/45px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Zapatista_Autonomous_Municipalities" title="Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities">Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities</a> </td> <td>1994–2023 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;"><i>De facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous territories">autonomous territories</a>, formerly located in the <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> </td> <td>2002–present </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> </td> <td align="center">2003–2006 </td> <td style="font-size:95%;">Parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;"><ul><li><sup>a</sup> Confederated personal union.</li><li><sup>b</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a></i> confederation.</li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a> (CSTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_union" title="Continental union">Continental union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union</a> (EAEU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_confederations" title="List of confederations">List of confederations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO" title="Member states of NATO">Member states of NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">Military alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a> (OTS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vattel, Emmerich (1758) <i>The Law of Nations</i>, cited in Wood, Gordon (1969) <i>The Creation of the American Republic 1776–1787</i>, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, p.355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCormick, John (2002) <i>Understanding the European Union: a Concise Introduction</i>, Palgrave, Basingstoke, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was the key feature that distinguished the first American union, under the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> of 1781, from the second, under the current <a href="/wiki/US_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="US Constitution">US Constitution</a> of 1789. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, in <i>Federalist 15</i>, called the absence of directly-effective law in the Articles a "defect" and the "great and radical vice" in the initial system. Madison, James, Hamilton, Alexander and Jay, John (1987) <i>The Federalist Papers</i>, Penguin, Harmondsworth, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2005529–581-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2005529–581_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2005529–581_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2005">Miller 2005</a>, p. 529–581.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French <i>Le confédéralisme n'est pas loin</i> Charles-Etienne Lagasse, <i>Les Nouvelles institutions politiques de la Belgique et de l'Europe</i>, Erasme, <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a> 2003, p. 405 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2871277834" title="Special:BookSources/2871277834">2871277834</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203222600/http://www.crisp.be/UK/UK_index.html">"Belgian research center whose activities are devoted to the study of decision-making in Belgium and in Europe"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisp.be/UK/UK_index.html">the original</a> on 3 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgian+research+center+whose+activities+are+devoted+to+the+study+of+decision-making+in+Belgium+and+in+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisp.be%2FUK%2FUK_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French: "La Belgique est (...) incontestablement, une fédération : il n'y a aucun doute (...) Cela étant, la fédération belge possède d'ores et déjà des traits confédéraux qui en font un pays atypique, et qui encouragent apparemment certains responsables à réfléchir à des accommodements supplémentaires dans un cadre qui resterait, vaille que vaille, national." Vincent de Coorebyter "La Belgique (con)fédérale" in <a href="/wiki/Le_Soir" title="Le Soir">Le Soir</a> 24 June 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French: <i>Le système institutionnel belge est déjà inscrit dans une dynamique de type cs</i>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Soir" title="Le Soir">Le Soir</a>, 19 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Deschamps, Michel Quévit, Robert Tollet, "Vers une réforme de type confédéral de l'État belge dans le cadre du maintien de l'union monétaire," in <i>Wallonie 84</i>, n°2, pp. 95-111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le petit Larousse 2013 p1247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2004" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, Stefan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYTKZ0z6QygC"><i>Disputed Territories: The Transnational Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict Settlement</i></a>. Berghahn Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1571817181" title="Special:BookSources/978-1571817181"><bdi>978-1571817181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disputed+Territories%3A+The+Transnational+Dynamics+of+Ethnic+Conflict+Settlement&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1571817181&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYTKZ0z6QygC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWippman1998" class="citation book cs1">Wippman, David (1998). "Practical and Legal Constraints on Internal Power Sharing". In Wippman, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uy1CCqO6qUIC"><i>International Law and Ethnic Conflict</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801434334" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801434334"><bdi>978-0801434334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Practical+and+Legal+Constraints+on+Internal+Power+Sharing&rft.btitle=International+Law+and+Ethnic+Conflict&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0801434334&rft.aulast=Wippman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duy1CCqO6qUIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyskens2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eyskens, Mark (2 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knack.be/nieuws/belgie/een-belgische-confederatie-leidt-onvermijdelijk-tot-drie-onafhankelijke-staten/article-opinion-1763113.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Een Belgische confederatie leidt onvermijdelijk tot drie onafhankelijke staten'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Site-Knack-NL</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Site-Knack-NL&rft.atitle=%27Een+Belgische+confederatie+leidt+onvermijdelijk+tot+drie+onafhankelijke+staten%27&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft.aulast=Eyskens&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knack.be%2Fnieuws%2Fbelgie%2Feen-belgische-confederatie-leidt-onvermijdelijk-tot-drie-onafhankelijke-staten%2Farticle-opinion-1763113.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVRG-Alumni2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">VRG-Alumni (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PHPDwAAQBAJ&q=Benelux+confederatie&pg=PA223"><i>Recht in beweging – 27ste VRG-Alumnidag 2020</i></a> (in Dutch). Gompel&Svacina. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9463712040" title="Special:BookSources/978-9463712040"><bdi>978-9463712040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recht+in+beweging+%E2%80%93+27ste+VRG-Alumnidag+2020&rft.pub=Gompel%26Svacina&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-9463712040&rft.au=VRG-Alumni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4PHPDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DBenelux%2Bconfederatie%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Forsey" title="Eugene Forsey">Eugene Forsey</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.gc.ca/pub?id=9.810414&sl=0">How Canadians Govern Themselves</a></i>, 9th ed. (Ottawa: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Parliament" title="Library of Parliament">Library of Parliament / Bibliothèque du Parlement</a>, Catalogue No. X9‑11/2016E, 2016‑03), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780660044897" title="Special:BookSources/9780660044897">9780660044897</a>, pp. 7, 29. French version published as <i>Les <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.gc.ca/pub?id=9.810417&sl=1">Canadiens et leur système de gouvernement</a></i>, n<sup>o</sup> de catalogue X9‑11/2016F, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780660044910" title="Special:BookSources/9780660044910">9780660044910</a> First edition published in 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.W. Hogg, <i>Constitutional Law of Canada</i> (5th ed. supplemented), para. 5.1(b).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite1962" class="citation book cs1">Waite, Peter B. (1962). <i>The Life and Times of Confederation, 1864–1867</i>. University of Toronto Press. Pages 37–38, footnote 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Confederation%2C+1864%E2%80%931867&rft.pages=Pages+37-38%2C+footnote+6&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiljunen, Kimmo (2004). The European Constitution in the Making. Centre for European Policy Studies. pp. 21–26. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9290794936" title="Special:BookSources/978-9290794936">978-9290794936</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgess, Michael (2000). Federalism and European union: The building of Europe, 1950–2000. Routledge. p. 49. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415226473" title="Special:BookSources/0415226473">0415226473</a>. "Our theoretical analysis suggests that the EC/EU is neither a federation nor a confederation in the classical sense. But it does claim that the European political and economic elites have shaped and moulded the EC/EU into a new form of an international organization, namely, a species of "new" confederation".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josselin2006-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Josselin2006_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosselinMarciano2006" class="citation journal cs1">Josselin, Jean Michel; Marciano, Alain (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080819213748/http://crem.univ-rennes1.fr/wp/2006/ie-200607.pdf">"The Political Economy of European Federalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Series: Public Economics and Social Choice. Centre for Research in Economics and Management, University of Rennes 1, University of Caen: 12. WP 2006–07; UMR CNRS 6211. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crem.univ-rennes1.fr/wp/2006/ie-200607.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 August 2008. <q>A complete shift from a confederation to a federation would have required to straightforwardly replace the principalship of the member states <i>vis-à-vis</i> the Union by that of the European citizens. As a consequence, both confederate and federate features coexist in the judicial landscape.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+European+Federalism&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Josselin&rft.aufirst=Jean+Michel&rft.au=Marciano%2C+Alain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrem.univ-rennes1.fr%2Fwp%2F2006%2Fie-200607.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosselinMarciano2007" class="citation journal cs1">Josselin, Jean-Michel; Marciano, Alain (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11558-006-9001-y">"How the court made a federation of the EU"</a>. <i>The Review of International Organizations</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">59–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11558-006-9001-y">10.1007/s11558-006-9001-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153687230">153687230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+International+Organizations&rft.atitle=How+the+court+made+a+federation+of+the+EU&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11558-006-9001-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153687230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Josselin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rft.au=Marciano%2C+Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11558-006-9001-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span> (referring to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199245002" title="Special:BookSources/0199245002"><bdi>0199245002</bdi></a>. <q>Europe has charted its own brand of constitutional federalism. It works. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Belarus+form+confederation&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=1999-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F555384.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomanoAlterShany2014" class="citation book cs1">Romano, Cesare; Alter, Karen; Shany, Yuval (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SklYAgAAQBAJ&q=Russia+%2522union+State%2522+%252226+January+2000%2522&pg=PA251"><i>The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199660681" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199660681"><bdi>978-0199660681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+International+Adjudication&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199660681&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Cesare&rft.au=Alter%2C+Karen&rft.au=Shany%2C+Yuval&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSklYAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DRussia%2B%252522union%2BState%252522%2B%25252226%2BJanuary%2B2000%252522%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kembayev-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kembayev_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kembayev_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKembayev2009" class="citation book cs1">Kembayev, Zhenis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x6dFsBVzslkC&q=%2522union+state%2522+confederation+russia&pg=PA101"><i>Legal Aspects of the Regional Integration Processes in the Post-Soviet Area</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 98, <span class="nowrap">100–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3540876526" title="Special:BookSources/978-3540876526"><bdi>978-3540876526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Aspects+of+the+Regional+Integration+Processes+in+the+Post-Soviet+Area&rft.pages=98%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3540876526&rft.aulast=Kembayev&rft.aufirst=Zhenis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx6dFsBVzslkC%26q%3D%252522union%2Bstate%252522%2Bconfederation%2Brussia%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lagutina-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lagutina_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lagutina_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagutina2019" class="citation book cs1">Lagutina, Maria (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hxTFDwAAQBAJ&q=%2522Union+state%2522+russia+not+implemented&pg=PA180"><i>Regional Integration and Future Cooperation Initiatives in the Eurasian Economic Union</i></a>. IGI Global. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1799819523" title="Special:BookSources/978-1799819523"><bdi>978-1799819523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Integration+and+Future+Cooperation+Initiatives+in+the+Eurasian+Economic+Union&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1799819523&rft.aulast=Lagutina&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhxTFDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%252522Union%2Bstate%252522%2Brussia%2Bnot%2Bimplemented%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ReillyLuhn2020" class="citation news cs1">O'Reilly, Johnny; Luhn, Alec (17 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/belarus-protests-russia-ready-to-step-in-as-protests-grip-minsk-5jhmmtqb0">"Belarus protests: Putin threatens to intervene as 200,000 gather to oppose Lukashenko"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Belarus+protests%3A+Putin+threatens+to+intervene+as+200%2C000+gather+to+oppose+Lukashenko&rft.date=2020-08-17&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Johnny&rft.au=Luhn%2C+Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fbelarus-protests-russia-ready-to-step-in-as-protests-grip-minsk-5jhmmtqb0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalima2024" class="citation news cs1">Balima, Boureima (6 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/junta-led-sahel-states-rule-out-return-west-african-economic-bloc-2024-07-06/">"Junta-led Sahel states rule out return to West African economic bloc"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Junta-led+Sahel+states+rule+out+return+to+West+African+economic+bloc&rft.date=2024-07-06&rft.aulast=Balima&rft.aufirst=Boureima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fjunta-led-sahel-states-rule-out-return-west-african-economic-bloc-2024-07-06%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinz_H._F._Eulau1941" class="citation journal cs1">Heinz H. F. Eulau (1941). "Theories of Federalism under the Holy Roman Empire". <i>The American Political Science Review</i>. <b>35</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">643–</span>664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1948073">10.2307/1948073</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1948073">1948073</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145527513">145527513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Theories+of+Federalism+under+the+Holy+Roman+Empire&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E643-%3C%2Fspan%3E664&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145527513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1948073%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1948073&rft.au=Heinz+H.+F.+Eulau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Nicholas (2005). "Serbia and Montenegro". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C"><i>Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture</i></a>. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">529–</span>581. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576078006" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576078006"><bdi>978-1576078006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Serbia+and+Montenegro&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+People%2C+Lands%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E529-%3C%2Fspan%3E581&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1576078006&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVBB1a0rC70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfederation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confederation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/confederation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/confederation">confederation</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>P.-J. Proudhon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/proudhon/federation/federation.html">The Principle of Federation</a>, 1863.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305145500/http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/federal/fathers.htm">The Fathers of Confederation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/GE_P1_2_EN.html">Confederation: The Creation of Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041217231358/http://www.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/GE_P1_2_EN.html">Archived</a> 17 December 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uctp.org">United Confederation of Taino People</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federalism" title="Cooperative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal countries">List of federal countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_state" title="Regional state">Regional state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:1%">Subordinacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">Direct rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">Indirect rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_(international_law)" title="Mandate (international law)">Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XII of the United Nations Charter">Trusteeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(territory)" title="Detachment (territory)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Territorial dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Autonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">Home rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170156#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata647" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170156#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata647" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170156#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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