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<li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Galicia–Volhynia_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galicia–Volhynia_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Galicia–Volhynia Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galicia–Volhynia_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Kingdom of Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habsburg_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habsburg_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Habsburg Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habsburg_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 First World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish–Ukrainian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish–Ukrainian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Polish–Ukrainian War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish–Ukrainian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Interwar period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_occupation_and_incorporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_occupation_and_incorporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Soviet occupation and incorporation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_occupation_and_incorporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 German occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_re-occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_re-occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.3 Soviet re-occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_re-occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Soviet Era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Independent Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russo-Ukrainian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russo-Ukrainian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.1 Russo-Ukrainian War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russo-Ukrainian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.1.1 Russian invasion of Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Historical populations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_Polish_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_Polish_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Ethnic Polish population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_Polish_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Jewish population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Information_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Information technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_and_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_and_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Theatre and opera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_and_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_art_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_art_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Museums and art galleries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_art_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities_and_academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_and_academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Universities and academia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_and_academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Mathematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Print_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Print and media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_cinema_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_cinema_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 In cinema and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_cinema_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12 Parks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Association_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Association football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stadia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stadia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Stadia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stadia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Public transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Public transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Railways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Air transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bicycle_lanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicycle_lanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Bicycle lanes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicycle_lanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partner_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partner_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Partner cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partner_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lviv</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 141 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" > 141 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwif" title="Lwif – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lwif" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemberg" title="Lemberg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lemberg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8D%E1%89%AA%E1%89%AD" title="ልቪቭ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ልቪቭ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembeorg" title="Lembeorg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lembeorg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%81" title="لفيف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لفيف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Լուով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լուով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lvov" title="Lvov – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lvov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%81" title="لووف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لووف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD" title="লিভিভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিভিভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Львоў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Львоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Львоў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Львоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Лвов – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лвов" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemberg" title="Lemberg – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Lemberg" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavov" title="Lavov – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lavov" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27viv" title="L'viv – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="L'viv" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lvov" title="Lvov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lvov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwiw" title="Lwiw – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lwiw" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2" title="Λβιβ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λβιβ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3polis" title="Leópolis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leópolis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lvivo" title="Lvivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lvivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88" title="لویو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لویو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljviv" title="Ljviv – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ljviv" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A5%B4%EB%B9%84%EC%9A%B0" title="르비우 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="르비우" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Լվով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լվով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="ल्वीव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ल्वीव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" title="Lwów – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Lwów" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavov" title="Lavov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lavov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lv%C3%ADv" title="Lvív – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lvív" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoli" title="Leopoli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leopoli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91" title="לבוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לבוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ლვივი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლვივი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lv%C3%AEv" title="Lvîv – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lvîv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopolis" title="Leopolis – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Leopolis" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopolis" title="Leopolis – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Leopolis" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%9F" title="ລະວີຟ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລະວີຟ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopolis" title="Leopolis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leopolis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BBviva" title="Ļviva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ļviva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lvovas" title="Lvovas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lvovas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopul" title="Leopul – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Leopul" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Лавов – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лавов" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="ലിവിവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിവിവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5" title="लिव्हिव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिव्हिव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ლვივი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლვივი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%81" title="لفيف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لفيف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Львив – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Львив" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A6" title="リヴィウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リヴィウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemberg" title="Lemberg – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Lemberg" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lvov" title="Lvov – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lvov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemberg" title="Lemberg – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Lemberg" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88" title="لویو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لویو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" title="Lwów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lwów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2" title="Λβιβ – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Λβιβ" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lbav" title="İlbav – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İlbav" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liov" title="Liov – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Liov" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwiw" title="Lwiw – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lwiw" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Львів – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Львів" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lvivi" title="Lvivi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lvivi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B2puli" title="Liòpuli – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Liòpuli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%81" title="لويف – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لويف" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDvov" title="Ľvov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľvov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lvov" title="Lvov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lvov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymberg" title="Lymberg – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Lymberg" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A4%DB%8C%DA%A4" title="لڤیڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لڤیڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavov" title="Lavov – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Lavov" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavov" title="Lavov – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lavov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="லிவீவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லிவீவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7" title="ลวิว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลวิว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Лвив – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лвив" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwiw" title="Lwiw – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Lwiw" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Львив – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Львив" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Львов – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Львов" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Львів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Львів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88" title="لیویو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیویو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopo%C5%82i" title="Leopołi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Leopołi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27vov" title="L'vov – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="L'vov" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27viv" title="L'viv – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="L'viv" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lviv" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%83%E5%A4%AB" title="利沃夫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="利沃夫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%92" title="לעמבערג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לעמבערג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%9F%9F%E5%A4%AB" title="列域夫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="列域夫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lviv&params=49_50_33_N_24_01_56_E_region:UA_type:city(717273)">49°50′33″N 24°01′56″E / 49.84250°N 24.03222°E / 49.84250; 24.03222</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemberg&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemberg">Lemberg</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lvov_(surname)" title="Lvov (surname)">Lvov (surname)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lviv (disambiguation)">Lviv (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lwów (disambiguation)">Lwów (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lemberg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lemberg (disambiguation)">Lemberg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Lviv</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Львів</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:#ffffff;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:270px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#ffffff;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2)_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Town"><img alt="Old Town" 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data-file-height="1335" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#ffffff;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theatre of Opera and Ballet"><img alt="Theatre of Opera and Ballet" 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Olha and Elizabeth"><img alt="Church of Sts. 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href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85._%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Potocki Palace"><img alt="Potocki Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85._%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_12.jpg/270px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85._%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85._%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_12.jpg/405px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85._%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_12.jpg 1.5x, 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ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>From top, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_(Lviv)" title="Old Town (Lviv)">Historic Centre of Lviv</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Theatre_of_Opera_and_Ballet" title="Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet">Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_Church,_Lviv" title="Dormition Church, Lviv">Dormition Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sts._Olha_and_Elizabeth,_Lviv" title="Church of Sts. Olha and Elizabeth, Lviv">Church of Sts. Olha and Elizabeth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Market_Square_(Lviv)" title="Market Square (Lviv)">Market Square</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Potocki_Palace,_Lviv" title="Potocki Palace, Lviv">Potocki Palace</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lviv.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lviv"><img alt="Flag of Lviv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Lviv.svg/100px-Flag_of_Lviv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Lviv.svg/150px-Flag_of_Lviv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Lviv.svg/200px-Flag_of_Lviv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Lviv"><img alt="Coat of arms of Lviv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="604" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv" title="Coat of arms of Lviv">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Lviv"><img alt="Official logo of Lviv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E.png/80px-%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E.png/120px-%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E.png/160px-%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="948" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">Logo</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Ukrainian Piedmont<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Lviv is open to the world" "<a href="/wiki/Semper_fidelis#Lviv" title="Semper fidelis">Semper fidelis</a>" (historical)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Lviv_province_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lviv is located in Lviv Oblast"><img alt="Lviv is located in Lviv Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lviv_province_physical_map.svg/250px-Lviv_province_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lviv_province_physical_map.svg/375px-Lviv_province_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lviv_province_physical_map.svg/500px-Lviv_province_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="571" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.505%;left:49.193%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Lviv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Lviv</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Lviv shown within Lviv Oblast</div>Show map of Lviv Oblast</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliefkarte_Ukraine_2022.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lviv is located in Ukraine"><img alt="Lviv is located in Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Reliefkarte_Ukraine_2022.png/250px-Reliefkarte_Ukraine_2022.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Reliefkarte_Ukraine_2022.png/375px-Reliefkarte_Ukraine_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Reliefkarte_Ukraine_2022.png/500px-Reliefkarte_Ukraine_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="1954" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.227%;left:13.189%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Lviv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Lviv</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Lviv shown within Ukraine</div>Show map of Ukraine</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lviv is located in Europe"><img alt="Lviv is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.574%;left:57.027%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Lviv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Lviv</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Lviv shown within Europe</div>Show map of Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lviv&params=49_50_33_N_24_01_56_E_region:UA_type:city(717273)">49°50′33″N 24°01′56″E / 49.84250°N 24.03222°E / 49.84250; 24.03222</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Ukraine</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Ukraine" title="Oblasts of Ukraine">Oblast</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv Oblast</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Raions_of_Ukraine" title="Raions of Ukraine">Raion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Raion" title="Lviv Raion">Lviv Raion</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hromada" title="Hromada">Hromada</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lviv_urban_hromada" title="Lviv urban hromada">Lviv urban hromada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1256</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_rights" title="Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg law</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1356</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Lviv" title="List of mayors of Lviv">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Sadovyi" title="Andriy Sadovyi">Andriy Sadovyi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">148.9 km2 (57.5 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,975 km2 (1,921 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">296 m (971 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">717,273</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">6th</a> in Ukraine</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">4,800/km2 (12,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,141,119<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-2020_reform_maps-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leopolitans" title="List of Leopolitans">Leopolitan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal codes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">79000–79490</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+380 32(2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Licence plate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">BC, HC (before 2004: ТА, ТВ, ТН, ТС)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://city-adm.lviv.ua">city-adm.lviv.ua</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">L'viv – the Ensemble of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_(Lviv)" title="Old Town (Lviv)">Historic Centre</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, v</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/865">865</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1998 (22nd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">Endangered</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2023–present</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">2,441 ha</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Lviv (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ləˈviːv/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">lə-VEEV</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ləˈviːf/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">lə-VEEF</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Львів <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[ˈlʲwiu̯]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/88\/Uk-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.ogg\/Uk-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Uk-\u041b\u044c\u0432\u0456\u0432.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Uk-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.ogg/Uk-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Uk-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.ogg" title="File:Uk-Львів.ogg">ⓘ</a>; see <a href="#Names_and_symbols">below</a> for other names) is the largest city in <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">western Ukraine</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">sixth-largest</a> city in Ukraine, with a population of 717,500 (2022 estimate).<a href="#cite_note-ua2022estimate-5">[5]</a> It serves as the administrative centre of <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv Oblast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Raion" title="Lviv Raion">Lviv Raion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and is one of the main <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian culture">cultural centres of Ukraine</a>. Lviv also hosts the administration of <a href="/wiki/Lviv_urban_hromada" title="Lviv urban hromada">Lviv urban hromada</a>. It was named after <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_of_Galicia" title="Leo I of Galicia">Leo I of Galicia</a>, the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Galicia" title="Daniel of Galicia">Daniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ruthenia" title="King of Ruthenia">King of Ruthenia</a>. Lviv emerged as the centre of the historical regions of <a href="/wiki/Red_Ruthenia" title="Red Ruthenia">Red Ruthenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a>, superseding <a href="/wiki/Halych" title="Halych">Halych</a>, <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belz" title="Belz">Belz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a>. It was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> from 1272 to 1349, when it was conquered by King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Poland</a>. From 1434, it was the regional capital of the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenian Voivodeship</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>. In 1772, after the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a>, the city became the capital of the Habsburg <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a>. In 1918, for a short time, it was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a>. Between the wars, the city was the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Voivodeship" title="Lwów Voivodeship">Lwów Voivodeship</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>. After the German-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in 1939, Lviv was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The once-large <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Ukraine">Jewish</a> community of the city was murdered in large numbers by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazis</a> and during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">the Holocaust</a>. For decades there was no working synagogue in Lviv after the final one <a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">was closed by the Soviets</a>. The greater part of the once-predominant Polish population was sent to Poland during a <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Poland_and_Soviet_Ukraine" title="Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine">population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine</a> in 1944–46. The historical heart of the city, with its cobblestone streets and architectural assortment of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neo-classicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>, survived Soviet and German occupations during World War II largely unscathed. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_(Lviv)" title="Old Town (Lviv)">historic city centre</a> is on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe#Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">UNESCO World Heritage List</a>; however, it has been listed as an endangered site due to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. Due to the city's Mediterranean aura, many <a href="/wiki/Soviet_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet movies">Soviet movies</a> set in places like <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> were actually shot in Lviv.<a href="#cite_note-reise-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_declaration_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian declaration of independence">In 1991</a>, Lviv became part of the independent nation of Ukraine. The city has many industries and institutions of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Lviv_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv University">Lviv University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Polytechnic" title="Lviv Polytechnic">Lviv Polytechnic</a>. Lviv is also the home of many cultural institutions, including a philharmonic orchestra and the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Theatre_of_Opera_and_Ballet" title="Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet">Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_symbols">Names and symbols</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and symbols">edit</a>]</div> The city of Lviv is also historically known by different names in other languages – <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Lwów <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[lvuf]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/37\/Pl-Lw%C3%B3w.ogg\/Pl-Lw%C3%B3w.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Lw\u00f3w.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Pl-Lw%C3%B3w.ogg/Pl-Lw%C3%B3w.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Lw%C3%B3w.ogg" title="File:Pl-Lwów.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Lemberg <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈlɛmbɛʁk]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/63\/De-Lemberg.ogg\/De-Lemberg.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Lemberg.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/De-Lemberg.ogg/De-Lemberg.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Lemberg.ogg" title="File:De-Lemberg.ogg">ⓘ</a> or (archaic) Leopoldstadt <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈleːopɔltˌʃtat]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2a\/De-Leopoldstadt.ogg\/De-Leopoldstadt.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Leopoldstadt.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/De-Leopoldstadt.ogg/De-Leopoldstadt.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Leopoldstadt.ogg" title="File:De-Leopoldstadt.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: לעמבעריק, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: Lemberik; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Львов, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Lvov <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[lʲvof]</a>; as well as <a href="/wiki/Names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages:_I%E2%80%93L#Lviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of European cities in different languages: I–L">a number of other names</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>, the banner of the Lviv City Council and the logo, are the officially approved symbols of Lviv. The names or images of architectural and historical monuments are also considered symbols of the city by the Statute of Lviv.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Lviv's modern coat of arms is based on the coat of arms from the city seal in the middle of the 14th century—a stone gate with three towers, and in the opening of the gate walks a golden lion. Lviv's large coat of arms is a shield, with the coat of arms of the city, crowned with a silver crown with three edges, held by a lion and an ancient warrior. Lviv's flag is a blue square banner with an image of the city emblem and with yellow and blue triangles at the edges. Lviv's logo is an image of five colorful towers in Lviv and the slogan "Lviv — open to the world" under them.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The Latin phrase <a href="/wiki/Semper_fidelis" title="Semper fidelis">Semper fidelis</a> ('Always faithful') was used as a motto on the former coat of arms of 1936–1939, but was no longer used after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lviv_City,_Ukraine,_Sentinel-2_satellite_image,_30-AUG-2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lviv_City%2C_Ukraine%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_30-AUG-2017.jpg/220px-Lviv_City%2C_Ukraine%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_30-AUG-2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lviv_City%2C_Ukraine%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_30-AUG-2017.jpg/330px-Lviv_City%2C_Ukraine%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_30-AUG-2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lviv_City%2C_Ukraine%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_30-AUG-2017.jpg/440px-Lviv_City%2C_Ukraine%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_30-AUG-2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2223" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>A satellite view of Lviv (<a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a>, 14 August 2017)</figcaption></figure> Lviv is on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Roztocze" title="Roztocze">Roztochia Upland</a>, about 70 kilometres (43 miles) east of the Polish border and 160 km (99 mi) north of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>. The average altitude of Lviv is 296 metres (971 feet) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>. Its highest point is the Vysokyi Zamok (<a href="/wiki/Lviv_High_Castle" title="Lviv High Castle">High Castle</a>), 409 meters (1,342 feet) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. This castle has a commanding view of the historic city centre with its distinctive green-domed churches and intricate architecture. The old <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">walled city</a> was at the foothills of the High Castle on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Poltva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Poltva River">Poltva River</a>. In the 13th century, the river was used to transport goods. In the early 20th century, the Poltva was covered over in areas where it flows through the city; the river flows directly beneath Lviv's central street, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberty_Avenue_(Lviv)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberty Avenue (Lviv) (page does not exist)">Liberty Avenue</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2)" class="extiw" title="uk:Проспект Свободи (Львів)">uk</a>], and the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Theatre_of_Opera_and_Ballet" title="Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet">Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Lviv's climate is <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> Dfb) with cold winters and warm summers.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The average temperatures are −3 °C (27 °F) in January and 18 °C (64 °F) in July.<a href="#cite_note-pogoda-14">[14]</a> The average annual rainfall is 745 mm (29 in) with the maximum in summer.<a href="#cite_note-pogoda-14">[14]</a> Mean <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine duration</a> per year at Lviv is about 1,804 hours.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-15">[15]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Lviv (1991–2020, extremes 1936–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3 (97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5 (94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.3 (97.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7 (27.1) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5 (29.3) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (36.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 (37.9) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3 (29.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.7 (21.7) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8 (23.4) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4 (29.5) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 (32.7) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.1 (24.6) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.5 (−19.3) </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.5 (−21.1) </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.0 (−13.0) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.1 (10.2) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0 (23.0) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 (36.7) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.2 (8.2) </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.6 (0.3) </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.6 (−14.1) </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−29.5 (−21.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 (1.8) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 (2.0) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93 (3.7) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86 (3.4) </td> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96 (3.8) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 (2.9) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70 (2.8) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 (2.2) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 (2.0) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 (2.0) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">769 (30.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 (2.8) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (3.5) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9 (3.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">158 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #1818FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000C7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000D9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000DA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000CE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000CA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000D4; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #747474; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #9E9E9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #B2B275; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">227 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">238 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">222 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179 </td> <td style="background: #C3C313; color:#000000;" class="notheme">148 </td> <td style="background: #696969; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #434343; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37 </td> <td style="background: #C5C505; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,804 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net,<a href="#cite_note-pogoda-14">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (humidity 1981–2010)<a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-16">[16]</a> (sun 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-15">[15]</a> Ogimet<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lviv" title="History of Lviv">History of Lviv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Lviv" title="Timeline of Lviv">Timeline of Lviv</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: GhostWhite;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: GhostWhite;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg/20px-Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg/31px-Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg/40px-Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="383" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a> c. 1250–1340 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="239" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> 1340–1569 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> 1569–1772 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">A-H Empire</a> 1772–1914 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> 1914–1915 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">occupation</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> 1915–1918 <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a> 1918 <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland (Second Republic)</a> 1918–1939 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>) 1939–1941 (<a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupation</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> 1941–1944 (<a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupation</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>) 1944–1991 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> 1991–present </blockquote> </div> <a href="/wiki/Archaeologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologists">Archaeologists</a> have demonstrated that the Lviv area was settled by the fifth century,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> with the gord at <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Вулиця Чернеча Гора">Chernecha Hora</a>-Voznesensk Street in <a href="/wiki/Lychakivskyi_District" title="Lychakivskyi District">Lychakivskyi District</a> attributed to <a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">White Croats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hupalo2014-22">[22]</a> The city of Lviv was founded in 1250 by King <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Galicia" title="Daniel of Galicia">Daniel of Galicia</a> (1201–1264) in the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halych" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Halych">Principality of Halych</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Ruthenia</a>. It was named in honor of his son <a href="/wiki/Lev_I_of_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev I of Galicia">Lev</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> as Lvihorod<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> which is consistent with names of other Ukrainian cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Myrhorod" title="Myrhorod">Myrhorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharhorod" title="Sharhorod">Sharhorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novhorod-Siverskyi" title="Novhorod-Siverskyi">Novhorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilhorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilhorod">Bilhorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horodyshche" title="Horodyshche">Horodyshche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horodok,_Lviv_Oblast" title="Horodok, Lviv Oblast">Horodok</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lev_Danylovich_of_Halych.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lev_Danylovich_of_Halych.PNG/170px-Lev_Danylovich_of_Halych.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lev_Danylovich_of_Halych.PNG/255px-Lev_Danylovich_of_Halych.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Lev_Danylovich_of_Halych.PNG 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>A 17th century portrait depicting <a href="/wiki/Lev_I_of_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev I of Galicia">Knyaz Lev of Galicia-Volhynia</a> with the city of Lviv in the background</figcaption></figure> Earlier there was a settlement in the form of a borough with a characteristic layout element—an elongated market square. Daniel's foundation of the stronghold was its next reconstruction after the <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a> invasion of 1240.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Lviv was <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">invaded</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in 1261.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon-29">[29]</a> Various sources relate the events, which range from the destruction of the castle to a complete razing of the town. All sources agree that it was on the orders of the Mongol general <a href="/wiki/Boroldai" title="Boroldai">Burundai</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shevchenko_Scientific_Society" title="Shevchenko Scientific Society">Shevchenko Scientific Society</a> says that Burundai issued the order to raze the city. The <a href="/wiki/Galician-Volhynian_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Volhynian Chronicle">Galician-Volhynian chronicle</a> states that in 1261 "Said Buronda to Vasylko: 'Since you are at peace with me then raze all your castles'".<a href="#cite_note-SSS1-30">[30]</a> Basil Dmytryshyn states that the order was implied to be the fortifications as a whole: "If you wish to have peace with me, then destroy [all fortifications of] your towns".<a href="#cite_note-Dmy1-31">[31]</a> After Daniel's death, King Lev rebuilt the town around 1270, choosing Lviv as his residence,<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon-29">[29]</a> and made it the capital of Galicia-Volhynia.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Around 1280 <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> lived in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> and were mainly based in Lviv where they had their own <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In the 13th and early 14th centuries, Lviv was largely a wooden city, except for its several <a href="/wiki/Galician_school_(architecture)" title="Galician school (architecture)">Galician-style</a> stone churches. Some of them, like the Church of Saint Nicholas, have survived, although in a thoroughly rebuilt form.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The town was inherited by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> in 1340 and ruled by <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivode</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Dedko" title="Dmytro Dedko">Dmytro Dedko</a>, the favourite of the Lithuanian prince <a href="/wiki/Liubartas" title="Liubartas">Liubartas</a>, until 1349.<a href="#cite_note-EOMADobson1-35">[35]</a> The city and region was a destination of 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> fleeing from the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Saljuq</a> and Mongol invasions of Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galicia–Volhynia_Wars">Galicia–Volhynia Wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Galicia–Volhynia Wars">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars" title="Galicia–Volhynia Wars">wars over the succession of Galicia-Volhynia Principality</a> in 1339 King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III of Poland</a> undertook an expedition and conquered Lviv in 1340, burning down the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_High_Castle" title="Lviv High Castle">old princely castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon-29">[29]</a> Poland ultimately gained control over Lviv and the adjacent region in 1349. From then on the population was subjected to attempts to both <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicisation" title="Catholicisation">Catholicize</a> the population.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> ravaged Lviv land in 1351 during the <a href="/wiki/Galicia-Volhynia_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia-Volhynia Wars">Halych-Volhyn Wars</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> with Lviv being plundered and destroyed by duke <a href="/wiki/Liubartas" title="Liubartas">Liubartas</a> in 1353.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Casimir built a new city center (or founded a new town) in a basin, surrounded it by walls, and replaced the wooden palace by masonry castle – one of the two built by him.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Piechotka-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ashmore-42">[42]</a> The old (Ruthenian) settlement, after it had been rebuilt, became known as the Krakovian Suburb in reference to the city of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Piechotka-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Poland">Kingdom of Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Poland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lviv_High_Castle_(Engraving).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lviv_High_Castle_%28Engraving%29.jpg/220px-Lviv_High_Castle_%28Engraving%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lviv_High_Castle_%28Engraving%29.jpg/330px-Lviv_High_Castle_%28Engraving%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lviv_High_Castle_%28Engraving%29.jpg/440px-Lviv_High_Castle_%28Engraving%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lviv_High_Castle" title="Lviv High Castle">Lviv High Castle</a> first built in 1250 by <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_of_Halych" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I of Halych">Leo I of Halych</a> and rebuilt in 1362 by <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir III of Poland">Casimir III of Poland</a> (engraving by A. Gogenberg, 17th century)</figcaption></figure> In 1349, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ruthenia">Kingdom of Ruthenia</a> with its capital Lviv was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a>. The kingdom was transformed into the Ruthenian domain of the Crown with Lviv as the capital. On 17 June 1356 King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a> moved the city to a new location and granted it <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_rights" title="Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg rights</a>, which implied that all city matters were to be resolved by a council elected by the wealthy citizens. In 1362, the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_High_Castle" title="Lviv High Castle">High Castle</a> was completely rebuilt with stone replacing the previous wood. In 1358, the city became a seat of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lviv" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv">Roman Catholic Archdiocese</a>, which initiated the spread of <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> onto the Ruthenian lands. After Casimir had died in 1370, he was succeeded as king of Poland by his nephew, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I of Hungary</a>, who in 1372 put Lviv together with the region of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a> under the administration of his relative <a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Opole" title="Vladislaus II of Opole">Vladislaus II of Opole</a>, Duke of Opole.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon-29">[29]</a> When in 1387 Władysław retreated from the post of its governor, Galicia-Volhynia became occupied by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, but soon <a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga</a>, the youngest daughter of Louis, and also the ruler of Poland and wife of King of Poland <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a>, unified it directly with the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon-29">[29]</a> The city's prosperity during the following centuries is owed to the trade privileges granted to it by Casimir, Queen <a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga</a>, and the subsequent Polish monarchs.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon-29">[29]</a> Germans, Poles and Czechs formed the largest groups of newcomers. Most of the settlers were <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">polonised</a> by the end of the 15th century, and the city became a Polish island surrounded by the Ruthenian <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 1356, the Armenian diocese was founded centered at the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cathedral_of_Lviv" title="Armenian Cathedral of Lviv">Armenian Cathedral</a>. Lwów was one of two main cultural and religious centers of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Poland" title="Armenians in Poland">Armenians in Poland</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Kamieniec_Podolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamieniec Podolski">Kamieniec Podolski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, it also became one of the largest concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Scots_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots in Poland">Scots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 1412, the local archdiocese has developed into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lviv" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv">Roman Catholic Metropolis</a>, which since 1375 as diocese had been in <a href="/wiki/Halych" title="Halych">Halych</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon-29">[29]</a> The new metropolis included regional diocese in Lviv, <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr-Volynskyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr-Volynskyi">Włodzimierz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Łuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi">Kamieniec</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Siret" title="Siret">Siret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kijów</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Old_Cathedral_of_St._Sophia,_Kyiv" title="Old Cathedral of St. Sophia, Kyiv">Old Cathedral of St. Sophia, Kyiv</a>). The first Catholic Archbishop who resided in Lviv was Jan Rzeszowski. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_1618_%D0%90%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_1618_%D0%90%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_1618_%D0%90%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_1618_%D0%90%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_1618_%D0%90%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_1618_%D0%90%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_1618_%D0%90%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Lwów in a lithograph from 1618</figcaption></figure> In 1434, the Ruthenian domain of the Crown was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenian Voivodeship</a>. In 1444, the city was granted the <a href="/wiki/Staple_right" title="Staple right">staple right</a>, which resulted in its growing prosperity and wealth, as it became one of the major trading centres on the merchant routes between <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> region. It was also transformed into one of the main fortresses of the kingdom. As one of the largest and most influential <a href="/wiki/Royal_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal city">royal cities</a> of Poland, it enjoyed voting rights in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">Royal elections in Poland</a>, alongside other major cities such as <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> During the 17th century, it was the second largest city of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, with a population of about 30,000. In 1572, one of the first publishers of books in what is now Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(printer)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (printer)">Ivan Fedorov</a>, a graduate of the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">University of Kraków</a>, settled here for a brief period. The city became a significant centre for <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> with the establishment of an Orthodox brotherhood, a Greek-Slavonic school, and a printer which published the first full versions of the Bible in <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> in 1580. A <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_educational_institutions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Jesuit educational institutions in the Philippines">Jesuit Collegium</a> was founded in 1608, and on 20 January 1661 King <a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir" class="mw-redirect" title="John II Casimir">John II Casimir</a> of Poland issued a decree granting it "the honour of the academy and the title of the university".<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The 17th century brought invading armies of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaques-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Cossacks</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaques-50">[50]</a> to its gates. In 1648 an army of <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Cossacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> besieged the town. They captured the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_High_Castle" title="Lviv High Castle">High Castle</a>, murdering its defenders. The city itself was not sacked due to the fact that the leader of the revolution <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> accepted a ransom of 250,000 ducats, and the Cossacks marched north-west towards <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a>. It was one of two major cities in Poland which was not captured during the so-called <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a>: the other one was <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg/220px-Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg/330px-Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg/440px-Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Jan_Kazimierz_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King Jan Kazimierz of Poland">John II Casimir</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a>, pledging an <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Oath" title="Lwów Oath">oath</a> at Lwów's <a href="/wiki/Latin_Cathedral,_Lviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Cathedral, Lviv">Latin Cathedral</a>, by painter <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a>. Collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum in Wrocław">Wrocław Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> At that time, Lviv witnessed a historic scene, as here King <a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir</a> made his famous <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Oath" title="Lwów Oath">Lwów Oath</a>. On 1 April 1656, during a holy mass in Lviv's Cathedral conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Vidoni" title="Pietro Vidoni">Pietro Vidoni</a>, John Casimir in a grandiose and elaborate ceremony entrusted the Commonwealth under the Blessed Virgin Mary's protection, whom he announced as The Queen of the Polish Crown and other of his countries. He also swore to protect the Kingdom's folk from any impositions and unjust bondage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Two years later, John Casimir, in honor of the bravery of its residents, declared Lviv to be equal to two historic capitals of the Commonwealth, Kraków and <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the same year, 1658, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Pope Alexander VII</a> declared the city to be <a href="/wiki/Semper_fidelis" title="Semper fidelis">Semper fidelis</a>, in recognition of its key role in defending Europe and Roman Catholicism from the Ottoman Muslim invasion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1672 it was surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> who also failed to conquer it. Three years later, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1675)" title="Battle of Lwów (1675)">Battle of Lwów (1675)</a> took place near the city. Lviv was captured for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> by a foreign army in 1704 when <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Swedish troops</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a> entered the city after a short siege.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak" title="Great Northern War plague outbreak">plague</a> of the early 18th century caused the death of about 10,000 inhabitants (40% of the city's population).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habsburg_Empire">Habsburg Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Habsburg Empire">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_map_of_Lviv_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Old_map_of_Lviv_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Old_map_of_Lviv_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Old_map_of_Lviv_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Old_map_of_Lviv_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Old_map_of_Lviv_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Old_map_of_Lviv_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3582" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption>18th century map of Lemberg (Lviv, Lwów)</figcaption></figure> In 1772, following the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a>, the region was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Partition" title="Austrian Partition">Austrian Partition</a>. Known in German as Lemberg, the city became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Lemberg grew dramatically during the 19th century, increasing in population from approximately 30,000 at the time of the Austrian annexation in 1772,<a href="#cite_note-TC-56">[56]</a> to 196,000 by 1910<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and to 212,000 three years later;<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> rapid population growth brought about an increase in urban squalor and <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Austrian_Galicia" title="Poverty in Austrian Galicia">poverty in Austrian Galicia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_International-59">[59]</a> In the late 18th and early 19th centuries a large influx of Austrians and German-speaking Czech bureaucrats gave the city a character that by the 1840s was quite Austrian, in its orderliness and in the appearance and popularity of Austrian coffeehouses.<a href="#cite_note-multi-60">[60]</a> During Habsburg rule, Lviv became one of the most important Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish cultural centres. In Lviv, according to the Austrian census of 1910, which listed religion and language, 51% of the city's population was <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>, 28% Jews, and 19% belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>. Linguistically, 86% of the city's population used the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> and 11% preferred <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_International-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lwow_Panorama_Raclawicka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lwow_Panorama_Raclawicka.jpg/220px-Lwow_Panorama_Raclawicka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lwow_Panorama_Raclawicka.jpg/330px-Lwow_Panorama_Raclawicka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lwow_Panorama_Raclawicka.jpg/440px-Lwow_Panorama_Raclawicka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rac%C5%82awice_Panorama" title="Racławice Panorama">Racławice Panorama</a> opened in 1894</figcaption></figure> In 1773, the first newspaper in Lemberg, Gazette de Leopoli, began to be published. In 1784, a <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a> university was opened with lectures in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>; after closing in 1805, it was reopened in 1817. By 1825, German became the sole language of instruction.<a href="#cite_note-multi-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lviv" title="University of Lviv">Lemberg University</a> was opened by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> in 1784. By 1787, her successor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> opened "Studium Ruthenum" for students who did not know enough Latin to take regular courses.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> During the 19th century, the Austrian administration attempted to <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanise</a> the city's educational and governmental institutions. Many cultural organisations which did not have a pro-German orientation were closed. After the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire">revolutions of 1848</a>, the language of instruction at the university shifted from German to include Ukrainian and Polish. Around that time, a certain <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a> developed in the city known as the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_dialect" title="Lwów dialect">Lwów dialect</a>. Considered to be a type of Polish dialect, it draws its roots from numerous other languages besides Polish. In 1853, <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">kerosene lamps</a> as <a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">street lighting</a> were introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Ignacy Łukasiewicz">Ignacy Łukasiewicz</a> and Jan Zeh. Then in 1858, these were updated to <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lamps</a>, and in 1900 to <a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">electric ones</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanislav_Skarbek_Theatre_in_Lviv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stanislav_Skarbek_Theatre_in_Lviv.jpg/220px-Stanislav_Skarbek_Theatre_in_Lviv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stanislav_Skarbek_Theatre_in_Lviv.jpg/330px-Stanislav_Skarbek_Theatre_in_Lviv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stanislav_Skarbek_Theatre_in_Lviv.jpg/440px-Stanislav_Skarbek_Theatre_in_Lviv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Skarbek_(1780%E2%80%931848)" class="extiw" title="pl:Stanisław Skarbek (1780–1848)">Stanisław Skarbek</a> Theatre in 1900</figcaption></figure> After the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Ausgleich" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausgleich">Ausgleich</a>" of February 1867, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> was reformed into a dualist <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and a slow yet steady process of liberalisation of Austrian rule in Galicia started. From 1873, Galicia was de facto an autonomous province of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, with Polish and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a> as official languages. <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> was halted and censorship lifted as well. <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> was subject to the Austrian part of the Dual Monarchy, but the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Galicia">Galician Sejm</a> and provincial administration, both established in Lviv, had extensive privileges and prerogatives, especially in education, culture, and local affairs. In 1894, the <a href="/wiki/General_National_Exhibition_in_Lviv" title="General National Exhibition in Lviv">General National Exhibition</a> was held in Lviv.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The city started to grow rapidly, becoming the fourth largest in Austria-Hungary, according to the census of 1910. Many <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a> public edifices and tenement houses were erected, with many of the buildings from the Austrian period, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Theatre_of_Opera_and_Ballet" title="Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet">Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet</a>, built in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Viennese</a> neo-Renaissance style. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sejm_Galicyjski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sejm_Galicyjski.jpg/220px-Sejm_Galicyjski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sejm_Galicyjski.jpg/330px-Sejm_Galicyjski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sejm_Galicyjski.jpg/440px-Sejm_Galicyjski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Galicia">The Galician Sejm</a> (until 1918), since 1920 the <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kazimierz_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Kazimierz University">Jan Kazimierz University</a></figcaption></figure> At that time, Lviv was home to a number of renowned Polish-language institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ossolineum" title="Ossolineum">Ossolineum</a>, with the second-largest collection of Polish books in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences">Polish Academy of Arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Poland" title="National Museum of Poland">National Museum</a> (since 1908), the Historical Museum of the City of Lwów (since 1891), the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Copernicus_Society_of_Naturalists" title="Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists">Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Historical_Society" title="Polish Historical Society">Polish Historical Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv University">Lwów University</a>, with Polish as the official language since 1882, the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Scientific_Society" title="Lwów Scientific Society">Lwów Scientific Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_National_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv National Art Gallery">Lwów Art Gallery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Theatre_of_Opera_and_Ballet" title="Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet">Polish Theatre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lviv" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv">Polish Archdiocese</a>. Furthermore, Lviv was the centre of a number of Polish independence organisations. In June 1908, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Sosnkowski" title="Kazimierz Sosnkowski">Kazimierz Sosnkowski</a> founded here the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Active_Struggle" title="Union of Active Struggle">Union of Active Struggle</a>. Two years later, the paramilitary organisation, called the <a href="/wiki/Riflemen%27s_Association" title="Riflemen's Association">Riflemen's Association</a>, was also founded in the city by Polish activists. At the same time, Lviv became the city where famous Ukrainian writers (such as <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko" title="Ivan Franko">Ivan Franko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Kulish" title="Panteleimon Kulish">Panteleimon Kulish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Nechuy-Levytsky" title="Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky">Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky</a>) published their work. It was a centre of Ukrainian cultural revival. The city also housed the largest and most influential Ukrainian institutions in the world, including the <a href="/wiki/Prosvita" title="Prosvita">Prosvita</a> society dedicated to spreading literacy in the Ukrainian language, the <a href="/wiki/Shevchenko_Scientific_Society" title="Shevchenko Scientific Society">Shevchenko Scientific Society</a>, the Dniester Insurance Company and base of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cooperative_movement" title="Ukrainian cooperative movement">Ukrainian cooperative movement</a>, and it served as the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Catholic Church</a>. However, the Polish-dominated city council blocked Ukrainian attempts to create visible monumets for their own. The most important streets had names referring to Polish history and literature, and only minor roads referred to Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Lviv was also a major centre of Jewish culture, in particular as a centre of the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish language</a>, and was the home of the world's first Yiddish-language daily newspaper, the Lemberger Togblat, established in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_World_War">First World War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First World War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lemberg_1915_Mariyska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lemberg_1915_Mariyska.jpg/220px-Lemberg_1915_Mariyska.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lemberg_1915_Mariyska.jpg/330px-Lemberg_1915_Mariyska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lemberg_1915_Mariyska.jpg/440px-Lemberg_1915_Mariyska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Lemberg (Lviv, Lwów) in 1915</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a> at the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Lviv was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Russian army</a> in September 1914 following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gnila_Lipa" title="Battle of Gnila Lipa">Battle of Gnila Lipa</a>. The Lemberg Fortress fell on 3 September. The historian <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kelemen" title="Pál Kelemen">Pál Kelemen</a> provided a first-hand account of the chaotic evacuation of the city by the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> and civilians alike.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The town was retaken by <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> in June the following year during the <a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a>. Lviv and its population, therefore, suffered greatly during the First World War as many of the offensives were fought across its local geography causing significant <a href="/wiki/Collateral_damage" title="Collateral damage">collateral damage</a> and disruption.<a href="#cite_note-PB2-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish–Ukrainian_War">Polish–Ukrainian War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Polish–Ukrainian War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Kozak_USR_in_Lviv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Edward_Kozak_USR_in_Lviv.jpg/170px-Edward_Kozak_USR_in_Lviv.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Edward_Kozak_USR_in_Lviv.jpg/255px-Edward_Kozak_USR_in_Lviv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Edward_Kozak_USR_in_Lviv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sich_Riflemen" title="Ukrainian Sich Riflemen">Ukrainian Sich Riflemen</a> fought on the Ukrainian side in November 1918. The picture was made by one of the contemporaries of event.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orleta_Eaglets_defending_the_%C5%81yczak%C3%B3w_Cemetery_during_the_Siege_of_Lw%C3%B3w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Orleta_Eaglets_defending_the_%C5%81yczak%C3%B3w_Cemetery_during_the_Siege_of_Lw%C3%B3w.jpg/220px-Orleta_Eaglets_defending_the_%C5%81yczak%C3%B3w_Cemetery_during_the_Siege_of_Lw%C3%B3w.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Orleta_Eaglets_defending_the_%C5%81yczak%C3%B3w_Cemetery_during_the_Siege_of_Lw%C3%B3w.jpg/330px-Orleta_Eaglets_defending_the_%C5%81yczak%C3%B3w_Cemetery_during_the_Siege_of_Lw%C3%B3w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Orleta_Eaglets_defending_the_%C5%81yczak%C3%B3w_Cemetery_during_the_Siege_of_Lw%C3%B3w.jpg/440px-Orleta_Eaglets_defending_the_%C5%81yczak%C3%B3w_Cemetery_during_the_Siege_of_Lw%C3%B3w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Eaglets" title="Lwów Eaglets">Lwów Eaglets</a>, teenage soldiers who fought on the Polish side during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lwów (1918)">Battle of Lwów</a></figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy</a> at the end of the First World War, Lviv became an arena of battle between the local Polish population and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sich_Riflemen" title="Ukrainian Sich Riflemen">Ukrainian Sich Riflemen</a>. Both nations perceived the city as an integral part of their new statehoods which at that time were forming in the former Austrian territories. On the night of 31 October – 1 November 1918 the <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">Western Ukrainian People's Republic</a> was proclaimed with Lviv as its capital. 2,300 Ukrainian soldiers from the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (Sichovi Striltsi), which had previously been a corps in the Austrian Army, made an attempt to take over Lviv. The city's Polish majority opposed the Ukrainian declaration and began to fight against the Ukrainian troops.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> During this combat an important role was taken by young Polish city defenders called <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Eaglets" title="Lwów Eaglets">Lwów Eaglets</a>. The Ukrainian forces withdrew outside Lwów's confines by 21 November 1918, after which elements of Polish soldiers began to loot and burn much of the Jewish and Ukrainian quarters of the city, killing approximately 340 civilians (see: <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)" title="Lwów pogrom (1918)">Lwów pogrom</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ND-68">[68]</a> The retreating Ukrainian forces besieged the city. The Sich riflemen reformed into the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Galician_Army" title="Ukrainian Galician Army">Ukrainian Galician Army</a> (UHA). The Polish forces aided from central Poland, including <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Haller" title="Józef Haller">General Haller's</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_(Poland)" title="Blue Army (Poland)">Blue Army</a>, equipped by the French, relieved the besieged city in May 1919 forcing the UHA to the east. Despite <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> mediation attempts to cease hostilities and reach a compromise between belligerents the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> continued until July 1919 when the last UHA forces withdrew east of the <a href="/wiki/Zbruch_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zbruch River">River Zbruch</a>. The border on the River Zbruch was confirmed at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1920)">Treaty of Warsaw</a>, when in April 1920 Field <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Marshal Piłsudski</a> signed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petlura</a> where it was agreed that in exchange for military support against <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">the Bolsheviks</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> renounced its claims to the territories of Eastern Galicia. In August 1920, Lviv was attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ilyich_Yegorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Ilyich Yegorov">Aleksandr Yegorov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> but <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1920)" title="Battle of Lwów (1920)">the city repelled the attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> For the courage of its inhabitants Lviv was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Virtuti_Militari" title="Virtuti Militari">Virtuti Militari</a> cross by Józef Piłsudski on 22 November 1920. On 23 February 1921, the council of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> declared that Galicia (including the city) lay outside the territory of Poland and that Poland did not have the mandate to establish administrative control in that country, and that Poland was merely the occupying military power of Galicia (as a whole<a href="#cite_note-MagocsiB-70">[70]</a>), whose sovereign remained the <a href="/wiki/Allied_and_Associated_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied and Associated Powers">Allied Powers</a> and fate would be determined by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ambassadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ambassadors">Council of Ambassadors</a> at the League of Nations.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> On 14 March 1923, the Council of Ambassadors decided that Galicia would be incorporated into Poland "whereas it is recognised by Poland that ethnographical conditions necessitate an autonomous regime in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Galicia" title="Eastern Galicia">Eastern part of Galicia</a>."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> This provision was never honoured by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">interwar Polish government</a>. After 1923, the region was internationally recognized as part of the Polish state.<a href="#cite_note-MagocsiB-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interwar period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lw%C3%B3w.Panorama_miasta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lw%C3%B3w.Panorama_miasta.jpg/220px-Lw%C3%B3w.Panorama_miasta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lw%C3%B3w.Panorama_miasta.jpg/330px-Lw%C3%B3w.Panorama_miasta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lw%C3%B3w.Panorama_miasta.jpg/440px-Lw%C3%B3w.Panorama_miasta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption>A panorama of Lwów before 1924</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> Lviv was the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>'s third-most populous city (following <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>), and it became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Voivodeship" title="Lwów Voivodeship">Lwów Voivodeship</a>. Following Warsaw, Lviv was the second most important cultural and academic centre of interwar Poland. For example, in 1920 Professor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Weigl" title="Rudolf Weigl">Rudolf Weigl</a> of Lwów University developed a <a href="/wiki/Typhus_vaccine" title="Typhus vaccine">vaccine</a> against <a href="/wiki/Typhus_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhus fever">typhus fever</a>. Furthermore, the geographic location of Lviv gave it an important role in stimulating international trade and fostering the city's and Poland's economic development. A major <a href="/wiki/Trade_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade fair">trade fair</a> named <a href="/wiki/Targi_Wschodnie" class="mw-redirect" title="Targi Wschodnie">Targi Wschodnie</a> was established in 1921. In the academic year 1937–1938, there were 9,100 students attending five institutions of higher education, including <a href="/wiki/Lviv_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv University">Lwów University</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Polytechnic" title="Lviv Polytechnic">Polytechnic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Targi_Wschodnie_(1930th).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Targi_Wschodnie_%281930th%29.jpg/220px-Targi_Wschodnie_%281930th%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Targi_Wschodnie_%281930th%29.jpg/330px-Targi_Wschodnie_%281930th%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Targi_Wschodnie_%281930th%29.jpg/440px-Targi_Wschodnie_%281930th%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>Eastern Trade Fair (<a href="/wiki/Targi_Wschodnie" class="mw-redirect" title="Targi Wschodnie">Targi Wschodnie</a>), main entrance.<a href="#cite_note-cracovia-leopolis-74">[74]</a></figcaption></figure> While about two-thirds of the city's inhabitants were Poles, some of whom spoke the characteristic <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_dialect" title="Lwów dialect">Lwów dialect</a>, the eastern part of the Lwów Voivodeship had a relative <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> majority in most of its rural areas. Although Polish authorities were obliged through international agreements to provide <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Galicia" title="Eastern Galicia">Eastern Galicia</a> with autonomy (including the creation of a separate Ukrainian university in Lviv), and even though in September 1922 the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm of the Republic of Poland">Polish Sejm</a>'s Bill was enacted,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> this was not fulfilled. The Polish government discontinued many Ukrainian schools which functioned during the Austrian rule,<a href="#cite_note-Magosci-76">[76]</a> and closed down Ukrainian departments at the University of Lwów with the exception of one.<a href="#cite_note-Subtelny-77">[77]</a> Prewar Lviv also had a large and thriving <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish community</a>, which constituted about a quarter of the population, but were accused of having collaborated with the Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-Oldenbourg-78">[78]</a> Unlike in Austrian times, when the size and number of public parades or other cultural expressions corresponded to each cultural group's relative population, the Polish government emphasised the Polish nature of the city and limited public displays of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian culture">Ukrainian culture</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Military parades and commemorations of battles at particular streets within the city, all celebrating the Polish forces who fought against the Ukrainians in 1918, became frequent,<a href="#cite_note-Oldenbourg-78">[78]</a> and in the 1930s a vast <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_the_Defenders_of_Lw%C3%B3w" title="Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów">memorial monument and burial ground of Polish soldiers</a> from that conflict was built in the city's <a href="/wiki/Lychakiv_Cemetery" title="Lychakiv Cemetery">Lychakiv Cemetery</a>. On the other hand, Ukrainians strove to create their own memorial culture in the town. An underground military organization attacked Polish institutions, as well as Polish politicians.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_occupation_and_incorporation">Soviet occupation and incorporation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Soviet occupation and incorporation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1939)" title="Battle of Lwów (1939)">Battle of Lwów (1939)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Germany invaded Poland</a> on 1 September 1939 and by 14 September Lviv was completely encircled by <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German Army</a> units.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviets invaded Poland</a> on 17 September. On 22 September 1939 Lviv capitulated to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">USSR annexed the eastern half of the Second Polish Republic</a> with Ukrainian and Belarusian populations. The city became the capital of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv Oblast</a>. The Soviets reopened uni-lingual Ukrainian schools, which had been discontinued by the Polish government. The only change over imposed by the Soviets was the language of instruction, with the actual net loss of about 1,000 schools in short order.<a href="#cite_note-p201-81">[81]</a> Ukrainian was made compulsory in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lviv" title="University of Lviv">University of Lviv</a> with almost all its books in Polish[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. It became thoroughly <a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainized</a> and was renamed after Ukrainian writer <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko" title="Ivan Franko">Ivan Franko</a>. Polish academics were laid off.<a href="#cite_note-magocsi-82">[82]</a> Soviet rule turned out to be much more oppressive than Polish rule; the rich world of Ukrainian publications in Polish Lviv, for instance, was gone in Soviet Lviv, and many journalism jobs were lost with it.<a href="#cite_note-Amar-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_occupation">German occupation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: German occupation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1941)" title="Battle of Lwów (1941)">Battle of Lwów (1941)</a></div> On 22 June 1941, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and several of its <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">allies</a> invaded the USSR. In the initial stage of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> (30 June 1941) Lviv was taken by the Germans. The evacuating Soviets <a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres#Poland" title="NKVD prisoner massacres">killed most of the prison population</a>, with arriving <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> forces easily discovering evidence of the Soviet mass murders in the city<a href="#cite_note-Lviv_massacre-84">[84]</a> committed by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People's Commissariat for State Security">NKGB</a>. On 30 June 1941 <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Yaroslav Stetsko</a> <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Ukrainian_Independence,_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941">proclaimed in Lviv the Government of an independent Ukrainian state</a> allied with Nazi Germany. This was done without preapproval from the Germans and after 15 September 1941, the organisers were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-history.org.ua-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1940-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to Lviv ghetto victims of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, erected in 1992 on Chornovola Street. The inscription reads "remember and keep in your heart".</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sikorski%E2%80%93Mayski_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikorski–Mayski Agreement">Sikorski–Mayski Agreement</a> signed in London on 30 July 1941 between <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> and USSR's government invalidated the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Frontier_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet Frontier Treaty">September 1939 Soviet-German partition of Poland</a>, as the Soviets declared it null and void.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Meanwhile, German-occupied Eastern Galicia at the beginning of August 1941 was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> as <a href="/wiki/District_of_Galicia" title="District of Galicia">Distrikt Galizien</a> with Lviv as the district's capital. German policy towards the Polish population in this area was as harsh as in the rest of the General Government.<a href="#cite_note-auto-89">[89]</a> Germans during the occupation of the city committed numerous atrocities including the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Lw%C3%B3w_professors" title="Massacre of Lwów professors">killing of Polish university professors</a> in 1941. German Nazis viewed the Ukrainian Galicians, former inhabitants of Austrian Crown Land, as to some point more <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">aryanised</a> and civilised than the Ukrainian population living in the territories belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> before 1939. As a result, they escaped the full extent of German acts in comparison to Ukrainians who lived to the east, in the German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Ukraine</a> turned into the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janowska_Nazi_camp_orchestra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Janowska_Nazi_camp_orchestra.jpg/220px-Janowska_Nazi_camp_orchestra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Janowska_Nazi_camp_orchestra.jpg/330px-Janowska_Nazi_camp_orchestra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Janowska_Nazi_camp_orchestra.jpg/440px-Janowska_Nazi_camp_orchestra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>The imprisoned <a href="/wiki/Tango_of_Death" title="Tango of Death">Tango of Death orchestra</a></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Third Reich's racial policies</a>, local Jews then became the main target of German repressions in the region. Following the German occupation, the Jewish population was concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów Ghetto</a> established in the city's Zamarstynów (today <a href="/wiki/Zamarstyniv" title="Zamarstyniv">Zamarstyniv</a>) district and the <a href="/wiki/Janowska_concentration_camp" title="Janowska concentration camp">Janowska concentration camp</a> was also set up. In the Janowska concentration camp, the Nazis conducted torture and executions to music. The <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Theatre_of_Opera_and_Ballet" title="Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet">Lviv National Opera</a> members, who were prisoners, played one and the same tune, Tango of Death.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On the eve of Lviv's liberation, German Nazis ordered 40 orchestra musicians to form a circle. The security ringed the musicians tightly and ordered them to play. First, the orchestra conductor, Mund, was executed. Then the commandant ordered the musicians to come to the center of the circle one by one, put their instruments onto the ground and strip naked, after which they were killed by a headshot.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A <a href="/wiki/Tango_of_Death_(orchestra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tango of Death (orchestra)">photo of the orchestra players</a> was one of the incriminating documents at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>. In 1931 there were 75,316 <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>-speaking inhabitants, but by 1941 approximately 100,000 Jews were present in Lviv.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The majority of these Jews were either killed within the city or deported to <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec extermination camp</a>. In the summer of 1943, on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standartenf%C3%BChrer" title="Standartenführer">SS-Standartenführer</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a> was tasked with the destruction of any evidence of Nazi mass murders in the Lviv area. On 15 June Blobel, using forced labourers from Janowska, dug up a number of mass graves and incinerated the remains.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Later, on 19 November 1943, inmates at Janowska staged an uprising and attempted a mass escape. A few succeeded, but most were recaptured and killed. The <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> staff and their local auxiliaries then, at the time of the Janowska camp's liquidation, murdered at least 6,000 more inmates, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in other forced labour camps in Galicia. By the end of the war, the Jewish population of the city was virtually eliminated, with only around 200 to 800 survivors remaining.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_re-occupation">Soviet re-occupation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Soviet re-occupation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów uprising">Lwów uprising</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RKKA_Lviv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RKKA_Lviv.jpg/220px-RKKA_Lviv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RKKA_Lviv.jpg/330px-RKKA_Lviv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RKKA_Lviv.jpg/440px-RKKA_Lviv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Soviet soldiers in Lviv, July 1944</figcaption></figure> After the successful <a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive</a> of July 1944, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/3rd_Guards_Tank_Army" title="3rd Guards Tank Army">3rd Guards Tank Army</a> captured Lwów on 27 July 1944, with significant cooperation from the local Polish resistance. Soon thereafter, the local commanders of Polish <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> were invited to a meeting with the commanders of the Red Army. During the meeting, they were arrested, as it turned out to be a trap set by the Soviet NKVD. Later, in the winter and spring of 1945, the local NKVD continued to arrest and harass Poles in Lwów (which according to Soviet sources on 1 October 1944 still had a clear Polish majority of 66.7%) in an attempt to encourage their emigration from the city.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-94">[94]</a> Those arrested were released only after they had signed papers in which they agreed to emigrate to Poland, which postwar borders were <a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_Poland_immediately_after_World_War_II" title="Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II">to be shifted westwards</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalta conference">Yalta conference</a> settlements. In Yalta, despite Polish objections, the Allied leaders, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> decided that Lwów should remain within the borders of the Soviet Union. Roosevelt wanted Poland to have Lwów and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">oilfields</a>, but Stalin refused to allow it.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-94">[94]</a> On 16 August 1945, a border agreement<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> was signed in Moscow between the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">government of the Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity" title="Provisional Government of National Unity">Provisional Government of National Unity</a> installed by the Soviets in Poland. In the treaty, Polish authorities formally <a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">ceded</a> the prewar eastern part of the country to the Soviet Union, agreeing to the Polish-Soviet border to be drawn according to the <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Line" title="Curzon Line">Curzon Line</a>. Consequently, the agreement was <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratified</a> on 5 February 1946. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Era">Soviet Era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Soviet Era">edit</a>]</div> In February 1946, Lviv became a part of the Soviet Union. It is estimated that from 100,000 to 140,000 Poles were resettled from the city into the so-called <a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a> as a part of <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer#Central_Europe" title="Population transfer">postwar population transfers</a>, many of them to the area of newly acquired <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, formerly the German city of Breslau. Many buildings in the old part of the city are examples of <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">Polish architecture</a>, which flourished in Lviv after the opening of the Technical School (later Polytechnic), the first higher-education technical academy in Polish lands. Polytechnic educated generations of architects who were influential in the entire country. Examples are: the main buildings of <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Polytechnic" title="Lviv Polytechnic">Lviv Polytechnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lviv" title="University of Lviv">University of Lviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv Opera">Lviv Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv_railway_station" title="Lviv railway station">Lviv railway station</a>, former building of Galicyjska Kasa Oszczędności, <a href="/wiki/Potocki_Palace,_Lviv" title="Potocki Palace, Lviv">Potocki Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lviv._Former_Jewish_Quarter_of_Suburb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lviv._Former_Jewish_Quarter_of_Suburb.jpg/220px-Lviv._Former_Jewish_Quarter_of_Suburb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lviv._Former_Jewish_Quarter_of_Suburb.jpg/330px-Lviv._Former_Jewish_Quarter_of_Suburb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lviv._Former_Jewish_Quarter_of_Suburb.jpg/440px-Lviv._Former_Jewish_Quarter_of_Suburb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>View on the Opera Theatre and Hotel Lviv in the late 1960s</figcaption></figure> During the interwar period, Lviv was striving to become a modern metropolis, so architects experimented with modernism. It was the period of the most rapid growth of the city, so one can find many examples of architecture from this time in the city.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Examples include the main building of <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Academy_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv Academy of Commerce">Lviv Academy of Commerce</a>, the second Sprecher's building or building of City Electrical Facilities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One monument of the Polish past is the <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Monument,_Lviv" title="Adam Mickiewicz Monument, Lviv">Adam Mickiewicz Monument</a> at the square bearing his name.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many Polish pieces of art and sculpture can be found in Lviv galleries, among them works by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Piotr_Norblin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Piotr Norblin">Jan Piotr Norblin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Bacciarelli" title="Marcello Bacciarelli">Marcello Bacciarelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Wojniakowski" title="Kazimierz Wojniakowski">Kazimierz Wojniakowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Brodowski" title="Antoni Brodowski">Antoni Brodowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Rodakowski" title="Henryk Rodakowski">Henryk Rodakowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artur_Grottger" title="Artur Grottger">Artur Grottger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Gierymski" title="Aleksander Gierymski">Aleksander Gierymski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Stanis%C5%82awski_(painter)" title="Jan Stanisławski (painter)">Jan Stanisławski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Wycz%C3%B3%C5%82kowski" title="Leon Wyczółkowski">Leon Wyczółkowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski" title="Józef Chełmoński">Józef Chełmoński</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Mehoffer" title="Józef Mehoffer">Józef Mehoffer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Wyspiański">Stanisław Wyspiański</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Bozna%C5%84ska" title="Olga Boznańska">Olga Boznańska</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_S%C5%82owi%C5%84ski" title="Władysław Słowiński">Władysław Słowiński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Malczewski" title="Jacek Malczewski">Jacek Malczewski</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Poles who stayed in Lviv have formed the organisation the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Polish_Culture_of_the_Lviv_Land" title="Association of Polish Culture of the Lviv Land">Association of Polish Culture of the Lviv Land</a>. According to various estimates, Lviv lost between 80% and 90% of its prewar population.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Expulsion of the Polish population and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> together with migration from <a href="/wiki/Ukrainophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainophone">Ukrainian-speaking</a> surrounding areas (including forcibly resettled from the territories which, after the war, became part of the Polish People's Republic), from other parts of the Soviet Union, altered the ethnic composition of the city. Immigration from Russia and Russian-speaking regions of Eastern Ukraine was encouraged[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The prevalence of the Ukrainian-speaking population has led to the fact that under the conditions of Soviet Russification,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Lviv became a major centre of the <a href="/wiki/Dissident_movement_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissident movement in the Soviet Union">dissident movement in Ukraine</a> and played a key role in Ukraine's independence in 1991. In the 1950s and 1960s, the city expanded both in population and size mostly due to the city's rapidly growing industrial base. Due to the fight of <a href="/wiki/SMERSH" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a>, Lviv obtained a nickname with a negative connotation of Banderstadt as the City of <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a>. The German suffix for the city stadt was added instead of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Grad_(toponymy)" title="Grad (toponymy)">grad</a> to imply alienation. Over the years the residents of the city found this so ridiculous that even people not familiar with Bandera accepted it as sarcasm in reference to the Soviet perception of <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">western Ukraine</a>. In the period of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">liberalisation from the Soviet system</a> in the 1980s, the city became the centre of political movements advocating <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukrainian independence</a> from the USSR. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> the name became a proud mark for the Lviv natives culminating in the creation of a local rock band under the name Khloptsi z Bandershtadtu (Boys from Banderstadt).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> On 17 September 1989 Lviv saw the largest rally in support of Ukraine's independence from the Soviet Union, gathering some 100,000 participants.<a href="#cite_note-cnn1803-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Ukraine">Independent Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Independent Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lviv_street_scene_20041126.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lviv_street_scene_20041126.jpg/220px-Lviv_street_scene_20041126.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lviv_street_scene_20041126.jpg/330px-Lviv_street_scene_20041126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lviv_street_scene_20041126.jpg/440px-Lviv_street_scene_20041126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>Protesters in Lviv during the 2004 presidential election</figcaption></figure> Citizens of Lviv strongly supported <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2004_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2004 Ukrainian presidential election">2004 Ukrainian presidential election</a> and played a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a>. Hundreds of thousands of people would gather in freezing temperatures to demonstrate for the Orange camp. Acts of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> forced the head of the local police to resign and the local assembly issued a resolution refusing to accept the fraudulent first official results.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Lviv remains today one of the main centres of Ukrainian culture and the origin of much of the nation's political class. In support of the <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> movement, Lviv's executive committee declared itself independent of the rule of President <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> on 19 February 2014.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 2019 citizens of Lviv supported <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2019 Ukrainian presidential election">2019 Ukrainian presidential election</a>. The percentage of votes counted for Poroshenko was more than 90%. Despite this level of support in Lviv, he lost the national vote. Until 18 July 2020, Lviv was incorporated as a <a href="/wiki/City_of_regional_significance_(Ukraine)" title="City of regional significance (Ukraine)">city of oblast significance</a> and the center of <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv Municipality">Lviv Municipality</a>. The municipality was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Lviv Municipality was merged into the newly established Lviv Raion.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russo-Ukrainian_War">Russo-Ukrainian War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Russo-Ukrainian War">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lviv_strikes_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Lviv strikes (2022–present)">Lviv strikes (2022–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Lviv_bombing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/2022_Lviv_bombing.jpg/220px-2022_Lviv_bombing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/2022_Lviv_bombing.jpg/330px-2022_Lviv_bombing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/2022_Lviv_bombing.jpg/440px-2022_Lviv_bombing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Fire after a Russian strike on a fuel depot in Lviv, March 2022</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Lviv became the nation's de facto western capital in February 2022 as some embassies, government agencies, and media organizations were relocated from <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> due to the direct military threat to the capital.<a href="#cite_note-War-104">[104]</a> Lviv also became a safe haven for the Ukrainians fleeing other parts of the country affected by the invasion, their number exceeding 200,000 as of 18 March 2022. Many used the city as a stopping point on their way to Poland. Lviv and the larger region around it also served as crucial arms and humanitarian supply route.<a href="#cite_note-cnn1803-99">[99]</a> Bracing for Russian attacks, local government and citizens, helped by the Polish and Croatian advisers, worked to protect the city's cultural heritage by erecting makeshift barriers around historical monuments, wrapping statues, and safeguarding art treasures.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In the course of the war, the area in and around Lviv was struck by Russian missile attacks, hitting the <a href="/wiki/Yavoriv_military_base_attack" title="Yavoriv military base attack">Yavoriv military training base</a> on 13 March 2022, the Lviv State Aircraft Repair Plant near the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Danylo_Halytskyi_International_Airport" title="Lviv Danylo Halytskyi International Airport">Lviv Danylo Halytskyi International Airport</a> on 18 March 2022,<a href="#cite_note-cnn1803-99">[99]</a> and a fuel depot and other facilities within the city limits on 26 March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> According to Mayor <a href="/wiki/Andriy_Sadovyi" title="Andriy Sadovyi">Andriy Sadoviy</a>, on 18 April 2022, the city was hit by five missile strikes. Seven civilians were killed and 11 were wounded. Regional governor Maksym Kozystkiy said that the targets were military factories and a tyre shop. A hotel housing evacuees was hit, damaging windows. On 18 April, <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a> quoted the Russian Ministry of Defence that confirmed 315 targets were struck by Russian missiles overnight. The statement claimed that all targets were of a military nature.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Lviv was targeted during the <a href="/wiki/10_October_2022_missile_strikes_on_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="10 October 2022 missile strikes on Ukraine">10 October 2022 missile strikes on Ukraine</a>, resulting in a city-wide blackout.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> On 11 October 2022, Mayor Sadoviy reported that the city was hit by a missile strike, resulting in a power outage and water supply shortage.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Lviv" title="Administrative divisions of Lviv">Administrative divisions of Lviv</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_hall_in_Lviv2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Town_hall_in_Lviv2018.jpg/220px-Town_hall_in_Lviv2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Town_hall_in_Lviv2018.jpg/330px-Town_hall_in_Lviv2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Town_hall_in_Lviv2018.jpg/440px-Town_hall_in_Lviv2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Town_Hall" title="Lviv Town Hall">Lviv City Hall</a></figcaption></figure> Lviv is divided into six <a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Ukraine" title="Urban districts of Ukraine">urban districts</a> (raions), each with its own administrative bodies: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halytskyi_District,_Lviv" title="Halytskyi District, Lviv">Halytskyi District</a> (Галицький район)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliznychnyi_District,_Lviv" title="Zaliznychnyi District, Lviv">Zaliznychnyi District</a> (Залізничний район), literally "railway neighborhood"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lychakivskyi_District" title="Lychakivskyi District">Lychakivskyi District</a> (Личаківський район)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykhivskyi_District" title="Sykhivskyi District">Sykhivskyi District</a> (Сихівський район)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankivskyi_District" title="Frankivskyi District">Frankivskyi District</a> (Франківський район), named after <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko" title="Ivan Franko">Ivan Franko</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shevchenkivskyi_District,_Lviv" title="Shevchenkivskyi District, Lviv">Shevchenkivskyi District</a> (Шевченківський район), named after <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a>.</li></ul> Notable suburbs include <a href="/wiki/Vynnyky" title="Vynnyky">Vynnyky</a> (місто Винники), <a href="/wiki/Briukhovychi" title="Briukhovychi">Briukhovychi</a> (селище Брюховичі), and <a href="/wiki/Rudne" title="Rudne">Rudne</a> (селище Рудне). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">340,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">410,678</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">553,452</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+34.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">667,243</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">790,908</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+18.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">732,818</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">732,009</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">717,273</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>Lviv residents live 75 years on average, and this age is 7 years longer than the average age in Ukraine and 8 years more than the world average (68 years). In 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Average_life_expectancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Average life expectancy">average life expectancy</a> was 71 among men and 79.5 years among women.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> rates have been steadily increasing between 2001 and 2010; however, the effects of low fertility in the previous years remained noticeable even though the <a href="/wiki/Birth_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth rates">birth rates</a> grew. However, there is an acute shortage of young people under the age of 25. In 2011, 13.7% of Lviv's population consisted of young people under 15 years and 17.6% of persons aged 60 years and over.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_populations">Historical populations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historical populations">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" style="background:#E0E0E0;">Population structure by religion 1869–1931 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Community </th> <th>1869<a href="#cite_note-Britannica1890-113">[113]</a> </th> <th>1890<a href="#cite_note-Brockhaus1894-114">[114]</a> </th> <th>1900<a href="#cite_note-Meyers1908-115">[115]</a> </th> <th>1910<a href="#cite_note-Hann-116">[116]</a> </th> <th>1921<a href="#cite_note-Hann-116">[116]</a> </th> <th>1931<a href="#cite_note-Chorny-117">[117]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Roman Catholic</td> <td>53.1%</td> <td>52.6%</td> <td>51.7%</td> <td>51%</td> <td>51%</td> <td>50.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jewish</td> <td>30.6%</td> <td>28.2%</td> <td>27.7%</td> <td>28%</td> <td>35%</td> <td>31.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greek Catholic</td> <td>14.2%</td> <td>17.1%</td> <td>18.3%</td> <td>19%</td> <td>12%</td> <td>15.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9" style="background:#E0E0E0;">Population makeup by ethnicity 1900–2001 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Ethnicity </th> <th>1900<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </th> <th>1931<a href="#cite_note-Chorny-117">[117]</a> </th> <th>1944<a href="#cite_note-Risch-119">[119]</a> </th> <th>1950 </th> <th>1959<a href="#cite_note-Szporluk-120">[120]</a> </th> <th>1979<a href="#cite_note-Szporluk-120">[120]</a> </th> <th>1989<a href="#cite_note-Szporluk-120">[120]</a> </th> <th>2001<a href="#cite_note-2001census-121">[121]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a></td> <td>19.9%</td> <td>15.9%</td> <td>26.4%</td> <td>49.9%</td> <td>60.0%</td> <td>74.0%</td> <td>79.1%</td> <td>88.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a></td> <td>0.0%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>5.5%</td> <td>31.2%</td> <td>27.0%</td> <td>19.3%</td> <td>16.1%</td> <td>8.9% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></td> <td>26.5%</td> <td>31.9%</td> <td></td> <td>6.4%</td> <td>6.0%</td> <td>2.7%</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></td> <td>49.4%</td> <td>50.4%</td> <td>63%</td> <td>10.3%</td> <td>4.0%</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>0.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lviv_ethnicity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lviv_ethnicity.png/500px-Lviv_ethnicity.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lviv_ethnicity.png/750px-Lviv_ethnicity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lviv_ethnicity.png/1000px-Lviv_ethnicity.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:right; margin:0 0 0 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Ethnicity in Lviv according to censuses of 1989 and 2001 respectively </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> </td> <td>622,800</td> <td>79.1%</td> <td>88.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> </td> <td>126,418</td> <td>16.1%</td> <td>8.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> </td> <td>12,837</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> </td> <td>9,697</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> </td> <td>5,800</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> </td> <td>1,000</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Total </td> <td>778,557</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:left;">Numbers do not include regions nor the surrounding towns.<a href="#cite_note-per-122">[122]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Year 1405: approx. 4,500 inhabitants in the Old Town, and additionally approx. 600 in the two suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-Petersen-123">[123]</a></li> <li>Year 1544: approx. 3,000 inhabitants in the Old Town (number had decreased by about 30% due to the fire of 1527), and additionally approx. 2,700 in the suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-Petersen-123">[123]</a></li> <li>Year 1840: approx. 67,000 inhabitants, including 20,000 Jews.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li>Year 1850: nearly 80,000 inhabitants (together with the four suburbs), including more than 25,000 Jews.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li>Year 1869: 87,109 inhabitants, among them 46,252 Roman Catholics, 26,694 Jews, 12,406 members of the Greek Uniate Churches.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica1890-113">[113]</a></li> <li>Year 1890: 127,943 inhabitants (64,102 male, 63,481 female), among them 67,280 <a href="/wiki/Roman-Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, 36,130 <a href="/wiki/Judaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaic">Judaic</a>, 21,876 members of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Greek Uniate Churches</a>, 2,061 Protestants, 596 Orthodox and others.<a href="#cite_note-Brockhaus1894-114">[114]</a></li> <li>Year 1900: 159,877 inhabitants, including the military (10,326 men). Of these inhabitants, 82,597 were members of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, 29,327 members of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Greek Uniate Churches</a>, and 44,258 were Jews. As their language of communication, 120,634 used <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, 20,409 <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>, and 15,159 <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyers1908-115">[115]</a></li> <li>Year 1921: 219,400 inhabitants, including 112,000 <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, 76,000 Jews and 28,000 <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brockhaus-126">[126]</a></li> <li>Year 1939: 340.000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li>Year 1940: 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-Risch-119">[119]</a></li> <li>July 1944: 149,000.<a href="#cite_note-Risch-119">[119]</a></li> <li>Year 1955: 380,000.<a href="#cite_note-Risch-119">[119]</a></li> <li>Year 2001: 725,000 inhabitants, of whom 88% were Ukrainians, 9% <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> and 1% Poles.<a href="#cite_note-2001census-121">[121]</a> A further 200,000 people commuted daily from suburbs.</li> <li>Year 2007: 735,000 inhabitants. By gender: 51.5% women, and 48.5% men.<a href="#cite_note-per-122">[122]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] By place of birth:<a href="#cite_note-per-122">[122]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] 56% born in Lviv, 19% born in <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv Oblast</a>, 11% born in East Ukraine, 7% born in the former republics of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> (Russia 4%), 4% born in Poland, and 3% born in <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">Western Ukraine</a>, but not in the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv Oblast</a>.</li> <li>Religious adherence: (2001)<a href="#cite_note-per-122">[122]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <ul><li>52% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a></li> <li>31% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Kyivan_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate">Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate</a></li> <li>05% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church</a></li> <li>03% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a></li> <li>03% Other faiths</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <table class="floatright wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="background:#E0E0E0;">Language use throughout 20th century </th></tr> <tr> <th>Language</th> <th>1931</th> <th>1970</th> <th>1979</th> <th>1989 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ukrainian</td> <td> 11.3%</td> <td> 65.2%</td> <td> 71.3%</td> <td> 77.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russian</td> <td> 0.1%</td> <td> 31.1%</td> <td> 25.7%</td> <td> 19.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yiddish</td> <td> 24.1%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polish</td> <td> 63.5%</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td> 1.0%</td> <td> 3.7%</td> <td> 3.0%</td> <td> 2.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> The majority of Leopolitans speak <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>. The use of Ukrainian in the city has surged since the 1970s, while the use of Russian has declined since the 1980s. In 2000, it was estimated that 80% of Leopolitans spoke Ukrainian.<a href="#cite_note-The_population_of_Lviv_in_the_mirror_polls-128">[128]</a> Results of the <a href="/wiki/2001_Ukrainian_census" title="2001 Ukrainian census">2001 census</a>:<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <table class="standard"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> </td> <td align="right">641 688</td> <td align="right">88.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Russian</a> </td> <td align="right">72 125</td> <td align="right">9.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other or undecided </td> <td align="right">11 389</td> <td align="right">1.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td align="right">725 202</td> <td align="right">100.00% </td></tr></tbody></table> According to one survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Republican_Institute" title="International Republican Institute">International Republican Institute</a> in mid-2023, 96% of the city's inhabitants spoke Ukrainian at home, while 3% of them spoke Russian.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_Polish_population">Ethnic Polish population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ethnic Polish population">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Historical Polish population </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Poles </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1921<a href="#cite_note-brockhaus-126">[126]</a> </td> <td>112,000 </td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td>9,500<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </td> <td>1.2<a href="#cite_note-2001census-121">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001<a href="#cite_note-2001census-121">[121]</a> </td> <td>6,400 </td> <td>0.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> Ethnic Poles and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a> began to settle in Lwów in considerable numbers already in 1349 after the city was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">King Casimir</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a>. Lwów served as Poland's major cultural and economic centre for several centuries, during the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Golden_Age" title="Polish Golden Age">Polish Golden Age</a>, and until the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of Poland</a> perpetrated by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Voivodeship" title="Lwów Voivodeship">Lwów Voivodeship</a> (inhabited by 2,789,000 people in 1921) grew to 3,126,300 inhabitants in ten years.<a href="#cite_note-grodek-133">[133]</a> As a result of World War II, Lviv was de-Polonised, mainly through <a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Soviet-arranged population exchange in 1944–1946</a> but also by early deportations to Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-loz-134">[134]</a> Those who remained on their own volition after <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">the border shift</a> became a small ethnic minority in Lviv. By 1959 Poles made up only 4% of the local population. Many families were mixed.<a href="#cite_note-loz-134">[134]</a> During the Soviet decades only two Polish schools continued to function: <a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Magdalene_High_School_No._10_in_Lviv" title="St. Mary Magdalene High School No. 10 in Lviv">No. 10</a> (with 8 grades) and No. 24 (with 10 grades).<a href="#cite_note-loz-134">[134]</a> In the 1980s the process of uniting groups into ethnic associations was allowed. In 1988 a Polish-language newspaper was permitted (<a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Lwowska" title="Gazeta Lwowska">Gazeta Lwowska</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ir-135">[135]</a> The Polish population of the city continues to use the dialect of the Polish language known as <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_dialect" title="Lwów dialect">Lwów dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: gwara lwowska).<a href="#cite_note-ir-135">[135]</a> Association of Poles named <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Poles_%22White_Eagle%22" title="Association of Poles "White Eagle"">White Eagle</a> was founded in Lviv in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_population">Jewish population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Jewish population">edit</a>]</div> The first known Jews in Lviv date back to the tenth century.<a href="#cite_note-erasedvanishingtraces-137">[137]</a> The oldest remaining Jewish tombstone dates back to 1348.<a href="#cite_note-erasedvanishingtraces-137">[137]</a> Apart from the Rabbanite Jews there were many <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Karaites</a> who had settled in the city after coming from the East and from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a>. After Casimir III conquered Lviv in 1349 the Jewish citizens received many privileges equal to that of other citizens of Poland. Lviv had two separate <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarters</a>, one within the city walls and one outside on the outskirts of the city. Each had its separate <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, although they shared a cemetery, which was also used by the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaite" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Karaite">Crimean Karaite</a> community. Before 1939 there were 97 synagogues. Before the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> about one-third of the city's population was made up of Jews (more than 140,000 on the eve of World War II). This number swelled to about 240,000 by the end of 1940 as tens of thousands of Jews fled from the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">Nazi-occupied parts</a> of Poland into the relative (and temporary) sanctuary of Soviet-occupied Poland (including Lviv) following the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> that divided Poland into Nazi and Soviet zones in 1939. Most of the Jewish population was killed in the Holocaust. Meanwhile, the Nazis also destroyed the Jewish cemetery, which was subsequently "paved over by the Soviets".<a href="#cite_note-erasedvanishingtraces-137">[137]</a> Due to the Holocaust and migration, the original Jewish population of the city all but vanished. After the war, the remnant was replenished by a newer Jewish population, formed from among the hundreds of thousands of Russians and Ukrainians who migrated to the city. The post-war Jewish population peaked at 30,000 in the 1970s. Currently, the Jewish population has shrunk considerably as a result of <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> (mainly to Israel and the United States) and, to a lesser degree, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">assimilation</a>, and is estimated to number a few thousand.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> A number of organisations continue to be active. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>One can still find pre-war German, Polish, Yiddish <a href="/wiki/Ghost_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost signs">ghost signs</a> around the city.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem" title="Sholem Aleichem">Sholem Aleichem</a> Jewish Culture Society in Lviv initiated the construction of a monument to the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a> in 1988. On 23 August 1992, the memorial complex to the victims of the Lwów ghetto (1941–1943) was officially opened.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> During 2011–2012, some <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a> acts against the memorial took place. On 20 March 2011, it was reported that the slogan "death to the Jews" with a <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> was sprayed on the monument.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> On 21 March 2012, the memorial was vandalized by unknown individuals, in what seemed to be an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> act.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E14101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/E14101.jpg/220px-E14101.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/E14101.jpg/330px-E14101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/E14101.jpg/440px-E14101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4218" data-file-height="2812" /></a><figcaption>E19101 electric bus – product of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron (company) (page does not exist)">Electron</a></figcaption></figure> Lviv is the most important business centre of <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a>. As of 1 January 2011, the city has invested 837.1 million <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a> into the economy, accounting for almost two-thirds of total investment in the Lviv region. In 2015, the companies of Lviv received $14.3 million of foreign direct investment; which is however two times less than a year earlier ($30.9 million in 2014).<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> During January–September 2017 the general amount of direct foreign investment received by the local government in Lviv is $52.4 million. According to the statistics administration, foreign capital was invested by 31 countries (some of the main investors: Poland – 47.7%; Australia – 11.3%; <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> – 10.7% and the Netherlands – 6%).<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The total revenue of the city budget of Lviv for 2015 is set at about UAH 3.81 billion, which is 23% more than a year earlier (UAH 2.91 billion in 2014).<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> As of 10 November 2017, the deputies of the Lviv City Council approved a budget in amount of UAH 5.4 billion ($204 million). The large part of which (UAH 5.12 billion) was the revenue of the fund of the Lviv.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The average wage in Lviv in 2015 in the business sector amounted to 14,041 UAH, in the budget sphere – 9,475 <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">UAH</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> On 1 February 2014, registered unemployment was 0.6%.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Lviv is one of the largest cities in Ukraine and is growing rapidly. According to the Ministry of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economy of Ukraine</a> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_oblasts_and_territories_by_salary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ukrainian oblasts and territories by salary">monthly average salary</a> in Lviv is a little less than the average for Ukraine which in February 2013 was 6050 <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">UAH</a> ($755). According to <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">the World Bank</a> classification Lviv is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle-income</a> city. In June 2019, the average wage amounted to 23,000 UAH ($920), which is 18,9% more than in the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Lviv has 218 large industrial <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">enterprises</a>, more than 40 commercial <a href="/wiki/Banks_in_Lviv" title="Banks in Lviv">banks</a>, 4 exchanges, 13 investment companies, 80 insurance and 24 leasing companies, 77 audit firms and almost 9,000 small ventures.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> For many years machinery-building and <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> were leading industries in Lviv. The city-based public company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron (company) (page does not exist)">Electron</a>, trademark of national <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television sets</a> manufacturing, produces the 32 and 37 inches liquid-crystal TV-sets. The Electrontrans specializes in design and production of modern <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric transport</a> including <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">electric buses</a>, and spare parts. In 2013 Elektrotrans JV started producing low-floor trams, the first Ukrainian 100% low-floor tramways.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Bus_Factory" title="Lviv Bus Factory">LAZ</a> is a bus manufacturing company in Lviv with its own rich history. Founded in 1945, LAZ started bus production in the early 1950s. Innovative design ideas of Lviv engineers have become the world standard in bus manufacturing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The total volume of industrial production sold in 2015 amounted to UAH 24.2 billion, which is 39% more than a year earlier (UAH 14.6 billion in 2014).<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> There are several banks based in Lviv, such as Kredobank, Idea Bank, VS Bank, Oksi Bank and Lviv Bank. None of these banks have bankrupted during the political and economic crisis of 2014–2016. It can be explained by the presence of foreign capital in most of them. From 2015 to 2019, the city experienced a construction boom. In Q1 2019, according to statistical data, growth in the volume of new housing construction was recorded in Lviv (3.2 times, to 377,900 square meters).<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Lviv is a major business center between <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>. According to the Lviv Economic Development Strategy, the main branches of the city's economy by 2025 should become <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information technologies">information technologies</a> (IT), the business services and <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> are also a priority.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In addition, The Nestlé service center is in Lviv. This center guides the company's divisions in 20 countries of Central and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Also during 2016 the Global Service Center VimpelCom in Lviv was launched, which serves finance, procurement and HR operations in eight foreign branches of this company.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> There are many restaurants and shops as well as street vendors of food, books, clothes, traditional cultural items and tourist gifts. Banking and money trading are an important part of the economy of Lviv with many banks and exchange offices throughout the city. The city is also a home for big food-related companies like <a href="/wiki/Lvivske" title="Lvivske">Lvivske</a> beer factory, <a href="/wiki/Svitoch" title="Svitoch">Svitoch</a> cholocate factory, <a href="/wiki/Enzym_Group" title="Enzym Group">Enzym</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv_Liquor_and_Vodka_factory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lviv Liquor and Vodka factory (page does not exist)">Lviv Liquor and Vodka factory</a>, etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_technology">Information technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Information technology">edit</a>]</div> Lviv is also one of the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> export in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> with expected sector growth of 20% by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Over 15% of all IT specialists in Ukraine work in Lviv, with over 4100 new IT graduates coming from local universities each year. About 2,500 tech enthusiasts attended Lviv IT Arena, the largest technology conference in Western Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Over 24,000 IT specialists work in Lviv as of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-ain.ua-161">[161]</a> Lviv is among top five most popular Ukrainian cities for opening <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">R&D</a> center in IT and <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">IT outsourcing</a> spheres together with <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/KPMG" title="KPMG">KPMG</a>, one of the well-known international auditing companies, included Lviv in top 30 cities with the greatest potential of information technology development.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> As of December 2015, there were 192 IT-companies operating in the city, of which 4 large (with more than 400 employees), 16 average (150–300 employees), 97 small (10–110 employees) and 70 micro companies (3–7 employees). From 2017 to 2018 the number of IT-companies raised to 317.<a href="#cite_note-ain.ua-161">[161]</a> The turnover of Lviv's IT industry in 2015 amounted to $300 million U.S. About 50% of IT services are exported to the US, 37% to Europe, and the rest to other countries. As of 2015, about 15 thousand specialists were employed in this industry with an average salary of 28 thousand UAH. According to a study of the Economic Effect of the Lviv IT-Market, which was conducted by Lviv IT Cluster and sociological agency "The Farm", there are 257 IT companies operating in Lviv in 2017, that employ about 17 thousand specialists. The economic impact of the IT industry in Lviv is $734 million U.S.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> There are 15 top universities in Lviv, 5 of which prepare highly skilled specialists in computer and IT technologies and supply over 1,000 IT graduates to the market annually.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Lviv IT outsourcing companies gathered[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] all kinds of Ukrainian developers in one place, resulting in many front-end interns, JavaScript developers, back-end and full-stack coders with proper qualifications, experience, and good English language skills. Some IT companies in Lviv offer outsourcing software services to international corporations rather than developing their software product.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">L'viv – the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_(Lviv)" title="Old Town (Lviv)">Ensemble of the Historic Centre</a></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/250px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/375px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/500px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="306" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Town view from <a href="/wiki/Lviv_High_Castle" title="Lviv High Castle">High Castle</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, v</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/865">865</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1998 (22nd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">120 ha</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">2,441 ha</td></tr></tbody></table> Lviv is one of Ukraine's most important cultural centres. It is known as a centre of art, literature, music and theatre. Nowadays, the evidence of the city's cultural richness is the number of theatres, concert halls, and creative unions, and the high number of artistic activities (more than 100 festivals annually, 60 museums, and 10 theatres). <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_(Lviv)" title="Old Town (Lviv)">Lviv's historic centre</a> has been on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage list</a> since 1998. UNESCO gave the following reasons<a href="#cite_note-:0-167">[167]</a> for its selection: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Criterion II: In its urban fabric and its architecture, Lviv is an outstanding example of the fusion of the architectural and artistic traditions of central and eastern Europe with those of Italy and Germany.</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Criterion V: The political and commercial role of Lviv attracted to it a number of ethnic groups with different cultural and religious traditions, who established separate yet interdependent communities within the city, evidence for which is still discernible in the modern town's landscape.</blockquote>The World Heritage Site consists of Seredmistia (Middletown), Pidzamche, <a href="/wiki/Lviv_High_Castle" title="Lviv High Castle">High Castle</a>, and the ensemble of <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Lviv" title="St. George's Cathedral, Lviv">St. George's Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> Lviv's historic churches, buildings and relics date from the 13th century to the early 20th century (Polish and Austro-Hungarian rule). In recent centuries Lviv was spared some of the invasions and wars that destroyed other <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Ukrainian cities</a>. Its architecture reflects various European styles and periods. After the fires of 1527 and 1556 Lviv lost most of its <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">gothic</a>-style buildings but it retains many buildings in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">baroque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classic</a> styles. There are works by artists of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>. The buildings have many stone sculptures and carvings, particularly on large doors, which are hundreds of years old. The remains of old churches dot the central cityscape. Some three- to five-storey buildings have hidden inner courtyards and grottoes in various states of repair. Some cemeteries are of interest: for example, the <a href="/wiki/Lychakiv_Cemetery" title="Lychakiv Cemetery">Lychakivskiy Cemetery</a> where the Polish elite was buried for centuries. Leaving the central area the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural style</a> changes radically as Soviet-era <a href="/wiki/High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">high-rise</a> blocks dominate. In the centre of the city, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet era</a> is reflected mainly in a few modern-style national monuments and sculptures. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:StsPeterAndPaulChurchinLviv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saints Peter and Paul Garrison Church – An example of baroque style in Lviv"><img alt="Saints Peter and Paul Garrison Church – An example of baroque style in Lviv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/StsPeterAndPaulChurchinLviv.jpg/135px-StsPeterAndPaulChurchinLviv.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/StsPeterAndPaulChurchinLviv.jpg/202px-StsPeterAndPaulChurchinLviv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/StsPeterAndPaulChurchinLviv.jpg/270px-StsPeterAndPaulChurchinLviv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Garrison_Church_(Lviv)" title="Saints Peter and Paul Garrison Church (Lviv)">Saints Peter and Paul Garrison Church</a> – An example of <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> style in Lviv</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><a href="/wiki/File:LvivEveningSummer2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bernardine church and monastery in the style of Italian mannerism"><img alt="Bernardine church and monastery in the style of Italian mannerism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/LvivEveningSummer2019.jpg/234px-LvivEveningSummer2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/LvivEveningSummer2019.jpg/351px-LvivEveningSummer2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/LvivEveningSummer2019.jpg/468px-LvivEveningSummer2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="846" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Church,_Lviv" title="Bernardine Church, Lviv">Bernardine church and monastery</a> in the style of Italian <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">mannerism</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ProspektSvobodyLviv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early 20th century architecture in Lviv"><img alt="Early 20th century architecture in Lviv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ProspektSvobodyLviv.jpg/240px-ProspektSvobodyLviv.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ProspektSvobodyLviv.jpg/360px-ProspektSvobodyLviv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ProspektSvobodyLviv.jpg/480px-ProspektSvobodyLviv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="825" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early 20th century architecture in Lviv</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:LvivShevchenkoAve.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Architecture of Shevchenko Avenue"><img alt="Architecture of Shevchenko Avenue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/LvivShevchenkoAve.JPG/262px-LvivShevchenkoAve.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/LvivShevchenkoAve.JPG/394px-LvivShevchenkoAve.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/LvivShevchenkoAve.JPG/525px-LvivShevchenkoAve.JPG 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="652" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Architecture of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shevchenko_Avenue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shevchenko Avenue (page does not exist)">Shevchenko Avenue</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SykhivChurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Nativity of the Holy Virgin Church was constructed in 1995–2001 in Sykhiv district"><img alt="The Nativity of the Holy Virgin Church was constructed in 1995–2001 in Sykhiv district" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SykhivChurch.jpg/240px-SykhivChurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SykhivChurch.jpg/360px-SykhivChurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SykhivChurch.jpg/480px-SykhivChurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Nativity_of_the_Holy_Virgin_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Nativity of the Holy Virgin Church (page does not exist)">The Nativity of the Holy Virgin Church</a> was constructed in 1995–2001 in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sykhiv_district&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sykhiv district (page does not exist)">Sykhiv district</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lviv_northern_part_of_the_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The mixture of modern and Soviet-era architecture in the northern part of the city"><img alt="The mixture of modern and Soviet-era architecture in the northern part of the city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lviv_northern_part_of_the_city.jpg/270px-Lviv_northern_part_of_the_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lviv_northern_part_of_the_city.jpg/405px-Lviv_northern_part_of_the_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lviv_northern_part_of_the_city.jpg/540px-Lviv_northern_part_of_the_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The mixture of modern and Soviet-era architecture in the northern part of the city</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments">Monuments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Monuments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lviv_-_Church_of_Transfiguration_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lviv_-_Church_of_Transfiguration_01.jpg/170px-Lviv_-_Church_of_Transfiguration_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lviv_-_Church_of_Transfiguration_01.jpg/255px-Lviv_-_Church_of_Transfiguration_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lviv_-_Church_of_Transfiguration_01.jpg/340px-Lviv_-_Church_of_Transfiguration_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="2364" /></a><figcaption>Inside the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Transfiguration,_Lviv" title="Church of Transfiguration, Lviv">Church of the Transfiguration</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/170px-%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/255px-%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/340px-%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="3396" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Church,_Lviv" title="Dormition Church, Lviv">Church of the Assumption</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapel-of-Boim-family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Chapel-of-Boim-family.jpg/170px-Chapel-of-Boim-family.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Chapel-of-Boim-family.jpg/255px-Chapel-of-Boim-family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Chapel-of-Boim-family.jpg/340px-Chapel-of-Boim-family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_the_Boim_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapel of the Boim family">Chapel of the Boim family</a></figcaption></figure> Outdoor sculptures in the city commemorate many notable individuals and topics reflecting the rich and complex <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lviv" title="History of Lviv">history of Lviv</a>. There are monuments to <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko" title="Ivan Franko">Ivan Franko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Galicia" title="Daniel of Galicia">King Danylo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(printer)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (printer)">Ivan Fedorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomiya_Krushelnytska" title="Solomiya Krushelnytska">Solomiya Krushelnytska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Potcoav%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioan Potcoavă">Ivan Pidkova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevskyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mykhailo Hrushevskyi">Mykhailo Hrushevskyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kili%C5%84ski" title="Jan Kiliński">Jan Kiliński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Trush" title="Ivan Trush">Ivan Trush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Bartosz_G%C5%82owacki" title="Wojciech Bartosz Głowacki">Bartosz Głowacki</a>, the monument to the <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Virgin Mary</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Nikifor" title="Nikifor">Nikifor</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Good_Soldier_%C5%A0vejk" title="The Good Soldier Švejk">The Good Soldier Švejk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Sacher-Masoch" title="Leopold von Sacher-Masoch">Leopold von Sacher-Masoch</a>, and many others. During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> there were monuments commemorating important figures of Polish history. Some of them were moved to the Polish "<a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a>" after World War II, like the <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro_Monument_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksander Fredro Monument in Wrocław">Monument to Aleksander Fredro</a>, which now is in <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, the <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski_Monument_in_Gda%C5%84sk" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Sobieski Monument in Gdańsk">Monument of King John III Sobieski</a>, which after 1945 was moved to <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, and the monument of <a href="/wiki/Kornel_Ujejski" title="Kornel Ujejski">Kornel Ujejski</a>, which is now in <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>. A book market takes place around the monument to <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(printer)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (printer)">Ivan Fеdorovych</a>, a typographer in the 16th century who fled Moscow and found a new home in Lviv. New ideas came to Lviv during Austro–Hungarian rule. In the 19th century, many <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a> houses, newspapers and magazines were established. Among these was the <a href="/wiki/Ossolineum" title="Ossolineum">Ossolineum</a> which was one of the most important Polish scientific libraries. Most Polish-language books and publications of the Ossolineum library are still kept in a local <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> church. In 1997 the Polish government asked the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Ukrainian government</a> to return these documents to Poland. In 2003, Ukraine allowed access to these publications for the first time. In 2006, an office of the Ossolineum (now in <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>) opened in Lviv and began scanning all its documents. Works written in Lviv contributed to Austrian, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Ukrainian</a>, Yiddish, and <a href="/wiki/Polish_literature" title="Polish literature">Polish literature</a>, with a multitude of translations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Lviv is a city of religious variety. <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> (2012): Catholic: 57% (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> 56% and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> 1%), <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a>: 32%, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>: 2%, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>: 0.1%, Other religion: 3%, Indifferent to religious matters: 4%, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a>: 1.9%.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> At one point, over 60 churches existed in the city. Christian groups have existed in the city since the 13th century. The city has been the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> of three different <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular churches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Lviv" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv">Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lviv" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv">Archdiocese of Lviv</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, and formerly the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholic Church in Ukraine">Armenian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a>. Each has had a diocesan seat in Lviv since the 16th century. At the end of the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> community in Ukraine <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">transferred their allegiance</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> in Rome and became the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>. This bond was forcibly dissolved in 1946 by the Soviet authorities and the Roman Catholic community was forced out by the expulsion of the Polish population. Since 1989, religious life in Lviv has experienced a revival. About 35 percent of religious buildings belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, 11.5 percent to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church</a>, 9 per cent to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Kyivan_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate">Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate</a> and 6 per cent to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. In June 2001, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> visited the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Cathedral,_Lviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Cathedral, Lviv">Latin Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Lviv" title="St. George's Cathedral, Lviv">St. George's Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cathedral,_Lviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Cathedral, Lviv">Armenian Cathedral</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> Lviv historically had a large and active <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Jewish community</a> and until 1941, at least 45 <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> and prayer houses existed. Even in the 16th century, two separate communities existed. One lived in today's old town with the other in the <a href="/wiki/Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie" title="Krakowskie Przedmieście">Krakowskie Przedmieście</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rose_Synagogue_(Lviv)" title="Golden Rose Synagogue (Lviv)">Golden Rose Synagogue</a> was built in Lviv in 1582. In the 19th century, a more differentiated community started to spread out. <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Liberal Jews</a> sought more <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> and spoke German and Polish. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Jews</a> tried to retain the old traditions. Between 1941 and 1944, the Germans in effect completely destroyed the centuries-old Jewish tradition of Lviv. Most synagogues were destroyed and the Jewish population was forced first into a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghetto</a> before being forcibly transported to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> where they were murdered.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Under the Soviet Union, synagogues remained closed and were used as warehouses or cinemas. The last functioning synagogue was closed in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Only since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, has the remainder of the Jewish community experienced a faint revival. Currently, the only functioning Orthodox Jewish synagogue in Lviv is the <a href="/wiki/Beis_Aharon_V%27Yisrael_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Beis Aharon V'Yisrael Synagogue">Beis Aharon V'Yisrael Synagogue</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lwowska_Galeria_Sztuki_-_Wn%C4%99trza_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lwowska_Galeria_Sztuki_-_Wn%C4%99trza_01.JPG/220px-Lwowska_Galeria_Sztuki_-_Wn%C4%99trza_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lwowska_Galeria_Sztuki_-_Wn%C4%99trza_01.JPG/330px-Lwowska_Galeria_Sztuki_-_Wn%C4%99trza_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lwowska_Galeria_Sztuki_-_Wn%C4%99trza_01.JPG/440px-Lwowska_Galeria_Sztuki_-_Wn%C4%99trza_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>A room in the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_National_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv National Art Gallery">Lviv National Art Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> The range of artistic Lviv is impressive. On the one hand, it is the city of classical art. Lviv Opera and Lviv Philharmonic are places that can satisfy the demands of true appraisers of the classical arts. This is the city of one of the most distinguished sculptors in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Pinsel" title="Johann Georg Pinsel">Johann Georg Pinzel</a>, whose works can be seen on the façade of the <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Lviv" title="St. George's Cathedral, Lviv">St. George's Cathedral</a> in Lviv and in the Pinzel Museum. This is also the city of <a href="/wiki/Solomiya_Krushelnytska" title="Solomiya Krushelnytska">Solomiya Krushelnytska</a>, who began her career as a singer in Lviv Opera and later became the prima donna of <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala Opera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. The "Group Artes" was a young movement founded in 1929. Many of the artists studied in Paris and travelled throughout Europe. They worked and experimented in different areas of modern art: <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>. Co–operation took place between avant-garde musicians and authors. Altogether thirteen exhibitions by "Artes" took place in Warsaw, Kraków, Łódz and Lviv. The German occupation put an end to this group. Otto Hahn was executed in 1942 in Lviv and Aleksander Riemer was murdered in Auschwitz in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Henryk Streng and <a href="/wiki/Margit_Reich-Sielska" class="mw-redirect" title="Margit Reich-Sielska">Margit Reich-Sielska</a> were able to escape the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> (or Shoah). Most of the surviving members of Artes lived in Poland after 1945. Only Margit Reich-Sielska (1900–1980) and Roman Sielski (1903–1990) stayed in Soviet Lviv. For years the city was one of the most important cultural centres of Poland with such writers as <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Aleksander Fredro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Zapolska" title="Gabriela Zapolska">Gabriela Zapolska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Staff" title="Leopold Staff">Leopold Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Konopnicka" title="Maria Konopnicka">Maria Konopnicka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kasprowicz" title="Jan Kasprowicz">Jan Kasprowicz</a> living in Lviv. Today Lviv is a city of fresh ideas and unusual characters. There are about 20 galleries (<a href="/wiki/Lviv_Municipal_Art_Center" title="Lviv Municipal Art Center">Lviv Municipal Art Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzyga_Art_Center" title="Dzyga Art Center">The "Dzyga" Gallery</a>, Art-Gallery "Primus", Gallery of the History of Ukrainian Military Uniforms, Gallery of Modern Art "Zelena Kanapa" and others). <a href="/wiki/Lviv_National_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv National Art Gallery">Lviv National Art Gallery</a> is the largest museum of arts in Ukraine, with approximately 50,000 artworks, including paintings, sculptures and works of graphic art from Western and Eastern Europe, from the Middle Ages to the modern days. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_and_opera">Theatre and opera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Theatre and opera">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lviv_Opera_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lviv_Opera_House.jpg/220px-Lviv_Opera_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lviv_Opera_House.jpg/330px-Lviv_Opera_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lviv_Opera_House.jpg/440px-Lviv_Opera_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="3192" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Theatre_of_Opera_and_Ballet" title="Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet">Lviv Opera and Ballet Theatre</a>, an important cultural centre for residents and visitors</figcaption></figure> In 1842 the <a href="/wiki/Skarbek_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Skarbek Theatre">Skarbek Theatre</a> was opened making it the third-largest theatre in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. In 1903 the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Theatre_of_Opera_and_Ballet" title="Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet">Lviv National Opera</a> house, which at that time was called the City-Theatre, was opened emulating the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna State Opera</a> house. The house initially offered a changing repertoire such as classical dramas in German and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a>, opera, operetta, comedy and theatre. The opera house is named after the Ukrainian opera diva <a href="/wiki/Solomiya_Krushelnytska" title="Solomiya Krushelnytska">Salomea Krushelnytska</a> who worked here. In the <a href="/wiki/Janowska_concentration_camp" title="Janowska concentration camp">Janowska concentration camp</a>, the Nazis conducted torture and executions to music. To do so they brought almost the whole Lviv National Opera to the camp. Professor Shtriks, opera conductor Mund and other famous Jewish musicians were among the members. From 1941 to 1944 the Nazis massacred 200,000 people including all 40 musicians.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Nowadays <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Theatre_of_Opera_and_Ballet" title="Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet">Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet</a> has a large creative group of performers who strive to maintain traditions of Ukrainian opera and classical ballet. The Theatre is a well-organized creative body where over 500 people work towards a common goal. The repertoire includes 10 Ukrainian music compositions. No other similar theatre in Ukraine has such a large number of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> productions. There are also many operas written by foreign composers, and most of these operas are performed in the original language: Othello, Aida, La Traviata, Nabucco, and A Masked Ball by G. Verdi, Tosca, La Bohème and Madame Butterfly by G. Puccini, Cavalleria Rusticana by P. Mascagni, and Pagliacci by R. Leoncavallo (in Italian); Carmen by G. Bizet (in French), The Haunted Manor by S. Moniuszko (in Polish) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_art_galleries">Museums and art galleries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Museums and art galleries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zabytki_Lwowa_106.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Zabytki_Lwowa_106.jpg/170px-Zabytki_Lwowa_106.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Zabytki_Lwowa_106.jpg/255px-Zabytki_Lwowa_106.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Zabytki_Lwowa_106.jpg/340px-Zabytki_Lwowa_106.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The main building of <a href="/wiki/Lviv_National_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv National Museum">Lviv National Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Museum Pharmacy "Pid Chornym Orlom" (Beneath the Black Eagle) was founded in 1735 – it is the oldest pharmacy in Lviv. A museum related to pharmaceutical history was opened on the premises of the old pharmacy in 1966. The idea of creating such a museum had already come up in the 19th century. The Galician Association of Pharmacists was created in 1868. Members managed to assemble a small collection of exhibits, thus making the first step towards creating a new museum. The exhibition space has expanded considerably, with 16 exhibit rooms and a general exhibition surface totalling 700 sq. m. There are more than 3,000 exhibits in the museum. This is the only operating Museum Pharmacy in Ukraine and Europe. The most notable of the museums are <a href="/wiki/Lviv_National_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv National Museum">Lviv National Museum</a> which houses the National Gallery. Its collection includes more than 140,000 unique items. The museum takes special pride in presenting the largest and most complete collection of medieval sacral art of the 12th to 18th centuries: icons, manuscripts, rare ancient books, decoratively carved pieces of art, metal and plastic artworks, and fabrics embroidered with gold and silver. The museum also boasts a unique monument of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian Baroque</a> style: the Bohorodchansky Iconostasis. Exhibits include Ancient Ukrainian art from the 12th to 15th centuries, Ukrainian art from the 16th to 18th centuries, and Ukrainian art from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. The Museum of Ethnography and Crafts includes the Judaica collection of <a href="/wiki/Maksymilian_Goldstein" title="Maksymilian Goldstein">Maksymilian Goldstein</a>. Of curiosity is the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Salo" title="Museum of Salo">Museum of Salo</a> opened in 2011. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> Lviv has an active musical and cultural life. Apart from the Lviv Opera, it has symphony orchestras, chamber orchestras and the Trembita Chorus. Lviv has one of the most prominent music academies and music colleges in Ukraine, the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv Conservatory">Lviv Conservatory</a>, and a factory for stringed musical instruments. Lviv has been the home of numerous composers, such as Mozart's son <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Wolfgang_Mozart" title="Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart">Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanyslav_Lyudkevych" title="Stanyslav Lyudkevych">Stanislav Liudkevych</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Kilar" title="Wojciech Kilar">Wojciech Kilar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Kolessa" title="Mykola Kolessa">Mykola Kolessa</a>. Flute virtuoso and composer <a href="/wiki/Franz_Doppler" title="Franz Doppler">Albert Franz Doppler</a> (1821–1883) was born and spent his formative years here, including flute lessons from his father. The classical pianist <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Horszowski" title="Mieczysław Horszowski">Mieczysław Horszowski</a> (1892–1993) was born here. The opera diva <a href="/wiki/Solomiya_Krushelnytska" title="Solomiya Krushelnytska">Salomea Kruszelnicka</a> called Lviv her home from the 1920s to 1930s. The classical violinist Adam Han Gorski was born here in 1940. "<a href="/wiki/Polish_Radio_Lw%C3%B3w" title="Polish Radio Lwów">Polish Radio Lwów</a>" was a <a href="/wiki/Polskie_Radio" title="Polskie Radio">Polish radio</a> station that went on air on 15 January 1930. The programme proved very popular in Poland. <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a> and entertainment was aired as well as lectures, readings, youth programmes, news and liturgical services on Sunday. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikkardiyskaTertsia01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PikkardiyskaTertsia01.jpg/220px-PikkardiyskaTertsia01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PikkardiyskaTertsia01.jpg/330px-PikkardiyskaTertsia01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PikkardiyskaTertsia01.jpg/440px-PikkardiyskaTertsia01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pikkardiyska_Tertsiya" title="Pikkardiyska Tertsiya">Pikkardiyska Tertsiya</a> – Ukrainian a cappella musical formation</figcaption></figure> Popular throughout Poland was the <a href="/wiki/Weso%C5%82a_Lwowska_Fala" title="Wesoła Lwowska Fala">Comic Lwów Wave</a> a <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a>-revue with <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical pieces</a>. Jewish artists contributed a great part to this artistic activity. Composers such as <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Henryk Wars">Henryk Wars</a>, songwriters <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Szlechter" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanuel Szlechter">Emanuel Szlechter</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiktor_Budzy%C5%84ski_(song_writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiktor Budzyński (song writer) (page does not exist)">Wiktor Budzyński</a>, the actor <a href="/wiki/Weso%C5%82a_Lwowska_Fala" title="Wesoła Lwowska Fala">Mieczysław Monderer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weso%C5%82a_Lwowska_Fala" title="Wesoła Lwowska Fala">Adolf Fleischer</a> ("Aprikosenkranz und Untenbaum") worked in Lviv. The most notable stars of the shows were <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Vogelf%C3%A4nger" title="Henryk Vogelfänger">Henryk Vogelfänger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Wajda" title="Kazimierz Wajda">Kazimierz Wajda</a> who appeared together as the comic duo "Szczepko and Tońko" and were similar to <a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Laurel and Hardy">Laurel and Hardy</a>. The Lviv Philharmonic is a major cultural centre with a long history and traditions that complement Ukraine's entire culture. From the stage of Lviv Philharmonic began their way to the great art world-famous Ukrainian musicians <a href="/wiki/Oleh_Krysa" title="Oleh Krysa">Oleh Krysa</a>, Oleksandr Slobodyanik, Yuriy Lysychenko, and Maria Chaikovska, as well as the younger musicians E. Chupryk, Y. Ermin, Oksana Rapita, and Olexandr Kozarenko. Lviv Philharmonic is one of Ukraine's leading concert institutions. Its activities include international festivals, cycles of concerts-monographs, and concerts with young musicians. The Chamber Orchestra "Lviv virtuosos" was organised by the best Lviv musicians in 1994. The orchestra consists of 16–40 persons / it depends on programmes/ and in the repertoire are included the musical compositions from Bach, Corelli to modern Ukrainian and European composers. During the short time of its operation, the orchestra acquired the professional level of the best European standards. It is mentioned in more than 100 positive articles by Ukrainian and foreign musical critics. Lviv is the hometown of the Vocal formation "<a href="/wiki/Pikkardiyska_Tertsiya" title="Pikkardiyska Tertsiya">Pikkardiyska Tertsiya</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2004" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2004">Eurovision Song Contest 2004</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Ruslana" title="Ruslana">Ruslana</a> who has since become well known in Europe and the rest of the world. PikkardiyskaTertsia was created on 24 September 1992 in Lviv and has won many musical awards. It all began with a quartet performing ancient Ukrainian music from the 15th century, along with adaptations of traditional <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folk_music" title="Ukrainian folk music">Ukrainian folk songs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Organ_Hall" title="Lviv Organ Hall">Lviv Organ Hall</a> is a place where classical music (organ, symphonic, cameral) and art meet together. 50,000 visitors each year, dozens of musicians from all over the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Lviv is also the hometown of one of the most successful and popular Ukrainian rock bands, <a href="/wiki/Okean_Elzy" title="Okean Elzy">Okean Elzy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities_and_academia">Universities and academia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Universities and academia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%96%D0%BC,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%96%D0%BC%2C_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%96%D0%BC%2C_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%96%D0%BC%2C_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%96%D0%BC%2C_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%96%D0%BC%2C_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%96%D0%BC%2C_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The front <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">façade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv University">Lviv University</a>, the oldest university in Ukraine</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lviv_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv University">Lviv University</a> is one of the oldest in Central Europe and was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> (Jesuit) school in 1608. Its prestige greatly increased through the work of philosopher <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Twardowski" title="Kazimierz Twardowski">Kazimierz Twardowski</a> (1866–1938) who was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w-Warsaw_School_of_Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów-Warsaw School of Logic">Lwów-Warsaw School of Logic</a>. This <a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">school of thought</a> set benchmarks for academic research and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> in Poland. The Polish politician of the interbellum period <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C4%85bi%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Głąbiński">Stanisław Głąbiński</a> had served as dean of the law department (1889–1890) and as the university rector (1908–1909). In 1901 the city was the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Scientific_Society" title="Lwów Scientific Society">Lwów Scientific Society</a> among whose members were major scientific figures. The most well-known were the mathematicians <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Banach" title="Stefan Banach">Stefan Banach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_Schauder" title="Juliusz Schauder">Juliusz Schauder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a> who were founders of the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_School_of_Mathematics" title="Lwów School of Mathematics">Lwów School of Mathematics</a> turning Lviv in the 1930s into the "World Centre of Functional Analysis" and whose share in Lviv academia was substantial. In 1852 in <a href="/wiki/Dublany,_Podlaskie_Voivodeship" title="Dublany, Podlaskie Voivodeship">Dublany</a> (eight km (5.0 mi) from the outskirts of Lviv) the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Academy_in_Dublany" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural Academy in Dublany">Agricultural Academy</a> was opened and was one of the first Polish agricultural colleges. The academy was merged with the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Polytechnic" title="Lviv Polytechnic">Lviv Polytechnic</a> in 1919. Another important college of the interbellum period was the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Foreign_Trade_in_Lw%C3%B3w" title="Academy of Foreign Trade in Lwów">Academy of Foreign Trade in Lwów</a>. In 1873 Lviv has founded <a href="/wiki/Shevchenko_Scientific_Society" title="Shevchenko Scientific Society">Shevchenko Scientific Society</a> from the beginning it attracted the financial and intellectual support of writers and patrons of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian culture">Ukrainian</a> background. In 1893 due to the change in its statute, the Shevchenko Scientific Society was transformed into a real scholarly multidisciplinary academy of sciences. Under the presidency of the historian, <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a>, it greatly expanded its activities, contributing to both the humanities and the physical sciences, law and medicine, but most specifically once again it was concentrated on Ukrainian studies. The Soviet Union annexed the eastern half of the Second Polish Republic including the city of Lwów which capitulated to the Red Army on 22 September 1939. Upon their occupation of Lviv, the Soviets dissolved the Shevchenko society. Many of its members were arrested and either imprisoned or executed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Mathematics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel-Atlas-2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hotel-Atlas-2014.JPG/170px-Hotel-Atlas-2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hotel-Atlas-2014.JPG/255px-Hotel-Atlas-2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hotel-Atlas-2014.JPG/340px-Hotel-Atlas-2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The building of the former Scottish Café</figcaption></figure> Lviv was the home of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Caf%C3%A9" title="Scottish Café">Scottish Café</a>, where in the 1930s and the early 1940s, Polish <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematicians</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_School_of_Mathematics" title="Lwów School of Mathematics">Lwów School of Mathematics</a> met and spent their afternoons discussing mathematical problems. <a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a> who was later a participant in the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> and the proposer of the <a href="/wiki/Teller%E2%80%93Ulam_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Teller–Ulam design">Teller-Ulam design</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">thermonuclear weapons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Banach" title="Stefan Banach">Stefan Banach</a> one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Functional_analysis" title="Functional analysis">functional analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Steinhaus" title="Hugo Steinhaus">Hugo Steinhaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karol_Borsuk" title="Karol Borsuk">Karol Borsuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Kuratowski" title="Kazimierz Kuratowski">Kazimierz Kuratowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kac" title="Mark Kac">Mark Kac</a> and many other notable mathematicians would gather there.<a href="#cite_note-Ulam-173">[173]</a> The café building now houses the Atlas Deluxe Hotel at 27 Taras Shevchenko Prospekt (prewar Polish street name: ulica Akademicka).<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Mathematician <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Janiszewski" title="Zygmunt Janiszewski">Zygmunt Janiszewski</a> died in Lviv on 3 January 1920. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_and_media">Print and media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Print and media">edit</a>]</div> Ever since the early 1990s, Lviv has been the spiritual home of the post-independence Ukrainian-language publishing industry. Lviv Book Forum (International Publishers' Forum) is the biggest book fair in Ukraine. Lviv is the centre of promotion of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Ukrainian Latin alphabet</a> (Latynka). The most popular newspapers in Lviv are "<a href="/wiki/Vysoky_Zamok_(newspaper)" title="Vysoky Zamok (newspaper)">Vysoky Zamok</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Ekspres" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekspres">Ekspres</a>", "Lvivska hazeta", "Ratusha", Subotna poshta", "Hazeta po-lvivsky", "Postup" and others. Popular magazines include "Lviv Today", "Chetver", "RIA" and "Ї". "Lviv Today" is a Ukrainian English-speaking magazine, whose content includes information about the business, advertisement and entertainment spheres in Lviv, and the country in general. The Lviv oblast television company transmits on channel 12. There are three private television channels operating from Lviv: "LUKS", "NTA" and "ZIK". There are 17 regional and all-Ukrainian radio stations operating in the city. A number of information agencies exist in the city such as "ZIK", "Zaxid.net", "Гал-info", "Львівський портал" and others. Lviv is home to one of the oldest Polish-language newspapers <a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Lwowska" title="Gazeta Lwowska">Gazeta Lwowska</a> which was first published in 1811 and still exists in a bi-weekly form. Among other publications were such titles as <ul><li>Kurier Lwowski: associated with people's movement which existed from 1883 to 1935. Among the writers who cooperated with it were such renowned names as <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Orzeszkowa" title="Eliza Orzeszkowa">Eliza Orzeszkowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kasprowicz" title="Jan Kasprowicz">Jan Kasprowicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Limanowski" title="Bolesław Limanowski">Bolesław Limanowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Orkan" title="Władysław Orkan">Władysław Orkan</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko" title="Ivan Franko">Ivan Franko</a>,</li> <li>Słowo Lwowskie (1895–1939): A right-wing daily which cooperated with <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Przerwa-Tetmajer" title="Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer">Kazimierz Tetmajer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Staff" title="Leopold Staff">Leopold Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_%C5%BBu%C5%82awski" title="Jerzy Żuławski">Jerzy Żuławski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Zapolska" title="Gabriela Zapolska">Gabriela Zapolska</a>. Among its editors-in-chief was <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Grabski" title="Stanisław Grabski">Stanisław Grabski</a>. In the early 20th century Słowo's circulation was 20,000 and it was the first Polish newspaper to publish a serialisation of Reymont's novel <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%82opi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chłopi">Chłopi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> After World War II Słowo was moved to <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> with first postwar issue published on 1 November 1946.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czerwony_Sztandar_(Lviv_newspaper)" title="Czerwony Sztandar (Lviv newspaper)">Czerwony Sztandar</a>: A Soviet daily published between 1939 and 1941.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lviv" title="Special:EditPage/Lviv">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2011) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Starting in the 20th century a new movement started with authors from Central Europe. In Lviv a small <a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">neo-romantic</a> group of authors formed around the <a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">lyricist</a> Schmuel Jankev Imber.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Small print offices produced collections of modern poems and <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short stories</a> and through emigration a large networkwas established. A second smaller group[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] in the 1930s tried to create a connection between <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avantgarde</a> art and Yiddish culture. Members of this group were <a href="/wiki/Debora_Vogel" title="Debora Vogel">Debora Vogel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Auerbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Rachel Auerbach">Rachel Auerbach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Korn" title="Rachel Korn">Rachel Korn</a>. The Holocaust destroyed this movement with Debora Vogel amongst many other Yiddish authors murdered by the Germans in the 1940s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_cinema_and_literature">In cinema and literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: In cinema and literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The book Tango of Death based on the true story of Jacob Mund, his orchestra, and dozens of thousands of other Jews who lived in Lviv at World War II. The book includes 60 documentary photos to show the violent truth of the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.</li> <li>The 2011 film <a href="/wiki/In_Darkness_(2011_film)" title="In Darkness (2011 film)">In Darkness</a>, Poland's entry in the <a href="/wiki/84th_Academy_Awards" title="84th Academy Awards">84th Academy Awards</a> category for Best Foreign Film, is based on a true incident in <a href="#German_occupation">Nazi-occupied Lviv</a>.</li> <li>Some of the Austrian road-movie <a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(2002_film)" title="Blue Moon (2002 film)">Blue Moon</a> was shot in Lviv.</li> <li>Parts of the film and novel <a href="/wiki/Everything_Is_Illuminated" title="Everything Is Illuminated">Everything Is Illuminated</a> take place in Lviv.</li> <li>Brian R. Banks' Muse & Messiah: The Life, Imagination & Legacy of <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Schulz" title="Bruno Schulz">Bruno Schulz</a> (1892–1942) has several pages which discuss the history and cultural-social life of the Lviv region. The book includes a <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> with many old and new photographs and the first English map of nearby <a href="/wiki/Drohobych" title="Drohobych">Drohobych</a>.</li> <li>The book <a href="/wiki/The_Girl_in_the_Green_Sweater:_A_Life_in_Holocaust%27s_Shadow" class="mw-redirect" title="The Girl in the Green Sweater: A Life in Holocaust's Shadow">The Girl in the Green Sweater: A Life in Holocaust's Shadow</a> by Krystyna Chiger takes place in Lviv.</li> <li>Large parts of 1997 film <a href="/wiki/The_Truce_(1997_film)" title="The Truce (1997 film)">The Truce</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a>'s war experiences were shot in Lviv.</li> <li>Large portions of the film <a href="/wiki/D%27Artagnan_and_Three_Musketeers" title="D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers">d'Artagnan and Three Musketeers</a> were shot in central Lviv.</li> <li>The book <a href="/wiki/The_Lemberg_Mosaic" title="The Lemberg Mosaic">The Lemberg Mosaic</a> (2011) by Jakob Weiss describes Jewish L'viv (Lemberg/Lwow/Lvov) during the period 1910–1943, focusing primarily on the Holocaust and related events.</li> <li>In the book and film <a href="/wiki/The_Shoes_of_the_Fisherman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Shoes of the Fisherman (disambiguation)">The Shoes of the Fisherman</a> the Metropolitan Archbishop of Lviv is released from a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camp</a> and later elected <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>.</li> <li>The 2015 film <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varta_1_(2015_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varta 1 (2015 film) (page does not exist)">Varta 1</a>, a movie which demonstrates the search for a new cinema features among young Ukrainian directors. The film uses the radio talks of the automobile patrols of activists of Lviv during EuroMaydan and it was made to create a better understanding of the nature of the revolution. The movie was shot and made in Lviv city.</li> <li>In the book East West Street: On the Origins of 'Genocide' and 'Crimes Against Humanity', Philippe Sands, a professor of law at University College London, recounts the life and work of Hersch Lauterpacht who introduced to international law the concept of the crime against humanity and Raphael Lemkin that of genocide. Both men lived and studied in Lviv.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Parks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption>Ivan Franko Park</figcaption></figure> Lviv's architectural face is complemented and enriched with numerous parks, and public gardens. There are over 20 basic recreation park zones, three botanical gardens and 16 natural monuments. They offer a splendid chance to escape from city life or simply sit for a while among the trees, at a nice fountain or a lake. Each park has its individual character which reflects through various monuments and their individual history. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Franko Park">Ivan Franko Park</a>, is the oldest park in the city. Traces of that time may be found in three-hundred-year-old oak and maple trees. Upon the abrogation of the Jesuit order in 1773 the territory became the town property. A well-known gardener Bager arranged the territory in the landscape style, and most of the trees were planted within 1885–1890.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohdan_Khmelnytsky_Culture_and_Recreation_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky Culture and Recreation Park (page does not exist)">Bohdan Khmelnytsky Culture and Recreation Park</a>, is one of the best organised and modern green zones containing a concert and dance hall, stadium, the town of attractions, central stage, numerous cafes and restaurants. In the park, there is a Ferris wheel.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%2C_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%2C_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%2C_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%2C_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%2C_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%2C_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Stryiskyi Park</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stryiskyi_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stryiskyi Park (page does not exist)">Stryiskyi Park</a>, is on the hills of the Lviv Heights is considered one of the most picturesque parks in the city.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Designed in the 1870s by architect Arnold Roering,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> the park hosted around 1.1 million visitors to the Regional Exhibition of 1894,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> which was held inside the park's almost 50 hectares (approximately 120 acres).<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The park numbers over 200 species of trees and plants. It is well known for a vast collection of rare and valuable trees and bushes. At the main entrance gate, you will find a pond with swans. Stryiskyi Park features a fountain statue of folk character, <a href="/wiki/Ivasyk-Telesyk" title="Ivasyk-Telesyk">Ivasyk Telesyk</a>, riding geese.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znesinnia_Regional_Landscape_Park" title="Znesinnia Regional Landscape Park">Znesinnia Park</a> is an ideal site for cycling, skiing sports, and hiking. Public organisations favour conducting summer camps here (ecological and educational, educational and cognitive).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shevchenkivskyi_Hai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shevchenkivskyi Hai (page does not exist)">Shevchenkivskyi Hai</a>, in the park there is an open-air museum of Ukrainian wooden architecture.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Castle_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Castle Park (page does not exist)">High Castle Park</a>, the park is situated on the highest city hill (413 m or 1,355 ft) and occupies the territory of 36 ha (89 acres) consisting of the lower terrace once called Knyazha Hora (Prince Mount), and the upper terrace with a television tower and artificial embankment.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zalizni_Vody_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zalizni Vody Park (page does not exist)">Zalizni Vody Park</a>, the park originated from the former garden Zalizna Voda (Iron water) combining Snopkivska street with Novyi Lviv district. The park owes its name to the springs with high iron concentration. This beautiful park with ancient beech trees and numerous paths is a favourite place for many locals.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lychakivskyi_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lychakivskyi Park (page does not exist)">Lychakivskyi Park</a>, founded in 1892 and named after the surrounding suburbs. A botanic garden is situated on the park territory, founded in 1911 and occupying the territory of 18.5 ha (45.7 acres).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> Lviv was an important centre for sport in Central Europe and is regarded as the birthplace of Polish <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>. Lviv is the Polish birthplace of other sports. In January 1905 the first Polish <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice-hockey</a> match took place there and two years later the first <a href="/wiki/Ski_jumping" title="Ski jumping">ski-jumping</a> competition was organised in nearby <a href="/wiki/Slavske" title="Slavske">Sławsko</a>. In the same year, the first Polish basketball games were organised in Lviv's gymnasiums. In autumn 1887 a gymnasium by Lychakiv Street (pol. ulica Łyczakowska) held the first Polish <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a> competition with such sports as the <a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">long jump</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">high jump</a>. Lviv's athlete Władysław Ponurski represented Austria in the <a href="/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics" title="1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Olympic Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. On 9 July 1922 the first official <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby</a> game in Poland took place at the stadium of Pogoń Lwów in which the rugby team of Orzeł Biały Lwów divided itself into two teams – "The Reds" and "The Blacks". The referee of this game was a Frenchman by the name of Robineau. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_football">Association football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Association football">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EURO_2012_Lvov_clock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/EURO_2012_Lvov_clock.jpg/220px-EURO_2012_Lvov_clock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/EURO_2012_Lvov_clock.jpg/330px-EURO_2012_Lvov_clock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/EURO_2012_Lvov_clock.jpg/440px-EURO_2012_Lvov_clock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>A clock in Lviv on Prospekt Svobody (Freedom Ave.), showing time to start of EURO 2012. Opera and Ballet Theatre in background</figcaption></figure> The first known official goal in a Polish football match was scored at Pogoń Lwów on 14 July 1894 during the Lwów-Kraków game. The goal was scored by <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Chomicki" title="Włodzimierz Chomicki">Włodzimierz Chomicki</a> who represented the team of Lviv. In 1904 Kazimierz Hemerling from Lviv published the first translation of the rules of football into Polish and another native of Lviv, Stanisław Polakiewicz, became the first officially recognised Polish referee in 1911 the year in which the first <a href="/wiki/Polish_Football_Association" title="Polish Football Association">Polish Football Federation</a> was founded in Lviv. The first Polish professional football club, <a href="/wiki/Czarni_Lw%C3%B3w" title="Czarni Lwów">Czarni Lwów</a> opened here in 1903 and the first stadium, which belonged to Pogoń, in 1913. Another club, <a href="/wiki/Pogo%C5%84_Lw%C3%B3w" title="Pogoń Lwów">Pogoń Lwów</a>, was four times football champion of Poland (1922, 1923, 1925 and 1926). In the late 1920s, as many as four teams from the city played in the Polish Football League (Pogoń, Czarni, Hasmonea and Lechia). <a href="/wiki/Hasmonea_Lw%C3%B3w" title="Hasmonea Lwów">Hasmonea</a> was the first Jewish football club in Poland. Several notable figures of Polish football came from the city including <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_G%C3%B3rski" title="Kazimierz Górski">Kazimierz Górski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Koncewicz" title="Ryszard Koncewicz">Ryszard Koncewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Matyas" title="Michał Matyas">Michał Matyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Kuchar" title="Wacław Kuchar">Wacław Kuchar</a>. In the period 1900–1911 opened the most famous football clubs in Lviv. Professor <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bobersky" title="Ivan Bobersky">Ivan Bobersky</a> has based in the Academic grammar school the first Ukrainian sports circle where schoolboys were engaged in track and field, football, boxing, hockey, skiing, tourism and sledge sports in 1906. He organised the "Ukrainian Sports circle" in 1908. Much its pupils in due course in 1911 formed a sports society with the loud name "Ukraine" – the first Ukrainian football club in Lviv.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Lviv now has several major professional football clubs and some smaller clubs. Two teams from the city, <a href="/wiki/FC_Rukh_Lviv" title="FC Rukh Lviv">FC Rukh Lviv</a> and <a href="/wiki/FC_Lviv" title="FC Lviv">FC Lviv</a>, currently play in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League" title="Ukrainian Premier League">Ukrainian Premier League</a>, the top level of football in the country. <a href="/wiki/FC_Karpaty_Lviv" title="FC Karpaty Lviv">FC Karpaty Lviv</a>, founded in 1963, has historically been the largest club in the city. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Ukrainian_Premier_League" title="2019–20 Ukrainian Premier League">2019–20 Ukrainian Premier League</a> season, Karpaty was expelled from the league for failing to appear to two games.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> They currently play in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Second_League" title="Ukrainian Second League">Ukrainian Second League</a>, the third level of Ukrainian football. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stadia">Stadia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Stadia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraina_Stadium" title="Ukraina Stadium">Ukraina Stadium</a>, which was leased to FC Karpaty Lviv until 2018.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Lviv" title="Arena Lviv">Arena Lviv</a> is a brand-new football stadium that was an official venue for <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">Euro 2012</a> Championship games in Lviv. Construction work began on 20 November 2008 and was completed by October 2011. The opening ceremony took place on 29 October, with a vast theatrical production dedicated to the history of Lviv.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Arena Lviv is the home ground of <a href="/wiki/FC_Lviv" title="FC Lviv">FC Lviv</a>, and played host to <a href="/wiki/Shakhtar_Donetsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakhtar Donetsk">Shakhtar Donetsk</a> between 2014 and 2016 due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">war in Donbas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Sports_Club_Stadium_(Lviv)" title="Army Sports Club Stadium (Lviv)">SKA Stadium</a>, football and <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">motorcycle speedway</a> stadium, which holds 23,040 spectators.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Other sports">edit</a>]</div> Lviv's chess school enjoys a good reputation; such notable grandmasters as <a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Ivanchuk" title="Vasyl Ivanchuk">Vasyl Ivanchuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Stein" title="Leonid Stein">Leonid Stein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beliavsky" title="Alexander Beliavsky">Alexander Beliavsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Volokitin" title="Andrei Volokitin">Andrei Volokitin</a> used to live in Lviv.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Anna_Muzychuk" title="Anna Muzychuk">Anna Muzychuk</a> lives in Lviv. <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Speedway" title="Lviv Speedway">Lviv Speedway</a> is a motorcycle speedway team based at the SKA Stadium.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Lviv was originally <a href="/wiki/Lviv_bid_for_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="Lviv bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics">bidding</a> to host the <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> but has withdrawn and will now most likely bid for the <a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics" title="2026 Winter Olympics">2026 Winter Olympics</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lvivrynok2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lvivrynok2018.jpg/220px-Lvivrynok2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lvivrynok2018.jpg/330px-Lvivrynok2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lvivrynok2018.jpg/440px-Lvivrynok2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>Market (Rynok) Square</figcaption></figure> Due to a comprehensive cultural programme and tourism infrastructure (having more than 8,000 hotel rooms, over 1300 cafes and restaurants,<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> free WI-Fi zones in the city centre, and good connection with many countries of the world), Lviv is considered one of Ukraine's major tourist destinations.<a href="#cite_note-BBCLviv2012-189">[189]</a> The city had a 40% increase in tourist visits in the early 2010s; the highest rate in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-BBCLviv2012-189">[189]</a> The most popular tourist attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_(Lviv)" title="Old Town (Lviv)">Old Town</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Market_Square_(Lviv)" title="Market Square (Lviv)">Market Square</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Ploshcha Rynok) which is an 18,300 <a href="/wiki/Square_metre" title="Square metre">m2</a> (196,980 sq ft) square in the city centre where the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Town_Hall" title="Lviv Town Hall">City Hall</a> is situated, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Black_House,_Lviv" title="Black House, Lviv">Black House</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Chorna Kamianytsia), <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cathedral,_Lviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Cathedral, Lviv">Armenian Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Church,_Lviv" title="Dormition Church, Lviv">the complex of the Dormition Church</a> which is the main Orthodox church in the city; <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Garrison_Church_(Lviv)" title="Saints Peter and Paul Garrison Church (Lviv)">the St. Peter and Paul Church of the Jesuit Order</a> (one of the largest churches in Lviv); along with the <a href="/wiki/Korniakt_Palace" title="Korniakt Palace">Korniakt Palace</a>, now part of the Lviv History Museum. Other prominent sites include the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Cathedral,_Lviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Cathedral, Lviv">Latin Cathedral of the Assumption of Mary</a>; <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Lviv" title="St. George's Cathedral, Lviv">St. George's Cathedral</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Greek-Catholic Church</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Church,_Lviv" title="Dominican Church, Lviv">Dominican Church of Corpus Christi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_the_Boim_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapel of the Boim family">Chapel of the Boim family</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_High_Castle" title="Lviv High Castle">Lviv High Castle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Vysokyi Zamok) on a hill overlooking the centre of the city; the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin_Mound" title="Union of Lublin Mound">Union of Lublin Mound</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Lychakiv_Cemetery" title="Lychakiv Cemetery">Lychakivskiy Cemetery</a> where the notable people were buried; and the Svobody Prospekt which is Lviv's central street. Other popular places include <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Theatre_of_Opera_and_Ballet" title="Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet">Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Potocki_Palace,_Lviv" title="Potocki Palace, Lviv">Potocki Palace</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Church,_Lviv" title="Bernardine Church, Lviv">Bernardine Church</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Landmarks and points of interest</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2019.08.25.1442.04._%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BB.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2.%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bernardine Church"><img alt="Bernardine Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2019.08.25.1442.04._%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BB.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2.%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg/240px-2019.08.25.1442.04._%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BB.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2.%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2019.08.25.1442.04._%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BB.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2.%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg/360px-2019.08.25.1442.04._%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BB.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2.%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2019.08.25.1442.04._%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BB.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2.%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg/480px-2019.08.25.1442.04._%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BB.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2.%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Church,_Lviv" title="Bernardine Church, Lviv">Bernardine Church</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Dominican_church,_Lviv,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dominican Church"><img alt="Dominican Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Interior_of_Dominican_church%2C_Lviv%2C_2009.jpg/241px-Interior_of_Dominican_church%2C_Lviv%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Interior_of_Dominican_church%2C_Lviv%2C_2009.jpg/361px-Interior_of_Dominican_church%2C_Lviv%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Interior_of_Dominican_church%2C_Lviv%2C_2009.jpg/481px-Interior_of_Dominican_church%2C_Lviv%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Church,_Lviv" title="Dominican Church, Lviv">Dominican Church</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Potocki Palace"><img alt="Potocki Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg/270px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg/405px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg/540px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1335" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Potocki_Palace,_Lviv" title="Potocki Palace, Lviv">Potocki Palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:StGeorgeCathedral_Lviv.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="St. George's Cathedral, Lviv"><img alt="St. George's Cathedral, Lviv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/StGeorgeCathedral_Lviv.JPG/215px-StGeorgeCathedral_Lviv.JPG" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/StGeorgeCathedral_Lviv.JPG/323px-StGeorgeCathedral_Lviv.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/StGeorgeCathedral_Lviv.JPG/431px-StGeorgeCathedral_Lviv.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3398" data-file-height="2840" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Lviv" title="St. George's Cathedral, Lviv">St. George's Cathedral, Lviv</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:LvivOldTown1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View on Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site"><img alt="View on Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LvivOldTown1.jpg/240px-LvivOldTown1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LvivOldTown1.jpg/360px-LvivOldTown1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LvivOldTown1.jpg/480px-LvivOldTown1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">View on <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_(Lviv)" title="Old Town (Lviv)">Old Town</a>, a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%94_%D1%96%D0%B7_%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%94_%D1%96%D0%B7_%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.jpg/160px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%94_%D1%96%D0%B7_%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%94_%D1%96%D0%B7_%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.jpg/240px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%94_%D1%96%D0%B7_%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%94_%D1%96%D0%B7_%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.jpg/320px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%94_%D1%96%D0%B7_%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Confectioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Confectioner">confectioner</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> lions at the Festival of Chocolate</figcaption></figure> The native residents of the city are jokingly known as the Lvivian <a href="/wiki/Batiar" title="Batiar">batiary</a> (someone who's mischievous). Lvivians are also well known for their way of speaking that was greatly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_dialect" title="Lwów dialect">Lvivian gwara</a> (talk).<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Weso%C5%82a_Lwowska_Fala" title="Wesoła Lwowska Fala">Wesoła Lwowska Fala</a> (Polish for Lwów's Merry Wave) was a weekly radio program of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Radio_Lwow" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Radio Lwow">Polish Radio Lwow</a> with Szczepko and Tonko, later starring in <a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzie_lepiej" title="Będzie lepiej">Będzie lepiej</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Vagabonds_(1939_film)" title="The Vagabonds (1939 film)">The Vagabonds</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Shoes_of_the_Fisherman_(novel)" title="The Shoes of the Fisherman (novel)">The Shoes of the Fisherman</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Morris_L._West" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris L. West">Morris L. West</a>'s novel and its 1968 film adaptation, had the titular pope as having been its former <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Lviv has established many city feasts, such as coffee and chocolate feasts, cheese & wine holiday, the feast of pampukh, the Day of Batyar, Annual Bread Day and others. Over 50 festivals happen in Lviv, such as <a href="/wiki/Leopolis_Jazz_Fest" title="Leopolis Jazz Fest">Leopolis Jazz Fest</a>, an international jazz festival; the Leopolis Grand Prix, an international festival of vintage cars; international festival of academic music Virtuosi; Stare Misto Rock Fest; medieval festival Lviv Legend; international <a href="/wiki/Etnovyr" title="Etnovyr">Etnovyr</a> folklore festival, initiated by UNESCO; international festival of visual art Wiz-Art; international theatrical festival Golden Lion; Lviv Lumines Fluorescent Art Festival; Festival of Contemporary Dramaturgy; international contemporary music festival Contrasts; Lviv international literary festival, Krayina Mriy; gastronomic festival Lviv on a Plate; organ music festival Diapason; international independent film festival KinoLev; international festival LvivKlezFest; and international media festival MediaDepo.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Lviv honors the memory of Stepan Bandera and Roman Shukhevych. The Lviv regional council approved an appeal to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on March 16, 2021, requesting that the largest stadium here be renamed after these two men.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Bandera led the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, which fought alongside Nazi Germany during WWII, killing thousands of Jews and Poles.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> In 1940, Shukhevych commanded a military unit of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) that actively collaborated with the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Public transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lvivelectrotrans" title="Lvivelectrotrans">Lvivelectrotrans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_1179_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Electron_1179_%282%29.jpg/220px-Electron_1179_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Electron_1179_%282%29.jpg/330px-Electron_1179_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Electron_1179_%282%29.jpg/440px-Electron_1179_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4356" data-file-height="2904" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Lviv" title="Trams in Lviv">Lviv tram</a> in the Old Town</figcaption></figure> Historically, the first <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-drawn tram">horse-drawn tramway</a> lines in Lviv were inaugurated on 5 May 1880. An electric tram was introduced on 31 May 1894. The last horse-drawn line was transferred to electric traction in 1908. In 1922 the tramways were switched to driving on the right-hand side. After the annexation of the city by the Soviet Union, several lines were closed but most of the infrastructure was preserved. The tracks are <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railway">narrow-gauge</a>, unusual for the Soviet Union, but explained by the fact that the system was built while the city was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and needed to run in narrow medieval streets in the centre of town. The <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Lviv" title="Trams in Lviv">Lviv tramway system</a> now runs about 220 cars on 75 km (47 mi) of track. Many tracks were reconstructed around 2006. The price in February 2019 of a tram/trolleybus ticket was 5 UAH (the reduced fare ticket was 2.5 UAH, e.g. for students). The ticket may be purchased from the driver. After World War II the city grew rapidly due to evacuees returning from Russia, and the Soviet Government's vigorous development of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>. This included the transfer of entire factories from the Urals and others to the newly "liberated" territories of the USSR. The city centre tramway lines were replaced with <a href="/wiki/Lviv_trolleybus" title="Lviv trolleybus">trolleybuses</a> on 27 November 1952. New lines were opened to the <a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">blocks of flats</a> at the city outskirts. The network now runs about 100 trolleybuses – mostly of the 1980s Skoda 14Tr and <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%97_52522" class="extiw" title="uk:ЛАЗ 52522">LAZ 52522</a>. From 2006 to 2008 11 modern <a href="/wiki/Low_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low floor">low-floor</a> trolleybuses (LAZ E183) built by the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Bus_Factory" title="Lviv Bus Factory">Lviv Bus Factory</a> were purchased. The public <a href="/wiki/Bus_network" title="Bus network">bus network</a> is represented by mini-buses (so-called marshrutka) and large buses mainly LAZ and MAN. On 1 January 2013, the city had 52 public bus routes. The price is 7.00 UAH regardless of the distance travelled. The ticket may be purchased from the driver. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Railways">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Railways" title="Lviv Railways">Lviv Railways</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lviv_railway_station2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lviv_railway_station2.png/220px-Lviv_railway_station2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lviv_railway_station2.png/330px-Lviv_railway_station2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lviv_railway_station2.png/440px-Lviv_railway_station2.png 2x" data-file-width="3693" data-file-height="2936" /></a><figcaption>Lviv's <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv Rail Terminal">Main Railway Terminal</a></figcaption></figure> Modern Lviv remains a hub on which nine railways converge providing local and international services. Lviv railway is one of the oldest in Ukraine. The first train arrived in Lviv on 4 November 1861. The main <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv Rail Terminal">Lviv Railway Station</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sad%C5%82owski" title="Władysław Sadłowski">Władysław Sadłowski</a>, was built in 1904 and was considered one of the best in Europe from both the architectural and technical aspects. In the inter-war period, Lviv (known then as Lwów) was one of the most important hubs of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_State_Railways" title="Polish State Railways">Polish State Railways</a>. The Lwów junction consisted of four stations in mid-1939 – main station Lwów Główny (now <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Lviv Holovnyi), Lwów Kleparów (now Lviv Klepariv), Lwów Łyczaków (now Lviv Lychakiv), and Lwów Podzamcze (now Lviv Pidzamche). In August 1939 just before World War II, 73 trains departed daily from the Main Station including 56 local and 17 fast trains. Lwów was directly connected with all major centres of the Second Polish Republic as well as such cities as Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Currently, several trains cross the nearby <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Poland–Ukraine border">Polish–Ukrainian border</a> (mostly via <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a> in Poland). There are good connections to Slovakia (<a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a>) and Hungary (<a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many routes have overnight trains with sleeping compartments. Lviv railway is often called the main gateway from Ukraine to Europe although buses are often a cheaper and more convenient way of entering the "<a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a>" countries. Lviv used to have a <a href="/wiki/Railbus" title="Railbus">Railbus</a>, which has since been replaced with other means of public transport. It was a motor-rail car that ran from the largest district of Lviv to one of the largest industrial zones going through the central railway station. It made seven trips a day and was meant to provide a faster and more comfortable connection between the remote urban districts. The price in February 2010 of a one-way single ride in the railbus was 1.50 UAH. On 15 June 2010, the route was cancelled as unprofitable. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Air transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Airlines_Boeing_767-300ER_(ET-AMG)_at_Lviv_International_Airport.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ethiopian_Airlines_Boeing_767-300ER_%28ET-AMG%29_at_Lviv_International_Airport.jpeg/220px-Ethiopian_Airlines_Boeing_767-300ER_%28ET-AMG%29_at_Lviv_International_Airport.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ethiopian_Airlines_Boeing_767-300ER_%28ET-AMG%29_at_Lviv_International_Airport.jpeg/330px-Ethiopian_Airlines_Boeing_767-300ER_%28ET-AMG%29_at_Lviv_International_Airport.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ethiopian_Airlines_Boeing_767-300ER_%28ET-AMG%29_at_Lviv_International_Airport.jpeg/440px-Ethiopian_Airlines_Boeing_767-300ER_%28ET-AMG%29_at_Lviv_International_Airport.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lviv_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv International Airport">Lviv International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> The beginnings of aviation in Lviv reach back to 1884 when the Aeronautic Society was opened there. The society issued its own magazine Astronauta but soon ceased to exist. In 1909 on the initiative of Edmund Libanski the Awiata Society was founded. Among its members there was a group of professors and students of the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Polytechnic" title="Lviv Polytechnic">Lviv Polytechnic</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Drzewiecki" title="Stefan Drzewiecki">Stefan Drzewiecki</a> and Zygmunt Sochacki. Awiata was the oldest Polish organization of this kind and it concentrated its activities mainly on exhibitions such as the First Aviation Exhibition which took place in 1910 and featured models of aircraft built by Lviv students.<a href="#cite_note-Zdzislaw_Sikorski,_Lotniczy_Lwow-195">[195]</a> In 1913–1914 brothers Tadeusz and Władysław Floriańscy built a two-seater aeroplane. When World War I broke out Austrian authorities confiscated it but did not manage to evacuate the plane in time and it was seized by the Russians who used the plane for intelligence purposes. The Floriański brothers' plane was the first Polish-made aircraft. On 5 November 1918, a crew consisting of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Bastyr" title="Stefan Bastyr">Stefan Bastyr</a> and Janusz de Beaurain carried out the first-ever flight under the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">Polish flag</a> taking off from Lviv's Lewandówka (now <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Levandivka) airport.<a href="#cite_note-Zdzislaw_Sikorski,_Lotniczy_Lwow-195">[195]</a> In the interbellum period Lwów was a major centre of gliding with a notable Gliding School in Bezmiechowa which opened in 1932. In the same year the Institute of Gliding Technology was opened in Lwów and was the second such institute in the world. In 1938 the First Polish Aircraft Exhibition took place in the city. The interwar Lwów was also a major centre of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Force" title="Polish Air Force">Polish Air Force</a> with the Sixth Air Regiment located there. The Regiment was based at the Lwów airport opened in 1924 in the suburb of Skniłów (today <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Sknyliv). The airport is located 6 km (4 mi) from the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-europe-airports-196">[196]</a> In 2012, after renovation, Lviv Airport got a new official name <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Danylo_Halytskyi_International_Airport" title="Lviv Danylo Halytskyi International Airport">Lviv Danylo Halytskyi International Airport</a> (LWO).<a href="#cite_note-New_terminal_of_the_Lviv_Airport-197">[197]</a> A new terminal and other improvements worth under a $200 million has been done in preparation for the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> The connection from Airport to the city centre is maintained by bus No. 48 and No. 9. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bicycle_lanes">Bicycle lanes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Bicycle lanes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LvivPolice2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/LvivPolice2019.jpg/220px-LvivPolice2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/LvivPolice2019.jpg/330px-LvivPolice2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/LvivPolice2019.jpg/440px-LvivPolice2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Police patrol by bicycles in the tourist area of Lviv</figcaption></figure> Cycling is a new but growing mode of transport in Lviv. In 2011 the City of Lviv ratified an ambitious 9-year program for the set-up of <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">cycling infrastructure</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> – until the year 2019 an overall length of 270 km (168 mi) cycle lanes and tracks shall be realized. A working group formally organised within the City Council, bringing together representatives of the city administration, members of planning and design institutes, local NGOs and other stakeholders. Events like the All-Ukrainian Bikeday<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/European_Mobility_Week" title="European Mobility Week">European Mobility Week</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> show the popularity of cycling among Lviv's citizens. By September 2011, 8 km (5 mi) of new cycling infrastructure had been built. It can be expected that until the end of 2011 50 km (31 mi) will be ready for use. The cycling advisor in Lviv – the first such position in Ukraine – is supervising and pushing forward the execution of the cycling plan and coordinates with various people in the city. The development of cycling in Ukraine is currently hampered by outdated planning norms and the fact, that most planners didn't yet plan and experience cycling infrastructure. The update of national legislation and training for planners is therefore necessary. In 2015, the first stations have been set up for a new <a href="/wiki/Bike-sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bike-sharing">bike-sharing</a> system <a href="/wiki/Nextbike" title="Nextbike">Nextbike</a> – the first of its kind in Ukraine. New bike lanes are also under construction, making Lviv the most bike-friendly city in the country. The City Council plans to build an entire cycling infrastructure by 2020, with cycle lanes (268 km or 167 mi) and street bike hire services. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Ukraine" title="List of universities in Ukraine">List of universities in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_1.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_1.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_1.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Polytechnic" title="Lviv Polytechnic">Lviv Polytechnic</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Turkull-Comello_Lviv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Palace_of_Turkull-Comello_Lviv.jpg/220px-Palace_of_Turkull-Comello_Lviv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Palace_of_Turkull-Comello_Lviv.jpg/330px-Palace_of_Turkull-Comello_Lviv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Palace_of_Turkull-Comello_Lviv.jpg/440px-Palace_of_Turkull-Comello_Lviv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lviv_National_Stepan_Gzhytsky_University_of_Veterinary_Medicine_and_Biotechnology" title="Lviv National Stepan Gzhytsky University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology">Lviv National Stepan Gzhytsky University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology</a></figcaption></figure> Lviv is an important education centre in Ukraine. The city contains a total of 12 <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>, 8 academies and a number of smaller schools of higher education. In addition, within Lviv, there is a total of eight institutes of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">National Academy of Science of Ukraine</a> and more than forty <a href="/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute">research institutes</a>. These research institutes include the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Centre_of_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="Lviv Centre of Institute for Space Research">Centre of Institute for Space Research</a>; the Institute for <a href="/wiki/Condensed_Matter_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensed Matter Physics">Condensed Matter Physics</a>; the Institute of <a href="/wiki/Cell_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell Biology">Cell Biology</a>; the National Institute of Strategic Studies; the Institute of Neuro-mathematical Simulation in Power Engineering; and the Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians. In <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times, the city of Lviv was the location where the software for the <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod">Lunokhod</a> programme was developed. The technology for the <a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> series probes and the first orbital shuttle <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a> were also developed in Lviv. A considerable scientific potential is concentrated in the city: by the number of doctors of sciences, candidates of sciences, scientific organisations Lviv is the fourth city in Ukraine. Lviv is also known for ancient academic traditions, founded by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assumption_Brotherhood_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assumption Brotherhood School (page does not exist)">Assumption Brotherhood School</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuit_Collegium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesuit Collegium (page does not exist)">Jesuit Collegium</a>. Over 100,000 students annually study in more than 50 higher educational establishments. Educational level of residents:<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <ul><li>Basic and complete secondary education: 10%</li> <li>Specialized secondary education: 25%</li> <li>Incomplete higher education (undergraduates): 13%</li> <li>Higher education (graduates): 51%</li> <li>PhD (postgraduates): about 1%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Universities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F.JPG/220px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F.JPG/330px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F.JPG/440px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Anatomy Department Building of <a href="/wiki/Danylo_Halytsky_Lviv_National_Medical_University" title="Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University">Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University</a> – one of the oldest and prime medical institutes of Ukraine</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lviv" title="University of Lviv">Ivan Franko National University of Lviv</a> (ukr. Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Polytechnic" title="Lviv Polytechnic">Lviv Polytechnic</a> (ukr. Національний університет "Львівська політехніка")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danylo_Halytsky_Lviv_National_Medical_University" title="Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University">Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University</a> (ukr. Львiвський національний медичний унiверситет iм. Данила Галицького)</li> <li>Lviv Stepan Gzhytsky <a href="/wiki/National_university" title="National university">national university</a> of <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a> and biotechnologies (ukr. Львівський національний університет ветеринарної медицини та біотехнологій імені Степана Гжицького)</li> <li>National Forestry Engineering University of Ukraine (ukr. Український національний лісотехнічний університет)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_University" title="Ukrainian Catholic University">Ukrainian Catholic University</a> (ukr. Український католицький університет)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lviv_National_Academy_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lviv National Academy of Arts">The Lviv National Academy of Arts</a> (ukr. Львівська національна академія мистецтв)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_National_Music_Academy" title="Lviv National Music Academy">Lviv National Music Academy</a> (ukr. Львівська національна музична академія імені Миколи Лисенка)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_National_Agrarian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv National Agrarian University">Lviv National Agrarian University</a> (ukr. Львівський національний аграрний університет)</li> <li>Lviv State University of Physical Training (ukr. Львівський державний університет фізичної культури)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Academy_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv Academy of Commerce">Lviv Academy of Commerce</a> (ukr. Львівська комерційна академія)</li> <li>Lviv State University of Life Safety (ukr. Львівський державний університет безпеки життєдіяльності)</li> <li>Lviv State University of Internal Affairs (ukr. Львівський державний університет внутрішніх справ)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Leopolitans" title="List of Leopolitans">List of Leopolitans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine">List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pomnik_Aleksandra_Fredry_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pomnik_Aleksandra_Fredry_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg/220px-Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pomnik_Aleksandra_Fredry_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pomnik_Aleksandra_Fredry_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg/330px-Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pomnik_Aleksandra_Fredry_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pomnik_Aleksandra_Fredry_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg/440px-Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pomnik_Aleksandra_Fredry_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2366" data-file-height="3544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro_Monument_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksander Fredro Monument in Wrocław">Aleksander Fredro Monument</a>, moved from Lviv to <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, its twin town, after World War II</figcaption></figure> Lviv is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City</th> <th>State</th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corning_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning (city), New York">Corning</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a><a href="#cite_note-Rzeszów-203">[203]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td>1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td>1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a><a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-204">[204]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </td> <td>1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </td> <td>2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a><a href="#cite_note-Wrocław_twinning-205">[205]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a><a href="#cite_note-Łódź_twinning-206">[206]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a><a href="#cite_note-Banja_Luka_twinnings-207">[207]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td>2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a><a href="#cite_note-Lublin_twinnings-208">[208]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </td> <td>2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio">Parma</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </td> <td>2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> </td> <td>2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pula</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td>2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Municipality" title="Aarhus Municipality">Aarhus</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td>2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td>2024 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partner_cities">Partner cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Partner cities">edit</a>]</div> On September 7, 2023, the mayors of Lviv and Kobe signed a cooperation agreement. Frankfurt also signed a cooperation agreement with Lviv on May 13, 2024. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City</th> <th>State</th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td>2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>2024 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leopolitans" title="List of Leopolitans">List of Leopolitans</a></li> <li>Polish football clubs established in Lviv: <a href="/wiki/Pogo%C5%84_Lw%C3%B3w" title="Pogoń Lwów">Pogoń Lwów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czarni_Lw%C3%B3w" title="Czarni Lwów">Czarni Lwów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lechia_Lw%C3%B3w" title="Lechia Lwów">Lechia Lwów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasmonea_Lw%C3%B3w" title="Hasmonea Lwów">Hasmonea Lwów</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Suburb_Synagogue" title="Great Suburb Synagogue">Great Suburb Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Win_with_the_Lion" title="Win with the Lion">Win with the Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_Mejbaum-Katzenellenbogen" title="Wanda Mejbaum-Katzenellenbogen">Wanda Mejbaum-Katzenellenbogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banks_in_Lviv" title="Banks in Lviv">Banks in Lviv</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZaxid.net2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zaxid.net (22 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zaxid.net/galitski_mifi_mif_3_galichina__ukrayinskiy_pyemont_n1044509">"Галицькі міфи. Міф 3: Галичина – український П'ємонт"</a>. ZAXID.NET (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202141220/https://zaxid.net/galitski_mifi_mif_3_galichina__ukrayinskiy_pyemont_n1044509">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZAXID.NET&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B8.+%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%84+3%3A+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9F%27%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82&rft.date=2007-10-22&rft.au=Zaxid.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzaxid.net%2Fgalitski_mifi_mif_3_galichina__ukrayinskiy_pyemont_n1044509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoznaniak2006" class="citation cs2">Poznaniak (9 June 2006), <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:POL_Lw%C3%B3w_COA.svg">Coat of Arms of Lwów between 1918–1939</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831025825/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:POL_Lw%C3%B3w_COA.svg">archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021, retrieved 2 February 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coat+of+Arms+of+Lw%C3%B3w+between+1918%E2%80%931939&rft.date=2006-06-09&rft.au=Poznaniak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3APOL_Lw%25C3%25B3w_COA.svg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466">"Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ"</a>. Голос України (in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709121303/http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8E+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%E2%84%96+807-%D0%86%D0%A5.&rft.date=2020-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.golos.com.ua%2Farticle%2F333466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020_reform_maps-4"><a href="#cite_ref-2020_reform_maps_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/">"Нові райони: карти + склад"</a> (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225102502/https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%3A+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8+%2B+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minregion.gov.ua%2Fpress%2Fnews%2Fnovi-rajony-karty-sklad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ua2022estimate-5"><a href="#cite_ref-ua2022estimate_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2022/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf"><bdi lang="uk">Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022</bdi></a> [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: <a href="/wiki/State_Statistics_Service_of_Ukraine" title="State Statistics Service of Ukraine">State Statistics Service of Ukraine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164521/https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%81%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F+2022&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pub=State+Statistics+Service+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdb.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2FPXWEB2007%2Fukr%2Fpubl_new1%2F2022%2Fzb_%25D0%25A1huselnist.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://decentralization.gov.ua/admin/articles/12533.html">"Те, чого ніколи не було в Україні: Уряд затвердив адмінтерустрій базового рівня, що забезпечить повсюдність місцевого самоврядування"</a>. decentralization.gov.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214180228/https://decentralization.gov.ua/admin/articles/12533.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=decentralization.gov.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%2C+%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96%3A+%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C+%D1%89%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdecentralization.gov.ua%2Fadmin%2Farticles%2F12533.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Perfecky, George A. (1973). The Galician-Volynian Chronicle. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/902306">902306</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-reise-8"><a href="#cite_ref-reise_8-0">^</a> Hermann Simon, Irene Stratenwerth, Ronald Hinrichs (Hrsg.): Lemberg. Eine Reise nach Europa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFbmtdibpIMC&pg=PA96">S. 96 ff.</a>, p. 96, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meest-tour.com/index.php?id=17">"Archives"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100225032259/http://www.meest-tour.com/index.php?id=17">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meest-tour.com%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFellerer2020" class="citation book cs1">Fellerer, Jan (15 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vjHDwAAQBAJ">Urban Multilingualism in East-Central Europe: The Polish Dialect of Late-Habsburg Lviv</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-8015-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-8015-1"><bdi>978-1-4985-8015-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406065450/https://books.google.com/books?id=2vjHDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Multilingualism+in+East-Central+Europe%3A+The+Polish+Dialect+of+Late-Habsburg+Lviv&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-8015-1&rft.aulast=Fellerer&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2vjHDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lvivrada.gov.ua/files/statut/Preambula_R1.pdf">"Statute of Lviv"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127062809/http://lvivrada.gov.ua/files/statut/Preambula_R1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statute+of+Lviv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flvivrada.gov.ua%2Ffiles%2Fstatut%2FPreambula_R1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100122224547/http://www.lviv.ua/uk/about/heraldry/">"Heraldry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lviv.ua/uk/about/heraldry/">the original</a> on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heraldry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lviv.ua%2Fuk%2Fabout%2Fheraldry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottekJ._GrieserC._BeckB._Rudolf2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kottek, M.; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf">"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated"</a> (PDF). Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259–263. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MetZe..15..259K">2006MetZe..15..259K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130">10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811204828/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorol.+Z.&rft.atitle=World+Map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification+updated&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-263&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006MetZe..15..259K&rft.aulast=Kottek&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=J.+Grieser&rft.au=C.+Beck&rft.au=B.+Rudolf&rft.au=F.+Rubel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at%2Fpdf%2Fkottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pogoda-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pogoda_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pogoda_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pogoda_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214004830/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33393.htm">"Pogoda.ru.net"</a> (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33393.htm">the original</a> on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pogoda.ru.net&rft.pub=Weather+and+Climate+%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%29&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate%2F33393.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/33393.TXT">"L'vov (Lviv) Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029040233/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/33393.TXT">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27vov+%28Lviv%29+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1961-1990%2FTABLES%2FREG_VI%2FUP%2F33393.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMOCLINO-16"><a href="#cite_ref-WMOCLINO_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Centers_for_Environmental_Information" title="National Centers for Environmental Information">National Centers for Environmental Information</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls">the original</a> (XLS) on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1981%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=National+Centers+for+Environmental+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1981-2010%2FRA-VI%2FUkraine%2F12.6.%2520WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%2520%282%29.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=33393&ano=2022&mes=6&day=30&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30">"33393: L'Viv (Ukraine)"</a>. ogimet.com. OGIMET. 30 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327171317/https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=33393&ano=2022&mes=6&day=30&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ogimet.com&rft.atitle=33393%3A+L%27Viv+%28Ukraine%29&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fogimet.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgsynres%3Find%3D33393%26ano%3D2022%26mes%3D6%26day%3D30%26hora%3D18%26min%3D0%26ndays%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Я. Ісаєвич, М. Литвин, Ф. Стеблій / Iсторія Львова. У трьох томах (History of Lviv in Three Volumes). Львів : Центр Європи, 2006. – Т. 1, p7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-7022-59-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-7022-59-4">978-966-7022-59-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHrytsak2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Hrytsak" title="Yaroslav Hrytsak">Hrytsak, Yaroslav</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810">"Lviv: A Multicultural History through the Centuries"</a>. Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 24: 48. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810">41036810</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028100216/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036810">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=Lviv%3A+A+Multicultural+History+through+the+Centuries&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=48&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41036810%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hrytsak&rft.aufirst=Yaroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41036810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorčinskij2006a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Korčinskij, Orest (2006a). "Bijeli Hrvati i problem formiranja države u Prikarpatju" [Eastern Croats and the problem of forming the state in Prykarpattia]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati I [White Croats I] (in Croatian). Maveda. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-7029-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/953-7029-04-2"><bdi>953-7029-04-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bijeli+Hrvati+i+problem+formiranja+dr%C5%BEave+u+Prikarpatju&rft.btitle=Bijeli+Hrvati+I&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Maveda&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=953-7029-04-2&rft.aulast=Kor%C4%8Dinskij&rft.aufirst=Orest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorčinskij2006b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Korčinskij, Orest (2006b). "Stiljski grad" [City of Stiljsko]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati I [White Croats I] (in Croatian). Maveda. pp. 68–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-7029-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/953-7029-04-2"><bdi>953-7029-04-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stiljski+grad&rft.btitle=Bijeli+Hrvati+I&rft.pages=68-71&rft.pub=Maveda&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=953-7029-04-2&rft.aulast=Kor%C4%8Dinskij&rft.aufirst=Orest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hupalo2014-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Hupalo2014_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHupalo2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hupalo, Vira (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Hupalo_Vira/Zvenyhorod_i_Zvenyhorodska_zemlia_u_XI-XIII_stolittiakh_sotsioistorychna_rekonstruktsiia/">Звенигородська земля у XI-XIII століттях (соціоісторична реко-нструкція)</a> (in Ukrainian). Lviv: Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-02-7484-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-02-7484-6"><bdi>978-966-02-7484-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028094159/https://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Hupalo_Vira/Zvenyhorod_i_Zvenyhorodska_zemlia_u_XI-XIII_stolittiakh_sotsioistorychna_rekonstruktsiia/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D1%83+XI-XIII+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85+%28%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%29&rft.place=Lviv&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Krypiakevych+Institute+of+Ukrainian+Studies+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-966-02-7484-6&rft.aulast=Hupalo&rft.aufirst=Vira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchtyvo.org.ua%2Fauthors%2FHupalo_Vira%2FZvenyhorod_i_Zvenyhorodska_zemlia_u_XI-XIII_stolittiakh_sotsioistorychna_rekonstruktsiia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Orest_Subtelny" title="Orest Subtelny">Orest Subtelny</a>. (1988) Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p62 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Gloger, Zygmunt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0037.htm">Voivodeship of Ruthenia. Historic geography of old Polish lands (Województwo Ruskie. Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515232827/http://literat.ug.edu.pl/glogre/0037.htm">Archived</a> 15 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Library of Polish Literature POWRÓT. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Siedina, Giovanna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jU2DBgAAQBAJ&dq=lwihorod&pg=PA53">Latinitas in the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Its Impact on the Development of Identities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805101719/https://books.google.com/books?id=jU2DBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=lwihorod&source=bl&ots=Fxu1bIZy_b&sig=IzMYW_suchy1j12zkPTW06A_pWQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEzqDVzprbAhUkq1kKHZJ_DOsQ6AEISTAI#v=onepage&q=lwihorod&f=false">Archived</a> 5 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Firenze_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Firenze University Press">Firenze University Press</a>. 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788866556749" title="Special:BookSources/9788866556749">9788866556749</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Schnayder, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLwDAAAAYAAJ&dq=lwihorod&pg=RA2-PA155">Biblioteka naukowego Zakładu imienia Ossolińskich</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805084345/https://books.google.com/books?id=uLwDAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA155&lpg=RA2-PA155&dq=lwihorod&source=bl&ots=UbOsoo5O8V&sig=6dkuIXJl_WJ73Nvyf5Yv5BLmf7Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEzqDVzprbAhUkq1kKHZJ_DOsQ6AEIRTAH#v=onepage&q=lwihorod&f=false">Archived</a> 5 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. 1843 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Vołodymyr Vujcyk, Derżavnyj Istoryczno-Architekturnyj Zapovidnyk u L’vovi, Lviv 1991, p. 9, [w:] Łukasz Walczy, Początki Lwowa w świetle najnowszych badań, [w:] Lwów wśród nas, pt. 2, 2006, p. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Jan Buraczyński, Roztocze – dzieje osadnictwa, Lublin 2008, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon_29-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon_29-7">h</a> Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, vol. 12, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 397-398. </li> <li id="cite_note-SSS1-30"><a href="#cite_ref-SSS1_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasylʹ_Mudryĭ1962" class="citation book cs1">Vasylʹ Mudryĭ, ed. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai">Naukove tovarystvo im. Shevchenka – Lviv: a symposium on its 700th anniversary</a>. Shevchenko Scientific Society (U.S.). p. 58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002120639/https://books.google.com/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2011. <q>on the occasion of the demand of the baskak of the Tatars, Burundai, that the prince Vasylko and Lev raze their cities said Buronda to Vasylko: 'Since you are at peace with me then raze all your castles'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naukove+tovarystvo+im.+Shevchenka+%E2%80%93+Lviv%3A+a+symposium+on+its+700th+anniversary&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Shevchenko+Scientific+Society+%28U.S.%29&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiT1pAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlviv%2BBurundai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dmy1-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Dmy1_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasil_Dmytryshyn1991" class="citation book cs1">Basil Dmytryshyn (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai">Medieval Russia: a source book, 850-170</a>. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-033422-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-033422-1"><bdi>978-0-03-033422-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315054833/https://books.google.com/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Russia%3A+a+source+book%2C+850-170&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-03-033422-1&rft.au=Basil+Dmytryshyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWrtoAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlvov%2BBurundai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> B.V. Melnyk, Vulytsiamy starovynnoho Lvova, Vyd-vo "Svit" (Old Lviv Streets), 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/966-603-048-9" title="Special:BookSources/966-603-048-9">966-603-048-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaft und Künste, edited by Johann Samuel Ersch and Johann Gottfried Gruber. Vol. 5, Leipzig 1820, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UbEqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358">p. 358, footnote 18 (in German).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=UbEqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358">Archived</a> 2 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhuk2000" class="citation journal cs1">Zhuk, Ihor (2000). "The Architecture of Lviv from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries". <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Ukrainian Studies">Harvard Ukrainian Studies</a>. 24. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Architecture+of+Lviv+from+the+Thirteenth+to+the+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=98&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Zhuk&rft.aufirst=Ihor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOMADobson1-35"><a href="#cite_ref-EOMADobson1_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_VauchezMichael_LapidgeRichard_Barrie_Dobson2000" class="citation book cs1">André Vauchez; Michael Lapidge; Richard Barrie Dobson, eds. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Translated by Adrian Walford. Chicago: Routledge. p. 879. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-282-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-282-6"><bdi>1-57958-282-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=879&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57958-282-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=1=1=172=31==1=3=A">"Epilogue – History of Armenia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231171629/http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=1=1=172=31==1=3=A">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epilogue+%E2%80%93+History+of+Armenia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenica.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Farmenica.cgi%3F%3D1%3D1%3D172%3D31%3D%3D1%3D3%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Jacob Caro: Geschichte Polens. Vol. 2, Gotha 1863, p. 286 (in German, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286">Archived</a> 2 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2005" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Peter (2005). The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410. Routledge. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36896-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36896-5"><bdi>978-0-582-36896-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongols+and+the+West%3A+1221%E2%80%931410&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-582-36896-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyrozumski1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wyrozumski, Jerzy (1999). Wielka Historia Polski. Vol. II. Dzieje Polski Piastowskiej: VIII w. - 1370 (in Polish). 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Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellon Press </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHrytsak2010" class="citation book cs1">Hrytsak, Yaroslav (2010). Prorok we własnym kraju. Iwan Franko i jego Ukraina (1856–1886). Warsaw. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prorok+we+w%C5%82asnym+kraju.+Iwan+Franko+i+jego+Ukraina+%281856%E2%80%931886%29&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=151&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hrytsak&rft.aufirst=Yaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHrytsak" class="citation journal cs1">Hrytsak, Yaroslav. "Lviv: A Multicultural History through the Centuries". 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Magocsi.(2005). Galicia: Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2004" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (11 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC">The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999</a>. Yale University Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10586-5"><bdi>978-0-300-10586-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117115802/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. 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Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.12–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607">"03 September 1914 – The Fall Of Lemberg"</a>. The Great War Blog. 3 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806184945/http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_cm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005171&MediaId=1581">the original</a> on 6 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Lvov+1939%E2%80%931944+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fmedia_cm.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10005171%26MediaId%3D1581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Gilbert, M. (1989), Second World War, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, p. 438 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/chDkIitLUnY">"A True Story of Holocaust Survivors. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chDkIitLUnY">the original</a> on 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=A+True+Story+of+Holocaust+Survivors.+The+documentary+includes+60+historical+pictures.+1932%E2%80%931944%2C+Lwow%2C+Poland+%28now+Lviv%2C+Ukraine%29&rft.date=2020-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DchDkIitLUnY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Filip Friedman, Zagłada Żydów lwowskich (Extermination of the Jews of Lwów) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mankurty.com/fridpl.html">online in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417082332/http://www.mankurty.com/fridpl.html">Archived</a> 17 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2009" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/646810103">Summits : six meetings that shaped the twentieth century</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-4458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-4458-9"><bdi>978-0-7867-4458-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/646810103">646810103</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315054840/https://www.worldcat.org/title/summits-six-meetings-that-shaped-the-twentieth-century/oclc/646810103">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summits+%3A+six+meetings+that+shaped+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F646810103&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-4458-9&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F646810103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikisource:Umowa_graniczna_pomi%C4%99dzy_Polsk%C4%85_a_ZSRR_z_16_sierpnia_1945_roku" class="extiw" title="pl:wikisource:Umowa graniczna pomiędzy Polską a ZSRR z 16 sierpnia 1945 roku">pl:wikisource:Umowa graniczna pomiędzy Polską a ZSRR z 16 sierpnia 1945 roku</a> <a class="external autonumber" href="https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Umowa_graniczna_pomi%C4%99dzy_Polsk%C4%85_a_ZSRR_z_16_sierpnia_1945_roku">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091118182630/http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Umowa_graniczna_pomi%C4%99dzy_Polsk%C4%85_a_ZSRR_z_16_sierpnia_1945_roku">Archived</a> 18 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> full text of the agreement (in Polish) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Ihor Zhuk, 'The Architecture of Lviv from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries', s. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTörnquist-Plewa2016" class="citation book cs1">Törnquist-Plewa, Barbara, ed. 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Bandershtadt.w6.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414164419/http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+site+of+the+Khloptsi+z+Bandershtadtu&rft.pub=Bandershtadt.w6.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbandershtadt.w6.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn1803-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn1803_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn1803_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn1803_99-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html">"Russia has attacked Lviv. Here's why the western city is so important to Ukraine's defense"</a>. CNN. 18 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323011157/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+has+attacked+Lviv.+Here%27s+why+the+western+city+is+so+important+to+Ukraine%27s+defense&rft.date=2022-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2022%2F03%2F18%2Feurope%2Flviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchorek2004" class="citation news cs1">Tchorek, Kamil (26 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629121745/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article395652.ece">"Protest grows in western city"</a>. Times Online. 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Retrieved 25 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Online&rft.atitle=Protest+grows+in+western+city&rft.date=2004-11-26&rft.aulast=Tchorek&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle395652.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGianluca_Mezzofiore2014" class="citation news cs1">Gianluca Mezzofiore (19 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ukraine-facing-civil-war-lviv-declares-independence-yanukovich-rule-1437092">"Ukraine Facing Civil War: Lviv Declares Independence from Yanukovich Rule"</a>. International Business Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ukraine-facing-civil-war-lviv-declares-independence-yanukovich-rule-1437092">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Facing+Civil+War%3A+Lviv+Declares+Independence+from+Yanukovich+Rule&rft.date=2014-02-19&rft.au=Gianluca+Mezzofiore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fukraine-facing-civil-war-lviv-declares-independence-yanukovich-rule-1437092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466">"Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ"</a>. Голос України (in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709121303/http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8E+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%E2%84%96+807-%D0%86%D0%A5.&rft.date=2020-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.golos.com.ua%2Farticle%2F333466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/">"Нові райони: карти + склад"</a> (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. 17 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302224321/https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%3A+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8+%2B+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minregion.gov.ua%2Fpress%2Fnews%2Fnovi-rajony-karty-sklad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-War-104"><a href="#cite_ref-War_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/18/ukraine-russia-lviv-war/">"Ukraine's Lviv in spotlight as diplomats and others leave Kyiv – the Washington Post"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224074723/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/18/ukraine-russia-lviv-war/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Lviv+in+spotlight+as+diplomats+and+others+leave+Kyiv+%E2%80%93+the+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F02%2F18%2Fukraine-russia-lviv-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/lviv-monuments-protection-russia-war/31759566.html">"Wrapping The Art Treasures Of Lviv"</a>. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 18 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318145610/https://www.rferl.org/a/lviv-monuments-protection-russia-war/31759566.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wrapping+The+Art+Treasures+Of+Lviv&rft.date=2022-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Flviv-monuments-protection-russia-war%2F31759566.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-26-22/h_0209716058a32b5f42a81bf113a2f979">"Three additional blasts heard in Lviv, regional military administration says"</a>. CNN. 26 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326184113/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-26-22/h_0209716058a32b5f42a81bf113a2f979">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Three+additional+blasts+heard+in+Lviv%2C+regional+military+administration+says&rft.date=2022-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Feurope%2Flive-news%2Fukraine-russia-putin-news-03-26-22%2Fh_0209716058a32b5f42a81bf113a2f979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7702438/blasts-rock-ukraine-as-bodies-line-streets/">"Blasts rock Ukraine as bodies line streets"</a>. the Canberra Times. 18 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418092930/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7702438/blasts-rock-ukraine-as-bodies-line-streets/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Blasts+rock+Ukraine+as+bodies+line+streets&rft.date=2022-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canberratimes.com.au%2Fstory%2F7702438%2Fblasts-rock-ukraine-as-bodies-line-streets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/10/10/7371068/">"Explosions in Lviv, city is without electricity and mobile connection"</a>. Ukrainska Pravda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012150631/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/10/10/7371068/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=Explosions+in+Lviv%2C+city+is+without+electricity+and+mobile+connection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Feng%2Fnews%2F2022%2F10%2F10%2F7371068%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-strike-ukraines-lviv-hits-power-supply-mayor-says-2022-10-11/">"Russian strike on Ukraine's Lviv hits power supply – mayor"</a>. Reuters. 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Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russian+strike+on+Ukraine%27s+Lviv+hits+power+supply+%E2%80%93+mayor&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussian-strike-ukraines-lviv-hits-power-supply-mayor-says-2022-10-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-cities.htm">"Cities & Towns of Ukraine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cities+%26+Towns+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpop-stat.mashke.org%2Fukraine-cities.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205154531/http://www.city-institute.org/Socio/Demographic_forecast_small_eng.jpg">https://web.archive.org/web/20141205154531/http://www.city-institute.org/Socio/Demographic_forecast_small_eng.jpg</a>. 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Harrasso Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003, p. 50 (in German, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HoEtGJ9GKGYC&pg=PA50">limited online preview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=HoEtGJ9GKGYC&pg=PA50">Archived</a> 2 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Universal-Lexikon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit (edited by H. A. 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Retrieved 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ratinggroup.ua&rft.atitle=Municipal+Survey+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fratinggroup.ua%2Ffiles%2Fratinggroup%2Freg_files%2Fmunicipal_survey_may_2023_ua_-_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> 1.2% of 790,908 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"In Poland, a Jewish Revival Thrives". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 12 July 2007. <q>Probably about 70 percent of the world's European Jews, or <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a>, can trace their ancestry to Poland – thanks to a 14th-century king, Casimir III the Great, who drew Jewish settlers from across Europe with his vow to protect them as "people of the king".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Poland%2C+a+Jewish+Revival+Thrives&rft.date=2007-07-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-grodek-133"><a href="#cite_ref-grodek_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308215808/http://www.grodekjagiellonski.republika.pl/wojewodztwo.html">"Województwo lwowskie. 1920–1939"</a>. 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Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 13–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691131214" title="Special:BookSources/9780691131214"><bdi>9780691131214</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123912559">123912559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erased%3A+Vanishing+Traces+of+Jewish+Galicia+in+Present-Day+Ukraine&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=13-41&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123912559&rft.isbn=9780691131214&rft.aulast=Bartov&rft.aufirst=Omer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/lviv#id0e2jbk">"L'viv entry"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118135400/https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/lviv#id0e2jbk">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27viv+entry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2Flviv%23id0e2jbk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lvivcenter.org/en/lia/description?ci_objectid=224">"Memorial for the Lwów Ghetto Victims"</a>. Center for Urban History of East Central Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501193308/http://www.lvivcenter.org/en/lia/description?ci_objectid=224">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorial+for+the+Lw%C3%B3w+Ghetto+Victims&rft.pub=Center+for+Urban+History+of+East+Central+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lvivcenter.org%2Fen%2Flia%2Fdescription%3Fci_objectid%3D224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110421022626/http://jn.com.ua/Antisemitism/lvov_1703.html">"Near Lviv desecrated monument to Holocaust victims"</a>. JewishNews.com.ua. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.com.ua/Antisemitism/lvov_1703.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Near+Lviv+desecrated+monument+to+Holocaust+victims&rft.pub=JewishNews.com.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.com.ua%2FAntisemitism%2Flvov_1703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324111203/http://polemika.com.ua/news-85154.html">"Львовский мемориал жертвам Холокоста во Львове осквернили. ФОТО"</a>. ДемотиваторыДемотиваторы Редакция не несет ответственности за содержание и. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polemika.com.ua/news-85154.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8.+%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%9E&rft.pub=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolemika.com.ua%2Fnews-85154.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vgolos.com.ua/news/pryami_inozemni_investytsii_u_lviv_skorotylys_u_22_razu_207661.html">"Прямі іноземні інвестиції у Львів скоротились у 2,2 разу (ГРАФІК)"</a>. vgolos.com.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314161130/http://vgolos.com.ua/news/pryami_inozemni_investytsii_u_lviv_skorotylys_u_22_razu_207661.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vgolos.com.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%96+%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96+%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97+%D1%83+%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D1%83+2%2C2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83+%28%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A4%D0%86%D0%9A%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvgolos.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fpryami_inozemni_investytsii_u_lviv_skorotylys_u_22_razu_207661.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122184706/http://leopolis.news/obsyag-pryamyh-inozemnyh-investytsij-na-lvivshhyni-syagnuv-ponad-50-mln-dol/"><bdi lang="uk">Обсяг прямих іноземних інвестицій на Львівщині сягнув понад 50 млн дол.</bdi></a> (in Ukrainian). Leopolis News. 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leopolis.news/obsyag-pryamyh-inozemnyh-investytsij-na-lvivshhyni-syagnuv-ponad-50-mln-dol/">the original</a> on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%B3+%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96+%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4+50+%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%BD+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB.&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleopolis.news%2Fobsyag-pryamyh-inozemnyh-investytsij-na-lvivshhyni-syagnuv-ponad-50-mln-dol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www8.city-adm.lviv.ua/inteam/uhvaly.nsf/(SearchForWeb)/909A31A6B178D576C2257DDB0031913A?OpenDocument">"Ухвала №4261 від 01/19/2015"</a>. www8.city-adm.lviv.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314173229/http://www8.city-adm.lviv.ua/inteam/uhvaly.nsf/(SearchForWeb)/909A31A6B178D576C2257DDB0031913A?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www8.city-adm.lviv.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%E2%84%964261+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4+01%2F19%2F2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww8.city-adm.lviv.ua%2Finteam%2Fuhvaly.nsf%2F%28SearchForWeb%29%2F909A31A6B178D576C2257DDB0031913A%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lvivrada.gov.ua/novyny/item/6170-lyviv-otrymav-byudzhet-na-2017-rik"><bdi lang="uk">Львів отримав бюджет на 2017 рік</bdi></a> (in Ukrainian), LvivRada, 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072110/https://lvivrada.gov.ua/novyny/item/6170-lyviv-otrymav-byudzhet-na-2017-rik">archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2018, retrieved 23 January 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+2017+%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA&rft.pub=LvivRada&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flvivrada.gov.ua%2Fnovyny%2Fitem%2F6170-lyviv-otrymav-byudzhet-na-2017-rik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zik.ua/news/2016/11/10/byudzhet_lvova_na_2017_rik_zatverdyly_iz_profitsytom_v_1235_milyarda_988957"><bdi lang="uk">Депутати Львова затвердили бюджет на 2017 рік</bdi></a> (in Ukrainian). Zik.UA. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072214/https://zik.ua/news/2016/11/10/byudzhet_lvova_na_2017_rik_zatverdyly_iz_profitsytom_v_1235_milyarda_988957">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+2017+%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzik.ua%2Fnews%2F2016%2F11%2F10%2Fbyudzhet_lvova_na_2017_rik_zatverdyly_iz_profitsytom_v_1235_milyarda_988957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galinfo.com.ua/news/u_lvovi_serednya_zarplata_v_galuzi_it__28_tys_grn_217703.html">"У Львові середня зарплата в галузі ІТ – 28 тис. грн"</a>. Гал-інфо. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314193826/http://galinfo.com.ua/news/u_lvovi_serednya_zarplata_v_galuzi_it__28_tys_grn_217703.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE&rft.atitle=%D0%A3+%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96+%D0%86%D0%A2+%E2%80%93+28+%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81.+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalinfo.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fu_lvovi_serednya_zarplata_v_galuzi_it__28_tys_grn_217703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vgolos.com.ua/news/bezrobitnyh_u_lvovi_menshe_1__ofitsiyna_statystyka_134830.html">"Безробітних у Львові менше 1% – офіційна статистика"</a>. vgolos.com.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314161918/http://vgolos.com.ua/news/bezrobitnyh_u_lvovi_menshe_1__ofitsiyna_statystyka_134830.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2016. 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Retrieved 12 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lviv+Interactive&rft.atitle=Stryiskyi+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flia.lvivcenter.org%2Fen%2Fobjects%2Fpark-stryiskyi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retrophotos.org/lviv">"Lviv old photos, Ukraine"</a>. retrophotos.org. 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Retrieved 12 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urban+Media+Archive&rft.atitle=%22Ivasyk-Telesyk%22+fountain+in+Stryiskyi+park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuma.lvivcenter.org%2Fen%2Fphotos%2F3718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boberskiy.org.ua/indexe.html">"Ivan Bobersky – training of the first teachers of physical training is connected to his name."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175536/http://www.boberskiy.org.ua/indexe.html">Archived</a> 18 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zik.ua/ru/news/sport/karpaty_oficialno_isklyucheny_iz_upl_974152">Karpaty Lviv are officially excluded from the UPL (Львовские "Карпаты" официально исключены из УПЛ)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718052108/https://zik.ua/ru/news/sport/karpaty_oficialno_isklyucheny_iz_upl_974152">Archived</a> 18 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ZIK. 9 July 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=1706984.html">"UEFA EURO 2016"</a>. UEFA.com. 29 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606010522/https://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=1706984.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UEFA.com&rft.atitle=UEFA+EURO+2016&rft.date=2011-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uefa.com%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D1706984.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5548">"Lviv – the chess capital of Ukraine"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722010540/http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5548">Archived</a> 22 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ua-football.com/ukrainian/first/4ec50330.html"><bdi lang="uk">ФК "Львів" повертається до рідного міста</bdi></a> [FC Lviv returns to its native city] (in Ukrainian). ua-football.com. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%9A+%22%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%22+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%94%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.pub=ua-football.com&rft.date=2011-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ua-football.com%2Fukrainian%2Ffirst%2F4ec50330.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1016812/lviv-officially-enters-race-to-stage-2022-winter-olympics-and-paralympics">"Lviv officially enters race to stage 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics"</a>. www.insidethegames.biz. 5 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002121132/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1016812/lviv-officially-enters-race-to-stage-2022-winter-olympics-and-paralympics">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.insidethegames.biz&rft.atitle=Lviv+officially+enters+race+to+stage+2022+Winter+Olympics+and+Paralympics&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidethegames.biz%2Farticles%2F1016812%2Flviv-officially-enters-race-to-stage-2022-winter-olympics-and-paralympics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://informator.news/eksperty-pidrahuvaly-kilkist-mahazyniv-restoraniv-kafe-u-najbilshyh-mistah-ukrajiny/">"Експерти підрахували кількість магазинів, ресторанів і кафе у найбільших містах України Источник"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014403/https://informator.news/eksperty-pidrahuvaly-kilkist-mahazyniv-restoraniv-kafe-u-najbilshyh-mistah-ukrajiny/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%2C+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2+%D1%96+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5+%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finformator.news%2Feksperty-pidrahuvaly-kilkist-mahazyniv-restoraniv-kafe-u-najbilshyh-mistah-ukrajiny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCLviv2012-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCLviv2012_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCLviv2012_189-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15983012">Two cities prepare for Euro 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125112003/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15983012">Archived</a> 25 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (2 December 2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209084934/http://balzatul.multiply.com/journal/item/1051">"Lviv dialect"</a>. Balzatul.multiply.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://balzatul.multiply.com/journal/item/1051">the original</a> on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lviv+dialect&rft.pub=Balzatul.multiply.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbalzatul.multiply.com%2Fjournal%2Fitem%2F1051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTymotsko2021" class="citation web cs1">Tymotsko, Roman (19 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrweekly.com/uwwp/local-governments-name-stadiums-after-bandera-and-shukhevych-provoking-protest-from-israel-and-poland/">"Local governments name stadiums after Bandera and Shukhevych, provoking protest from Israel and Poland"</a>. The Ukrainian Weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227100758/https://www.ukrweekly.com/uwwp/local-governments-name-stadiums-after-bandera-and-shukhevych-provoking-protest-from-israel-and-poland/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Weekly&rft.atitle=Local+governments+name+stadiums+after+Bandera+and+Shukhevych%2C+provoking+protest+from+Israel+and+Poland&rft.date=2021-03-19&rft.aulast=Tymotsko&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrweekly.com%2Fuwwp%2Flocal-governments-name-stadiums-after-bandera-and-shukhevych-provoking-protest-from-israel-and-poland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/hundreds-of-ukrainian-nationalists-march-in-in-honor-of-nazi-collaborator/">"Hundreds of Ukrainian nationalists march in honor of Nazi collaborator"</a>. The Times of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227100757/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hundreds-of-ukrainian-nationalists-march-in-in-honor-of-nazi-collaborator/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+Ukrainian+nationalists+march+in+honor+of+Nazi+collaborator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fhundreds-of-ukrainian-nationalists-march-in-in-honor-of-nazi-collaborator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/03/09/israeli-envoy-in-ukraine-slams-naming-of-soccer-stadium-in-honor-of-nazi-ally-roman-shukhevych/">"Israeli Envoy in Ukraine Slams Naming of Soccer Stadium in Honor of Nazi Ally Roman Shukhevych"</a>. Algemeiner.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227111348/https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/03/09/israeli-envoy-in-ukraine-slams-naming-of-soccer-stadium-in-honor-of-nazi-ally-roman-shukhevych/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Algemeiner.com&rft.atitle=Israeli+Envoy+in+Ukraine+Slams+Naming+of+Soccer+Stadium+in+Honor+of+Nazi+Ally+Roman+Shukhevych&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.algemeiner.com%2F2021%2F03%2F09%2Fisraeli-envoy-in-ukraine-slams-naming-of-soccer-stadium-in-honor-of-nazi-ally-roman-shukhevych%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Urzędowy Rozkład Jazdy i Lotów PKP, Lato 1939 (Polish State Railroads Timetable, Summer 1939) </li> <li id="cite_note-Zdzislaw_Sikorski,_Lotniczy_Lwow-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zdzislaw_Sikorski,_Lotniczy_Lwow_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zdzislaw_Sikorski,_Lotniczy_Lwow_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lwow.home.pl/semper/lotniczy.html">"Zdzislaw Sikorski, Lotniczy Lwow"</a>. Lwow.home.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305172622/http://www.lwow.home.pl/semper/lotniczy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zdzislaw+Sikorski%2C+Lotniczy+Lwow&rft.pub=Lwow.home.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lwow.home.pl%2Fsemper%2Flotniczy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-europe-airports-196"><a href="#cite_ref-europe-airports_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europe-airports.com/ukraine/show-airport.php?code=LWO">"Europe Airports – Lviv (LWO)"</a>. Europe-airports.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304130608/http://www.europe-airports.com/ukraine/show-airport.php?code=LWO">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe+Airports+%E2%80%93+Lviv+%28LWO%29&rft.pub=Europe-airports.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europe-airports.com%2Fukraine%2Fshow-airport.php%3Fcode%3DLWO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_terminal_of_the_Lviv_Airport-197"><a href="#cite_ref-New_terminal_of_the_Lviv_Airport_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=245126146&cat_id=244314975">"New terminal of the Lviv Airport"</a>. kmu.gov.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522135150/http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=245126146&cat_id=244314975">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+terminal+of+the+Lviv+Airport&rft.pub=kmu.gov.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmu.gov.ua%2Fcontrol%2Fen%2Fpublish%2Farticle%3Fart_id%3D245126146%26cat_id%3D244314975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2008/05/27/137795">Modernization of Lviv airport for Euro-2012 finals to cost $200 million. The government can cough up $70 million</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120141057/http://zik.com.ua/en/news/2008/05/27/137795">Archived</a> 20 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Z_I_K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z I K (page does not exist)">Z I K</a> (27 May 2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city-adm.lviv.ua/news/images/stories/program_bicycle_network_lviv.pdf">Lviv City Administration – Bicycle Program</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717123621/http://www.city-adm.lviv.ua/news/images/stories/program_bicycle_network_lviv.pdf">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bikeday.org.ua">"bikeday.org.ua"</a>. bikeday.org.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302160044/http://www.bikeday.org.ua/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=bikeday.org.ua&rft.pub=bikeday.org.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bikeday.org.ua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobilnist.org.ua/en/downloads/doc_download/43-european-mobility-week-2011-in-lvivukraine.html">"Downloads | Event Reports"</a>. Mobilnist.org.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317020347/http://www.mobilnist.org.ua/en/downloads/doc_download/43-european-mobility-week-2011-in-lvivukraine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Downloads+%26%23124%3B+Event+Reports&rft.pub=Mobilnist.org.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobilnist.org.ua%2Fen%2Fdownloads%2Fdoc_download%2F43-european-mobility-week-2011-in-lvivukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205154901/http://www.city-institute.org/en/Socio/Social_portrait_Eng.jpg">"Social Portrait of Lviv resident"</a>. Lviv City Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city-institute.org/en/Socio/Social_portrait_Eng.jpg">the original</a> on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lviv+City+Institute&rft.atitle=Social+Portrait+of+Lviv+resident&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-institute.org%2Fen%2FSocio%2FSocial_portrait_Eng.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rzeszów-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Rzeszów_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205091053/http://www.rzeszow.pl/wspolpraca-miedzynarodowa/informacja-o-wspolpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi/668,informacja-o-wsp-lpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi.html">"Serwis informacyjny UM Rzeszów– Informacja o współpracy Rzeszowa z miastami partnerskimi"</a>. rzeszow.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rzeszow.pl/wspolpraca-miedzynarodowa/informacja-o-wspolpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi/668,informacja-o-wsp-lpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi.html">the original</a> on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serwis+informacyjny+UM+Rzesz%C3%B3w%E2%80%93+Informacja+o+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82pracy+Rzeszowa+z+miastami+partnerskimi&rft.pub=rzeszow.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rzeszow.pl%2Fwspolpraca-miedzynarodowa%2Finformacja-o-wspolpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi%2F668%2Cinformacja-o-wsp-lpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html">"Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie"</a> [Kraków -Partnership Cities]. Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miejska+Platforma+Internetowa+Magiczny+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w+%E2%80%93+Miasta+Partnerskie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fotwarty_na_swiat%2F2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wrocław_twinning-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Wrocław_twinning_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wroclaw.pl/p/964/">"Wrocław Official Website – Partnership Cities of Wrocław"</a> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080730201707/http://www.wroclaw.pl/p/964/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wroc%C5%82aw+Official+Website+%E2%80%93+Partnership+Cities+of+Wroc%C5%82aw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wroclaw.pl%2Fp%2F964%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Łódź_twinning-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Łódź_twinning_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624211727/http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka/">"Miasta partnerskie – Urząd Miasta Łodzi [via WaybackMachine.com]"</a>. City of Łódź (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka">the original</a> on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&rft.atitle=Miasta+partnerskie+%E2%80%93+Urz%C4%85d+Miasta+%C5%81odzi+%5Bvia+WaybackMachine.com%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uml.lodz.pl%2Fsamorzad%2Fmiasta_partnerskie_lodzi%2Ftabelka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> N.B. Lviv appears on this reference under its Polish language name 'Lwów' </li> <li id="cite_note-Banja_Luka_twinnings-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Banja_Luka_twinnings_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917132032/http://www.banjaluka.rs.ba/front/category/64/"><bdi lang="sr">Градови партнери</bdi></a> [City of Banja Luka – Partner cities]. Administrative Office of the City of Banja Luka (in Serbian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banjaluka.rs.ba/front/category/64/">the original</a> on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Administrative+Office+of+the+City+of+Banja+Luka&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banjaluka.rs.ba%2Ffront%2Fcategory%2F64%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lublin_twinnings-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Lublin_twinnings_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lublin.eu/en/lublin/wspolpraca-miedzynarodowa-ang/lublins-partner-and-friend-cities/lvov,9117,w.html">"Lublin's Partner and Friend Cities"</a>. lublin.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121083810/http://www.lublin.eu/en/lublin/wspolpraca-miedzynarodowa-ang/lublins-partner-and-friend-cities/lvov,9117,w.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lublin.eu&rft.atitle=Lublin%27s+Partner+and+Friend+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lublin.eu%2Fen%2Flublin%2Fwspolpraca-miedzynarodowa-ang%2Flublins-partner-and-friend-cities%2Flvov%2C9117%2Cw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandrick2013" class="citation web cs1">Sandrick, Bob (16 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/parma/index.ssf/2013/07/parma_forms_sister-city_relati.html">"Parma forms sister-city relationship with Lviv in Ukraine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416221556/http://www.cleveland.com/parma/index.ssf/2013/07/parma_forms_sister-city_relati.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parma+forms+sister-city+relationship+with+Lviv+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2013-07-16&rft.aulast=Sandrick&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fparma%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F07%2Fparma_forms_sister-city_relati.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFyvasovic#utilisateursyvasovic#utilisateurs2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">yvasovic#utilisateurs; yvasovic#utilisateurs (4 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cannes.com/fr/mairie/jumelages-pactes-d-amitie.html">"Les jumelages – Les pactes d'amitié"</a>. www.cannes.com (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223155321/https://www.cannes.com/fr/mairie/jumelages-pactes-d-amitie.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cannes.com&rft.atitle=Les+jumelages+%E2%80%93+Les+pactes+d%27amiti%C3%A9&rft.date=2022-04-04&rft.au=yvasovic%23utilisateurs&rft.au=yvasovic%23utilisateurs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannes.com%2Ffr%2Fmairie%2Fjumelages-pactes-d-amitie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://decentralization.gov.ua/admin/articles/16156.html">"Німецький Вюрцбург став містом-побратимом Львова"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdecentralization.gov.ua%2Fadmin%2Farticles%2F16156.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://city-adm.lviv.ua/news/city/lviv-international/298292-polske-misto-katovitse-stalo-23-mistom-pobratymom-lvova">https://city-adm.lviv.ua/news/city/lviv-international/298292-polske-misto-katovitse-stalo-23-mistom-pobratymom-lvova</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://city-adm.lviv.ua/news/city/lviv-international/296645-reikiavik-stolytsia-islandii-stav-mistom-partnerom-lvova-video">https://city-adm.lviv.ua/news/city/lviv-international/296645-reikiavik-stolytsia-islandii-stav-mistom-partnerom-lvova-video</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://decentralization.ua/admin/articles/16554.html">"Пула-Пола стало 21 містом-побратимом Львова"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE+21+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdecentralization.ua%2Fadmin%2Farticles%2F16554.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-regions/3697532-danske-misto-orhus-stalo-mistompobratimom-lvova.html">"Данське місто Орхус стало містом-побратимом Львова"</a>. 18 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83%D1%81+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.date=2023-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.ua%2Frubric-regions%2F3697532-danske-misto-orhus-stalo-mistompobratimom-lvova.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://decentralization.ua/admin/articles/17149.html">"Одне з найбільших міст Японії – Кобе стало містом-партнером Львова"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B7+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97+%E2%80%93+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdecentralization.ua%2Fadmin%2Farticles%2F17149.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journal-frankfurt.de/journal_news/Stadtleben-2/Ukrainisches-Kulturzentrum-Lviv-Frankfurts-neue-Partnerstadt-42374.html">"Lviv: Frankfurts Neue Partnerstadt"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lviv%3A+Frankfurts+Neue+Partnerstadt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journal-frankfurt.de%2Fjournal_news%2FStadtleben-2%2FUkrainisches-Kulturzentrum-Lviv-Frankfurts-neue-Partnerstadt-42374.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALviv" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Jakob Weiss, The Lemberg Mosaic (New York: Alderbrook Press, 2011) pp. 72 – 76. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Lviv#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Lviv">Bibliography of the history of Lviv</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lviv" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Lviv">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lviv" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Lviv">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lviv" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Lviv">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lviv" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Lviv">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lviv" class="extiw" title="voy:Lviv">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city-adm.lviv.ua/">Official website</a> (in Ukrainian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lviv.com/">Lviv.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lviv.travel/en/index">Official travel website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishgen.org/Communities/community.php?usbgn=-1045268">Lviv, Ukraine</a> at <a href="/wiki/JewishGen" title="JewishGen">JewishGen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/ukraine/lviv/lviv.html">Old maps of Lviv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021155723/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/ukraine/lviv/lviv.html">Archived</a> 21 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Historic Cities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Archived</a> 25 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lv.locator.ua/?l=en">Lviv city guide & interactive map</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lviv" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lviv-related_topics" title="Template:Lviv-related topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lviv-related_topics" title="Template talk:Lviv-related topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lviv-related_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lviv-related topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lviv" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lviv</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lviv" title="History of Lviv">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Lviv" title="Timeline of Lviv">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv_Armenian_Statute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lviv Armenian Statute (page does not exist)">Armenian Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Dormition_Brotherhood" title="Lviv Dormition Brotherhood">Dormition Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv_Jesuit_Collegium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lviv Jesuit Collegium (page does not exist)">Jesuit Collegium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1648)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lwów (1648) (page does not exist)">Siege by Cossacks (1648)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lwów (1655) (page does not exist)">Siege by Cossacks (1655)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Oath" title="Lwów Oath">Lwów Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1675)" title="Battle of Lwów (1675)">Siege by Turks (1675)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopolis_Triplex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopolis Triplex (page does not exist)">Leopolis Triplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stauropegion_Institute" title="Stauropegion Institute">Stauropegion Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stauropegion_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stauropegion Press (page does not exist)">Stauropegion Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolineum" title="Ossolineum">Ossolineum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galician_Rada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galician Rada (page does not exist)">Galician Rada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halytsko-Ruska_Matytsia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halytsko-Ruska Matytsia (page does not exist)">Halytsko-Ruska Matytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosvita" title="Prosvita">Prosvita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Triad" title="Ruthenian Triad">Ruthenian Triad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenian_National_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruthenian National House (page does not exist)">Ruthenian National House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsul_Secession" title="Hutsul Secession">Hutsul Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiar" title="Batiar">Batiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Eaglets" title="Lwów Eaglets">Lwów Eaglets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemberg_(1918)" title="Battle of Lemberg (1918)">Battle (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)" title="Lwów pogrom (1918)">Pogrom (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1920)" title="Battle of Lwów (1920)">Battle (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Ukrainian_University" title="Secret Ukrainian University">Secret Ukrainian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w%E2%80%93Warsaw_school_of_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów–Warsaw school of logic">Lwów–Warsaw school of logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_School_of_Mathematics" title="Lwów School of Mathematics">Lwów School of Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1939)" title="Battle of Lwów (1939)">Battle (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Lw%C3%B3w_professors" title="Massacre of Lwów professors">Massacre of Lwów professors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv pogroms (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Uprising" title="Lwów Uprising">Lwów Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive">Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sknyliv_air_show_disaster" title="Sknyliv air show disaster">Sknyliv air show disaster</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Lviv"><img alt="Coat of arms of Lviv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/65px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/98px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Lviv</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cathedral_of_Lviv" title="Armenian Cathedral of Lviv">Armenian Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Lviv" title="St. George's Cathedral, Lviv">Cathedral of St. George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boim_Chapel" title="Boim Chapel">Boim Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Church,_Lviv" title="Bernardine Church, Lviv">Bernardine Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brygidki" title="Brygidki">Bridgettine Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Church,_Lviv" title="Carmelite Church, Lviv">Carmelite Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_and_convent_of_Benedictines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church and convent of Benedictines (page does not exist)">Convent of Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_St._Anne,_Lviv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of St. Anne, Lviv (page does not exist)">Church of St. Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_John_the_Baptist_(Lviv)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of John the Baptist (Lviv) (page does not exist)">Church of John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Mary_of_Snow,_Lviv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Mary of Snow, Lviv (page does not exist)">Church of Mary of Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Olha_and_Elizabeth,_Lviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Olha and Elizabeth, Lviv">Church of St. Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_Magdalene,_Lviv" title="Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Lviv">Church of St. Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_and_church_of_St._Onuphrius,_Lviv" title="Monastery and church of St. Onuphrius, Lviv">Monastery and church of St. Onuphrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_Church,_Lviv" title="Dormition Church, Lviv">Church of the Dormition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Presentation,_Lviv" title="Church of the Presentation, Lviv">Church of the Purification, Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Transfiguration,_Lviv" title="Church of Transfiguration, Lviv">Church of the Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Church,_Lviv" title="Dominican Church, Lviv">Dominican Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Church,_Lviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Church, Lviv">Jesuit Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_the_Assumption,_Lviv" title="Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption, Lviv">Latin Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Tourist_attractions">Attractions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Lviv" title="Arena Lviv">Arena Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Arsenal" title="Lviv Arsenal">Arsenal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandinelli_Palace" title="Bandinelli Palace">Bandinelli Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_House,_Lviv" title="Black House, Lviv">Black Kamienica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_University" title="Ukrainian Catholic University">Catholic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_the_Defenders_of_Lw%C3%B3w" title="Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów">Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Lviv" title="Forum Lviv">Forum Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_Boulevard,_Lviv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom Boulevard, Lviv (page does not exist)">Freedom Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Lviv" title="Government House, Lviv">Government House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Cross_Leopolis" title="King Cross Leopolis">King Cross Leopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korniakt_Palace" title="Korniakt Palace">Korniakt Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_High_Castle" title="Lviv High Castle">Lviv High Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv University">Lviv University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lychakiv_Cemetery" title="Lychakiv Cemetery">Lychakivskiy Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Square_(Lviv)" title="Market Square (Lviv)">Market Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickiewicz_Square" title="Mickiewicz Square">Mickiewicz Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_National_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv National Museum">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Polytechnic" title="Lviv Polytechnic">Polytechnic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubomirski_Palace,_Lviv" title="Lubomirski Palace, Lviv">Lubomirski Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Palace,_Lviv" title="Metropolitan Palace, Lviv">Metropolitan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_(Lviv)" title="Old Town (Lviv)">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_Museum,_Lviv" title="Pharmacy Museum, Lviv">Pharmacy Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potocki_Palace,_Lviv" title="Potocki Palace, Lviv">Potocki Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapieha_Palace,_Lviv" title="Sapieha Palace, Lviv">Sapieha Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Caf%C3%A9" title="Scottish Café">Scottish Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryvka_Church" title="Kryvka Church">Shevchenkivskyi Hai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Theatre_of_Opera_and_Ballet" title="Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet">Theatre of Opera and Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarbek_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Skarbek Theatre">Skarbek Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Town_Hall" title="Lviv Town Hall">Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraina_Stadium" title="Ukraina Stadium">Ukraina Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin_Mound" title="Union of Lublin Mound">Union of Lublin Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Ukraine" title="Urban districts of Ukraine">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankivskyi_District" title="Frankivskyi District">Frankivskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halytskyi_District,_Lviv" title="Halytskyi District, Lviv">Halytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lychakivskyi_District" title="Lychakivskyi District">Lychakivskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shevchenkivskyi_District,_Lviv" title="Shevchenkivskyi District, Lviv">Shevchenkivskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykhivskyi_District" title="Sykhivskyi District">Sykhivskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliznychnyi_District,_Lviv" title="Zaliznychnyi District, Lviv">Zaliznychnyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vynnyky" title="Vynnyky">Vynnyky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briukhovychi" title="Briukhovychi">Briukhovychi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudne" title="Rudne">Rudne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Lviv" title="Trams in Lviv">Tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_trolleybus" title="Lviv trolleybus">Trolleybus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_bus" title="Lviv bus">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_bus_station" title="Lviv bus station">Intercity bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Danylo_Halytskyi_International_Airport" title="Lviv Danylo Halytskyi International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_railway_station" title="Lviv railway station">Main railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Suburban_railway_station" title="Lviv Suburban railway station">Suburban railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidzamche_railway_station" title="Pidzamche railway station">Pidzamche railway station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lviv" title="Category:Lviv">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lviv" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lviv-related_topics" title="Template:Lviv-related topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lviv-related_topics" title="Template talk:Lviv-related topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lviv-related_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lviv-related topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lviv" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lviv</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lviv" title="History of Lviv">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Lviv" title="Timeline of Lviv">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv_Armenian_Statute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lviv Armenian Statute (page does not exist)">Armenian Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Dormition_Brotherhood" title="Lviv Dormition Brotherhood">Dormition Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv_Jesuit_Collegium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lviv Jesuit Collegium (page does not exist)">Jesuit Collegium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1648)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lwów (1648) (page does not exist)">Siege by Cossacks (1648)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lwów (1655) (page does not exist)">Siege by Cossacks (1655)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Oath" title="Lwów Oath">Lwów Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1675)" title="Battle of Lwów (1675)">Siege by Turks (1675)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopolis_Triplex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopolis Triplex (page does not exist)">Leopolis Triplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stauropegion_Institute" title="Stauropegion Institute">Stauropegion Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stauropegion_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stauropegion Press (page does not exist)">Stauropegion Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolineum" title="Ossolineum">Ossolineum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galician_Rada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galician Rada (page does not exist)">Galician Rada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halytsko-Ruska_Matytsia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halytsko-Ruska Matytsia (page does not exist)">Halytsko-Ruska Matytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosvita" title="Prosvita">Prosvita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Triad" title="Ruthenian Triad">Ruthenian Triad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenian_National_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruthenian National House (page does not exist)">Ruthenian National House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsul_Secession" title="Hutsul Secession">Hutsul Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiar" title="Batiar">Batiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Eaglets" title="Lwów Eaglets">Lwów Eaglets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemberg_(1918)" title="Battle of Lemberg (1918)">Battle (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)" title="Lwów pogrom (1918)">Pogrom (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1920)" title="Battle of Lwów (1920)">Battle (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Ukrainian_University" title="Secret Ukrainian University">Secret Ukrainian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w%E2%80%93Warsaw_school_of_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów–Warsaw school of logic">Lwów–Warsaw school of logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_School_of_Mathematics" title="Lwów School of Mathematics">Lwów School of Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1939)" title="Battle of Lwów (1939)">Battle (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Lw%C3%B3w_professors" title="Massacre of Lwów professors">Massacre of Lwów professors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv pogroms (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Uprising" title="Lwów Uprising">Lwów Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive">Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sknyliv_air_show_disaster" title="Sknyliv air show disaster">Sknyliv air show disaster</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Lviv"><img alt="Coat of arms of Lviv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/65px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/98px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Lviv</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cathedral_of_Lviv" title="Armenian Cathedral of Lviv">Armenian Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Lviv" title="St. George's Cathedral, Lviv">Cathedral of St. George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boim_Chapel" title="Boim Chapel">Boim Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Church,_Lviv" title="Bernardine Church, Lviv">Bernardine Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brygidki" title="Brygidki">Bridgettine Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Church,_Lviv" title="Carmelite Church, Lviv">Carmelite Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_and_convent_of_Benedictines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church and convent of Benedictines (page does not exist)">Convent of Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_St._Anne,_Lviv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of St. Anne, Lviv (page does not exist)">Church of St. Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_John_the_Baptist_(Lviv)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of John the Baptist (Lviv) (page does not exist)">Church of John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Mary_of_Snow,_Lviv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Mary of Snow, Lviv (page does not exist)">Church of Mary of Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Olha_and_Elizabeth,_Lviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Olha and Elizabeth, Lviv">Church of St. Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_Magdalene,_Lviv" title="Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Lviv">Church of St. Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_and_church_of_St._Onuphrius,_Lviv" title="Monastery and church of St. Onuphrius, Lviv">Monastery and church of St. Onuphrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_Church,_Lviv" title="Dormition Church, Lviv">Church of the Dormition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Presentation,_Lviv" title="Church of the Presentation, Lviv">Church of the Purification, Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Transfiguration,_Lviv" title="Church of Transfiguration, Lviv">Church of the Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Church,_Lviv" title="Dominican Church, Lviv">Dominican Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Church,_Lviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Church, Lviv">Jesuit Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_the_Assumption,_Lviv" title="Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption, Lviv">Latin Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Tourist_attractions">Attractions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Lviv" title="Arena Lviv">Arena Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Arsenal" title="Lviv Arsenal">Arsenal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandinelli_Palace" title="Bandinelli Palace">Bandinelli Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_House,_Lviv" title="Black House, Lviv">Black Kamienica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_University" title="Ukrainian Catholic University">Catholic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_the_Defenders_of_Lw%C3%B3w" title="Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów">Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Lviv" title="Forum Lviv">Forum Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_Boulevard,_Lviv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom Boulevard, Lviv (page does not exist)">Freedom Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Lviv" title="Government House, Lviv">Government House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Cross_Leopolis" title="King Cross Leopolis">King Cross Leopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korniakt_Palace" title="Korniakt Palace">Korniakt Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_High_Castle" title="Lviv High Castle">Lviv High Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv University">Lviv University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lychakiv_Cemetery" title="Lychakiv Cemetery">Lychakivskiy Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Square_(Lviv)" title="Market Square (Lviv)">Market Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickiewicz_Square" title="Mickiewicz Square">Mickiewicz Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_National_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv National Museum">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Polytechnic" title="Lviv Polytechnic">Polytechnic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubomirski_Palace,_Lviv" title="Lubomirski Palace, Lviv">Lubomirski Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Palace,_Lviv" title="Metropolitan Palace, Lviv">Metropolitan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_(Lviv)" title="Old Town (Lviv)">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_Museum,_Lviv" title="Pharmacy Museum, Lviv">Pharmacy Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potocki_Palace,_Lviv" title="Potocki Palace, Lviv">Potocki Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapieha_Palace,_Lviv" title="Sapieha Palace, Lviv">Sapieha Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Caf%C3%A9" title="Scottish Café">Scottish Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryvka_Church" title="Kryvka Church">Shevchenkivskyi Hai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Theatre_of_Opera_and_Ballet" title="Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet">Theatre of Opera and Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarbek_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Skarbek Theatre">Skarbek Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Town_Hall" title="Lviv Town Hall">Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraina_Stadium" title="Ukraina Stadium">Ukraina Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin_Mound" title="Union of Lublin Mound">Union of Lublin Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Ukraine" title="Urban districts of Ukraine">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankivskyi_District" title="Frankivskyi District">Frankivskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halytskyi_District,_Lviv" title="Halytskyi District, Lviv">Halytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lychakivskyi_District" title="Lychakivskyi District">Lychakivskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shevchenkivskyi_District,_Lviv" title="Shevchenkivskyi District, Lviv">Shevchenkivskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykhivskyi_District" title="Sykhivskyi District">Sykhivskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliznychnyi_District,_Lviv" title="Zaliznychnyi District, Lviv">Zaliznychnyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vynnyky" title="Vynnyky">Vynnyky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briukhovychi" title="Briukhovychi">Briukhovychi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudne" title="Rudne">Rudne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Lviv" title="Trams in Lviv">Tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_trolleybus" title="Lviv trolleybus">Trolleybus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_bus" title="Lviv bus">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_bus_station" title="Lviv bus station">Intercity bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Danylo_Halytskyi_International_Airport" title="Lviv Danylo Halytskyi International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_railway_station" title="Lviv railway station">Main railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Suburban_railway_station" title="Lviv Suburban railway station">Suburban railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidzamche_railway_station" title="Pidzamche railway station">Pidzamche railway station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lviv" title="Category:Lviv">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_of_Lviv_Oblast" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lviv_Oblast" title="Template:Lviv Oblast"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lviv_Oblast" title="Template talk:Lviv Oblast"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lviv_Oblast" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lviv Oblast"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Lviv_Oblast" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv Oblast</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Administrative center</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lviv</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raions_of_Ukraine" title="Raions of Ukraine">Raions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drohobych_Raion" title="Drohobych Raion">Drohobych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Raion" title="Lviv Raion">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambir_Raion" title="Sambir Raion">Sambir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheptytskyi_Raion" title="Sheptytskyi Raion">Sheptytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stryi_Raion" title="Stryi Raion">Stryi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavoriv_Raion" title="Yavoriv Raion">Yavoriv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolochiv_Raion" title="Zolochiv Raion">Zolochiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hromadas_of_Ukraine" title="List of hromadas of Ukraine">Hromadas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belz_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belz urban hromada (page does not exist)">Belz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibrka_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibrka urban hromada (page does not exist)">Bibrka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biskovychi_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biskovychi rural hromada (page does not exist)">Biskovychi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borynia_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borynia settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Borynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boryslav_urban_hromada" title="Boryslav urban hromada">Boryslav</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brody_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brody urban hromada (page does not exist)">Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Busk_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Busk urban hromada (page does not exist)">Busk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davydiv_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davydiv rural hromada (page does not exist)">Davydiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobromyl_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dobromyl urban hromada (page does not exist)">Dobromyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobrosyn-Maheriv_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dobrosyn-Maheriv settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Dobrosyn-Maheriv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobrotvir_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dobrotvir settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Dobrotvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drohobych_urban_hromada" title="Drohobych urban hromada">Drohobych</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hlyniany_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hlyniany urban hromada (page does not exist)">Hlyniany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hnizdychiv_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hnizdychiv settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Hnizdychiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horodok_urban_hromada,_Lviv_Oblast" title="Horodok urban hromada, Lviv Oblast">Horodok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrabovets-Duliby_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hrabovets-Duliby rural hromada (page does not exist)">Hrabovets-Duliby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivano-Frankove_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivano-Frankove settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Ivano-Frankove</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamianka-Buzka_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamianka-Buzka urban hromada (page does not exist)">Kamianka-Buzka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khodoriv_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khodoriv urban hromada (page does not exist)">Khodoriv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khyriv_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khyriv urban hromada (page does not exist)">Khyriv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komarno_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komarno urban hromada (page does not exist)">Komarno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krasne_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krasne settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Krasne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulykiv_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulykiv settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Kulykiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lopatyn_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lopatyn settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Lopatyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_urban_hromada" title="Lviv urban hromada">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medenychi_settlement_hromada" title="Medenychi settlement hromada">Medenychi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morshyn_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morshyn urban hromada (page does not exist)">Morshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mostyska_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mostyska urban hromada (page does not exist)">Mostyska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murovane_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murovane rural hromada (page does not exist)">Murovane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykolaiv_urban_hromada,_Lviv_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mykolaiv urban hromada, Lviv Oblast (page does not exist)">Mykolaiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novoiavorivsk_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novoiavorivsk urban hromada (page does not exist)">Novoiavorivsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novyi_Kalyniv_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novyi Kalyniv urban hromada (page does not exist)">Novyi Kalyniv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novyi_Rozdil_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novyi Rozdil urban hromada (page does not exist)">Novyi Rozdil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novyi_Yarychiv_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novyi Yarychiv settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Novyi Yarychiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obroshyne_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obroshyne rural hromada (page does not exist)">Obroshyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peremyshliany_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peremyshliany urban hromada (page does not exist)">Peremyshliany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidberiztsi_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pidberiztsi rural hromada (page does not exist)">Pidberiztsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidkamin_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pidkamin settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Pidkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomoriany_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoriany settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Pomoriany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pustomyty_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pustomyty urban hromada (page does not exist)">Pustomyty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radekhiv_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radekhiv urban hromada (page does not exist)">Radekhiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralivka_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralivka rural hromada (page does not exist)">Ralivka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rava-Ruska_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rava-Ruska urban hromada (page does not exist)">Rava-Ruska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rozvadiv_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rozvadiv rural hromada (page does not exist)">Rozvadiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudky_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudky urban hromada (page does not exist)">Rudky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambir_urban_hromada" title="Sambir urban hromada">Sambir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shchyrets_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shchyrets settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Shchyrets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shehyni_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shehyni rural hromada (page does not exist)">Shehyni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheptytskyi_urban_hromada" title="Sheptytskyi urban hromada">Sheptytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skhidnytsia_settlement_hromada" title="Skhidnytsia settlement hromada">Skhidnytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skole_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skole urban hromada (page does not exist)">Skole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavske_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavske settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Slavske</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokal_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sokal urban hromada (page does not exist)">Sokal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokilnyky_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sokilnyky rural hromada (page does not exist)">Sokilnyky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solonka_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solonka rural hromada (page does not exist)">Solonka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staryi_Sambir_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staryi Sambir urban hromada (page does not exist)">Staryi Sambir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strilky_rural_hromada" title="Strilky rural hromada">Strilky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stryi_urban_hromada" title="Stryi urban hromada">Stryi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudova_Vyshnia_urban_hromada" title="Sudova Vyshnia urban hromada">Sudova Vyshnia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trostianets_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trostianets rural hromada (page does not exist)">Trostianets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truskavets_urban_hromada" title="Truskavets urban hromada">Truskavets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turka_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turka urban hromada (page does not exist)">Turka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velyki_Mosty_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velyki Mosty urban hromada (page does not exist)">Velyki Mosty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velykyi_Liubin_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velykyi Liubin settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Velykyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavoriv_urban_hromada" title="Yavoriv urban hromada">Yavoriv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zabolottsi_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zabolottsi rural hromada (page does not exist)">Zabolottsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhovkva_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhovkva urban hromada (page does not exist)">Zhovkva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhovtantsi_rural_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhovtantsi rural hromada (page does not exist)">Zhovtantsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhuravne_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhuravne settlement hromada (page does not exist)">Zhuravne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhydachiv_urban_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhydachiv urban hromada (page does not exist)">Zhydachiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolochiv_urban_hromada" title="Zolochiv urban hromada">Zolochiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymna_Voda_rural_hromada" title="Zymna Voda rural hromada">Zymna Voda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belz" title="Belz">Belz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibrka" title="Bibrka">Bibrka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boryslav" title="Boryslav">Boryslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brody" title="Brody">Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busk,_Ukraine" title="Busk, Ukraine">Busk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobromyl" title="Dobromyl">Dobromyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drohobych" title="Drohobych">Drohobych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubliany" title="Dubliany">Dubliany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlyniany" title="Hlyniany">Hlyniany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horodok,_Lviv_Oblast" title="Horodok, Lviv Oblast">Horodok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianka-Buzka" title="Kamianka-Buzka">Kamianka-Buzka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khodoriv" title="Khodoriv">Khodoriv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyriv" title="Khyriv">Khyriv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komarno,_Ukraine" title="Komarno, Ukraine">Komarno</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morshyn" title="Morshyn">Morshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostyska" title="Mostyska">Mostyska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv,_Lviv_Oblast" title="Mykolaiv, Lviv Oblast">Mykolaiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novoiavorivsk" title="Novoiavorivsk">Novoiavorivsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novyi_Kalyniv" title="Novyi Kalyniv">Novyi Kalyniv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novyi_Rozdil" title="Novyi Rozdil">Novyi Rozdil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peremyshliany" title="Peremyshliany">Peremyshliany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pustomyty" title="Pustomyty">Pustomyty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radekhiv" title="Radekhiv">Radekhiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rava-Ruska" title="Rava-Ruska">Rava-Ruska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudky" title="Rudky">Rudky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambir" title="Sambir">Sambir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheptytskyi" title="Sheptytskyi">Sheptytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skole" title="Skole">Skole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokal" title="Sokal">Sokal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnivka" title="Sosnivka">Sosnivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staryi_Sambir" title="Staryi Sambir">Staryi Sambir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stebnyk" title="Stebnyk">Stebnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stryi" title="Stryi">Stryi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudova_Vyshnia" title="Sudova Vyshnia">Sudova Vyshnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truskavets" title="Truskavets">Truskavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turka,_Ukraine" title="Turka, Ukraine">Turka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhniv" title="Uhniv">Uhniv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velyki_Mosty" title="Velyki Mosty">Velyki Mosty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vynnyky" title="Vynnyky">Vynnyky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavoriv" title="Yavoriv">Yavoriv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhovkva" title="Zhovkva">Zhovkva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhydachiv" title="Zhydachiv">Zhydachiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolochiv,_Lviv_Oblast" title="Zolochiv, Lviv Oblast">Zolochiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Administrative divisions of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Ukraine" title="Oblasts of Ukraine">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherkasy_Oblast" title="Cherkasy Oblast">Cherkasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Chernihiv Oblast">Chernihiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast" title="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast">Dnipropetrovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast" title="Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast">Ivano-Frankivsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast" title="Kherson Oblast">Kherson</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_Oblast" title="Khmelnytskyi Oblast">Khmelnytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovohrad_Oblast" title="Kirovohrad Oblast">Kirovohrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast" title="Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast" title="Luhansk Oblast">Luhansk</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Mykolaiv Oblast">Mykolaiv</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltava_Oblast" title="Poltava Oblast">Poltava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivne_Oblast" title="Rivne Oblast">Rivne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumy_Oblast" title="Sumy Oblast">Sumy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast" title="Ternopil Oblast">Ternopil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_Oblast" title="Vinnytsia Oblast">Vinnytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volyn_Oblast" title="Volyn Oblast">Volyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast" title="Zhytomyr Oblast">Zhytomyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_with_special_status" title="City with special status">Cities with special status</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republics_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous republics of Ukraine">Autonomous republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Crimea</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherkasy" title="Cherkasy">Cherkasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>2 (<a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk" title="Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Ivano-Frankivsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi" title="Khmelnytskyi">Khmelnytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kropyvnytskyi" title="Kropyvnytskyi">Kropyvnytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a>2 (<a href="/wiki/Sievierodonetsk" title="Sievierodonetsk">Sievierodonetsk</a>2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Lutsk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivne" title="Rivne">Rivne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumy" title="Sumy">Sumy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternopil" title="Ternopil">Ternopil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Uzhhorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia" title="Vinnytsia">Vinnytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Zaporizhzhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr" title="Zhytomyr">Zhytomyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1Claimed and controlled by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Crimea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> 2Claimed and partially controlled by Russia as the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a> <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lugansk_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugansk People's Republic">Lugansk People's Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast (Russia)">Zaporozhye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kherson Oblast (Russia)">Kherson</a> <a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">oblasts</a> 3 Partially claimed and partially controlled by Russia as a part of <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kherson Oblast (Russia)">Kherson</a> <a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">oblast</a> 4Partially controlled by Russia, but not claimed as its part.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine">World Heritage Sites in Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral,_Kyiv" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv">Saint-Sophia Cathedral</a> and Related Monastic Buildings, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Pechersk_Lavra" title="Kyiv Pechersk Lavra">Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_(Lviv)" title="Old Town (Lviv)">Lviv - Ensemble of the Historic Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_of_Bukovinian_and_Dalmatian_Metropolitans" title="Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans">Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struve_Geodetic_Arc" title="Struve Geodetic Arc">Struve Geodetic Arc</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_Tserkvas_of_the_Carpathian_Region_in_Poland_and_Ukraine" title="Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine">Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Odesa" title="Historic Centre of Odesa">Historic Centre of Odesa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine"><img alt="Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/40px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/60px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/80px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a>3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 with <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li>2 with <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li>3 with <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Ukraine" title="Template:Cities in Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Cities in Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities in Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_with_special_status" title="City with special status">City with special status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_regional_significance_(Ukraine)" title="City of regional significance (Ukraine)">City of regional significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_district_significance_(Ukraine)" title="City of district significance (Ukraine)">City of district significance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000-1,000,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Zaporizhzhia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryvyi_Rih" title="Kryvyi Rih">Kryvyi Rih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000-500,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makiivka" title="Makiivka">Makiivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia" title="Vinnytsia">Vinnytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkasy" title="Cherkasy">Cherkasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumy" title="Sumy">Sumy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horlivka" title="Horlivka">Horlivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr" title="Zhytomyr">Zhytomyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianske,_Kamianske_Raion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamianske, Kamianske Raion">Kamianske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kropyvnytskyi" title="Kropyvnytskyi">Kropyvnytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi" title="Khmelnytskyi">Khmelnytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivne" title="Rivne">Rivne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremenchuk" title="Kremenchuk">Kremenchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternopil" title="Ternopil">Ternopil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Ivano-Frankivsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Lutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bila_Tserkva" title="Bila Tserkva">Bila Tserkva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000-200,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk" title="Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melitopol" title="Melitopol">Melitopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Ukraine" title="Nikopol, Ukraine">Nikopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloviansk" title="Sloviansk">Sloviansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berdiansk" title="Berdiansk">Berdiansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievierodonetsk" title="Sievierodonetsk">Sievierodonetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchevsk" title="Alchevsk">Alchevsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlohrad" title="Pavlohrad">Pavlohrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Uzhhorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brovary" title="Brovary">Brovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Yevpatoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Cities located in <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_capitals_in_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Capitals of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Capitals of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_capitals_in_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical capitals in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and early modern capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/18px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/27px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/36px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="683" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Volodymyr-Volynsky.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Volodymyr-Volynsky.png/18px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Volodymyr-Volynsky.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Volodymyr-Volynsky.png/27px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Volodymyr-Volynsky.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Volodymyr-Volynsky.png/36px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Volodymyr-Volynsky.png 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr (city)">Volodymyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:COA_of_Halych.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/COA_of_Halych.svg/18px-COA_of_Halych.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/COA_of_Halych.svg/27px-COA_of_Halych.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/COA_of_Halych.svg/36px-COA_of_Halych.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="399" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Halych" title="Halych">Halych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="604" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lviv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chyhyryn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_arms_of_Chyhyryn.png/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chyhyryn.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_arms_of_Chyhyryn.png/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chyhyryn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_arms_of_Chyhyryn.png/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chyhyryn.png 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="502" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chyhyryn" title="Chyhyryn">Chyhyryn</a> (1648–1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Hadyach_gerb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hadyach_gerb.png/18px-Hadyach_gerb.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hadyach_gerb.png/27px-Hadyach_gerb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hadyach_gerb.png/36px-Hadyach_gerb.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hadiach" title="Hadiach">Hadiach</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left-bank</a>, 1663–1668)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD.svg/18px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD.svg/27px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD.svg/36px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="655" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baturyn" title="Baturyn">Baturyn</a> (1676–1708, 1751–1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Hlukhiv_gerb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hlukhiv_gerb.png/18px-Hlukhiv_gerb.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hlukhiv_gerb.png/27px-Hlukhiv_gerb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hlukhiv_gerb.png/36px-Hlukhiv_gerb.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="391" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hlukhiv" title="Hlukhiv">Hlukhiv</a> (1708–1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainian states after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and before the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="604" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1.png/18px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1.png/27px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1.png/36px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mostyska" title="Mostyska">Mostyska</a> (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Ivano-Frankivsk_COA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ivano-Frankivsk_COA.png/18px-Ivano-Frankivsk_COA.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ivano-Frankivsk_COA.png/27px-Ivano-Frankivsk_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ivano-Frankivsk_COA.png/36px-Ivano-Frankivsk_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="496" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Stanyslaviv</a> (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_Buchach.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_Arms_Buchach.PNG/18px-Coat_of_Arms_Buchach.PNG" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_Arms_Buchach.PNG/27px-Coat_of_Arms_Buchach.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_Arms_Buchach.PNG/36px-Coat_of_Arms_Buchach.PNG 2x" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="90" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buchach" title="Buchach">Buchach</a> (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:COA_of_Chortkiv_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/COA_of_Chortkiv_2023.png/18px-COA_of_Chortkiv_2023.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/COA_of_Chortkiv_2023.png/27px-COA_of_Chortkiv_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/COA_of_Chortkiv_2023.png/36px-COA_of_Chortkiv_2023.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1110" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chortkiv" title="Chortkiv">Chortkiv</a> (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ternopil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coat_of_arms_of_Ternopil.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ternopil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coat_of_arms_of_Ternopil.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ternopil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coat_of_arms_of_Ternopil.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ternopil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="886" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ternopil" title="Ternopil">Ternopil</a> (de facto)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/18px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/27px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/36px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="683" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> (1917–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Kamyanets-Podilskyi_COA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kamyanets-Podilskyi_COA.png/18px-Kamyanets-Podilskyi_COA.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kamyanets-Podilskyi_COA.png/27px-Kamyanets-Podilskyi_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kamyanets-Podilskyi_COA.png/36px-Kamyanets-Podilskyi_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="301" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a> (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_Vinnitsia_Small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Coat_of_Arms_Vinnitsia_Small.png/18px-Coat_of_Arms_Vinnitsia_Small.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Coat_of_Arms_Vinnitsia_Small.png/27px-Coat_of_Arms_Vinnitsia_Small.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Coat_of_Arms_Vinnitsia_Small.png/36px-Coat_of_Arms_Vinnitsia_Small.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia" title="Vinnytsia">Vinnytsia</a> (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_zhmerynka.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_zhmerynka.PNG/18px-Coat_of_arms_zhmerynka.PNG" decoding="async" width="18" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_zhmerynka.PNG/27px-Coat_of_arms_zhmerynka.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_zhmerynka.PNG/36px-Coat_of_arms_zhmerynka.PNG 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="340" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zhmerynka" title="Zhmerynka">Zhmerynka</a> (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnitsky.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnitsky.svg/18px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnitsky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnitsky.svg/27px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnitsky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnitsky.svg/36px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnitsky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="460" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi" title="Khmelnytskyi">Proskuriv</a> (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_Rivne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coat_of_arms_Rivne.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_Rivne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coat_of_arms_Rivne.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_Rivne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coat_of_arms_Rivne.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_Rivne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="496" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rivne" title="Rivne">Rivne</a> (de facto)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/18px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/27px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/36px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="683" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coats_of_arms_of_Bashtanka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Coats_of_arms_of_Bashtanka.png/18px-Coats_of_arms_of_Bashtanka.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Coats_of_arms_of_Bashtanka.png/27px-Coats_of_arms_of_Bashtanka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Coats_of_arms_of_Bashtanka.png/36px-Coats_of_arms_of_Bashtanka.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="594" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bashtanka" title="Bashtanka">Poltavka</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashtanka_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bashtanka Republic (page does not exist)">Bashtanka Republic</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="uk:Баштанська республіка)">uk</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ternopil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coat_of_arms_of_Ternopil.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ternopil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coat_of_arms_of_Ternopil.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ternopil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coat_of_arms_of_Ternopil.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ternopil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="886" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ternopil" title="Ternopil">Ternopil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galician Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other formations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Coats_of_arms_of_Hulaypole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coats_of_arms_of_Hulaypole.svg/18px-Coats_of_arms_of_Hulaypole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coats_of_arms_of_Hulaypole.svg/27px-Coats_of_arms_of_Hulaypole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coats_of_arms_of_Hulaypole.svg/36px-Coats_of_arms_of_Hulaypole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="762" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Huliaipole" title="Huliaipole">Huliaipole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a>, 1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Jasina_gerb.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Jasina_gerb.gif/18px-Jasina_gerb.gif" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Jasina_gerb.gif/27px-Jasina_gerb.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Jasina_gerb.gif/36px-Jasina_gerb.gif 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yasinia" title="Yasinia">Yasinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hutsul_Republic" title="Hutsul Republic">Hutsul Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mliiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mliiv (page does not exist)">Mliiv</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="uk:Мліїв">uk</a>] (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mliiv_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mliiv Republic (page does not exist)">Mliiv Republic</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мліївська республіка">uk</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Dnipro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coat_of_arms_of_Dnipro.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_Dnipro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coat_of_arms_of_Dnipro.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_Dnipro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coat_of_arms_of_Dnipro.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_Dnipro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="895" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Katerynoslav</a> (<a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a>, 1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Melnyky_chgr_gerb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Melnyky_chgr_gerb.png/18px-Melnyky_chgr_gerb.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Melnyky_chgr_gerb.png/27px-Melnyky_chgr_gerb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Melnyky_chgr_gerb.png/36px-Melnyky_chgr_gerb.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="497" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melnyky,_Medvedivka_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melnyky, Medvedivka hromada (page does not exist)">Melnyky</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="uk:Мельники (Черкаський район, Медведівська громада)">uk</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Kholodny_Yar_Republic" title="Kholodny Yar Republic">Kholodny Yar Republic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> (since 1919), independent <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (since 1991), other contemporary states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> 1922-91), <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kharkiv.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coat_of_arms_of_Kharkiv.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kharkiv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coat_of_arms_of_Kharkiv.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kharkiv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coat_of_arms_of_Kharkiv.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kharkiv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="612" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> (1919-1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/18px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/27px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/36px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="683" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> (since 1934)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Hust_gerb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hust_gerb.png/18px-Hust_gerb.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hust_gerb.png/27px-Hust_gerb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hust_gerb.png/36px-Hust_gerb.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="387" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Khust" title="Khust">Khust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36036#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36036#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36036#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/268236629">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1209408/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyhj9d7FRmJPV3VY6TWDq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4035304-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80089801">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11985932t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11985932t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129907&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX454979">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000147407&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810625287605606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007554830305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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