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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years:_1919–1934" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years:_1919–1934"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early years: 1919–1934</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years:_1919–1934-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalin_years:_1934–1953" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalin_years:_1934–1953"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Stalin years: 1934–1953</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalin_years:_1934–1953-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khrushchev:_1953–1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khrushchev:_1953–1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Khrushchev: 1953–1964</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khrushchev:_1953–1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brezhnev_Era:_1964–1982" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brezhnev_Era:_1964–1982"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Brezhnev Era: 1964–1982</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brezhnev_Era:_1964–1982-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gorbachev:_1985–1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorbachev:_1985–1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Gorbachev: 1985–1991</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorbachev:_1985–1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duties_and_responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duties_and_responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Duties and responsibilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Duties_and_responsibilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Duties and responsibilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Duties_and_responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decision-making_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decision-making_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Decision-making process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decision-making_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_the_Secretariat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_the_Secretariat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Relation to the Secretariat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_the_Secretariat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Members</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Members-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Members subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Posts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity,_age_and_sex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity,_age_and_sex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ethnicity, age and sex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity,_age_and_sex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Origin and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="المكتب السياسي للحزب الشيوعي في الاتحاد السوفيتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المكتب السياسي للحزب الشيوعي في الاتحاد السوفيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovet_%C4%B0ttifaq%C4%B1_Kommunist_Partiyas%C4%B1_Politb%C3%BCrosu" title="Sovet İttifaqı Kommunist Partiyası Politbürosu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sovet İttifaqı Kommunist Partiyası Politbürosu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%9A_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="Палітбюро ЦК КПСС – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палітбюро ЦК КПСС" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%9A_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="Палітбюро ЦК КПСС – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палітбюро ЦК КПСС" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%9A_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="Политбюро на ЦК на КПСС – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Политбюро на ЦК на КПСС" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur%C3%B3_Pol%C3%ADtic_del_Comit%C3%A8_Central_del_Partit_Comunista_de_la_Uni%C3%B3_Sovi%C3%A8tica" title="Buró Polític del Comitè Central del Partit Comunista de la Unió Soviètica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Buró Polític del Comitè Central del Partit Comunista de la Unió Soviètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionens_politbureau" title="Sovjetunionens politbureau – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sovjetunionens politbureau" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politb%C3%BCro_der_Kommunistischen_Partei_der_Sowjetunion" title="Politbüro der Kommunistischen Partei der Sowjetunion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politbüro der Kommunistischen Partei der Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5ukogude_Liidu_Kommunistliku_Partei_Keskkomitee_Poliitb%C3%BCroo" title="Nõukogude Liidu Kommunistliku Partei Keskkomitee Poliitbüroo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nõukogude Liidu Kommunistliku Partei Keskkomitee Poliitbüroo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Πολίτμπιρο του Κομμουνιστικού Κόμματος της Σοβιετικής Ένωσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολίτμπιρο του Κομμουνιστικού Κόμματος της Σοβιετικής Ένωσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur%C3%B3_Pol%C3%ADtico_del_Comit%C3%A9_Central_del_Partido_Comunista_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Buró Político del Comité Central del Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Buró Político del Comité Central del Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobietar_Batasuneko_Alderdi_Komunistaren_Politburoa" title="Sobietar Batasuneko Alderdi Komunistaren Politburoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sobietar Batasuneko Alderdi Komunistaren Politburoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="پلیتبوروی کمیته مرکزی حزب کمونیست اتحاد شوروی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلیتبوروی کمیته مرکزی حزب کمونیست اتحاد شوروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_du_Parti_communiste_de_l%27Union_sovi%C3%A9tique" title="Politburo du Parti communiste de l'Union soviétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politburo du Parti communiste de l'Union soviétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Phartee_Cummynagh_yn_Unnaneys_Soveidjagh" title="Politburo Phartee Cummynagh yn Unnaneys Soveidjagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Politburo Phartee Cummynagh yn Unnaneys Soveidjagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A0%A8_%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%B0%EB%8B%B9_%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%ED%9A%8C_%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EA%B5%AD" title="소련 공산당 중앙위원회 정치국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소련 공산당 중앙위원회 정치국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%84%D4%BF%D4%BF_%D4%BF%D4%BF_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="ԽՄԿԿ ԿԿ նախագահություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԽՄԿԿ ԿԿ նախագահություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politbiro_Komite_Sentral_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Politbiro Komite Sentral Partai Komunis Uni Soviet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politbiro Komite Sentral Partai Komunis Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_del_Comitato_centrale_del_PCUS" title="Politburo del Comitato centrale del PCUS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Politburo del Comitato centrale del PCUS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA" title="הפוליטביורו של המפלגה הקומוניסטית של ברית המועצות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפוליטביורו של המפלגה הקומוניסטית של ברית המועצות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%9F_%D0%9E%D0%9A_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B" title="КОКП ОК саяси бюросы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="КОКП ОК саяси бюросы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSKP_CK_Politbirojs" title="PSKP CK Politbirojs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="PSKP CK Politbirojs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSKP_CK_Politbiuras" title="TSKP CK Politbiuras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="TSKP CK Politbiuras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Политбиро на Централниот комитет на Комунистичката партија на СССР – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Политбиро на Централниот комитет на Комунистичката партија на СССР" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politbureau_van_de_Communistische_Partij_van_de_Sovjet-Unie" title="Politbureau van de Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politbureau van de Communistische Partij van de Sovjet-Unie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E9%80%A3%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80" title="ソ連共産党政治局 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソ連共産党政治局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politbyr%C3%A5et_i_Sovjetunionen" title="Politbyrået i Sovjetunionen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politbyrået i Sovjetunionen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuro_Polityczne_KC_KPZR" title="Biuro Polityczne KC KPZR – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biuro Polityczne KC KPZR" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_do_Partido_Comunista_da_Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Politburo do Partido Comunista da União Soviética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Politburo do Partido Comunista da União Soviética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biroul_politic_al_Comitetului_Central_al_Partidului_Comunist_al_Uniunii_Sovietice" title="Biroul politic al Comitetului Central al Partidului Comunist al Uniunii Sovietice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biroul politic al Comitetului Central al Partidului Comunist al Uniunii Sovietice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%9A_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="Политбюро ЦК КПСС – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политбюро ЦК КПСС" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Политбиро Комунистичке партије Совјетског Савеза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Политбиро Комунистичке партије Совјетског Савеза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuvostoliiton_kommunistisen_puolueen_keskuskomitean_politbyroo" title="Neuvostoliiton kommunistisen puolueen keskuskomitean politbyroo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neuvostoliiton kommunistisen puolueen keskuskomitean politbyroo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovyetler_Birli%C4%9Fi_Kom%C3%BCnist_Partisi_Politb%C3%BCrosu" title="Sovyetler Birliği Komünist Partisi Politbürosu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sovyetler Birliği Komünist Partisi Politbürosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%9A_%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%A1" title="Політбюро ЦК КПРС – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політбюро ЦК КПРС" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_del_Comit%C3%A0_Sentra%C5%82e_del_Partio_comunista_de_l%27Union_Sovi%C3%A8tega" title="Politburo del Comità Sentrałe del Partio comunista de l'Union Soviètega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Politburo del Comità Sentrałe del Partio comunista de l'Union Soviètega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_Ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B_Ban_Ch%E1%BA%A5p_h%C3%A0nh_Trung_%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4" title="Bộ Chính trị Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Liên Xô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Chính trị Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Liên Xô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80" title="苏联共产党中央政治局 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏联共产党中央政治局" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">De facto supreme political authority</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(bolsheviks)" title="Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks)">Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about the history of the Politburo from 1953 to 1991.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Talk:Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Политбюро ЦК Коммунистической партии Советского Союза.</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg/170px-%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg/255px-%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg/340px-%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="271" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the CPSU</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1917<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1917-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1991-12-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1922–1953) <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1985–1990) <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span></li></ul></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em">Elected by</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em">Responsible to</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">Varied</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kremlin_Senate-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kremlin_Senate-1.jpg/220px-Kremlin_Senate-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kremlin_Senate-1.jpg/330px-Kremlin_Senate-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kremlin_Senate-1.jpg/440px-Kremlin_Senate-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label"><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Senate" title="Kremlin Senate">Kremlin Senate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abbreviated <b>Politbureau CC CPSS</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply <b>Politbureau</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the highest political body of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> and de facto a <a href="/wiki/Collective_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective presidency">collective presidency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was founded in October 1917, and refounded in March 1919, at the <a href="/wiki/8th_Congress_of_the_Bolshevik_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Congress of the Bolshevik Party">8th Congress of the Bolshevik Party</a>. It was known as the <b>Presidium</b> from 1952 to 1966. The Politburo's authority was significantly undermined during the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August coup</a> and subsequently ended three months later upon <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">its dissolution</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 August 1917, the top Bolshevik leader, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, set up a political bureau—known first as <b>Narrow Composition</b>, and after 23 October 1917, as <b>Political Bureau</b>—specifically to direct the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">October Revolution</a>, with only seven members (Lenin, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Sokolnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigori Sokolnikov">Grigori Sokolnikov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bubnov" title="Andrei Bubnov">Andrei Bubnov</a>), but this precursor did not outlast the event; the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> continued with the political functions. However, due to practical reasons, usually fewer than half of the members attended the regular Central Committee meetings during this time, even though they decided all key questions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th Party Congress</a> in 1919 formalized this reality and re-established what would later on become the true center of political power in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. It ordered the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a> to appoint a five-member <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> to decide on questions too urgent to await full Central Committee deliberation. The original members of the Politburo were <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Kamenev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Krestinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Krestinsky">Nikolai Krestinsky</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years:_1919–1934"><span id="Early_years:_1919.E2.80.931934"></span>Early years: 1919–1934</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years: 1919–1934"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Soviet system was based upon the system conceived by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20043_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20043-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain historians and political scientists credit Lenin for the evolution of the Soviet political system after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20043_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20043-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Schapiro" title="Leonard Schapiro">Leonard Schapiro</a>, argue that the system itself evolved from an inner-party democratic system to a monolithic one in 1921, with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Control Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ban_on_factions_in_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">ban on factions</a> and the power of the Central Committee to expel members they deemed unqualified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20044_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20044-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rules were implemented to strengthen party discipline. However, the party continued under Lenin and the early post-Lenin years to try to establish democratic procedures within the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20045_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20045-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, by 1929, leading party members began criticizing the party apparatus, represented by the Secretariat headed by Stalin, of having too much control over personnel decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20045_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20045-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin addressed such questions in 1923, in his articles "How We Should Reorganize the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate" and "Better Fewer but Better".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20045_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20045-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these, Lenin wrote of his plan to turn the combined meetings of the Central Committee and the Control Commission into the party's "<a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20045_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20045-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combined meetings of these two would hold the Politburo responsible, while at the same time guard the Politburo from <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">factionalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20045_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20045-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admitting that organizational barriers may be inadequate to safeguard the party from one-man dictatorship, Lenin recognized the importance of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20045_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20045-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">His testament</a> tried to solve this crisis by reducing both Stalin's and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>'s powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20045_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20045-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some of his contemporaries accused Lenin of creating a one-man dictatorship within the party, Lenin countered, stating that he, like any other, could only implement policies by persuading the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20044_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20044-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This happened on several occasions, such as in 1917 when he threatened to leave the party if it did not go along with the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, when he persuaded the party to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, or with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> (NEP).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20044_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20044-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin, a noted factionalist before the Bolshevik seizure of power, supported the promotion of people he had previously clashed with on important issues to the Politburo; Trotsky and Lenin had had several years of violent polemics between them, while <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Zinoviev" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigori Zinoviev">Grigori Zinoviev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> both opposed the Central Committee resolution that initiated the October Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20046_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20046-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1917 to the mid-1920s, congresses were held annually, the Central Committee was convened at least once a month and the Politburo met once a week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft200485_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft200485-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Joseph Stalin">consolidation of power</a>, the frequency of formal meetings declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft200485_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft200485-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1930s, the Central Committee met only once a month, and the Politburo convened at most once every third week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft200485_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft200485-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Politburo was established, and worked within the framework of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a> (that is a system in which higher bodies are responsible to lower bodies and where every member is subordinate to party decisions).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20042_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20042-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of democratic centralism had changed by 1929, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>, which had been previously tolerated within the party, was replaced with monolithic unity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20042_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20042-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was achieved with Stalin's defeat of rival factions such as the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">Right Opposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20042_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20042-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally believed that under Stalin the Politburo's powers were reduced compared to the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary">General Secretary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20043_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20043-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stalin defeated the Left Opposition led by Trotsky by allying himself with the rightists within the Politburo; <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Rykov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksey Rykov">Aleksey Rykov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tomsky" title="Mikhail Tomsky">Mikhail Tomsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20046–7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20046–7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After defeating the Left Opposition, Stalin began attacking the rightists (referred to as the Right Opposition) through his supporters in the Politburo, the Central Committee, and the Control Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20047-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin and his companion supported an undemocratic interpretation of Lenin's <i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20047-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the late-1920s, Politburo member <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a> (a Stalin ally), wrote and campaigned for a party organisational by-law which reduced intra-party democracy in favour of hierarchy and <a href="/wiki/Centralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralism">centralism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20047-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the defeat of the other factions, these interpretations became party law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20047-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To strengthen the system of centralised decision-making, Stalin appointed his allies to high offices outside the Politburo. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> succeeded Rykov as <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a> in 1930, to reduce the chance of another independent locus of centralised power forming form which could threaten Stalin and the Politburo, Secretariat, and Orgburo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20048_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20048-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, the office of the General Secretary became paramount.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20047-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Politburo, which was nominally responsible to the Central Committee and the Party Congress, became responsible to the General Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20047-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The General Secretary, the formal head of the Secretariat and the Orgburo, "came to exercise enormous weight in decision-making."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20047-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Secretariat and Orgburo were responsible for personnel appointments in the whole party, and so were used as a machine by Stalin and his allies to promote like-minded individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20047-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molotov and Kaganovich played a key role in strengthening the role of the Secretariat and the Orgburo in Party affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20047-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalin_years:_1934–1953"><span id="Stalin_years:_1934.E2.80.931953"></span>Stalin years: 1934–1953</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stalin years: 1934–1953"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execute_346_Politburo_passes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Execute_346_Politburo_passes.jpg/220px-Execute_346_Politburo_passes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Execute_346_Politburo_passes.jpg/330px-Execute_346_Politburo_passes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Execute_346_Politburo_passes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Excerpt of protocol of Politburo meeting of 17 January 1940 noting the decision to put 457 persons on trial and to execute 346 of them with the rest (111) being sent to the Gulags</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/17th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th Politburo</a> was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the <a href="/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th Central Committee</a>, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199230_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199230-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outwardly, the Politburo remained united, but on 4 February <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Ordzhonikidze" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigory Ordzhonikidze">Grigory Ordzhonikidze</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Heavy_Industry_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Heavy Industry (Soviet Union)">People's Commissar for Heavy Industry</a>, refused to acknowledge Stalin's projected economic growth targets, claiming that the majority in the Politburo supported his position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199230_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199230-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Sergey Kirov</a>, who had turned down an offer to take Stalin's place as General Secretary before the 17th Congress, opposed many of Stalin's repressive policies, and tried throughout 1934 to moderate them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199230–31_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199230–31-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several scholars have viewed Ordzhonikidze's and Kirov's outspokenness as the rise of a moderate Stalinist faction with the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199231_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199231-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 December 1934, Kirov was shot dead – whether he was the victim of a lone assailant or killed on Stalin's orders remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199231_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199231-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not long after, on 21 January 1935, <a href="/wiki/Valerian_Kuybyshev" title="Valerian Kuybyshev">Valerian Kuybyshev</a> died of natural causes, and a month later, <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vlas_Chubar" title="Vlas Chubar">Vlas Chubar</a> were elected Politburo full members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199231_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199231-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a>, the First Secretary of the Leningrad City Committee and member of the Secretariat, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Eikhe" title="Robert Eikhe">Robert Eikhe</a>, the First Secretary of the Siberian and West-Siberian District Committee, were elected Politburo candidate members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199231_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199231-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1936 signaled the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, a nationwide purge of what Stalin deemed as anti-socialist elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first victims of the purge were members and leaders of economic organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not everyone in the Politburo agreed with the purges, or the scope of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordzhonikidze ridiculed the purge, and tried to save officials working in the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin expected that Ordzhonikidze would support the purges, at least officially, but instead he wrote a speech condemning them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 February 1937, Ordzhonikidze was found dead in his house, having killed himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Central Committee plenum in February 1937, Stalin, Molotov, Zhdanov and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a> began accusing leading officials of anti-socialist behavior, but they met opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Postyshev" title="Pavel Postyshev">Pavel Postyshev</a>, a Politburo candidate member and <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine">First Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Ukrainian Communist Branch</a>, in response to them accusing a member of the Ukrainian Central Committee of being anti-socialist said; "I don't believe it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Yezhov proposed killing Bukharin and Rykov, Postyshev along with <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Petrovsky" title="Grigory Petrovsky">Grigory Petrovsky</a>, opposed such a measure, proposing instead of handing them over to the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molotov and <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a>, supported a compromise brokered by Stalin, which handed over Bukharin and Rykov to the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this opposition, Stalin and his closest associates began purging officials nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1937, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Rudzutaks" title="Jānis Rudzutaks">Jānis Rudzutaks</a> became the first Politburo member to be purged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, four other Politburo members were purged; Chubar, who personally telephoned Stalin crying trying to assure his innocence, Kosior, who confessed for anti-socialist crimes after his daughter was raped in front of him, Postyshev and Eikhe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petrovsky in contrast, was rather lucky, instead of being purged he was not reelected to the Politburo at the <a href="/wiki/18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purging of Rudzutaks, Eikhe, and Kosior testified to Stalin's growing power; the Politburo were not even notified of the decision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postyshev was purged because "of too much zeal in persecuting people."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khrushchev:_1953–1964"><span id="Khrushchev:_1953.E2.80.931964"></span>Khrushchev: 1953–1964</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Khrushchev: 1953–1964"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brezhnev_Era:_1964–1982"><span id="Brezhnev_Era:_1964.E2.80.931982"></span>Brezhnev Era: 1964–1982</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brezhnev Era: 1964–1982"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorbachev:_1985–1991"><span id="Gorbachev:_1985.E2.80.931991"></span>Gorbachev: 1985–1991</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gorbachev: 1985–1991"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duties_and_responsibilities">Duties and responsibilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Duties and responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status">Status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Politburo was the highest organ of the party when the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">party Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> were not in session.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199285_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199285-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Politburo, along with the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Organizational Bureau</a> (Orgburo) until 1952, was one of three permanent bodies of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199285–87_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199285–87-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a>, the party leader, served as <i>ex officio</i> chairman of the Politburo (however, no formal rule stipulated such activity).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199285_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199285-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 28 politburos were elected throughout the existence of the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199285_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199285-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While nominally subordinate to the Central Committee and the Party Congress, in practice the Politburo was the true center of power in the CPSU, and its decisions <i>de facto</i> had the force of law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decision-making_process">Decision-making process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decision-making process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arkady_Shevchenko" title="Arkady Shevchenko">Arkady Shevchenko</a>, like many Soviet technical experts, once attended the part of a Politburo meeting that touched on his area of expertise, and he often prepared his boss <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a> for meetings. He described the working style of the Politburo's weekly meeting during the <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Brezhnev era">Brezhnev era</a> as "quiet, orderly, and methodical. Although an <a href="/wiki/Agenda_(meeting)" title="Agenda (meeting)">agenda</a> is prepared, there is no <a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">quorum call</a> or other form of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">parliamentary procedure</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShevchenko1985207–208_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevchenko1985207–208-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shevchenko's memoir makes it clear that the tense political struggle that could often occur among Politburo members usually did not take place openly during its meetings, but rather behind the backs of one's rivals. In practice, Soviet Leninism's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a> often followed a style of <a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">unanimous consent</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Majority_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority vote">majority vote</a>. This style of <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus decision-making</a> had roots not only in the era of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Terror</a>, also known as the Yezhovshchina, but also in Brezhnev's carefully cultivated culture of collective decision-making. Shevchenko said,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShevchenko1985207–208_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevchenko1985207–208-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "While the Politburo considered the item for which I was responsible, I sat with <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Kuznetsov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Korniyenko" title="Georgy Korniyenko">Kornienko</a>, and [Vasily] Makarov, behind <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Gromyko</a> at the long table in the Kremlin. Brezhnev asked whether all members of the Politburo had received the draft U.S.-Soviet documents in time and if they had studied them. Most of the members nodded silent assent. 'Can I assume that the draft is approved?' Brezhnev asked. No one spoke. 'The draft is approved,' said Brezhnev after a few more moments of silence. Makarov put his hand on my shoulder, whispering, 'Okay, Arkady, that's it. You can go.'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShevchenko1985207–208_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevchenko1985207–208-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, there were times where the General Secretary would override all the other members by making his opinion clear and implying that dissent would not be tolerated. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Smirtyukov" title="Mikhail Smirtyukov">Mikhail Smirtyukov</a>, recalled one such Politburo meeting. While Brezhnev was on vacation, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a>, who hated the idea that in front of the Lenin Mausoleum in Red Square there was a <a href="/wiki/GUM_(department_store)" title="GUM (department store)">department store</a> (GUM), attempted to turn GUM into an exhibition hall and museum showcasing Soviet and Communist history. </p> <blockquote> <p>After the decision was drawn up, Brezhnev was immediately reported. When he returned from vacation, before the first meeting of the Politburo he said: "Some idiot here invented a plan to close GUM and open some kind of cabinet of curiosities there." After everyone sat down, he asks: "Well, has the GUM issue been resolved?" Everyone, including Suslov, nodded their heads. The problem was closed once and for all without discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_the_Secretariat">Relation to the Secretariat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relation to the Secretariat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_members_of_the_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Lists of members of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Lists of members of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:November_7_1976,_Leningrad,_USSR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/November_7_1976%2C_Leningrad%2C_USSR.jpg/247px-November_7_1976%2C_Leningrad%2C_USSR.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/November_7_1976%2C_Leningrad%2C_USSR.jpg/371px-November_7_1976%2C_Leningrad%2C_USSR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/November_7_1976%2C_Leningrad%2C_USSR.jpg/494px-November_7_1976%2C_Leningrad%2C_USSR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>Portraits of Soviet Politburo members at a demonstration in honour of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> anniversary, November 7, 1976, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election">Election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To be elected to the Politburo, a member had to serve on the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Committee formally elected the Politburo in the aftermath of a <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">party Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the Central Committee were given a predetermined list of candidates for the Politburo (having only one candidate for each seat); for this reason, the election of the Politburo was usually passed unanimously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more power the CPSU General Secretary had, the stronger the chance was that the Politburo membership were passed without serious dissent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 25 of the party Charter, said little to nothing on the actual relationship between the Politburo and the Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1961, Article 25 stated (with several changes) that the Central Committee "forms" or "organizes" the Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 1961, under <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, that the party Charter was amended; stating that the Politburo was appointed through "secret elections".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amended party Charter stated that at least one-third of the Politburo (as well as the Central Committee) had to step down at each election to the Politburo, and that no members could be elected for more than three terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initiator of these changes, Khrushchev, the CPSU General Secretary, had served in the Politburo for 22 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of stepping down, Khrushchev made a rule which stated that members "who enjoyed great authority and possessed exceptional ability" could serve more than three terms, if they received more than 75 percent approval votes from the Central Committee, upon elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These amendments were removed from the party Charter under <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, and Article 25 now stated; "In the election of all party organs, from the <a href="/wiki/Primary_party_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary party organization">primary party organization</a> to the Central Committee of the CPSU, the principle of systematic replacement of personnel and the continuity of leadership is to be observed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287–88_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287–88-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brezhnev period saw, in complete contrast to Khrushchev's amendment, the greatest continuity in the Politburo in its history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199288_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199288-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 25 of the Charter remained unchanged under the successive leadership of <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199288_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199288-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1919 and 1990, 42 members who served as candidate members were not promoted to full member status of the Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992140_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992140-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, 32 full members of the Politburo never served as candidate members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992140_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992140-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six members who had served as full members were demoted to candidate status during the Politburo's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992141_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992141-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posts">Posts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Posts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serving in the Politburo was a part-time function, and members served concurrently in either the party, state, <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Trade unions in the Soviet Union">trade union</a>, security or military administrations (or all of them concurrently).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992152_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 1950s, most members served in state positions, but this changed at the <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress</a> (held in 1956) when 47% percent of Politburo members served in the central party apparatus while another 47% served in the state administration. From the 20th Congress until the <a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th Congress</a>, the share of Politburo members serving in the central party apparatus increased, while those serving in the state administration declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992153_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992153-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Politburo members had leading central posts; the highest share of republican officials serving in the Politburo came at the <a href="/wiki/22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd Congress</a> (held in 1961) when 50 percent of members held offices at the republican-level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992154_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992154-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Security officials had historically had a low-profile on the Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1953 until 1973, no officials representing the security sector served in the Politburo as full members; the last two being <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ignatov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Ignatov">Nikolay Ignatov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tradition was put to an end with the elevation of <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>, the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> Chairman, to full membership (having served as a candidate member since 1967).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Alexander Shelepin</a> had served as KGB Chairman, but was elected to the Politburo through his work in the <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a>, who had served as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Georgia)">Georgian Minister of Internal Affairs</a> until 1972, became a candidate member of the Politburo through his work as First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Communist Party">Georgian Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly in 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)">Minister of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Andrei Grechko</a> was appointed to the Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike the security sector, the military sector had had representatives in the Politburo since the <a href="/wiki/8th%E2%80%9310th_Politburo_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="8th–10th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th Politburo</a> (in 1919).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defense ministers who had served in the Politburo are <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Dmitry Ustinov</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, several leading Politburo officials had participated in either the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> or <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155–156_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155–156-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity,_age_and_sex"><span id="Ethnicity.2C_age_and_sex"></span>Ethnicity, age and sex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnicity, age and sex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> dominated the Politburo from its establishment in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not surprising, since the three most populous republics within the Soviet Union were ethnic Slavic; <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1919 until 1991, 89 members of the Politburo were Russians (which makes up 68 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992139_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992139-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In distant second were Ukrainians, who had 11 members in the Politburo, making up 8 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In third place are both ethnic Jews and Georgians, who had 4 members respectively, making up 3 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For comparison, according to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_census" title="Soviet census">population censuses</a>, during these years the Soviet Union had a composition of between 51% (in <a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989</a>) and 58% (in <a href="/wiki/1939_Soviet_census" title="1939 Soviet census">1939</a>) Russian, between 15% (in 1989) and 21% (in <a href="/wiki/1926_Soviet_census" title="1926 Soviet census">1926</a>) Ukrainian, between 1.2% (in 1926) and 1.4% (in 1989) Georgian, and between 0.5% (in 1989) and 1.8% (in 1926) Jewish. In general, in the first half of the Politburo's existence, there was a higher ethnic representation than the second half.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the <a href="/wiki/28th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="28th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th Politburo</a> that every republic had a representative at the Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992167_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992167-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Politburo never tried to fix the ethnic imbalance within the Politburo. Instead, the Soviet Union at the central level was mostly ruled by Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992139–140_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992139–140-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the ideological rhetoric about equality between the sexes, the Politburo came to be composed largely of men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992128_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992128-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only four women ever served in the Politburo; <a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Furtseva" title="Yekaterina Furtseva">Yekaterina Furtseva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Biryukova" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra Biryukova">Alexandra Biryukova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galina_Semenova" title="Galina Semenova">Galina Semenova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129_&_161_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129_&_161-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furtseva, Biryukova and Semenova reached the Politburo under the leadership of reformist party leaders; <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average age of the Politburo was 39 in 1919, and the Politburo continued to age more-or-less consistently until 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for this being that the Central Committee treated Politburo replenishment as the responsibility of the Politburo itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politburo members usually picked successors who were around the same age, the result being the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">gerontocracy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Brezhnev Era">Brezhnev Era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the age steadily crept up during Khrushchev's leadership, members were replaced; for instance, 70 percent of the members elected to the Politburo in 1956 lost their seats in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992131_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992131-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, all the Politburo members elected in 1966 were reelected in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992131_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992131-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even more worrisome, 12 out of 19 members elected in 1966 were reelected in 1981. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Death_and_Funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and Funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev's death</a> in 1982, the median age of the politburo was 70.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992131_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992131-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This age development was finally put to a halt under Gorbachev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1985 onwards, the age of Politburo members steadily declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992131_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992131-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_and_education">Origin and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Origin and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fifty-nine percent of Politburo members (both candidate and full) were of rural origins, while 41 percent were urban.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992143_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992143-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first members of the Politburo were predominantly from urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992145_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992145-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, on the 9th Politburo, two out of eight (Trotsky and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a>) were born in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992145_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992145-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1930s onwards, the majority of Politburo members had a father who worked either as a peasant or as a worker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is strange, considering that one would assume a rise in representation of the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> as the Soviet Union became more advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1960s onwards the majority of new members had workers' backgrounds, as expected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is strange, however, is that from 1975 to 1981, a sudden increase of people of peasant background took place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When looking at first profession, the majority of members had worked as workers, but the majority of them had attended <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> later in their life (the majority of them choosing <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 43 percent of Politburo members attained higher education credentials during their life, while in a close second place, 32 percent of members earned an education in <a href="/wiki/Technical_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical engineering">technical engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992149_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992149-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Organisation of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Политическое бюро Центрального комитета Коммунистической партии Советского Союза</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Političeskoje bjuro Centraljnogo komiteta Kommunističeskoj partii Sovetskogo Sojuza</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[pəlʲɪˈtʲitɕɪskəje<span class="wrap"> </span>bʲʊˈro<span class="wrap"> </span>tsɨnˈtralʲnəvə<span class="wrap"> </span>kəmʲɪˈtʲetə<span class="wrap"> </span>kəmʊnʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskəj<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpartʲɪ(j)ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>sɐˈvʲetskəvə<span class="wrap"> </span>sɐˈjuzə]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Политбюро ЦК КПСС</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Politbjuro CK KPSS</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Политбюро</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[pəlʲɪtbʲʊˈro]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://putidorogi-nn.ru/evropa/882-senatskij-dvorets">"Сенатский дворец - место работы президента и вручения наград"</a>. <i>Putidorogi-nn.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Putidorogi-nn.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86+-+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fputidorogi-nn.ru%2Fevropa%2F882-senatskij-dvorets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitburo+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128074759/http://velib.com/read_book/sergievskaja_irina/moskva_paradnaja_tajjny_i_predanija_zapretnogo_goroda/chast_i_dvorcovye_tajjny/rabochaja_rezidencija_prezidenta_rossii/kremlevskijj_senat/">"ГЛАВНЫЙ КОРПУС КРЕМЛЯ"</a>. <i>The VVM Library</i>. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+VVM+Library&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%92%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%99+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%A1+%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9C%D0%9B%D0%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvelib.com%2Fread_book%2Fsergievskaja_irina%2Fmoskva_paradnaja_tajjny_i_predanija_zapretnogo_goroda%2Fchast_i_dvorcovye_tajjny%2Frabochaja_rezidencija_prezidenta_rossii%2Fkremlevskijj_senat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitburo+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/467548/Politburo">"Politburo"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Politburo&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F467548%2FPolitburo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitburo+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20043-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20043_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20043_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20043_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2004">Rees 2004</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20044-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20044_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20044_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20044_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2004">Rees 2004</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20045-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20045_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20045_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20045_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20045_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20045_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20045_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20045_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2004">Rees 2004</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20046-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20046_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2004">Rees 2004</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft200485-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft200485_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft200485_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft200485_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheatcroft2004">Wheatcroft 2004</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20042-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20042_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20042_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20042_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2004">Rees 2004</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20046–7-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20046–7_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2004">Rees 2004</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20047-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20047_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2004">Rees 2004</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees20048-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees20048_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2004">Rees 2004</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199230-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199230_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199230_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199230–31-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199230–31_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199231-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199231_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199231_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199231_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199231_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199232_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199233_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199285-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199285_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199285_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199285_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199285–87-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199285–87_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, pp. 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevchenko1985207–208-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShevchenko1985207–208_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShevchenko1985207–208_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShevchenko1985207–208_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShevchenko1985">Shevchenko 1985</a>, pp. 207–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThelman2012" class="citation web cs1">Thelman, Joseph (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jew-observer.com/istoriya/chelovek-v-galoshax/">"The Man in Galoshes"</a>. <i>Jew Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jew+Observer&rft.atitle=The+Man+in+Galoshes&rft.date=2012-12&rft.aulast=Thelman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjew-observer.com%2Fistoriya%2Fchelovek-v-galoshax%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitburo+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287_25-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287–88-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199287–88_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199288-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199288_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga199288_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992140-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992140_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992140_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992141-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992141_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992152-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992152_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992153-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992153_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992154-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992154_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155_33-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155–156-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992155–156_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992136_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992139-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992139_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992167-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992167_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992139–140-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992139–140_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992128-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992128_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129_&_161-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129_&_161_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, pp. 129 & 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992129_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992131-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992131_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992131_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992131_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992131_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992143-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992143_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992145-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992145_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992145_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992147_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992149-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992149_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992">Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowenhardtvan_ReeOzinga1992" class="citation book cs1">Lowenhardt, John; van Ree, Erik; Ozinga, James (1992). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Politburo</i>. <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="St Martin's Press">St Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312047843" title="Special:BookSources/0312047843"><bdi>0312047843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Politburo&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0312047843&rft.au=Lowenhardt%2C+John&rft.au=van+Ree%2C+Erik&rft.au=Ozinga%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitburo+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2004" class="citation book cs1">Rees, E.A., ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-reading.by/bookreader.php/135306/The_Nature_of_Stalin%60s_Dictatorship._The_Politburo_1928-1953.pdf#18">"Introduction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Nature of Stalin's Dictatorship: The Politburo, 1924–1953</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 1–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403904014" title="Special:BookSources/1403904014"><bdi>1403904014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Stalin%27s+Dictatorship%3A+The+Politburo%2C+1924%E2%80%931953&rft.pages=1-18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1403904014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-reading.by%2Fbookreader.php%2F135306%2FThe_Nature_of_Stalin%2560s_Dictatorship._The_Politburo_1928-1953.pdf%2318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitburo+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevchenko1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arkady_Shevchenko" title="Arkady Shevchenko">Shevchenko, Arkady</a> (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/breakingwithmosc00shev_0"><i>Breaking with Moscow</i></a></span>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394520551" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394520551"><bdi>978-0394520551</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11680691">11680691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+with+Moscow&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11680691&rft.isbn=978-0394520551&rft.aulast=Shevchenko&rft.aufirst=Arkady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbreakingwithmosc00shev_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitburo+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatcroft2004" class="citation book cs1">Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-reading.by/bookreader.php/135306/The_Nature_of_Stalin%60s_Dictatorship._The_Politburo_1928-1953.pdf#96">"From Team-Stalin to Degenerate Tyranny"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Rees, E.A. (ed.). <i>The Nature of Stalin's Dictatorship: The Politburo, 1924–1953</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 79–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403904014" title="Special:BookSources/1403904014"><bdi>1403904014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Team-Stalin+to+Degenerate+Tyranny&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Stalin%27s+Dictatorship%3A+The+Politburo%2C+1924%E2%80%931953&rft.pages=79-107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1403904014&rft.aulast=Wheatcroft&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-reading.by%2Fbookreader.php%2F135306%2FThe_Nature_of_Stalin%2560s_Dictatorship._The_Politburo_1928-1953.pdf%2396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitburo+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War">Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Post_Stalinist_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union">Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Brown, Archie</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gorbachevfactor00brow_0"><i>The Gorbachev Factor</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192880527" title="Special:BookSources/0192880527"><bdi>0192880527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gorbachev+Factor&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0192880527&rft.au=Brown%2C+Archie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgorbachevfactor00brow_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitburo+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBialer2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seweryn_Bialer" title="Seweryn Bialer">Bialer, Seweryn</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinssuccessor0000bial"><i>Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability, and Change in the Soviet Union</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521289068" title="Special:BookSources/0521289068"><bdi>0521289068</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Successors%3A+Leadership%2C+Stability%2C+and+Change+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0521289068&rft.au=Bialer%2C+Seweryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalinssuccessor0000bial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitburo+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121128072616/http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/ussr2.htm">Leadership of the CPSU</a> Full list of members and candidate members of the Presidium includes dates on the body and year of death (or execution).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131107050501/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552670">Succession of Power in the USSR</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.georgetown.edu/digital/krogh">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Archives</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> (1912–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1924–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1953–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> (1964–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1982–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> (1984–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1985–91)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a> (1917–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a> (Mar.–Dec. 1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Krestinsky" title="Nikolay Krestinsky">Nikolay Krestinsky</a> (1919–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> (1921–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1922–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1953–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> (1964–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1982–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> (1984–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1985–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivashko" title="Vladimir Ivashko">Vladimir Ivashko</a> (<i>acting</i>, Aug. 1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decision-making bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politburo / Presidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Control Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Departments of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_Organs_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administrative Organs Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Administrative Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Chemical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construction Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defence_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defence Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Defence Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Cadres_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign Cadres Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Foreign Cadres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heavy Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Heavy Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Information Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="International Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">International</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light-_and_Food_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Light- and Food Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Light- and Food Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machine Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Machine Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisational-party_Work_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisational-party Work of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Organisational-party Work</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning_and_Financial_Organs_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planning and Financial Organs Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Planning and Financial Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Political_Directorate_of_the_Soviet_Army_and_Soviet_Navy" title="Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy">Political Administration of the Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_Education_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science and Education Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Science and Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_and_Consumers%27_Services_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade and Consumers' Services Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Trade and Consumers' Services</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transportation-Communications_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transportation-Communications Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Transportation-Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenotdel" title="Zhenotdel">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kommunist" title="Kommunist">Bolshevik / Kommunist</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">1st (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">2nd (1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">3rd (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">4th (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">5th (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">21st (1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Conference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tampere_conference_of_1905" title="Tampere conference of 1905">1st (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">2nd (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">3rd (Aug. 1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">4th (Nov. 1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">5th (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Conference" title="Prague Conference">6th (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">7th (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">8th (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">9th (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">10th (May 1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">11th (Dec. 1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=16th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">17th (1932)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">18th (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_All-Union_Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1988)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by the<br />Central Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politburo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">Aug.–Oct. 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">Oct.–Dec. 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Bureau, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_and_Secretariat_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo and Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Bureau, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_and_Secretariat_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo and Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Bureau, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (Jan.–Mar. 1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Control Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Commission_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Commission of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Commission_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Commission of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">27th (1986–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central<br />Control Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Presidium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Collegium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1930–34)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by<br />Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">1st (1898–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">2nd (1903–05)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_3rd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">3rd (Apr.–Dec. 1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_1st_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 1st Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">CC of the 1st Conf. (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_4th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">4th (1906–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_5th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">5th (1907–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_6th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 6th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">CC of the 6th Conf. (1912–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_7th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 7th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">CC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.–Aug. 1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Auditing Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Control Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wider organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republican-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Armenia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Armenia (Soviet Union)">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party_(1920)" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party (1920)">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Byelorussia" title="Communist Party of Byelorussia">Byelorussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bukhara" title="Communist Party of Bukhara">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Estonia" title="Communist Party of Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Georgia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Georgia (Soviet Union)">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelo-Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Kazakhstan (Soviet Union)">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Khorezm" title="Communist Party of Khorezm">Khorezmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kirghizia" title="Communist Party of Kirghizia">Kirghiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Latvia" title="Communist Party of Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Lithuania" title="Communist Party of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Moldavia" title="Communist Party of Moldavia">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="Communist Party of Tajikistan">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_Transcaucasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communist Party of Transcaucasia (page does not exist)">Transcaucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkestan" title="Communist Party of Turkestan">Turkestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkmenistan" title="Communist Party of Turkmenistan">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Uzbekistan" title="Communist Party of Uzbekistan">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Obkom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okrug_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okrug committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Okrugkom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Gorkom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Raikom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Partkom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statute of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_(Soviet_Union)" title="Young Pioneers (Soviet Union)">Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Political_Directorate_of_the_Soviet_Army_and_Soviet_Navy" title="Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy">Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_on_factions_in_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Ban on factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Democratic_Centralism" title="Group of Democratic Centralism">Group of Democratic Centralism</a> (1919–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a> (1920–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Truth" title="Workers' Truth">Workers' Truth</a> (1921–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> (1923–27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Group_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party" title="Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party">Workers' Group</a> (1923–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">Right Opposition</a> (1924–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Opposition_(Soviet_Union)" title="United Opposition (Soviet Union)">United Opposition</a> (1926–27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtsov-Lominadze_Affair" title="Syrtsov-Lominadze Affair">Left-Right Bloc</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryutin_affair" title="Ryutin affair">Union of Marxist-Leninists</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_of_Soviet_Oppositions" title="Bloc of Soviet Oppositions">Bloc of Soviet Oppositions</a> (1932–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Party_Group" title="Anti-Party Group">Anti-Party Group</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(faction)" title="Soyuz (faction)">Soyuz</a> (1990–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State Committee on the State of Emergency</a> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_of_Communists_and_Non-Partisans" title="Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans">Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Russian_Revolutionary_Social_Democracy_Abroad" title="League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad">League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class" title="League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class">League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purges_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Purges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Social-Democratic_Union" title="Siberian Social-Democratic Union">Siberian Social-Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Lithuania" title="Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania">Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Russian_Social_Democrats_Abroad" title="Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad">Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/296145858126923022346">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97079525">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91113426">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="CK KPSS. 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