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id="toc-Bacteria_and_archaea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacteria_and_archaea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bacteria and archaea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacteria_and_archaea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Protists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خليط التغذية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خليط التغذية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miksotroflar" title="Miksotroflar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Miksotroflar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miksotrofija" title="Miksotrofija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Miksotrofija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotrofisme" title="Mixotrofisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mixotrofisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotrofie" title="Mixotrofie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mixotrofie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotrophie" title="Mixotrophie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mixotrophie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miksotroof" title="Miksotroof – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Miksotroof" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotrofismo" title="Mixotrofismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mixotrofismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotrofia" title="Mixotrofia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mixotrofia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="آمیزه‌پروردگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمیزه‌پروردگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotrophie" title="Mixotrophie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mixotrophie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix%C3%B3trofo" title="Mixótrofo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mixótrofo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotrofia" title="Mixotrofia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mixotrofia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Миксотрофтор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Миксотрофтор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotroof" title="Mixotroof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mixotroof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%A0%84%E9%A4%8A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="混合栄養生物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="混合栄養生物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soormakaa" title="Soormakaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Soormakaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miksotrofizm" title="Miksotrofizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miksotrofizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotrofismo" title="Mixotrofismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mixotrofismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotrof" title="Mixotrof – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mixotrof" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%8B" title="Миксотрофы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миксотрофы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotroph" title="Mixotroph – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mixotroph" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotrofia" title="Mixotrofia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mixotrofia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miksotrofija" title="Miksotrofija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Miksotrofija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Миксотрофи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Миксотрофи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotrof" title="Mixotrof – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mixotrof" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Міксотрофи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міксотрофи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="混合營養生物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="混合營養生物" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon</div> <p>A <b>mixotroph</b> is an organism that uses a mix of different <a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">sources of energy and carbon</a>, instead of having a single trophic mode, on the continuum from complete <a href="/wiki/Autotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Autotrophy">autotrophy</a> to complete <a href="/wiki/Heterotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrophy">heterotrophy</a>. It is estimated that mixotrophs comprise more than half of all microscopic <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two types of <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic">eukaryotic</a> mixotrophs. There are those with their own <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a> - including those with <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">endosymbionts</a> providing the chloroplasts. And there are those that acquire them through <a href="/wiki/Kleptoplasty" title="Kleptoplasty">kleptoplasty</a>, or through <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic associations</a> with prey, or through 'enslavement' of the prey's organelles.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possible combinations are <a href="/wiki/Phototroph" title="Phototroph">photo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemotroph" title="Chemotroph">chemotrophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithotroph" title="Lithotroph">litho-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organotroph" title="Organotroph">organotrophy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmotrophy" title="Osmotrophy">osmotrophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagotrophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myzocytosis" title="Myzocytosis">myzocytosis</a>), auto- and heterotrophy or other combinations of these. Mixotrophs can be either <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eiler_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eiler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can take advantage of different environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a trophic mode is obligate, then it is always necessary for sustaining growth and maintenance; if facultative, it can be used as a supplemental source.<sup id="cite_ref-Eiler_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eiler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some organisms have incomplete <a href="/wiki/Calvin_cycle" title="Calvin cycle">Calvin cycles</a>, so they are incapable of fixing carbon dioxide and must use <a href="/wiki/Organic_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic carbon">organic carbon</a> sources. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixotroph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organisms may employ mixotrophy <b>obligately</b> or <b>facultatively</b>. </p> <ul><li>Obligate mixotrophy: To support growth and maintenance, an organism must utilize both heterotrophic and autotrophic means.</li> <li>Obligate autotrophy with facultative heterotrophy: Autotrophy alone is sufficient for growth and maintenance, but heterotrophy may be used as a supplementary strategy when autotrophic energy is not enough, for example, when light intensity is low.</li> <li>Facultative autotrophy with obligate heterotrophy: Heterotrophy is sufficient for growth and maintenance, but autotrophy may be used to supplement, for example, when prey availability is very low.</li> <li>Facultative mixotrophy: Maintenance and growth may be obtained by heterotrophic or autotrophic means alone, and mixotrophy is used only when necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plants">Plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixotroph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycorrhizal_network.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mycorrhizal_network.svg/260px-Mycorrhizal_network.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mycorrhizal_network.svg/390px-Mycorrhizal_network.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mycorrhizal_network.svg/520px-Mycorrhizal_network.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>A mixotrophic plant using mycorrhizal fungi to obtain photosynthesis products from other plants</figcaption></figure> <p>Amongst plants, mixotrophy classically applies to <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">carnivorous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_plant#Classification" title="Parasitic plant">hemi-parasitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myco-heterotrophy" title="Myco-heterotrophy">myco-heterotrophic</a> species. However, this characterisation as mixotrophic could be extended to a higher number of clades as research demonstrates that organic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus—such as DNA, proteins, amino-acids or carbohydrates—are also part of the nutrient supplies of a number of plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animals">Animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixotroph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mixotrophy is less common among animals than among plants and microbes, but there are many examples of mixotrophic <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> and at least one example of a mixotrophic <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a>. </p> <ul><li>The spotted salamander, <i><a href="/wiki/Spotted_salamander" title="Spotted salamander">Ambystoma maculatum</a>,</i> also hosts microalgae within its cells. Its embryos have been found to have <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic">symbiotic</a> algae living inside them,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the only known example of vertebrate cells hosting an <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">endosymbiont</a> microbe (unless mitochondria is considered).<sup id="cite_ref-Frazer2018_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazer2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burns2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoochlorella" title="Zoochlorella">Zoochlorella</a></i> is a <i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_rejiciendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen rejiciendum">nomen rejiciendum</a></i> for a genus of <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> assigned to <i><a href="/wiki/Chlorella" title="Chlorella">Chlorella</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>zoochlorella</i> (plural <i>zoochlorellae</i>) is sometimes used to refer to any green algae that lives <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotically</a> within the body of a <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> or marine <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoan</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Reef-building <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scleractinia" title="Scleractinia">Scleractinia</a>), like many other <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">cnidarians</a> (e.g. jellyfish, anemones), host endosymbiotic <a href="/wiki/Microalgae" title="Microalgae">microalgae</a> within their cells, thus making them mixotrophs.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oriental_hornet" title="Oriental hornet">Oriental hornet</a>, <i>Vespa orientalis</i>, can obtain energy from sunlight absorbed by its cuticle.<sup id="cite_ref-Plotkin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plotkin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It thus contrasts with the other animals listed here, which are mixotrophic with the help of endosymbionts.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zooxanthellae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zooxanthellae is a photosynthetic algae that lives inside hosts like coral."><img alt="Zooxanthellae is a photosynthetic algae that lives inside hosts like coral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Zooxanthellae.jpg/246px-Zooxanthellae.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Zooxanthellae.jpg/370px-Zooxanthellae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Zooxanthellae.jpg/493px-Zooxanthellae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zooxanthellae" title="Zooxanthellae">Zooxanthellae</a> is a photosynthetic algae that lives inside hosts like <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthopleura_xanthogrammica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anthopleura xanthogrammica gains its green colour from Zoochlorella."><img alt="Anthopleura xanthogrammica gains its green colour from Zoochlorella." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Anthopleura_xanthogrammica_1.jpg/230px-Anthopleura_xanthogrammica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Anthopleura_xanthogrammica_1.jpg/346px-Anthopleura_xanthogrammica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Anthopleura_xanthogrammica_1.jpg/460px-Anthopleura_xanthogrammica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Anthopleura_xanthogrammica" title="Anthopleura xanthogrammica">Anthopleura xanthogrammica</a></i> gains its green colour from <i>Zoochlorella.</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mastigias_papua.webmhd.webm/348px--Mastigias_papua.webmhd.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" height="130" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Mastigias_papua.webmhd.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Mastigias_papua.webmhd.webm/Mastigias_papua.webmhd.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Mastigias_papua.webmhd.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Mastigias_papua.webmhd.webm/Mastigias_papua.webmhd.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Mastigias_papua.webmhd.webm/Mastigias_papua.webmhd.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Mastigias_papua.webmhd.webm/Mastigias_papua.webmhd.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Mastigias_papua.webmhd.webm/Mastigias_papua.webmhd.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Spotted_jelly" title="Spotted jelly">spotted jelly</a>, a mixotrophic jellyfish, lives in trophic mutualism with <a href="/wiki/Zooxanthella" class="mw-redirect" title="Zooxanthella">zooxanthella</a>, a unicellular organism capable of photosynthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microorganisms">Microorganisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixotroph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Microorganisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marine_mixotrophs" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine mixotrophs">Marine mixotrophs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixotrophic_dinoflagellate" title="Mixotrophic dinoflagellate">Mixotrophic dinoflagellate</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacteria_and_archaea">Bacteria and archaea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixotroph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bacteria and archaea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paracoccus_pantotrophus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paracoccus pantotrophus (page does not exist)">Paracoccus pantotrophus</a></i> is a bacterium that can live chemoorganoheterotrophically, whereby a large variety of organic compounds can be metabolized. Also a facultative <a href="/wiki/Lithotroph" title="Lithotroph">chemolithoautotrophic</a> metabolism is possible, as seen in colorless sulfur bacteria (some <i>Thiobacillus</i>), whereby sulfur compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, elemental <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">thiosulfate</a> are oxidized to sulfate. The sulfur compounds serve as <a href="/wiki/Electron_donors" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron donors">electron donors</a> and are consumed to produce <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>. The carbon source for these organisms can be carbon dioxide (autotrophy) or organic carbon (heterotrophy).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Organoheterotrophy can occur under <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic</a> or under <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">anaerobic</a> conditions; lithoautotrophy takes place aerobically.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protists">Protists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixotroph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Protists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_classification_of_mixotrophic_protists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Traditional_classification_of_mixotrophic_protists.jpg/400px-Traditional_classification_of_mixotrophic_protists.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Traditional_classification_of_mixotrophic_protists.jpg/600px-Traditional_classification_of_mixotrophic_protists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Traditional_classification_of_mixotrophic_protists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Traditional classification of mixotrophic protists</b></div> In this diagram, types in open boxes as proposed by Stoecker <sup id="cite_ref-Stoeker1998_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoeker1998-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been aligned against groups in grey boxes as proposed by Jones.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones1997_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mitra2016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitra2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap">                              </span><small>DIN = dissolved inorganic nutrients</small></figcaption></figure> <p>To characterize the sub-domains within mixotrophy, several very similar categorization schemes have been suggested. Consider the example of a marine protist with heterotrophic and photosynthetic capabilities: In the breakdown put forward by Jones,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones1997_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are four mixotrophic groups based on relative roles of phagotrophy and phototrophy. </p> <ul><li>A: Heterotrophy (phagotrophy) is the norm, and phototrophy is only used when prey concentrations are limiting.</li> <li>B: Phototrophy is the dominant strategy, and phagotrophy is employed as a supplement when light is limiting.</li> <li>C: Phototrophy results in substances for both growth and ingestion, phagotrophy is employed when light is limiting.</li> <li>D: Phototrophy is most common nutrition type, phagotrophy only used during prolonged dark periods, when light is extremely limiting.</li></ul> <p>An alternative scheme by Stoeker<sup id="cite_ref-Stoeker1998_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoeker1998-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also takes into account the role of nutrients and growth factors, and includes mixotrophs that have a photosynthetic symbiont or who retain chloroplasts from their prey. This scheme characterizes mixotrophs by their efficiency. </p> <ul><li>Type 1: "Ideal mixotrophs" that use prey and sunlight equally well</li> <li>Type 2: Supplement phototrophic activity with food consumption</li> <li>Type 3: Primarily heterotrophic, use phototrophic activity during times of very low prey abundance.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Another scheme, proposed by Mitra <i>et al.</i>, specifically classifies marine planktonic mixotrophs so that mixotrophy can be included in ecosystem modeling.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitra2016_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitra2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This scheme classified organisms as: </p> <ul><li>Constitutive mixtotrophs (CMs): phagotrophic organisms that are inherently able to also photosynthesize</li> <li>Non-constitutive mixotrophs (NCMs): phagotrophic organisms that must ingest prey to attain the ability to photosynthesize. NCMs are further broken down into: <ul><li>Specific non-constitutive mixotrophs (SNCMs), which only gain the ability to photosynthesize from a specific prey item (either by retaining plastids only in kleptoplastidy or by retaining whole prey cells in endosymbiosis)</li> <li>General non-constitutive mixotrophs (GNCM), which can gain the ability to photosynthesize from a variety of prey items</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:808px;max-width:808px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pathways_used_to_derive_functional_groups_of_planktonic_protists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pathways_used_to_derive_functional_groups_of_planktonic_protists.jpg/400px-Pathways_used_to_derive_functional_groups_of_planktonic_protists.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Pathways_used_to_derive_functional_groups_of_planktonic_protists.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Pathways used by Mitra <i>et al.</i> to derive functional groups of planktonic protists <sup id="cite_ref-Mitra2016_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitra2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Levels_in_complexity_among_different_types_of_protist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Levels_in_complexity_among_different_types_of_protist.jpg/400px-Levels_in_complexity_among_different_types_of_protist.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Levels_in_complexity_among_different_types_of_protist.jpg/600px-Levels_in_complexity_among_different_types_of_protist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Levels_in_complexity_among_different_types_of_protist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Levels in complexity among those different types of protists, according to Mitra <i>et al.</i> <sup id="cite_ref-Mitra2016_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitra2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> (A) phagotrophic (no phototrophy); (B) phototrophic (no phagotrophy); (C) constitutive mixotroph, with innate capacity for phototrophy; (D) generalist non-constitutive mixotroph acquiring photosystems from different phototrophic prey; (E) specialist non-constitutive mixotroph acquiring plastids from a specific prey type; (F) specialist non-constitutive mixotroph acquiring photosystems from endosymbionts. DIM = dissolved inorganic material (ammonium, phosphate etc.).<span class="nowrap">                              </span> <small>DOM = <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_organic_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved organic matter">dissolved organic material</a></small></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phaeocystis_symbionts_within_an_acantharian_host.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Acantharian radiolarian hosts Phaeocystis symbionts."><img alt="Acantharian radiolarian hosts Phaeocystis symbionts." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Phaeocystis_symbionts_within_an_acantharian_host.png/222px-Phaeocystis_symbionts_within_an_acantharian_host.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Phaeocystis_symbionts_within_an_acantharian_host.png/333px-Phaeocystis_symbionts_within_an_acantharian_host.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Phaeocystis_symbionts_within_an_acantharian_host.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Acantharian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acantharian">Acantharian</a> radiolarian hosts <i><a href="/wiki/Phaeocystis" title="Phaeocystis">Phaeocystis</a></i> symbionts.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecomare_-_schuimalg_strand_(7037-schuimalg-phaeocystis-ogb).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White Phaeocystis algal foam washing up on a beach"><img alt="White Phaeocystis algal foam washing up on a beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ecomare_-_schuimalg_strand_%287037-schuimalg-phaeocystis-ogb%29.jpg/260px-Ecomare_-_schuimalg_strand_%287037-schuimalg-phaeocystis-ogb%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ecomare_-_schuimalg_strand_%287037-schuimalg-phaeocystis-ogb%29.jpg/391px-Ecomare_-_schuimalg_strand_%287037-schuimalg-phaeocystis-ogb%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ecomare_-_schuimalg_strand_%287037-schuimalg-phaeocystis-ogb%29.jpg/520px-Ecomare_-_schuimalg_strand_%287037-schuimalg-phaeocystis-ogb%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">White <i>Phaeocystis</i> algal foam washing up on a beach</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paramecium_bursaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A single-celled ciliate with green zoochlorellae living inside endosymbiotically"><img alt="A single-celled ciliate with green zoochlorellae living inside endosymbiotically" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Paramecium_bursaria.jpg/293px-Paramecium_bursaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Paramecium_bursaria.jpg/440px-Paramecium_bursaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Paramecium_bursaria.jpg/585px-Paramecium_bursaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A single-celled <a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">ciliate</a> with green <a href="/wiki/Zoochlorellae" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoochlorellae">zoochlorellae</a> living inside <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosymbiotic">endosymbiotically</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_(10388739803)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Euglena mutabilis, a photosynthetic flagellate"><img alt="Euglena mutabilis, a photosynthetic flagellate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/194px-Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/292px-Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/389px-Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i><a href="/wiki/Euglena" title="Euglena">Euglena mutabilis</a></i>, a photosynthetic <a href="/wiki/Flagellate" title="Flagellate">flagellate</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euglenoid_movement.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Euglenoid"><img alt="Euglenoid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Euglenoid_movement.jpg/315px-Euglenoid_movement.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Euglenoid_movement.jpg/473px-Euglenoid_movement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Euglenoid_movement.jpg/629px-Euglenoid_movement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Euglenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Euglenoid">Euglenoid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acantharia_confocal_micrograph_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fluorescent micrograph of an acantharian with Phaeocystis symbionts fluorescing red (chlorophyll)"><img alt="Fluorescent micrograph of an acantharian with Phaeocystis symbionts fluorescing red (chlorophyll)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Acantharia_confocal_micrograph_2.png/215px-Acantharia_confocal_micrograph_2.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Acantharia_confocal_micrograph_2.png/324px-Acantharia_confocal_micrograph_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Acantharia_confocal_micrograph_2.png/431px-Acantharia_confocal_micrograph_2.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Fluorescent micrograph of an <a href="/wiki/Acantharian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acantharian">acantharian</a> with <a href="/wiki/Phaeocystis" title="Phaeocystis">Phaeocystis</a> symbionts fluorescing red (chlorophyll)</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixotroph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">Primary nutritional groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixotroph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/outdoors/richard-collins/beware-the-mixotrophs--they-can-destroy-entire-ecosystems-in-a-matter-of-hours-430358.html">Beware the mixotrophs - they can destroy entire ecosystems 'in a matter of hours'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[S. 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Academic Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5345-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5345-0"><bdi>978-0-7637-5345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+marine+biogeochemistry&rft.pages=192&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-5345-0&rft.aulast=Libes&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKVZJUw4nORgC%26q%3Dchemolithoheterotrophs%2Binorganic%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixotroph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDworkin2006" class="citation book cs1">Dworkin, Martin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uleTr2jKzJMC&q=chemolithoheterotroph+chemoorganoheterotroph&pg=PA988"><i>The Prokaryotes: Ecophysiology and biochemistry</i></a>. 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Flynn, Kevin J.; Tillmann, Urban; Raven, John A.; Caron, David; Stoecker, Diane K.; Not, Fabrice; Hansen, Per J.; Hallegraeff, Gustaaf; Sanders, Robert; Wilken, Susanne; McManus, George; Johnson, Mathew; Pitta, Paraskevi; Våge, Selina; Berge, Terje; Calbet, Albert; Thingstad, Frede; Jeong, Hae Jin; Burkholder, Joann; <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Glibert" title="Patricia Glibert">Glibert, Patricia M.</a>; Granéli, Edna; Lundgren, Veronica (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.protis.2016.01.003">"Defining Planktonic Protist Functional Groups on Mechanisms for Energy and Nutrient Acquisition: Incorporation of Diverse Mixotrophic Strategies"</a>. <i>Protist</i>. <b>167</b> (2): 106–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.protis.2016.01.003">10.1016/j.protis.2016.01.003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F131722">10261/131722</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26927496">26927496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Protist&rft.atitle=Defining+Planktonic+Protist+Functional+Groups+on+Mechanisms+for+Energy+and+Nutrient+Acquisition%3A+Incorporation+of+Diverse+Mixotrophic+Strategies&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=106-120&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F131722&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26927496&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.protis.2016.01.003&rft.aulast=Mitra&rft.aufirst=Aditee&rft.au=Flynn%2C+Kevin+J.&rft.au=Tillmann%2C+Urban&rft.au=Raven%2C+John+A.&rft.au=Caron%2C+David&rft.au=Stoecker%2C+Diane+K.&rft.au=Not%2C+Fabrice&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Per+J.&rft.au=Hallegraeff%2C+Gustaaf&rft.au=Sanders%2C+Robert&rft.au=Wilken%2C+Susanne&rft.au=McManus%2C+George&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Mathew&rft.au=Pitta%2C+Paraskevi&rft.au=V%C3%A5ge%2C+Selina&rft.au=Berge%2C+Terje&rft.au=Calbet%2C+Albert&rft.au=Thingstad%2C+Frede&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Hae+Jin&rft.au=Burkholder%2C+Joann&rft.au=Glibert%2C+Patricia+M.&rft.au=Gran%C3%A9li%2C+Edna&rft.au=Lundgren%2C+Veronica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.protis.2016.01.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixotroph" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Material was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarangkoon2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tarangkoon, Woraporn (29 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bi.ku.dk/bibliotek/phd/Woraporn%20Tarangkoon.pdf">"Mixtrophic Protists among Marine Ciliates and Dinoflagellates: Distribution, Physiology and Ecology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Thesis</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thesis&rft.atitle=Mixtrophic+Protists+among+Marine+Ciliates+and+Dinoflagellates%3A+Distribution%2C+Physiology+and+Ecology&rft.date=2010-04-29&rft.aulast=Tarangkoon&rft.aufirst=Woraporn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bi.ku.dk%2Fbibliotek%2Fphd%2FWoraporn%2520Tarangkoon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixotroph" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixotroph&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroostKooiKooijman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Troost TA, Kooi BW, Kooijman SA (February 2005). "When do mixotrophs specialize? Adaptive dynamics theory applied to a dynamic energy budget model". <i>Math Biosci</i>. <b>193</b> (2): 159–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mbs.2004.06.010">10.1016/j.mbs.2004.06.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15748728">15748728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Math+Biosci&rft.atitle=When+do+mixotrophs+specialize%3F+Adaptive+dynamics+theory+applied+to+a+dynamic+energy+budget+model&rft.volume=193&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-82&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mbs.2004.06.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15748728&rft.aulast=Troost&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Kooi%2C+BW&rft.au=Kooijman%2C+SA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixotroph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sanders, Robert W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astro.temple.edu/~sanders1/mixos.htm">Mixotrophic Nutrition of Phytoplankton: Venus Fly Traps of the microbial world</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805193114/http://astro.temple.edu/%7Esanders1/mixos.htm">Archived</a> 2011-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Temple University</i>.</li></ul> <div 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title="Ecosystem model">Modelling ecosystems</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic</a> components</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">Abiotic component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiotic_stress" title="Abiotic stress">Abiotic stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">Biotic component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotic_stress" title="Biotic stress">Biotic stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology" title="Ecosystem ecology">Ecosystem ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_model" title="Ecosystem model">Ecosystem model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_world_hypothesis" title="Green world hypothesis">Green world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">Keystone species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" title="List of feeding behaviours">List of feeding behaviours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_theory_of_ecology" title="Metabolic theory of ecology">Metabolic theory of ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_(biology)" title="Resource (biology)">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">Producers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">Autotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">Chemosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemotroph" title="Chemotroph">Chemotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_species" title="Foundation species">Foundation species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetotroph" title="Kinetotroph">Kinetotrophs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mixotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myco-heterotrophy" title="Myco-heterotrophy">Myco-heterotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotroph" title="Mycotroph">Mycotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotroph" title="Organotroph">Organotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoheterotroph" title="Photoheterotroph">Photoheterotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic_efficiency" title="Photosynthetic efficiency">Photosynthetic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototroph" title="Phototroph">Phototrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">Primary nutritional groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">Primary production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Consumer_(food_chain)" title="Consumer (food chain)">Consumers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">Apex predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterivore" title="Bacterivore">Bacterivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">Carnivores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemoorganotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoorganotroph">Chemoorganotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">Foraging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">Generalist and specialist species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraguild_predation" title="Intraguild predation">Intraguild predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">Herbivores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">Heterotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrophic_nutrition" title="Heterotrophic nutrition">Heterotrophic nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">Insectivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopredator" title="Mesopredator">Mesopredators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopredator_release_hypothesis" title="Mesopredator release hypothesis">Mesopredator release hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">Omnivores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_foraging_theory" title="Optimal foraging theory">Optimal foraging theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktivore" title="Planktivore">Planktivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prey_switching" title="Prey switching">Prey switching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Decomposer" title="Decomposer">Decomposers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemoorganoheterotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoorganoheterotrophy">Chemoorganoheterotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">Detritivores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">Detritus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism#Habitats_and_ecology" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">Bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithoautotroph" title="Lithoautotroph">Lithoautotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithotroph" title="Lithotroph">Lithotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_cooperation" title="Microbial cooperation">Microbial cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_intelligence" title="Microbial intelligence">Microbial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">Microbial mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_metabolism" title="Microbial metabolism">Microbial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phage_ecology" title="Phage ecology">Phage ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food webs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">Biomagnification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_efficiency" title="Ecological efficiency">Ecological efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_pyramid" title="Ecological pyramid">Ecological pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_flow_(ecology)" title="Energy flow (ecology)">Energy flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Example webs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_ecosystem#Trophic_relationships" title="Lake ecosystem">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem#Trophic_relationships" title="River ecosystem">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_food_web" title="Soil food web">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritrophic_interactions_in_plant_defense" title="Tritrophic interactions in plant defense">Tritrophic interactions in plant defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food webs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent#Biological_communities" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">intertidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest#Trophic_ecology" title="Kelp forest">kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Gyre" title="North Pacific Gyre">North Pacific Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary#Food_web" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">tide pool</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascendency" title="Ascendency">Ascendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">Bioaccumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_community" title="Climax community">Climax community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_exclusion_principle" title="Competitive exclusion principle">Competitive exclusion principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer%E2%80%93resource_interactions" title="Consumer–resource interactions">Consumer–resource interactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copiotroph" title="Copiotroph">Copiotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ecology)" title="Dominance (ecology)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_network" title="Ecological network">Ecological network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">Ecological succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_quality" title="Energy quality">Energy quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_systems_language" title="Energy systems language">Energy systems language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_frenzy" title="Feeding frenzy">Feeding frenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesotrophic_soil" title="Mesotrophic soil">Mesotrophic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Nutrient cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligotroph" title="Oligotroph">Oligotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">Trophic cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_mutualism" title="Trophic mutualism">Trophic mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Defense,<br />counter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">Anti-predator adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore_adaptations_to_plant_defense" title="Herbivore adaptations to plant defense">Herbivore adaptations to plant defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">Plant defense against herbivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling#Predator_avoidance" title="Shoaling and schooling">Predator avoidance in schooling fish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ecology:_Modelling_ecosystems:_Other_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modelling_ecosystems" 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href="/wiki/Abundance_(ecology)" title="Abundance (ecology)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allee_effect" title="Allee effect">Allee effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer-resource_model" title="Consumer-resource model">Consumer-resource model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depensation" title="Depensation">Depensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_yield" title="Ecological yield">Ecological yield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_population_size" title="Effective population size">Effective population size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraspecific_competition" title="Intraspecific competition">Intraspecific competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_function" title="Logistic function">Logistic function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">Maximum sustainable yield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cycle" title="Population cycle">Population cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_size" title="Population size">Population size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_equations" title="Lotka–Volterra equations">Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_(biology)" title="Recruitment (biology)">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_population_size" title="Small population size">Small population size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_stability" title="Ecological stability">Stability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_resilience" title="Ecological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_(ecology)" title="Resistance (ecology)">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_generalized_Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_model" title="Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model">Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_dependence" title="Density dependence">Density-dependent inhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_effects_of_biodiversity" title="Ecological effects of biodiversity">Ecological effects of biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_extinction" title="Ecological extinction">Ecological extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">Endemic species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagship_species" title="Flagship species">Flagship species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_(statistics)" title="Ordination (statistics)">Gradient analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioindicator" title="Bioindicator">Indicator species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> / <a href="/wiki/Native_species" title="Native species">Native species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latitudinal_gradients_in_species_diversity" title="Latitudinal gradients in species diversity">Latitudinal gradients in species diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_viable_population" title="Minimum viable population">Minimum viable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_neutral_theory_of_biodiversity" title="Unified neutral theory of biodiversity">Neutral theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupancy%E2%80%93abundance_relationship" title="Occupancy–abundance relationship">Occupancy–abundance relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_viability_analysis" title="Population viability analysis">Population viability analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_effect" title="Priority effect">Priority effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapoport%27s_rule" title="Rapoport's rule">Rapoport's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_abundance_distribution" title="Relative abundance distribution">Relative abundance distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_species_abundance" title="Relative species abundance">Relative species abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">Species diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_homogeneity" title="Species homogeneity">Species homogeneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_richness" title="Species richness">Species richness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_distribution" title="Species distribution">Species distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species%E2%80%93area_relationship" title="Species–area relationship">Species–area curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_species" title="Umbrella species">Umbrella species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Species<br />interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibiosis" title="Antibiosis">Antibiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">Biological interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">Commensalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_facilitation" title="Ecological facilitation">Ecological facilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspecific_competition" title="Interspecific competition">Interspecific competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_effect" title="Storage effect">Storage effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Spatial_ecology" title="Spatial ecology">Spatial<br />ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-boundary_subsidy" title="Cross-boundary subsidy">Cross-boundary subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cline_(biology)" title="Cline (biology)">Ecocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">Ecotone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotype" title="Ecotype">Ecotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">Disturbance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_effects" title="Edge effects">Edge effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster%27s_rule" title="Foster's rule">Foster's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_free_distribution" title="Ideal free distribution">Ideal free distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_disturbance_hypothesis" title="Intermediate disturbance hypothesis">Intermediate disturbance hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_biogeography" title="Insular biogeography">Insular biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_change_modeling" title="Land change modeling">Land change modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_epidemiology" title="Landscape epidemiology">Landscape epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_limnology" title="Landscape limnology">Landscape limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapopulation" title="Metapopulation">Metapopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patch_dynamics" title="Patch dynamics">Patch dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/K_selection_theory" title="R/K selection theory"><i>r</i>/<i>K</i> selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_selection_function" title="Resource selection function">Resource selection function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source%E2%80%93sink_dynamics" title="Source–sink dynamics">Source–sink dynamics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">Niche</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">Ecological niche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_trap" title="Ecological trap">Ecological trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_engineer" title="Ecosystem engineer">Ecosystem engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_distribution_modelling" title="Species distribution modelling">Environmental niche modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_(ecology)" title="Guild (ecology)">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">marine habitats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_similarity" title="Limiting similarity">Limiting similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_apportionment_models" title="Niche apportionment models">Niche apportionment models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_construction" title="Niche construction">Niche construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Niche differentiation">Niche differentiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontogenetic_niche_shift" title="Ontogenetic niche shift">Ontogenetic niche shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Non-trophic_networks" title="Non-trophic networks">Other<br />networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_rules" title="Assembly rules">Assembly rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateman%27s_principle" title="Bateman's principle">Bateman's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_debt" title="Ecological debt">Ecological debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_debt" title="Ecological debt">Ecological deficit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_flow_(ecology)" title="Energy flow (ecology)">Ecological energetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_indicator" title="Ecological indicator">Ecological indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_threshold" title="Ecological threshold">Ecological threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_diversity" title="Ecosystem diversity">Ecosystem diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_debt" title="Extinction debt">Extinction debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleiber%27s_law" title="Kleiber's law">Kleiber's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liebig%27s_law_of_the_minimum" title="Liebig's law of the minimum">Liebig's law of the minimum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_value_theorem" title="Marginal value theorem">Marginal value theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerosere" title="Xerosere">Xerosere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allometry" title="Allometry">Allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_stable_state" title="Alternative stable state">Alternative stable state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_nature" title="Balance of nature">Balance of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_forecasting" title="Ecological forecasting">Ecological forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Ecological humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_stoichiometry" title="Ecological stoichiometry">Ecological stoichiometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopath" title="Ecopath">Ecopath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_based_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem based fisheries">Ecosystem based fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_ecology" title="Functional ecology">Functional ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroecology" title="Macroecology">Macroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microecosystem" title="Microecosystem">Microecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></li> <li><a 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