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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_experimentation_and_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_experimentation_and_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Political experimentation and nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_experimentation_and_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_politics_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_politics_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>National politics and resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_politics_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985–91)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985–91)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union (1985–91)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985–91)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_Georgia_(1995–2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_Georgia_(1995–2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>President of Georgia (1995–2003)</span> </div> </a> <button 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Downfall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death and funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Foreign honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Honorary degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links and sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eduard Shevardnadze</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B2%D9%87" title="إدوارد شيفردنادزه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد شيفردنادزه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%87%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%A7" title="Էտուարտ Շեւարտնաձէ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Էտուարտ Շեւարտնաձէ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%9Eevardnadze" title="Eduard Şevardnadze – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eduard Şevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87" title="এডুয়ার্ড শেভার্দনাদজে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডুয়ার্ড শেভার্দনাদজে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Шеварднадзе Эдуард Амвросиевич – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шеварднадзе Эдуард Амвросиевич" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Эдуард Шэварднадзэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдуард Шэварднадзэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Эдуард Шэварнадзэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эдуард Шэварнадзэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Едуард Шеварднадзе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард Шеварднадзе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Xevardnadze" title="Eduard Xevardnadze – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eduard Xevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadse" title="Eduard Sjevardnadse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eduard Sjevardnadse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Schewardnadse" title="Eduard Schewardnadse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eduard Schewardnadse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B5" title="Έντβαρντ Σεβαρντνάτζε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντβαρντ Σεβαρντνάτζε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%9Cevardnadze" title="Eduard Ŝevardnadze – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eduard Ŝevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Xevardnadze" title="Eduard Xevardnadze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eduard Xevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B2%D9%87" title="ادوارد شواردنادزه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد شواردنادزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Chevardnadze" title="Edouard Chevardnadze – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edouard Chevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%91%90%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C_%EC%85%B0%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%82%98%EC%A0%9C" title="에두아르드 셰바르드나제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에두아르드 셰바르드나제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%87%D6%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%A5" title="Էդուարդ Շևարդնաձե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդուարդ Շևարդնաձե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D1%84%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82" title="Шеварднадзе, Эдуард Амвросийы фырт – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шеварднадзе, Эдуард Амвросийы фырт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadse" title="Eduard Sjevardnadse – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eduard Sjevardnadse" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%96%D7%94" title="אדוארד שוורדנדזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד שוורדנדזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94" title="ედუარდ შევარდნაძე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედუარდ შევარდნაძე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Эдуард Амвросиевич Шеварднадзе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эдуард Амвросиевич Шеварднадзе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Шеварнадзе Эдуарт Амвросиевич – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шеварнадзе Эдуарт Амвросиевич" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardus_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduardus Ševardnadze – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eduardus Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduards_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduards Ševardnadze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eduards Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Schewardnadse" title="Eduard Schewardnadse – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eduard Schewardnadse" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шеварднадзе Эдуард Амвросиян хва – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Шеварднадзе Эдуард Амвросиян хва" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardas_%C5%A0evardnadz%C4%97" title="Eduardas Ševardnadzė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eduardas Ševardnadzė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sevardnadze" title="Eduard Sevardnadze – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eduard Sevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87" title="एदुआर्द शेवार्दनात्झे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एदुआर्द शेवार्दनात्झे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94" title="ედუარდ შევარდნაძე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ედუარდ შევარდნაძე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B2%D9%87" title="ادوارد شيفردنادزه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد شيفردنادزه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Эдуард Шэварднадзэ – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эдуард Шэварднадзэ" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Эдуард Шеварднадзе – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эдуард Шеварднадзе" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoeard_Sjevardnadze" title="Edoeard Sjevardnadze – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edoeard Sjevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%82%BC" title="エドゥアルド・シェワルナゼ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドゥアルド・シェワルナゼ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadse" title="Eduard Sjevardnadse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eduard Sjevardnadse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadze" title="Eduard Sjevardnadze – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eduard Sjevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoard_Shevardnadze" title="Edoard Shevardnadze – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edoard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%88%D8%B2%DB%92" title="ایڈورڈ شیورڈناڈزے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈورڈ شیورڈناڈزے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Szewardnadze" title="Eduard Szewardnadze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eduard Szewardnadze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C8%98evardnadze" title="Eduard Șevardnadze – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eduard Șevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Шеварднадзе, Эдуард Амвросиевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шеварднадзе, Эдуард Амвросиевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnaxe" title="Eduard Shevardnaxe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eduard Shevardnaxe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Szewardnadze" title="Eduard Szewardnadze – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Eduard Szewardnadze" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Едуард Шеварднадзе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едуард Шеварднадзе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evarnadze" title="Eduard Ševarnadze – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eduard Ševarnadze" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Sjevardnadze" title="Eduard Sjevardnadze – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eduard Sjevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87" title="எதுவார்து செவர்துநாத்சே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எதுவார்து செவர்துநாத்சே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Эдуард Шеварднадзе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эдуард Шеварднадзе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B" title="เอดูอาร์ด เชวาร์ดนัดเซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอดูอาร์ด เชวาร์ดนัดเซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%9Eevardnadze" title="Eduard Şevardnadze – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eduard Şevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Шеварднадзе Едуард Амвросійович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шеварднадзе Едуард Амвросійович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%88%D8%B2%DB%92" title="ایڈورڈ شیورڈناڈزے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈورڈ شیورڈناڈزے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Eduard Shevardnadze" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%B3%E6%B3%BD" title="爱德华·谢瓦尔德纳泽 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱德华·谢瓦尔德纳泽" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%8D%E6%BE%A4" title="謝瓦爾德納澤 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="謝瓦爾德納澤" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%B3%E6%B3%BD" title="爱德华·谢瓦尔德纳泽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱德华·谢瓦尔德纳泽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0evardnadze" title="Eduard Ševardnadze – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Eduard Ševardnadze" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q151929#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Georgian politician and diplomat (1928–2014)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shevardnadze" redirects here. For other people with the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Shevardnadze_(surname)" title="Shevardnadze (surname)">Shevardnadze (surname)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Eduard Shevardnadze</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/GCMG" class="mw-redirect" title="GCMG">GCMG</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ka"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">ედუარდ შევარდნაძე</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduard_shevardnadze_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eduard_shevardnadze_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Eduard_shevardnadze_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eduard_shevardnadze_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Eduard_shevardnadze_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eduard_shevardnadze_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Eduard_shevardnadze_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1697" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Shevardnadze in 1997</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President of Georgia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 November 1995 – 23 November 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Georgian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Georgian Parliament">Chairman of the Georgian Parliament</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 November 1992 – 26 November 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Parliament established; <div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">Himself as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of Georgia">State Council of Georgia</a></div></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zurab_Zhvania" title="Zurab Zhvania">Zurab Zhvania</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of Georgia">State Council of Georgia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 March 1992 – 4 November 1992</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>State Council established; <div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Military_Council_(Georgia)" title="Military Council (Georgia)">Military Council</a> as interim head of state</div></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>State Council abolished; <div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">Himself as Chairman of the Georgian Parliament</div></i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union">Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 November 1991 – 26 December 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Ivan Silayev</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pankin" title="Boris Pankin">Boris Pankin</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 July 1985 – 20 December 1990</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Nikolai Ryzhkov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bessmertnykh_(politician)" title="Alexander Bessmertnykh (politician)">Aleksandr Bessmertnykh</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Georgian_Communist_Party" title="First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party">First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 September 1972 – 6 July 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Vasil Mzhavanadze</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jumber_Patiashvili" title="Jumber Patiashvili">Jumber Patiashvili</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Full member of the <a href="/wiki/26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th</a> and <a href="/wiki/27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th Politburo</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 July 1985 – 14 July 1990</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Internal_Affairs_of_Georgia" title="Minister of Internal Affairs of Georgia">Minister of Internal Affairs of the Georgian SSR</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 May 1965 – 1972</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Otar Kavtanadze</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Konstantin Ketiladze</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1928-01-25</span>)</span>25 January 1928<br /><a href="/wiki/Mamati" title="Mamati">Mamati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasian SFSR</a>, Soviet Union (now <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 July 2014<span style="display:none">(2014-07-07)</span> (aged 86)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet</a> (until <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">1991</a>)</li> <li>Georgian (from 1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Georgia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Georgia (Soviet Union)">Communist Party of the Georgian SSR</a> <span class="nowrap">(1948–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> <span class="nowrap">(1948–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> <span class="nowrap">(1991–1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Citizens_of_Georgia" title="Union of Citizens of Georgia">Union of Citizens</a> <span class="nowrap">(1995–2003)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nanuli_Shevardnadze" title="Nanuli Shevardnadze">Nanuli Tsagareishvili</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1951; died 2004)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Paata <br />Manana</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Shevardnadze" title="Sophie Shevardnadze">Sophie Shevardnadze</a> (granddaughter)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Honours_and_awards">§ Honours and awards</a></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduard_Shevardnadze_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eduard Shevardnadze's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eduard_Shevardnadze_signature.svg/128px-Eduard_Shevardnadze_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eduard_Shevardnadze_signature.svg/192px-Eduard_Shevardnadze_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eduard_Shevardnadze_signature.svg/256px-Eduard_Shevardnadze_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="140" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1964–1972</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_A_F6MajGen_since_2010par.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/RAF_A_F6MajGen_since_2010par.svg/6px-RAF_A_F6MajGen_since_2010par.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/RAF_A_F6MajGen_since_2010par.svg/9px-RAF_A_F6MajGen_since_2010par.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/RAF_A_F6MajGen_since_2010par.svg/12px-RAF_A_F6MajGen_since_2010par.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">Major general</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Ministry of Public Order of the Georgian SSR <span class="nowrap">(1965–1968)</span></li> <li>Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Georgian SSR <span class="nowrap">(1968–1972)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eduard Ambrosis dze Shevardnadze</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">ედუარდ ამბროსის ძე შევარდნაძე</span></span>; 25 January 1928 – 7 July 2014) was a Soviet and <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> politician and diplomat who governed <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> for several non-consecutive periods from 1972 until his resignation in 2003 and also served as the final <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs">Soviet minister of foreign affairs</a> from 1985 to 1990. </p><p>Shevardnadze started his political career in the late 1940s as a leading member of his local <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> organisation. He was later appointed its Second Secretary, then its First Secretary. His rise in the Georgian Soviet hierarchy continued until 1961 when he was demoted after he insulted a senior official. After spending two years in obscurity, Shevardnadze returned as a First Secretary of a <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> city district, and was able to charge the Tbilisi First Secretary at the time with corruption. His anti-corruption work quickly garnered the interest of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet government">Soviet government</a> and Shevardnadze was appointed as First Deputy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Georgian SSR. He would later become the head of the internal affairs ministry and was able to charge First Secretary (leader of Soviet Georgia) <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Vasil Mzhavanadze</a> with corruption. </p><p>He served as <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Georgian_Communist_Party" title="First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party">First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party</a> (GPC) from 1972 to 1985, which made him the <i>de facto</i> leader of Georgia. As First Secretary, Shevardnadze started several economic reforms, which would spur economic growth in the republic—an uncommon occurrence in the Soviet Union because the country was experiencing a <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">nationwide economic stagnation</a>. Shevardnadze's anti-corruption campaign continued until he resigned from his office as First Secretary. </p><p>In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> appointed Shevardnadze to the post of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>. He served in this position, except for a brief interruption between 1990 and 1991, until the fall of the Soviet Union. During this time, only Gorbachev would outrank Shevardnadze in importance in Soviet foreign policy. Shevardnadze was responsible for many key decisions in Soviet foreign policy during the <a href="/wiki/Gorbachev_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorbachev era">Gorbachev era</a>, and was seen by the outside world as the face of Soviet reforms such as <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union's collapse</a> in 1991, Shevardnadze returned to the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Georgia">Republic of Georgia</a>, after being asked to lead the country by the <a href="/wiki/Military_Council_(Georgia)" title="Military Council (Georgia)">Military Council</a>, which had recently <a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_Georgian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état">deposed</a> the country's first president, <a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a>. In 1992 Shevardnadze became the leader of Georgia (as Chairman of Parliament). He was formally elected as president in 1995. Under his rule, the peace treaty was signed in <a href="/wiki/Sochi_agreement" title="Sochi agreement">Sochi</a>, which ended <a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_South_Ossetia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1991–1992 South Ossetia War">military hostilities</a> in South Ossetia, although Georgia lost effective control over a large part of the territory. In August 1992 the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">war</a> broke out in Abkhazia, which Georgia also lost. Shevardnadze also headed the government in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">civil war</a> in 1993 against pro-Gamsakhurdia forces, which did not recognize Shevardnadze as a legitimate leader and tried to regain power. Shevardnadze signed Georgia up to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>, in return receiving help from Russia to end the conflict, although Georgia also deepened its ties with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the United States. It joined the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> in 1999 and declared its intention to join <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 2002. Shevardnadze oversaw large-scale <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> and other political and economic changes. His rule was marked by rampant corruption and accusations of nepotism. Allegations of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2003_Georgian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Georgian legislative election">2003 legislative election</a> led to a series of public protests and demonstrations colloquially known as the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a>. Eventually, Shevardnadze agreed to resign. He later published his memoirs and lived in relative obscurity until he died in 2014. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eduard Shevardnadze was born on 25 January 1928, in <a href="/wiki/Mamati" title="Mamati">Mamati</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasian SFSR</a>, which was a constituent republic of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. His father Ambrose was a teacher and a devoted communist and party official. His mother had little respect for the communist government and opposed both Shevardnadze's and his father's party careers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eduard was a cousin of the Georgian painter and intellectual <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Shevardnadze" title="Dimitri Shevardnadze">Dimitri Shevardnadze</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">purged</a> under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, his father was arrested but was later released because of the intervention of an <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> officer who had been Ambrose's pupil.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948 at the age of twenty, Shevardnadze joined the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Communist Party">Georgian Communist Party</a> (GCP) and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (CPSU). He rose steadily through the ranks of the Georgian <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> and after serving a term as Second Secretary, he became its First Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-sixth_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixth-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his Komsomol First Secretaryship, Shevardnadze met <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> for his first time.<sup id="cite_ref-shetwo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shetwo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shevardnadze said he grew disillusioned with the Soviet political system following <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Secret_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Speech">Secret Speech</a>" to the <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th CPSU Congress</a>. Like many Soviet people, Shevardnadze was horrified by the crimes perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet government">Soviet government</a>'s response to the <a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">1956 Georgian demonstrations</a> shocked him even more.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was demoted in 1961 by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Georgian_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politburo of the Georgian Communist Party (page does not exist)">Politburo of the Georgian Communist Party</a> after offending a senior official.<sup id="cite_ref-sixth_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixth-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his demotion Shevardnadze endured several years of obscurity before returning to attention as a First Secretary of a city district in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shevardnadze challenged Tbilisi First Secretary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otari_Lolashvili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otari Lolashvili (page does not exist)">Otari Lolashvili</a>, and later charged him with corruption. Shevardnadze left party work after his appointment as First Deputy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian SSR">Georgian SSR</a> in 1964. It was his successful attempt at jailing Lolashvili, which got him promoted to the post of First Deputyship. In 1965, Shevardnadze was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs of the Georgian SSR. After initiating a successful anti-corruption campaign supported by the Soviet government, Shevardnadze was voted as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Secretary_of_the_Georgian_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party (page does not exist)">Second Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fifth_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifth-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shevardnadze's anti-corruption campaign increased public enmity against him.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these campaigns garnered the interest of the Soviet government,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in turn, his promotion to the First Secretaryship after <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Vasil Mzhavanadze</a>'s resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-fifth_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifth-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, Shevardnadze married <a href="/wiki/Nanuli_Shevardnadze" title="Nanuli Shevardnadze">Nanuli Shevardnadze</a>, whose father was killed by the authorities at the height of the purge. At first, Nanuli rejected Shevardnadze's marriage proposal, fearing that her family background would ruin Shevardnadze's party career. These fears were well justified; many other couples died for the same reason.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 25 July 1972 and 29 September 1972, Shevardnadze served as the first secretary of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tbilisi City Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia (page does not exist)">Tbilisi City Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Secretary_of_the_GCP_(1972–85)"><span id="First_Secretary_of_the_GCP_.281972.E2.80.9385.29"></span>First Secretary of the GCP (1972–85)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First Secretary of the GCP (1972–85)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espionage_den04_50.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Espionage_den04_50.png/220px-Espionage_den04_50.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Espionage_den04_50.png/330px-Espionage_den04_50.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Espionage_den04_50.png/440px-Espionage_den04_50.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>Original CIA file on Shevardnadze, seized from the former <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">United States Embassy in Tehran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Shevardnadze was appointed to the First Secretaryship of the Georgian Communist Party by the Soviet government; he was tasked with suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Grey_market" title="Grey market">grey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black-market</a> capitalism that had grown under his predecessor Vasil Mzhavanadze's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-corruption_campaigns">Anti-corruption campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anti-corruption campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shevardnadze's rapid rise in Soviet Georgia's political hierarchy was the result of his campaign against corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-fifth_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifth-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout most of Shevardnadze's leadership, anti-corruption campaigns were central to his authority and policy. By the time Shevardnadze had become leader, Georgia was the Soviet republic most afflicted by corruption. The rule of Vasil Mzhavanadze had been characterised by weak leadership, nepotism, <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>, and bribery pervading the upper echelons of power.<sup id="cite_ref-fifth_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifth-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Georgia, corruption had been allowed to thrive, leading to serious deformations in the system; for example only 68 per cent of Georgian goods were exported legally, while the percentage of goods exported legally from other Soviet Republics approached 100 per cent. Shevardnadze rallied support for his anti-corruption campaigns by establishing the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Study_of_Public_Opinion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Study of Public Opinion (page does not exist)">Study of Public Opinion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To combat corruption, he engaged in <a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">subterfuge</a>; after halting all exports he dressed himself as a peasant and drove a car filled with tomatoes through the border.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his personal subterfuge, the entire Georgian border police was purged. While never proven, it is said that after taking office, Shevardnadze asked all leading officials to show their left hands and ordered those who used Western-produced watches to replace them with Soviet ones. This story portrayed Shevardnadze as an active battler against corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-second_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His campaign against corruption was largely unsuccessful and when he returned to Georgia in 1992, corruption was still a huge problem.<sup id="cite_ref-third_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Shevardnadze's rule, Georgia was one of several Soviet Republics that did not experience <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">economic stagnation</a>, instead experiencing rapid economic growth. By 1974, industrial output had increased by 9.6 per cent and agricultural output had increased by 18 per cent. The <a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">shortage economy</a>, which had evolved into a prevalent problem in other parts of the Soviet Union, had nearly disappeared in Georgia. Long food queues in Tbilisi had shortened while those in Moscow had lengthened. Some of Shevardnadze's economic policies were adopted nationally by the Soviet government.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, Shevardnadze launched an agricultural reform in <a href="/wiki/Abasha" title="Abasha">Abasha</a>, popularly referred to as the "Abasha experiment". This reform was inspired by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a>'s agricultural policy in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a>, which returned agricultural decision-making to the local level of governance. Shevardnadze merged all Abasha agricultural institutions into a single entity and established a new remuneration system. If a farmer fulfilled the five-year plan early, he would be awarded a share of the crops. The policy had a positive effect on the Georgian economy and because of the large increase of agricultural output in Abasha, the reform was introduced elsewhere in the republic. The agricultural reform in Georgia became the model of the nationwide Agricultural-Industrial Organisations established by a decree in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-first_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shevardnadze took much of the credit for Georgia's economic performance under his rule. Seven months before his promotion to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Soviet Foreign Affairs Ministership</a>, Shevardnadze said there were thirty or more economic experiments operating in Georgia, which he said would further democratise the economic management.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_experimentation_and_nationalism">Political experimentation and nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political experimentation and nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shevardnadze was a strong supporter of political reform in the Georgian SSR. He created agencies attached to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Georgian_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Committee of the Georgian Communist Party (page does not exist)">Central Committee of the Georgian Communist Party</a> whose main task was studying, analysing and moulding public opinion. These agencies worked closely with Georgia's <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">communications networks</a> and media; government ministers and Shevardnadze were regularly interviewed live on television.<sup id="cite_ref-second_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shevardnadze criticised flattery in Georgia and said he and his government's activities needed to be criticised more often, especially during party congresses.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He showed himself, even before Mikhail Gorbachev's rise to power, to be a firm supporter of people's democracy—i.e. power from below.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previous Soviet Georgian rulers had given in to nationalist favouritism to the <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>; Shevardnadze was against this policy of favouritism. Therefore, his nationalistic policy is considered controversial in Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/w/index.php?title=25th_Congress_of_the_Georgian_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25th Congress of the Georgian Communist Party (page does not exist)">25th Congress of the Georgian Communist Party</a>, Shevardnadze told the congress, "for Georgians, the sun rises not in the east, but in the north—in Russia".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shevardnadze saw "extreme nationalism", coupled with corruption and inefficiencies within the system, as one of the main obstacles to economic growth. During his rule he condemned what he considered "national narrow-mindedness and isolation" and writers who published works with nationalistic overtones. The 1970s saw an increase in nationalistic tendencies in Georgian society. The <a href="/wiki/1978_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1978 Georgian demonstrations">1978 Georgian demonstrations</a> were sparked by the Soviet government's decision to amend the Georgian constitution and remove the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian language</a> as the sole state language in the republic. While at first standing firm with the Soviet government, Shevardnadze quickly reiterated his position and was able to compromise with the Soviet government and the demonstrators. The Georgian language was kept as the sole official language of the republic and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a> passed legislation calling for an increasing level of Russian language training in the non-Russian republics.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was another problem facing Shevardnadze during the 1978 demonstrations; some leading Abkhaz intellectuals were writing to <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> in the hope that he would let the <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> secede from Georgia and merge into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>. To halt this development, the Georgian government gave way to <a href="/wiki/Concession_(politics)" title="Concession (politics)">concessions</a> made by the <a href="/wiki/Secessionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secessionist">secessionists</a> that included establishing an Abkhaz university, the expansion of Abkhaz publications and creating an Abkhaz television station. Shevardnadze proved to be an active supporter of defending minority interests.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_politics_and_resignation">National politics and resignation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National politics and resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (CPSU) in 1976, Shevardnadze gave a speech in which he called <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">general secretary</a> Leonid Brezhnev "vozhd" (<i>leader</i>), a term previously reserved for Joseph Stalin. His adulation was only surpassed by that of <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Ligachev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yegor Ligachev">Yegor Ligachev</a> later said, Shevardnadze never contradicted a general secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Brezhnev's last days, Shevardnadze publicly endorsed <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a>'s candidature for the General Secretaryship and called him a "great theoretician". However, when it became clear that the secretaryship would not go to Chernenko but to <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>, Shevardnadze swiftly revised his position and gave his support to Andropov. Shevardnadze became the first Soviet republican head to offer his gratitude to the newly elected leader; in turn, Andropov quickly signalled his appreciation and his support for some of the reforms pioneered by Shevardnadze. According to Andropov's biographers the anti-corruption drive he launched was inspired by Shervardnadze's Georgian anti-corruption campaign. When Andropov died, Shevardnadze again became an avid supporter of Chernenko's candidature for the General Secretaryship.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Chernenko died, Shevardnadze became a strong supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev's leadership candidature.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shevardnadze became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> (CC) of the CPSU in 1976, and in 1978 was promoted to the rank of non-voting candidate member of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Political Bureau</a> (Politburo).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His chance came in 1985, when the veteran Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a> left that post for the largely ceremonial position of <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium</a> of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (official head of state). The <i>de facto</i> leader, Communist Party general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, appointed Shevardnadze to replace Gromyko as Minister of Foreign Affairs, thus consolidating Gorbachev's circle of relatively young reformers.<sup id="cite_ref-shetwo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shetwo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985–91)"><span id="Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Soviet_Union_.281985.E2.80.9391.29"></span>Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union (1985–91)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union (1985–91)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Mikhail_Gorbachev,_Jack_Matlock,_Dimitry_Zarechnak,_George_Shultz,_and_Eduard_Shevardnadze_during_his_trip_to_Iceland_at_the_Reykjavik_Summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Mikhail_Gorbachev%2C_Jack_Matlock%2C_Dimitry_Zarechnak%2C_George_Shultz%2C_and_Eduard_Shevardnadze_during_his_trip_to_Iceland_at_the_Reykjavik_Summit.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Mikhail_Gorbachev%2C_Jack_Matlock%2C_Dimitry_Zarechnak%2C_George_Shultz%2C_and_Eduard_Shevardnadze_during_his_trip_to_Iceland_at_the_Reykjavik_Summit.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Mikhail_Gorbachev%2C_Jack_Matlock%2C_Dimitry_Zarechnak%2C_George_Shultz%2C_and_Eduard_Shevardnadze_during_his_trip_to_Iceland_at_the_Reykjavik_Summit.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2644" /></a><figcaption>Shevardnadze at the <a href="/wiki/Reykjavik_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Reykjavik Summit">Reykjavik Summit</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Matlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Matlock">Jack Matlock</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a>, 10 November 1986</figcaption></figure> <p>Shevardnadze was a close ally of Gorbachev and was a strong advocate of the reform policies of glasnost and perestroika.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently played a key role in the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> that marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC:_Legacy_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC:_Legacy-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He negotiated nuclear arms treaties with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped end the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">war in Afghanistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC:_Legacy_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC:_Legacy-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowed the reunification of Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC:_Legacy_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC:_Legacy-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and withdrew Soviet forces from Eastern Europe and from the Chinese border.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned the nickname "The Silver Fox".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC:_Legacy_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC:_Legacy-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 1980s as the Soviet Union descended into crisis, Shevardnadze became increasingly unpopular and was in conflict with Soviet hard-liners who disliked his reforms and his soft line with the West.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He criticised a campaign by Soviet troops to put down an <a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">uprising</a> in his native Georgia in 1989. In protest over the growing influence of hardliners under Gorbachev, Shevardnadze suddenly resigned in December 1990, saying, "Dictatorship is coming".<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few months later, his fears were partially realised when an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">coup by Communist hardliners</a> precipitated the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985%E2%80%931991)#Dissolution_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>. Shevardnadze returned briefly as Soviet Foreign Minister in November 1991 but resigned with Gorbachev the following month, when the Soviet Union was formally dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Shevardnadze was baptized into the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_and_Apostolic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_Georgia_(1995–2003)"><span id="President_of_Georgia_.281995.E2.80.932003.29"></span>President of Georgia (1995–2003)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: President of Georgia (1995–2003)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The newly independent Republic of Georgia elected as its first president a leader of the national liberation movement, <a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a>—an academic and writer who had been imprisoned by Shevardnadze's government in the late 1970s. However, Gamsakhurdia's rule ended abruptly in January 1992, when he was deposed in a <a href="/wiki/1991-92_Georgian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1991-92 Georgian coup d'état">bloody coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC:_Legacy_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC:_Legacy-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shevardnadze was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia">Speaker of the Georgian parliament</a> in March 1992<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as speaker of parliament in November; both of these posts were equivalent to that of president. When the presidency was restored in November 1995, he was elected with 70% of the vote. He secured a second term in April 2000 in an election that was marred by widespread claims of vote-rigging.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rule">Rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-3.jpg/271px-CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-3.jpg/407px-CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Eduard Shevardnadze on a meeting with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, Azerbaijani President <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a> and Armenian President <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a> on 20 June 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>Shevardnadze's career as Georgian President was in some respects more challenging than his earlier career as Soviet Foreign Minister. He faced many enemies, some dating back to his campaigns against corruption and nationalism during Soviet times. Like Gamsakhurdia, Shevardnadze had to deal with Russian-backed violent separatists in the Georgian provinces of <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a> between supporters of Gamsakhurdia and Shevardnadze broke out in western Georgia in 1993 but was ended by Russian intervention on Shevardnadze's side<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the death of ex-President Gamsakhurdia on 31 December 1993. Shevardnadze survived three assassination attempts in 1992, 1995, and 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He escaped a car bomb in Abkhazia in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1993, Shevardnadze narrowly escaped a shelling by Abkhaz separatists in <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1995, he survived another car bomb attack outside the parliament building in Tbilisi.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, his motorcade was ambushed by 10 to 15 armed men; two bodyguards were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> Istanbul Summit of November 1999, agreement was reached that the Russian military bases in Georgia would all be evacuated by Russia before 1 July 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Russian pullout from its military base in Abkhazia remained under question amid Russian backing of Abkhaz separatists against Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tensions were further exacerbated when Russia accused Georgia of harbouring <a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechen</a> guerrillas on Georgia's northern border during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More friction was caused by Shevardnadze's close relationship with the United States, which saw him as a counterbalance to Russian influence in the strategic <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Transcaucasus</a> region. Under Shevardnadze's strongly pro-Western administration, Georgia became a major recipient of U.S. foreign and military aid, signed a strategic partnership with <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a><sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and officially declared an ambition to join NATO in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, Georgia suffered badly from the effects of crime and rampant corruption, which were often perpetrated by well-connected officials and politicians. Although Shevardnadze himself was not personally corrupt and lived a fairly modest life, he was increasingly unwilling or unable to tackle corruption at the highest levels. All his closest advisers, including several members of his family, exerted disproportionate economic power and became visibly wealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>'s corruption index listed Georgia as one of the most corrupt countries in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Yorker_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Spanish prosecutor José Grinda González, Georgian mafia led by Dzhaba Iosselani during the 1990s took control of the country and state and then later led by <a href="/wiki/Zakhariy_Kalashov" title="Zakhariy Kalashov">Zakhariy Kalashov</a> during Shevardnadze's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinda_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinda-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since April 2006, Khachidze or Lasha Shushanashvili also imparted influence on Georgia as well as Tariel Oniani from Kutaisi near South Abkazia.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinda_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinda-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downfall">Downfall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Downfall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3OP_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/3OP_12.JPG/250px-3OP_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/3OP_12.JPG/375px-3OP_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/3OP_12.JPG/500px-3OP_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Banners on <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament of Georgia</a> saying: "Georgia without Shevardnadze", "<a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a> is with you"</figcaption></figure> <p>On 2 November 2003, Georgia held a parliamentary election that was widely denounced as unfair by international election observers.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outcome sparked fury among many Georgians, leading to mass demonstrations in Tbilisi and elsewhere, called the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a>. Protesters broke into parliament on 22 November as the first session of the new Parliament was beginning, forcing President Shevardnadze to escape with his bodyguards.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 November, Shevardnadze met with the opposition leaders <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zurab_Zhvania" title="Zurab Zhvania">Zurab Zhvania</a> to discuss the situation in a meeting arranged by Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivanov" title="Igor Ivanov">Igor Ivanov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this meeting, Shevardnadze announced his resignation, declaring that he wished to avert a bloody power struggle "so all this can end peacefully and there is no bloodshed and no casualties".<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shevardnadze's resignation as President of Georgia was the end of his political career.<sup id="cite_ref-DW_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death and funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shevardnadze spent his last years living quietly at his mansion house in the outskirts of Tbilisi. As his health deteriorated, his involvement in public life became much reduced. After a long illness, he died at the age of 86 on 7 July 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Georgia's former president <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Margvelashvili" title="Giorgi Margvelashvili">Giorgi Margvelashvili</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Irakli_Garibashvili" title="Irakli Garibashvili">Irakli Garibashvili</a> extended condolences to his family members. Margvelashvili described him as "one of the distinguished politicians of the 20th century, who participated in dismantling of the Soviet system". He added, "He was also playing a serious role in creation of new Georgia and in development of our western course". Garibashvili said Shevardnadze's "contribution was especially important in establishing Georgia's geopolitical role in the modern world. Eduard Shevardnadze was a politician of international significance, who made a great contribution to end the Cold War and to establish new world order."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former President Mikheil Saakashvili, who overthrew Shevardnadze in the 2003 Rose Revolution, offered condolences and said Shevardnadze was "a significant figure for the Soviet empire and for post-Soviet Georgia". Saakashvili said his government did not start a criminal prosecution against Shevardnadze, despite calls by some politicians and parts of society, out of "respect to the President's institution".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among others, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> offered condolences. Kerry credited Shevardnadze with playing "an instrumental role" in bringing about the end of the Cold War, a reduction of "the risk of nuclear confrontation" as the Soviet Union's Foreign Minister, ensuring "the sovereignty and territorial integrity of [Georgia] during the 1990s" as President of Georgia and putting the country "on its irreversible trajectory toward Euro-Atlantic integration".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shevardnadze was accorded a state funeral on 13 July 2014, which was attended by the Georgian political leaders and foreign dignitaries, including the former US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> and former German Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a>. After a service at the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_of_Tbilisi" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi">Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi</a>, Shevardnadze was buried next to his late wife Nanuli Shevardnadze at the Krtsanisi residence in Tbilisi.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_honours">National honours</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: National honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Soviet Union: </p> <ul><li><ul><li><i>1981</i> – <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Hero of Socialist Labour">Hero of Socialist Labour</a><sup id="cite_ref-tassobit_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tassobit-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>1981</i> – Five <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of Lenin">Orders of Lenin</a><sup id="cite_ref-tassobit_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tassobit-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>1985</i> – <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_October_Revolution" title="Order of the October Revolution">Order of the October Revolution</a><sup id="cite_ref-tassobit_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tassobit-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>1985</i> – 1st class <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Patriotic_War" title="Order of the Patriotic War">Order of the Patriotic War</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>1985</i> – <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour" title="Order of the Red Banner of Labour">Order of the Red Banner of Labour</a><sup id="cite_ref-tassobit_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tassobit-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Georgia: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="760" /></span></span> </span>Tbilisi: <ul><li><i>1985</i> – Honorary Citizen of <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgian_Orthodox_Church.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Georgian_Orthodox_Church.svg/30px-Flag_of_Georgian_Orthodox_Church.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Georgian_Orthodox_Church.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgian_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Georgian_Orthodox_Church.svg/60px-Flag_of_Georgian_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a>: <ul><li><i>2003</i> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_George_Golden_Order&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint George Golden Order (page does not exist)">Saint George Golden Order</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" class="extiw" title="ka:წმიდა გიორგის ოქროს ორდენი">ka</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-PG_Web_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG_Web-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>1999</i> – <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-PG_Web_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG_Web-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>1999</i> – <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Ukraine: 1st class <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise">Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise</a>, for outstanding contribution to the development of co-operation between Ukraine and Georgia, to strengthen the friendship between the Ukrainian and Georgian peoples<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>1999</i> – <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Turkey: First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_State_of_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the State of Republic of Turkey">Order of the State of Republic of Turkey</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>1999</i> – <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Olympic_flag.svg/23px-Olympic_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Olympic_flag.svg/35px-Olympic_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Olympic_flag.svg/45px-Olympic_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>IOC: Gold <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Order" title="Olympic Order">Olympic Order</a> for the biggest merit in the development of world sport and Olympic field.<sup id="cite_ref-PG_Web_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG_Web-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>1999</i> – <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span>Greece: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Order of the Redeemer</a><sup id="cite_ref-PG_Web_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG_Web-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>2000</i> – <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>UK: Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PG_Web_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG_Web-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UK_Parliament_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_Parliament-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>2000</i> – <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Istiglal_Order" title="Istiglal Order">Istiglal Order</a> for his contributions to the development of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Georgia relations">Azerbaijan–Georgia relations</a> and strategic co-operation between the states<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>2000</i> – <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Palestine: <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the State of Palestine">Medal of the Star of Bethlehem 2000</a><sup id="cite_ref-PG_Web_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG_Web-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>2000</i> – <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Order of St. Mesrop Mashtots">Order of St. Mesrop Mashtots</a><sup id="cite_ref-PG_Web_56-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG_Web-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>2003</i> – <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Outstanding_Merit" title="Order of Outstanding Merit">Order of Outstanding Merit</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1991, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_University_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_University-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_Gazette_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Gazette-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1991, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PG_Web_56-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG_Web-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1991, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIDOB_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIDOB-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 14 March 1991, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Trieste" title="University of Trieste">University of Trieste</a><sup id="cite_ref-CIDOB_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIDOB-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1991, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIDOB_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIDOB-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1997, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Baku_State_University" title="Baku State University">Baku State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1998, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_University" title="Tbilisi State University">Tbilisi State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1999, Shevardnadze received an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:45%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>I want to thank you for giving this award to President Shevardnadze. He has been a friend of the United States and a friend of ours. He has stood for democracy. You heard him tell the story tonight. He's like anybody who has converted; once he converted, he was really stuck as a true believer. He has endured assassination attempts, illegal coup attempts. He has been through ethnic difficulties in his own country. He has been through pressures from the outside and problems from the inside. He has watched the economy go down and things come apart and come back together again. But once he decided he believed [In Democracy], he stayed hitched, and he embodies something that I think we don't think about enough. <br />We talk a lot about what it takes to establish democracy. But once having established it, there are always people who will try to twist it to their own end, because we may eliminate communism from the world, but we have not eliminated lust for power or greed that leads to corruption or the hatreds and fears in the human heart that lead to the oppression of those who are different from us in race or religion or belong to some other minority group. This man has stayed the course when the price was high, and I thank you for awarding this to him tonight.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Institute" title="National Democratic Institute">NDI</a> Dinner in 1999</cite></p> </div> <ul><li>In 1993, <a href="/wiki/EastWest_Institute" title="EastWest Institute">Institute for East West Security Studies</a> granted Shevardnadze with the award for his merit in ending cold war and liberation of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-PG_Web_56-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG_Web-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In July 1999, <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Institute" title="National Democratic Institute">National Democratic Institute (NDI)</a> awarded him with the W. Averell Harriman Democracy Award (now called <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Institute#Awards,_events,_and_honors" title="National Democratic Institute">Madeleine K. Albright Democracy Award</a>) for merit in the field of democracy and human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PG_Web_56-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG_Web-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 2 July 1997, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Onassis_Foundation" title="Alexander S. Onassis Foundation">Onassis Foundation</a> awarded Shevardnadze with its prize for International Understanding and Social Achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-PG_Web_56-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG_Web-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 14 January 1998, a special prize of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Democracy_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Democracy Institute">Israeli Democracy Institute</a> was awarded to Shevardnadze for special contribution to the democratic development of Georgia and his assistance to the return of Jews to their homeland in Israel during his term as USSR foreign minister.<sup id="cite_ref-PG_Web_56-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG_Web-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 15 September 2000, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> granted Shevardnadze with the Confucius Prize for Literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-PG_Web_56-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG_Web-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/07/eduard-shevardnadze">"Eduard Shevardnadze obituary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 7 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eduard+Shevardnadze+obituary&rft.date=2014-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fjul%2F07%2Feduard-shevardnadze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Shevardnadze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406194934/http://www.georgians.ru/news.asp?idnews=38509">"ШЕВАРДНАДЗЕ: БЕРИЯ УБИЛ СТАЛИНА И РАССТРЕЛЯЛ ДВОЮРОДНОГО БРАТА МОЕГО ОТЦА"</a>. 22 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgians.ru/news.asp?idnews=38509">the original</a> on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A8%D0%95%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%94%D0%97%D0%95%3A+%D0%91%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%A3%D0%91%D0%98%D0%9B+%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%98+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%AF%D0%9B+%D0%94%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%AE%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%90+%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%95%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%A6%D0%90&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgians.ru%2Fnews.asp%3Fidnews%3D38509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Shevardnadze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny,_Ronald1994" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC"><i>The Making of the Georgian Nation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. pp. 328–329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3"><bdi>0-253-20915-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Georgian+Nation&rft.pages=328-329&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-253-20915-3&rft.au=Suny%2C+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriW0kKzat2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Shevardnadze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sixth-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sixth_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixth_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shetwo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shetwo_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shetwo_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hough 1997, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifth-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fifth_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fifth_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fifth_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fifth_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919133641/https://www.president.gov.ge/en-US/saqartvelo/saqartvelos-prezidentebi/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98-%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93-%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94-(1995-200.aspx">"from 25 July, 1972, First Secretary of Tbilisi Party City Committee;"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.president.gov.ge/en-US/saqartvelo/saqartvelos-prezidentebi/საქართველოს-პრეზიდენტი-ედუარდ-შევარდნაძე-(1995-200.aspx">the original</a> on 19 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=from+25+July%2C+1972%2C+First+Secretary+of+Tbilisi+Party+City+Committee%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.gov.ge%2Fen-US%2Fsaqartvelo%2Fsaqartvelos-prezidentebi%2F%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98-%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93-%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94-%281995-200.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Shevardnadze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914113558/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,908227,00.html">"Soviet Union: Southern Corruption"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i>. 3 December 1973. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,908227,00.html">the original</a> on 14 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Soviet+Union%3A+Southern+Corruption&rft.date=1973-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fprintout%2F0%2C8816%2C908227%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Shevardnadze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-second-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-second_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-second_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-third-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-third_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-first-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-first_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekedahl and Goodman 2001, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eduard-Shevardnadze">"Eduard Shevardnadze | Biography, Georgian President, & Assassination Attempt | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eduard+Shevardnadze%3A+Controversial+legacy+to+Georgia&rft.date=2014-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-28205380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Shevardnadze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/08/world/europe/eduard-shevardnadze-soviet-foreign-minister-under-gorbachev-is-dead-at-86.html">"Eduard Shevardnadze, Foreign Minister Under Gorbachev, Dies at 86"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 7 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eduard+Shevardnadze%2C+Foreign+Minister+Under+Gorbachev%2C+Dies+at+86&rft.date=2014-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F07%2F08%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Feduard-shevardnadze-soviet-foreign-minister-under-gorbachev-is-dead-at-86.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Shevardnadze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_35-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10950980/Eduard-Shevardnadze-obituary.html">"Eduard Shevardnadze – obituary"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 7 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10950980/Eduard-Shevardnadze-obituary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Eduard+Shevardnadze+%E2%80%93+obituary&rft.date=2014-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F10950980%2FEduard-Shevardnadze-obituary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Shevardnadze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolstø, Pål. <i>Political Construction Sites: Nation-Building in Russia and the Post-Soviet States</i>, p. 70. 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CLINTON (1999, Book II)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. II. Washington DC: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration. 1999. pp. 1582–1583. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-050286-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-050286-1"><bdi>0-16-050286-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PPP-1999-book2/pdf/PPP-1999-book2-doc-pg1582.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SHEVARDNADZE+RECEIVES+DEMOCRACY+PRIZE+IN+ISRAEL.&rft.pub=The+Jamestown+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fshevardnadze-receives-democracy-prize-in-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Shevardnadze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/shevardnadze-awarded-prestigious-israeli-prize/">"SHEVARDNADZE AWARDED PRESTIGIOUS ISRAELI PRIZE"</a>. The Jamestown Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SHEVARDNADZE+AWARDED+PRESTIGIOUS+ISRAELI+PRIZE.&rft.pub=The+Jamestown+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fshevardnadze-awarded-prestigious-israeli-prize%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Shevardnadze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkedahl,_CarolynGoodman,_Melvin_Allan2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Ekedahl" title="Carolyn Ekedahl">Ekedahl, Carolyn</a>; Goodman, Melvin Allan (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warsofeduardshev0000eked_m0v3"><i>The wars of Eduard Shevardnadze</i></a></span>. Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-404-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-404-2"><bdi>1-57488-404-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+wars+of+Eduard+Shevardnadze&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57488-404-2&rft.au=Ekedahl%2C+Carolyn&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Melvin+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarsofeduardshev0000eked_m0v3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Shevardnadze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough,_Jerry_F.1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_F._Hough" title="Jerry F. Hough">Hough, Jerry F.</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democratizationr00houg"><i>Democratization and revolution in the USSR, 1985-1991</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Institution Press">Brookings Institution Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-3748-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-3748-3"><bdi>0-8157-3748-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratization+and+revolution+in+the+USSR%2C+1985-1991&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8157-3748-3&rft.au=Hough%2C+Jerry+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocratizationr00houg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Shevardnadze" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Когда рухнул железный занавес. Встречи и воспоминания.Эдуард Шеварднадзе, экс-президент Грузии, бывший министр Иностранных дел СССР. Предисловие Александра Бессмертных. Translation from German to Russian. Russian license ("Als der Eiserne Vorhang zerriss", Peter W. Metzler Verlag, Duisburg 2007).</li> <li>Als der Eiserne Vorhang zerriss - Begegnungen und Erinnerungen. Peter W. Metzler Verlag, Duisburg 2007 (German: revised, re-designed and expanded edition. Georgian "Pikri Tsarsulsa da Momawalze – Memuarebi", Tbilisi 2006). The German edition is the basis for all translations and editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-936283-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-936283-10-5">978-3-936283-10-5</a></li> <li>Kui raudne eesriie rebenes. Translation from German to Estonian. Estonian license ("Als der Eiserne Vorhang zerriss", Peter W. Metzler Verlag, Duisburg 2007). Olion, Tallinn, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9985-66-606-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9985-66-606-7">978-9985-66-606-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevardnadze1991" class="citation book cs1">Shevardnadze, Edvard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futurebelongstof0000shev"><i>The Future Belongs To Freedom</i></a></span>. Translated by Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. New York: The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-928617-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-928617-3"><bdi>978-0-02-928617-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+Belongs+To+Freedom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-02-928617-3&rft.aulast=Shevardnadze&rft.aufirst=Edvard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffuturebelongstof0000shev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Shevardnadze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ostrovsky, Alexander (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru.bookshome.net/book/1137525/d94429">Глупость или измена? Расследование гибели СССР. (Stupidity or treason? Investigation of the death of the USSR)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220830215714/https://ru.bookshome.net/book/1137525/d94429">Archived</a> 30 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> М.: Форум, Крымский мост-9Д, 2011. – 864 с. ISBN 978-5-89747-068-6.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links_and_sources">External links and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28205380">BBC News obituary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/23/international/23GEOR.html">"Foes of Georgian Leader Storm Into Parliament Building"</a> by Seth Mydans, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202023244/http://www.voanews.com/article.cfm?objectID=4513AC05-97E6-4E6F-A25A19303AE3B7AC">Georgian Interior Minister Vows to Enforce State of Emergency</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> News Web Site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3231534.stm">People power forces Georgia leader out</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> online.</li> <li>MacKinnon, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031202173233/http://www.globeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20031126.wxsoros1126/BNStory/Front/">Georgia revolt carried mark of Soros</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2003-12-02). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, 26 November 2003.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russen-in-baden-baden.de">Russians in Baden-Baden</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716183006/http://www.russen-in-baden-baden.de/">Archived</a> 16 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=z9aUYj6wsYg">Inauguration of Eduard Shevardnadze</a> (2000)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Shevardnadze%2C%20Eduard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eduard%20Shevardnadze%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shevardnadze%2C%20Eduard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eduard%20Shevardnadze%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shevardnadze%2C%20E%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Eduard%20Shevardnadze%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Shevardnadze%2C%20Eduard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eduard%20Shevardnadze%22%29%20OR%20%28%221928-2014%22%20AND%20Shevardnadze%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Eduard Shevardnadze</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1476">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Vasil Mzhavanadze</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Georgian_Communist_Party" title="First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party">First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party</a> </b><br />1972–1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jumber_Patiashvili" title="Jumber Patiashvili">Jumber Patiashvili</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Gromyko" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Gromyko">Andrey Gromyko</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union</a> </b><br />1985–1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bessmertnykh_(politician)" title="Alexander Bessmertnykh (politician)">Aleksandr Bessmertnykh</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pankin" title="Boris Pankin">Boris Pankin</a> (<i>acting</i>)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Minister of External Relations of the Soviet Union</a> </b><br />1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">None—position abolished</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President of Georgia</a> </b><br />1995–2003 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" title="Nino Burjanadze">Nino Burjanadze</a> (<i>acting</i>)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Georgia" title="Template:Presidents of Georgia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Georgia" title="Template talk:Presidents of Georgia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Georgia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Georgia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_Georgia_since_1918" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">Leaders of Georgia</a> since 1918</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a><br /><small>Prime Minister</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgia_(1918%E2%80%931921,_1-2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia"><img alt="Democratic Republic of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Democratic Republic of Georgia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Ramishvili" title="Noe Ramishvili">Ramishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a><br /><small>Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipp_Makharadze" title="Filipp Makharadze">Makharadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarp_Mdivani" title="Polikarp Mdivani">Mdivani</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a><br /><small>First Secretaries of Georgian Communist Party</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Lominadze" title="Vissarion Lominadze">Lominadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Kakhiani" title="Mikheil Kakhiani">Kakhiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levan_Gogoberidze" title="Levan Gogoberidze">Gogoberidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Mamulia" title="Samson Mamulia">Mamulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrenty_Kartvelishvili" title="Lavrenty Kartvelishvili">Kartvelishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandid_Charkviani" title="Kandid Charkviani">Charkviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akaki_Mgeladze" title="Akaki Mgeladze">Mgeladze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandre_Mirtskhulava" title="Aleksandre Mirtskhulava">Mirtskhulava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Mzhavanadze</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumber_Patiashvili" title="Jumber Patiashvili">Patiashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givi_Gumbaridze" title="Givi Gumbaridze">Gumbaridze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avtandil_Margiani" title="Avtandil Margiani">Margiani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jimi_Mikeladze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jimi Mikeladze (page does not exist)">Mikeladze</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Modern Georgia</a><br /><small>Presidents</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgia_(1990%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Georgia (1990–2004)"><img alt="Flag of Georgia (1990–2004)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Georgia (1990–2004)</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard of the President"><img alt="Standard of the President" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Standard of the President</figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Gamsakhurdia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" title="Nino Burjanadze">Burjanadze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Saakashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" title="Nino Burjanadze">Burjanadze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Saakashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Margvelashvili" title="Giorgi Margvelashvili">Margvelashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Zourabichvili</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Georgian_presidential_election" title="1991 Georgian presidential election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Georgian_general_election" title="1992 Georgian general election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Georgian_presidential_election" title="1995 Georgian presidential election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2000 Georgian presidential election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2004 Georgian presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2008 Georgian presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2013 Georgian presidential election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2018 Georgian presidential election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2024 Georgian presidential election">2024</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>* Acting head of state</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_government_of_Georgia_since_1918" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Georgia" title="Template:Prime ministers of Georgia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Georgia" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Georgia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Georgia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Georgia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_government_of_Georgia_since_1918" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Heads of government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> since 1918</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">DR of Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Ramishvili" title="Noe Ramishvili">Ramishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kavtaradze" title="Sergey Kavtaradze">Kavtaradze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarp_Mdivani" title="Polikarp Mdivani">Mdivani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalva_Eliava" title="Shalva Eliava">Eliava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipp_Makharadze" title="Filipp Makharadze">Makharadze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levan_Sukhishvili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levan Sukhishvili (page does not exist)">Sukhishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Mgaloblishvili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Mgaloblishvili (page does not exist)">Mgaloblishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levan_Sukhishvili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levan Sukhishvili (page does not exist)">Sukhishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerian_Bakradze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valerian Bakradze (page does not exist)">Bakradze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakhary_Chkhubianishvili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakhary Chkhubianishvili (page does not exist)">Chkhubianishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakhary_Ketskhoveli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakhary Ketskhoveli (page does not exist)">Ketskhoveli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerian_Bakradze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valerian Bakradze (page does not exist)">Bakradze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givi_Javakhishvili" title="Givi Javakhishvili">Javakhishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurab_Pataridze" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurab Pataridze">Pataridze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitry_Kartvelishvili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitry Kartvelishvili (page does not exist)">Kartvelishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otar_Cherkeziya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otar Cherkeziya (page does not exist)">Cherkeziya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurab_Chkheidze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurab Chkheidze (page does not exist)">Chkheidze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodari_Chitanava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nodari Chitanava (page does not exist)">Chitanava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengiz_Sigua" title="Tengiz Sigua">Sigua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengiz_Sigua" title="Tengiz Sigua">Sigua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murman_Omanidze" title="Murman Omanidze">Omanidze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besarion_Gugushvili" title="Besarion Gugushvili">Gugushvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengiz_Sigua" title="Tengiz Sigua">Sigua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shevardnadze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otar_Patsatsia" title="Otar Patsatsia">Patsatsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niko_Lekishvili" title="Niko Lekishvili">Lekishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazha_Lortkipanidze" title="Vazha Lortkipanidze">Lortkipanidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Arsenishvili" title="Giorgi Arsenishvili">Arsenishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avtandil_Jorbenadze" title="Avtandil Jorbenadze">Jorbenadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurab_Zhvania" title="Zurab Zhvania">Zhvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Baramidze" title="Giorgi Baramidze">Baramidze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurab_Nogaideli" title="Zurab Nogaideli">Nogaideli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lado_Gurgenidze" title="Lado Gurgenidze">Gurgenidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Mgaloblishvili" title="Grigol Mgaloblishvili">Mgaloblishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nika_Gilauri" title="Nika Gilauri">Gilauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vano_Merabishvili" title="Vano Merabishvili">Merabishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidzina_Ivanishvili" title="Bidzina Ivanishvili">Ivanishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irakli_Garibashvili" title="Irakli Garibashvili">Garibashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Kvirikashvili" title="Giorgi Kvirikashvili">Kvirikashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuka_Bakhtadze" title="Mamuka Bakhtadze">Bakhtadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Gakharia" title="Giorgi Gakharia">Gakharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Tskitishvili" title="Maya Tskitishvili">Tskitishvili</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irakli_Garibashvili" title="Irakli Garibashvili">Garibashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irakli_Kobakhidze" title="Irakli Kobakhidze">Kobakhidze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* denotes acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_ministers_of_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_ministers_of_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Foreign ministers of Russia and the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_ministers_of_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Foreign ministers of Russia and the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_ministers_of_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign ministers of Russia and the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_ministers_of_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign ministers of Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mikhailovich_Viskovatyi" title="Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatyi">Ivan Viskovatyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_and_Andrey_Shchelkalov" title="Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov">Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Gramotin" title="Ivan Gramotin">Ivan Gramotin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Tretyakov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Tretyakov (page does not exist)">Pyotr Tretyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz_Ivanov" title="Almaz Ivanov">Almaz Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Ordin-Nashchokin" title="Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin">Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artamon_Matveyev" title="Artamon Matveyev">Artamon Matveyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larion_Ivanov" title="Larion Ivanov">Larion Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Golitsyn_(born_1643)" title="Vasily Golitsyn (born 1643)">Vasily Golitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Ukraintsev" title="Yemelyan Ukraintsev">Yemelyan Ukraintsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Naryshkin" title="Lev Naryshkin">Lev Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Alexeyevich_Golovin" title="Fyodor Alexeyevich Golovin">Fyodor Golovin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shafirov" title="Peter Shafirov">Peter Shafirov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavriil_Golovkin" title="Gavriil Golovkin">Gavrila Golovkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Osterman" title="Andrey Osterman">Andrey Osterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Cherkassky" title="Alexey Cherkassky">Aleksey Tcherkassky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Illarionovich_Vorontsov" title="Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov">Mikhailo Vorontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Panin" title="Nikita Panin">Nikita Ivanovich Panin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Osterman" title="Ivan Osterman">Ivan Osterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bezborodko" title="Alexander Bezborodko">Alexander Bezborodko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Fyodor Rostopchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Petrovich_Panin" title="Nikita Petrovich Panin">Nikita Petrovich Panin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kochubey" title="Viktor Kochubey">Viktor Kochubey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vorontsov" title="Alexander Vorontsov">Alexander Vorontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Adam Jerzy Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Eberhard_von_Budberg" title="Andreas Eberhard von Budberg">Andreas Eberhard von Budberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rumyantsev" title="Nikolay Rumyantsev">Nikolay Rumyantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Nesselrode" title="Karl Nesselrode">Karl Robert Nesselrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Alexander Gorchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Girs" title="Nikolay Girs">Nikolay Girs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Lobanov-Rostovsky" title="Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky">Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Shishkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Shishkin (page does not exist)">Nikolay Shishkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_Muravyov" title="Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov">Mikhail Muravyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lamsdorf" title="Vladimir Lamsdorf">Vladimir Lamsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Shturmer" title="Boris Shturmer">Boris Shturmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Pokrovsky" title="Nikolai Pokrovsky">Nikolai Pokrovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tereshchenko" title="Mikhail Tereshchenko">Mikhail Tereshchenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> and<br />the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Georgy Chicherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Litvinov" title="Maxim Litvinov">Maxim Litvinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky" title="Andrey Vyshinsky">Andrey Vyshinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov" title="Dmitri Shepilov">Dmitri Shepilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bessmertnykh_(politician)" title="Alexander Bessmertnykh (politician)">Aleksandr Bessmertnykh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pankin" title="Boris Pankin">Boris Pankin</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kozyrev" title="Andrei Kozyrev">Andrei Kozyrev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov" title="Yevgeny Primakov">Yevgeny Primakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivanov" title="Igor Ivanov">Igor Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1986–1990)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1986–1990)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1986–1990)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Zaykov" title="Lev Zaykov">Lev Zaykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Ligachyov" title="Yegor Ligachyov">Yegor Ligachyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Nikolai Ryzhkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yakovlev_(Russian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician)">Alexander Yakovlev</a></li> <li>Viktor Nikonov</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Slyunkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Slyunkov">Nikolay Slyunkov</a></li> <li>Vadim Medvedev</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Maslyukov" title="Yuri Maslyukov">Yuri Maslyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivashko" title="Vladimir Ivashko">Vladimir Ivashko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Pyotr Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dolgikh" title="Vladimir Dolgikh">Vladimir Dolgikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Slyunkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Slyunkov">Nikolay Slyunkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sokolov_(marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Sokolov (marshal)">Sergey Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Talyzin" title="Nikolai Talyzin">Nikolai Talyzin</a></li> <li>Yuri Solovyev</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yakovlev_(Russian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician)">Alexander Yakovlev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Yazov" title="Dmitry Yazov">Dmitry Yazov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Maslyukov" title="Yuri Maslyukov">Yuri Maslyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Razumovsky" title="Georgy Razumovsky">Georgy Razumovsky</a></li> <li>Alexandra Biryukova</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vlasov_(politician)" title="Aleksandr Vlasov (politician)">Alexander Vlasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lukyanov" title="Anatoly Lukyanov">Anatoly Lukyanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov" title="Yevgeny Primakov">Yevgeny Primakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pugo" title="Boris Pugo">Boris Pugo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1981–1986)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1981–1986)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1981–1986)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arv%C4%ABds_Pel%C5%A1e" title="Arvīds Pelše">Arvīds Pelše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Romanov" title="Grigory Romanov">Grigory Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Dmitry Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Ligachyov" title="Yegor Ligachyov">Yegor Ligachyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Nikolai Ryzhkov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Pyotr Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_Kiselyov" title="Tikhon Kiselyov">Tikhon Kiselyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Ponomarev" title="Boris Ponomarev">Boris Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Sharof Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dolgikh" title="Vladimir Dolgikh">Vladimir Dolgikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sokolov_(marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Sokolov (marshal)">Sergey Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Talyzin" title="Nikolai Talyzin">Nikolai Talyzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1976–1981)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1976–1981)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1976–1981)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Andrei Grechko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Kulakov" title="Fyodor Kulakov">Fyodor Kulakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Kirill Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arv%C4%ABds_Pel%C5%A1e" title="Arvīds Pelše">Arvīds Pelše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Romanov" title="Grigory Romanov">Grigory Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Dmitry Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Pyotr Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Masherov" title="Pyotr Masherov">Pyotr Masherov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Ponomarev" title="Boris Ponomarev">Boris Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Sharof Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_Kiselyov" title="Tikhon Kiselyov">Tikhon Kiselyov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Era_of_Stagnation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stagnation_Era" title="Template:Stagnation Era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stagnation_Era" title="Template talk:Stagnation Era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stagnation_Era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stagnation Era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Era_of_Stagnation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">Events (1964–1982)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">1968 Red Square demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Attempted assassination of Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_on_Arms_Control" title="Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control">Vladivostok Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Moscow_bombings" title="1977 Moscow bombings">1977 Moscow bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977 Soviet constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1978 Georgian demonstrations">1978 Georgian demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Reaction to 1980–1981 Polish crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Zapad-81" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise Zapad-81">Exercise Zapad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">Events (1982–1985)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RYAN" class="mw-redirect" title="RYAN">RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident" title="1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident">1983 false nuclear alarm incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cotton_scandal" title="Uzbek cotton scandal">Uzbek cotton scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Games" title="Friendship Games">Friendship Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politburo members<br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th</a></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dolgikh" title="Vladimir Dolgikh">Dolgikh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Efremov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Efremov (page does not exist)">Efremov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Grechko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_Kiselyov" title="Tikhon Kiselyov">Kiselyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Kulakov" title="Fyodor Kulakov">Kulakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Masherov" title="Pyotr Masherov">Masherov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Mzhavanadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arv%C4%ABds_Pel%C5%A1e" title="Arvīds Pelše">Pelše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Polyansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Ponomarev" title="Boris Ponomarev">Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Romanov" title="Grigory Romanov">Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Shelepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Shelest" title="Petro Shelest">Shelest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Shvernik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Shvernik">Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitriy_Ustinov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitriy Ustinov">Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Voronov" title="Gennady Voronov">Voronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vorotnikov</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Troika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Podgorny</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governments of the Soviet Union">Governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_First_Government" title="Kosygin's First Government">Kosygin's 1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Second_Government" title="Kosygin's Second Government">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Third_Government" title="Kosygin's Third Government">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Fourth_Government" title="Kosygin's Fourth Government">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Fifth_Government" title="Kosygin's Fifth Government">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhonov%27s_First_Government" title="Tikhonov's First Government">Tikhonov's 1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhonov%27s_Second_Government" title="Tikhonov's Second Government">2nd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1973 Soviet economic reform">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1979 Soviet economic reform">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Programme" title="Food Programme">Food Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_Soviet_economic_reform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 Soviet economic reform (page does not exist)">1984</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Eighth five-year plan (Soviet Union)">8th plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ninth five-year plan (Soviet Union)">9th plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Tenth five-year plan (Soviet Union)">10th plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Eleventh five-year plan (Soviet Union)">11th plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151929#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151929#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151929#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108855650">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32274530">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1732949/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtmqY9hkxqDTghjCyVcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118996959">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79142234">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122165700">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122165700">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00474999">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2004228846&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX846194">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074203002">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90560053">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018O1774">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dhnhcl3976mbw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810622169005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007398087005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14774216">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05240464?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/27c0cb91-ec34-45a4-ba77-ebcd6fcbebdd">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118996959.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118996959">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/132536307">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580622">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&oldid=1259082536">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Shevardnadze&oldid=1259082536</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1928_births" title="Category:1928 births">1928 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2014_deaths" title="Category:2014 deaths">2014 deaths</a></li><li><a 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