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Reproduction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sex_pheromone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_pheromone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sex pheromone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_pheromone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Green algae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groenwier" title="Groenwier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groenwier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnalgen" title="Grünalgen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Grünalgen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%93%E1%8B%B4_%E1%8B%8B%E1%89%85%E1%88%8B%E1%88%9A%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="አረንጓዴ ዋቅላሚዎች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አረንጓዴ ዋቅላሚዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="طحالب خضراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طحالب خضراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="সবুজ শ্যাওলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সবুজ শ্যাওলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%CC%8Dk-ch%C3%B3" title="Le̍k-chó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Le̍k-chó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Зелени водорасли – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зелени водорасли" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelene_alge" title="Zelene alge – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zelene alge" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algues_verdes" title="Algues verdes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Algues verdes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumot_nga_berde" title="Lumot nga berde – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lumot nga berde" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelen%C3%A9_%C5%99asy" title="Zelené řasy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zelené řasy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnalge" title="Grünalge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grünalge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohevetikad" title="Rohevetikad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rohevetikad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B7" title="Χλωροφύκη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χλωροφύκη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga_verde" title="Alga verde – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alga verde" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verda_algo" title="Verda algo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Verda algo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga_berde" title="Alga berde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alga berde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="جلبک سبز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جلبک سبز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algue_verte" title="Algue verte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Algue verte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga%C3%AD_glasa" title="Algaí glasa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Algaí glasa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaghyn_glassey" title="Algaghyn glassey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Algaghyn glassey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algas_verdes" title="Algas verdes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Algas verdes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%83%89%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98" title="녹색조류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녹색조류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9_%D5%BB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կանաչ ջրիմուռներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանաչ ջրիմուռներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="हरित शैवाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हरित शैवाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelene_alge" title="Zelene alge – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zelene alge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga_hijau" title="Alga hijau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alga hijau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevz%C3%AAn_kesk" title="Kevzên kesk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kevzên kesk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C4%BCa%C4%BC%C4%A3es" title="Zaļaļģes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zaļaļģes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B6ldmoszatok" title="Zöldmoszatok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zöldmoszatok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Зелени алги – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зелени алги" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga_hijau" title="Alga hijau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alga hijau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%91%E8%97%BB" title="緑藻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="緑藻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Algen" title="Green Algen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Green Algen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algas_verdes" title="Algas verdes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Algas verdes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C4%83_verde" title="Algă verde – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Algă verde" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Green algae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelen%C3%A9_riasy" title="Zelené riasy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zelené riasy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelene_alge" title="Zelene alge – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zelene alge" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Зелене алге – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зелене алге" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelene_alge" title="Zelene alge – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zelene alge" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viherlev%C3%A4t" title="Viherlevät – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viherlevät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B6nalger" title="Grönalger – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grönalger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="สาหร่ายสีเขียว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาหร่ายสีเขียว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil_algler" title="Yeşil algler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeşil algler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Зелені водорості – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зелені водорості" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A3o_l%E1%BB%A5c" title="Tảo lục – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tảo lục" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%97%BB" title="绿藻 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="绿藻" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%97%BB" title="綠藻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="綠藻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For an explanation of its other names, see <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the bacteria commonly known as blue-green algae that can produce toxic blooms in lakes and other waters, see <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota biota-infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(180,250,180);">Green algae </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Green_algae.png/250px-Green_algae.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Green_algae.png/375px-Green_algae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Green_algae.png/500px-Green_algae.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" usemap="#ImageMap_06581bd219100015" resource="/wiki/File:Green_algae.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_06581bd219100015"><area href="/wiki/Picocystophyceae" shape="rect" coords="0,0,125,94" alt="Picocystophyceae" title="Picocystophyceae" /><area href="/wiki/Trebouxiophyceae" shape="rect" coords="0,94,125,188" alt="Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae" /><area href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" shape="rect" coords="0,188,125,281" alt="Klebsormidiophyceae" title="Klebsormidiophyceae" /><area href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" shape="rect" coords="0,281,125,375" alt="Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae" /><area href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" shape="rect" coords="125,0,250,94" alt="Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae" /><area href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" shape="rect" coords="125,94,250,188" alt="Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae" /><area href="/wiki/Charophyceae" shape="rect" coords="125,188,250,281" alt="Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae" /><area href="/wiki/Desmid" shape="rect" coords="125,281,250,375" alt="Desmid" title="Desmid" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section">Green algal diversity. From top left corner: <i>Picocystis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Picocystophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Picocystophyceae">Picocystophyceae</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Acetabularia" title="Acetabularia">Acetabularia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Botryococcus" title="Botryococcus">Botryococcus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Volvox" title="Volvox">Volvox</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidium" title="Klebsormidium">Klebsormidium</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Chara_(alga)" title="Chara (alga)">Chara</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Spirogyra" title="Spirogyra">Spirogyra</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Micrasterias" title="Micrasterias">Micrasterias</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(180,250,180);"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a><span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Viridiplantae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(180,250,180);">Groups included </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(180,250,180);"><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistically</a> included but traditionally excluded taxa </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227369696">.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox{text-align:left;width:200px;font-size:100%}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td:not(.image-section){padding:2px 10px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox th.section-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.section-content{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.list-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.taxon-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.image-section{text-align:center;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy{margin:0 auto;text-align:left;background:transparent;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy td{padding:1px}</style> <p>The <b>green algae</b> (<abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: <b>green alga</b>) are a group of <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>-containing <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophic</a> <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> consisting of the phylum <a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a> and its unnamed <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> that contains the <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Land_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Land plant">land plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophytes</a>) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alga as a sister of the <a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HuanLiu-2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuanLiu-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Delwiche-2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delwiche-2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the realization that the Embryophytes emerged within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them.<sup id="cite_ref-Delwiche-2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delwiche-2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruhfel-2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruhfel-2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (November 2021)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> The completed <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> that includes both green algae and embryophytes is <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> and is referred to as the clade <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> and as the kingdom <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>. The green algae include unicellular and colonial <a href="/wiki/Flagellate" title="Flagellate">flagellates</a>, most with two <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagella</a> per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid (spherical), and filamentous forms, and macroscopic, multicellular <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweeds</a>. There are about 22,000 species of green algae,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of which live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form <a href="/wiki/Coenobium_(morphology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenobium (morphology)">coenobia</a> (colonies), long filaments, or highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds. </p><p>A few other organisms rely on green algae to conduct <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> for them. The <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a> of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Lepidodinium" title="Lepidodinium">Lepidodinium</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Euglenid" title="Euglenid">euglenids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorarachniophyte" title="Chlorarachniophyte">chlorarachniophytes</a> were acquired from <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">ingested</a> <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">endosymbiont</a> green algae,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the latter retain a <a href="/wiki/Nucleomorph" title="Nucleomorph">nucleomorph</a> (vestigial nucleus). Green algae are also found symbiotically in the ciliate <i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium">Paramecium</a></i>, and in <i><a href="/wiki/Hydra_viridissima" title="Hydra viridissima">Hydra viridissima</a></i> and in <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a>. Some species of green algae, particularly of genera <i><a href="/wiki/Trebouxia" title="Trebouxia">Trebouxia</a></i> of the class <i><a href="/wiki/Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Trentepohlia_(alga)" title="Trentepohlia (alga)">Trentepohlia</a></i> (class <a href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a>), can be found in symbiotic associations with <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>. In general the fungal species that partner in lichens cannot live on their own, while the algal species is often found living in nature without the fungus. <i>Trentepohlia</i> is a filamentous green alga that can live independently on humid soil, rocks or tree bark or form the photosymbiont in lichens of the family <a href="/wiki/Graphidaceae" title="Graphidaceae">Graphidaceae</a>. Also the macroalga <i><a href="/wiki/Prasiola_calophylla" title="Prasiola calophylla">Prasiola calophylla</a></i> (Trebouxiophyceae) is terrestrial,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Prasiola_crispa" title="Prasiola crispa">Prasiola crispa</a></i>, which live in the <a href="/wiki/Supralittoral_zone" title="Supralittoral zone">supralittoral zone</a>, is terrestrial and can in the Antarctic form large carpets on humid soil, especially near bird colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cellular_structure">Cellular structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_algae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cellular structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green algae have chloroplasts that contain <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">chlorophyll <i>a</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_b" title="Chlorophyll b"><i>b</i></a>, giving them a bright green colour, as well as the accessory pigments <a href="/wiki/Beta_carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta carotene">beta carotene</a> (red-orange) and <a href="/wiki/Xanthophyll" title="Xanthophyll">xanthophylls</a> (yellow) in stacked <a href="/wiki/Thylakoid" title="Thylakoid">thylakoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_1991_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows_1991-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vandenHoek-1995_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandenHoek-1995-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a> of green algae usually contain <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, and they store carbohydrate in the form of <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd-2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All green algae have <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a> with flat <a href="/wiki/Cristae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristae">cristae</a>. When present, paired <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagella</a> are used to move the cell. They are anchored by a cross-shaped system of <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubules</a> and fibrous strands. Flagella are only present in the motile male gametes of <a href="/wiki/Charophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charophytes">charophytes</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bryophytes, pteridophytes, cycads and <i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a></i>, but are absent from the gametes of <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">flowering plants</a>. </p><p>Members of the class <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a> undergo closed mitosis in the most common form of cell division among the green algae, which occurs via a <a href="/wiki/Phycoplast" title="Phycoplast">phycoplast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pickett-Heaps-1976_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pickett-Heaps-1976-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Charophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Charophyte">charophyte</a> green algae and land plants (embryophytes) undergo open <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> without <a href="/wiki/Centriole" title="Centriole">centrioles</a>. Instead, a 'raft' of microtubules, the <a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">phragmoplast</a>, is formed from the <a href="/wiki/Mitotic_spindle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitotic spindle">mitotic spindle</a> and cell division involves the use of this <a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">phragmoplast</a> in the production of a <a href="/wiki/Cell_plate" title="Cell plate">cell plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-P_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_algae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photosynthetic eukaryotes originated following a primary <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiotic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosymbiotic theory">endosymbiotic</a> event, where a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacterium</a>-like prokaryote that became stably integrated and eventually evolved into a membrane-bound <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelle</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keeling-2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keeling-2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This primary endosymbiosis event gave rise to three <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophic</a> clades with primary plastids: the <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">(green) plants</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a>) the <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a> (with rhodoplasts) and the <a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">glaucophytes</a> (with muroplasts).<sup id="cite_ref-DeClerck-2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeClerck-2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_and_classification">Evolution and classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_algae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution and classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intertidal_greenalgae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Intertidal_greenalgae.jpg/220px-Intertidal_greenalgae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Intertidal_greenalgae.jpg/330px-Intertidal_greenalgae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Intertidal_greenalgae.jpg/440px-Intertidal_greenalgae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>A growth of the green seaweed <i><a href="/wiki/Sea_lettuce" title="Sea lettuce">Ulva</a></i> on rock substratum at the ocean shore; some green seaweeds like <i>Ulva</i> are quick to utilize inorganic <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> from <a href="/wiki/Land_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Land runoff">land runoff</a>, and thus can be indicators of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Green algae are often classified with their embryophyte descendants in the green plant <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Chlorobionta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorobionta">Chlorobionta</a>). Viridiplantae, together with red algae and <a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">glaucophyte</a> algae, form the supergroup Primoplantae, also known as <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> or Plantae <i>sensu lato</i>. The ancestral green alga was a unicellular flagellate.<sup id="cite_ref-Leliaert-2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leliaert-2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Viridiplantae diverged into two clades. The <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a> include the early diverging <a href="/wiki/Prasinophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasinophyceae">prasinophyte</a> lineages and the core Chlorophyta, which contain the majority of described species of green algae. The <a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a> include <a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">charophytes</a> and land plants. Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships, mainly based on molecular data.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leliaert-2012_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leliaert-2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marin-2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marin-2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laurin-Lemay-2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurin-Lemay-2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruhfel-2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruhfel-2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gitzendanner-2018_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gitzendanner-2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lemieux-2000_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemieux-2000-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HuanLiu-2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuanLiu-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (November 2021)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a>/ </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Palmophyllophyceae" title="Palmophyllophyceae">Palmophyllophyceae</a> (prasinophyte clade VI) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Prasinoderma" title="Prasinoderma">Prasinodermophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">core Chlorophyta </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Chlorophytina" title="Chlorophytina">Chlorophytina</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chlorodendrales" title="Chlorodendrales">Chlorodendrophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pedinophyceae" title="Pedinophyceae">Pedinophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Prasinophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasinophyceae">Prasinophytes</a> Clade VIIA </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Prasinophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasinophyceae">Prasinophytes</a> Clade VIIC </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pycnococcaceae" title="Pycnococcaceae">Pycnococcaceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nephroselmidophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephroselmidophyceae">Nephroselmidophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mamiellophyceae" title="Mamiellophyceae">Mamiellophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pyramimonadales" title="Pyramimonadales">Pyramimonadales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a>/ </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Spirotaenia" title="Spirotaenia">Spirotaenia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptofilum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Streptofilum (page does not exist)">Streptofilum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiales" title="Klebsormidiales">Klebsormidiophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplastophyta" title="Phragmoplastophyta">Phragmoplastophyta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetales" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleochaetales">Coleochaetophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zygnematales" title="Zygnematales">Zygnematophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mesotaeniaceae" title="Mesotaeniaceae">Mesotaeniaceae</a> s.s. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a> (land plants) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><b>green algae</b> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The basal character of the Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and <i>spirotaenia</i> are only more conventionally basal Streptophytes. </p><p>The algae of this paraphyletic group "Charophyta" were previously included in Chlorophyta, so green algae and Chlorophyta in this definition were synonyms. As the green algae clades get further resolved, the embryophytes, which are a deep charophyte branch, are included in "<a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>", "green algae" and "<a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophytes</a>", or these terms are replaced by cladistic terminology such as <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>/<a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">streptophytes</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_algae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algaeconjugate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Algaeconjugate.jpg/220px-Algaeconjugate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Algaeconjugate.jpg/330px-Algaeconjugate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Algaeconjugate.jpg/440px-Algaeconjugate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Green algae conjugating</figcaption></figure> <p>Green algae are a group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms that include species with haplobiontic and diplobiontic life cycles. The diplobiontic species, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sea_lettuce" title="Sea lettuce">Ulva</a></i>, follow a reproductive cycle called <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">alternation of generations</a> in which two multicellular forms, haploid and diploid, alternate, and these may or may not be isomorphic (having the same morphology). In haplobiontic species only the haploid generation, the <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> is multicellular. The fertilized egg cell, the diploid <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>, undergoes <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>, giving rise to haploid cells which will become new gametophytes. The diplobiontic forms, which evolved from haplobiontic ancestors, have both a multicellular haploid generation and a multicellular diploid generation. Here the zygote divides repeatedly by <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> and grows into a multicellular diploid <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a>. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis that germinate to produce a multicellular gametophyte. All <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">land plants</a> have a diplobiontic common ancestor, and diplobiontic forms have also evolved independently within <a href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a> more than once (as has also occurred in the red and brown algae).<sup id="cite_ref-Trillo-2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trillo-2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diplobiontic green algae include isomorphic and heteromorphic forms. In isomorphic algae, the morphology is identical in the haploid and diploid generations. In heteromorphic algae, the morphology and size are different in the gametophyte and sporophyte.<sup id="cite_ref-Bessho-2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bessho-2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reproduction varies from fusion of identical cells (<a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">isogamy</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilization</a> of a large non-motile cell by a smaller motile one (<a href="/wiki/Oogamy" title="Oogamy">oogamy</a>). However, these traits show some variation, most notably among the basal green algae called <a href="/wiki/Prasinophyte" title="Prasinophyte">prasinophytes</a>. </p><p>Haploid algal cells (containing only one copy of their DNA) can fuse with other haploid cells to form diploid zygotes. When filamentous algae do this, they form bridges between cells, and leave empty cell walls behind that can be easily distinguished under the light microscope. This process is called <i>conjugation</i> and occurs for example in <i><a href="/wiki/Spirogyra" title="Spirogyra">Spirogyra</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_pheromone">Sex pheromone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_algae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sex pheromone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sex_pheromone" title="Sex pheromone">Sex pheromone</a> production is likely a common feature of green algae, although only studied in detail in a few model organisms. <i><a href="/wiki/Volvox" title="Volvox">Volvox</a></i> is a genus of <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">chlorophytes</a>. Different species form spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells. One well-studied species, <i><a href="/wiki/Volvox_carteri" title="Volvox carteri">Volvox carteri</a></i> (2,000 – 6,000 cells) occupies temporary pools of water that tend to dry out in the heat of late summer. As their environment dries out, asexual <i>V. carteri</i> quickly die. However, they are able to escape death by switching, shortly before drying is complete, to the sexual phase of their life cycle that leads to production of dormant desiccation-resistant <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygotes</a>. Sexual development is initiated by a <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoprotein</a> pheromone (Hallmann et al., 1998). This pheromone is one of the most potent known biological effector molecules. It can trigger sexual development at concentrations as low as 10<sup>−16</sup>M.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallmann-1998_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallmann-1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirk and Kirk<sup id="cite_ref-Kirk-1986_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirk-1986-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that sex-inducing pheromone production can be triggered experimentally in <a href="/wiki/Somatic_(biology)" title="Somatic (biology)">somatic</a> cells by <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat shock">heat shock</a>. Thus heat shock may be a condition that ordinarily triggers sex-inducing pheromone in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallmann-1998_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallmann-1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale (C. psl)</i> complex is a unicellular, isogamous <a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">charophycean</a> alga group that is the closest unicellular relative to land plants. <a href="/wiki/Heterothallic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterothallic">Heterothallic</a> strains of different <a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">mating type</a> can conjugate to form <a href="/wiki/Zygospore" title="Zygospore">zygospores</a>. Sex pheromones termed protoplast-release inducing proteins (glycopolypeptides) produced by mating-type (-) and mating-type (+) cells facilitate this process.<sup id="cite_ref-Sekimoto-1990_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sekimoto-1990-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_algae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The green algae, including the characean algae, have served as <a href="/wiki/Model_experimental_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Model experimental organism">model experimental organisms</a> to understand the mechanisms of the ionic and water permeability of membranes, <a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">osmoregulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turgor" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgor">turgor</a> regulation, <a href="/wiki/Halophyte" title="Halophyte">salt tolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasmic_streaming" title="Cytoplasmic streaming">cytoplasmic streaming</a>, and the generation of <a href="/wiki/Action_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Action potentials">action potentials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_algae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HuanLiu-2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HuanLiu-2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuanLiu-2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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"Heteromorphic and isomorphic alternations of generations in macroalgae as adaptations to a seasonal environment". <i>Evolutionary Ecology Research</i>. <b>11</b>: 691–711. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46519857">46519857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Ecology+Research&rft.atitle=Heteromorphic+and+isomorphic+alternations+of+generations+in+macroalgae+as+adaptations+to+a+seasonal+environment&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=691-711&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46519857%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bessho&rft.aufirst=Kazuhiro&rft.au=Iwasa%2C+Yoh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+algae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hallmann-1998-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hallmann-1998_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hallmann-1998_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallmannGodlWenzlSumper1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hallmann A, Godl K, Wenzl S, Sumper M (May 1998). "The highly efficient sex-inducing pheromone system of Volvox". <i>Trends in Microbiology</i>. <b>6</b> (5): 185–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0966-842x%2898%2901234-7">10.1016/s0966-842x(98)01234-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9614342">9614342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+highly+efficient+sex-inducing+pheromone+system+of+Volvox&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=185-9&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0966-842x%2898%2901234-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9614342&rft.aulast=Hallmann&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Godl%2C+K&rft.au=Wenzl%2C+S&rft.au=Sumper%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+algae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirk-1986-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kirk-1986_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkKirk1986" class="citation journal cs1">Kirk DL, Kirk MM (January 1986). "Heat shock elicits production of sexual inducer in Volvox". <i>Science</i>. <b>231</b> (4733): 51–4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...231...51K">1986Sci...231...51K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.3941891">10.1126/science.3941891</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3941891">3941891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Heat+shock+elicits+production+of+sexual+inducer+in+Volvox&rft.volume=231&rft.issue=4733&rft.pages=51-4&rft.date=1986-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3941891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.3941891&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Sci...231...51K&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=DL&rft.au=Kirk%2C+MM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+algae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sekimoto-1990-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sekimoto-1990_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekimotoSatohFujii1990" class="citation journal cs1">Sekimoto H, Satoh S, Fujii T (October 1990). "Biochemical and physiological properties of a protein inducing protoplast release during conjugation in theClosterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale complex". <i>Planta</i>. <b>182</b> (3): 348–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02411384">10.1007/BF02411384</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24197184">24197184</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1999634">1999634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planta&rft.atitle=Biochemical+and+physiological+properties+of+a+protein+inducing+protoplast+release+during+conjugation+in+theClosterium+peracerosum-strigosum-littorale+complex&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=348-54&rft.date=1990-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1999634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24197184&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02411384&rft.aulast=Sekimoto&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Satoh%2C+S&rft.au=Fujii%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+algae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTazawa2010" class="citation book cs1">Tazawa M (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iMxH0-q42PkC&pg=PA31">"Sixty Years Research with Characean Cells: Fascinating Material for Plant Cell Biology"</a>. <i>Progress in Botany 72</i>. Vol. 72. pp. 5–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-13145-5_1">10.1007/978-3-642-13145-5_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-13145-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-13145-5"><bdi>978-3-642-13145-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sixty+Years+Research+with+Characean+Cells%3A+Fascinating+Material+for+Plant+Cell+Biology&rft.btitle=Progress+in+Botany+72&rft.pages=5-34&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-13145-5_1&rft.isbn=978-3-642-13145-5&rft.aulast=Tazawa&rft.aufirst=Masashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiMxH0-q42PkC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+algae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_algae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060921203727/http://home.arcor.de/stefan.wic/diplomarbeit.pdf#search=%22%22stefan%20wic%22%22/">Green algae and cyanobacteria in lichens</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070213103838/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html">Green algae (UC Berkeley)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206081452/http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/flora/green.htm">Monterey Bay green algae</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu lato; in the broad sense"><i>s.l.</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaeplastida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picomonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Picomonas">Picomonas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">Rhodophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(red algae)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanidiophyceae" title="Cyanidiophyceae">Cyanidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyridiophyceae" title="Porphyridiophyceae">Porphyridiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylonematophyceae" title="Stylonematophyceae">Stylonematophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsopogonophyceae" title="Compsopogonophyceae">Compsopogonophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodellophyceae" title="Rhodellophyceae">Rhodellophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiophyceae" title="Bangiophyceae">Bangiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florideophyceae" title="Florideophyceae">Florideophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucocystophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algospongia" title="Algospongia">Algospongia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu stricto; in the strict sense"><i>s.s.</i></span></a><br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">green algae</a> &<br /> land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prasinodermophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasinoderma" title="Prasinoderma">Prasinodermophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmophyllophyceae" title="Palmophyllophyceae">Palmophyllophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Prasinophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamiellophyceae" title="Mamiellophyceae">Mamiellophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramimonadophyceae" title="Pyramimonadophyceae">Pyramimonadophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Chlorophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephroselmidaceae" title="Nephroselmidaceae">Nephroselmidophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocystis" title="Picocystis">Picocystophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloropicophyceae">Chloropicophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedinophyceae" title="Pedinophyceae">Pedinophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodendrales" title="Chlorodendrales">Chlorodendrophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC_clade" title="UTC clade">UTC clade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirotaenia" title="Spirotaenia">Spirotaenia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phragmoplastophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplastophyta" title="Phragmoplastophyta">Phragmoplastophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Anydrophyta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div id="Embryophytes_or_Plantae_sensu_strictissimo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophytes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="in the strictest sense"><i>sensu strictissimo</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bryophytes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(liverworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplomitriopsida" title="Haplomitriopsida">Haplomitriopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiopsida" title="Marchantiopsida">Marchantiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungermanniopsida" title="Jungermanniopsida">Jungermanniopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(hornworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leiosporoceros" title="Leiosporoceros">Leiosporocerotopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(mosses)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takakia" title="Takakia">Takakiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphagnopsida" title="Sphagnopsida">Sphagnopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeobryum" title="Andreaeobryum">Andreaeobryopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeaceae" title="Andreaeaceae">Andreaeopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipodium" title="Oedipodium">Oedipodiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraphidaceae" title="Tetraphidaceae">Tetraphidopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytrichaceae" title="Polytrichaceae">Polytrichopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryopsida" title="Bryopsida">Bryopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -55px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Polysporangiophyte" title="Polysporangiophyte">Polysporangiophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Protracheophytes*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Protracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Horneophytopsida" title="Horneophytopsida">Horneophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Aglaophyton" title="Aglaophyton">Aglaophyton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(vascular plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Paratracheophytes*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Paratracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooksoniopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooksoniopsida (page does not exist)">Cooksoniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Rhyniophyte" title="Rhyniophyte">Rhyniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaliales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaliales (page does not exist)">Renaliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Eutracheophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lycophytes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Barinophyte" title="Barinophyte">Barinophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Zosterophyll" title="Zosterophyll">Zosterophyllopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">Lycopodiopsida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lycopodiaceae" title="Lycopodiaceae">clubmosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">spikemosses</a> & <a href="/wiki/Isoetes" title="Isoetes">quillworts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyte" title="Euphyllophyte">Euphyllophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Eophyllophyton" title="Eophyllophyton">Eophyllophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Trimerophytopsida" title="Trimerophytopsida">Trimerophytopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moniliformopses" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Moniliformopses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibykales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibykales (page does not exist)">Ibykales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cladoxylopsida" title="Cladoxylopsida">Cladoxylopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiopsida</a> (ferns and <a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">horsetails</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Lignophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Progymnosperms*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Progymnosperm" title="Progymnosperm">Progymnosperms</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noeggerathiopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noeggerathiopsida (page does not exist)">Noeggerathiopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aneurophytopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aneurophytopsida (page does not exist)">Aneurophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeopteridopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeopteridopsida (page does not exist)">Archaeopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopityales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protopityales (page does not exist)">Protopityales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(seed plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">Pteridosperms</a><span class="nobold">*</span><br /><span class="nobold">(seed ferns)<br />and other extinct<br /> seed plant groups</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Calamopityales" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamopityales">Calamopityales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Callistophytales" title="Callistophytales">Callistophytales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Caytoniales" title="Caytoniales">Caytoniales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cordaitales" title="Cordaitales">Cordaitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Corystospermaceae" title="Corystospermaceae">Corystospermales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Czekanowskiales" title="Czekanowskiales">Czekanowskiales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gigantopteridales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantopteridales">Gigantopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Glossopteridales" title="Glossopteridales">Glossopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Lyginopteridales" title="Lyginopteridales">Lyginopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Medullosales" title="Medullosales">Medullosales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Peltaspermales" title="Peltaspermales">Peltaspermopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pentoxylales" title="Pentoxylales">Pentoxylopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petriellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petriellales (page does not exist)">Petriellales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Acrogymnospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(living gymnosperms)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycadopsida (cycads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales (<i>Ginkgo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida (conifers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(flowering plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Core angiosperms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li> <li>† = <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_plant_orders" title="List of plant orders">List of plant orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant#Current_definitions_of_Plantae" title="Plant">Current definitions of Plantae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table 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