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<div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">South Sudan</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/South_Sudan" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:South_Sudan" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=South+Sudan" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the sovereign country established in 2011. For similarly named topics, see <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Southern Sudan (disambiguation)">Southern Sudan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"RoSS" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ross_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ross (disambiguation)">Ross</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>South Sudan (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/suːˈdɑːn, -ˈdæn/</a>), officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> It is bordered on the north by <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>; on the east by <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>; on the south by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>; and on the west by <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>. South Sudan's diverse landscape includes vast plains and plateaus, dry and tropical savannahs, inland floodplains, and forested mountains. The <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile River</a> system is the defining physical feature of the country, running south to north across its center, which is dominated by a large swamp known as the <a href="/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd">Sudd</a>. South Sudan has a population of 12.7 million. <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Factbook-9">[8]</a> <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of South Sudan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Sudan"><img alt="Flag of South Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/125px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/188px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/250px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Sudan" title="Flag of South Sudan">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of South Sudan"><img alt="Coat of arms of South Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="1640"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan" title="Coat of arms of South Sudan"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Justice, Liberty, Prosperity"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Oyee!" title="South Sudan Oyee!">South Sudan Oyee!</a>"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="78" data-mwtitle="South_Sudan_Oyee!_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/South_Sudan_Oyee%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/South_Sudan_Oyee%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg/South_Sudan_Oyee%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Sudan_(orthographic_projection)_highlighted.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Sudan in dark green, territory claimed but not fully controlled in light green"><img alt="South Sudan in dark green, territory claimed but not fully controlled in light green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/South_Sudan_%28orthographic_projection%29_highlighted.svg/250px-South_Sudan_%28orthographic_projection%29_highlighted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/South_Sudan_%28orthographic_projection%29_highlighted.svg/375px-South_Sudan_%28orthographic_projection%29_highlighted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/South_Sudan_%28orthographic_projection%29_highlighted.svg/500px-South_Sudan_%28orthographic_projection%29_highlighted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">South Sudan in dark green, territory claimed but not fully controlled in light green</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Sudan&params=04_51_N_31_36_E_type:city">04°51′N 31°36′E / 4.850°N 31.600°E / 4.850; 31.600</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><a href="#cite_note-engwork-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised national languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuer_language" title="Nuer language">Nuer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bari_language" title="Bari language">Bari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Murle_language" title="Murle language">Murle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luo_languages" title="Luo languages">Luo (Anyuak, Acholi, Shilluk, Pari, Jur-Luo, others)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27di_language" title="Ma'di language">Ma'di</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Otuho_language" title="Otuho language">Otuho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zande_language" title="Zande language">Zande</a></li></ul></div> and around 60 other languages<a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">Spoken languages</a><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-4">[3]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bari_language" title="Bari language">Bari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-UNICEF-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuer_language" title="Nuer language">Nuer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zande_language" title="Zande language">Zande</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jur_language" title="Jur language">Jur (Luo)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Murle_language" title="Murle language">Murle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_language" title="Shilluk language">Shilluk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Sudan" title="Languages of South Sudan">various others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Factbook-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">60.5% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">32.9% <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional religions</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">6.2% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Sudan" title="Islam in South Sudan">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.4% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">others</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">none</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Sudan" title="Demographics of South Sudan">South Sudanese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Sudan" title="Politics of South Sudan">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Republic_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Republic of South Sudan">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_South_Sudan" title="Vice President of South Sudan">First Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riek_Machar" title="Riek Machar">Riek Machar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_(South_Sudan)" title="National Legislative Assembly (South Sudan)">Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jemma_Nunu_Kumba" title="Jemma Nunu Kumba">Jemma Nunu Kumba</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_South_Sudan" title="Judiciary of South Sudan">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chan_Reec_Madut" title="Chan Reec Madut">Chan Reec Madut</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Legislature_(South_Sudan)" title="National Legislature (South Sudan)">Transitional National Legislature</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(South_Sudan)" title="Council of States (South Sudan)">Transitional Council of States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_(South_Sudan)" title="National Legislative Assembly (South Sudan)">Reconstituted Transitional National Legislative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Sudan" title="History of South Sudan">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Southern_Sudan_(2005%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Southern Sudan (2005–2011)">Autonomy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 July 2005</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum#Results" title="2011 South Sudanese independence referendum">Declared and recognized</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 July 2011</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Sudan" title="Geography of South Sudan">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">619,745<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Factbook-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-imf2-11">[10]</a> km2 (239,285 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">41st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Sudan" title="Demographics of South Sudan">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12,703,714<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Factbook-9">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">80th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">13.33/km2 (34.5/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">214th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300">$13.6 billion <a href="#cite_note-imf2-11">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">157th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300">$934<a href="#cite_note-imf2-11">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">191st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300">$4.7 billion <a href="#cite_note-imf2-11">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">164th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $326<a href="#cite_note-imf2-11">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">194th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2016)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 44.1<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-12">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.381<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-13">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">192nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_pound" title="South Sudanese pound">South Sudanese pound</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SSP</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Time" title="Central Africa Time">Central Africa Time</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_South_Sudan" title="Telephone numbers in South Sudan">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_South_Sudan" title="Telephone numbers in South Sudan">+211</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SS" title="ISO 3166-2:SS">SS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ss" title=".ss">.ss</a><a href="#cite_note-iana-16">[15]</a>a</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">Registered and operational since 2019.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sudan was occupied by <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Egypt</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a> and governed as an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian condominium</a> until Sudanese independence in 1956. Following the <a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Sudanese Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(1972%E2%80%9383)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–83)">Southern Sudan Autonomous Region</a> was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983. A <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">second Sudanese civil war</a> soon broke out in 1983 and ended in 2005 with the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a>. Later that year, southern autonomy was restored when an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Government_of_Southern_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan">Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan</a> was formed. South Sudan became an <a href="/wiki/Independent_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent state">independent state</a> on 9 July 2011, following 98.8% support for independence in <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_independence_referendum,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011">a January 2011 referendum</a> and is the most recent country to be formed.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">most recent</a> sovereign state with widespread recognition as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> South Sudan descended into <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">a civil war</a> from 2013 to 2020, enduring rampant <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Sudan" title="Human rights in South Sudan">human rights abuses</a>, including forced displacement, ethnic massacres, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_South_Sudan" title="List of journalists killed in South Sudan">killings of journalists</a> by various parties. It has since been governed by a coalition formed by leaders of the former warring factions, <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riek_Machar" title="Riek Machar">Riek Machar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-power-sharing-21">[20]</a> The country continues to recover from the war while experiencing ongoing and systemic <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">ethnic violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-malak-22">[21]</a> The South Sudanese population is composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic peoples</a> spanning a variety of ethnic, tribal, and linguistic groups. It is demographically among the youngest nations in the world, with roughly half its people under 18 years old.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The majority of inhabitants adhere to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> or various <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional indigenous faiths</a>, with a sizeable Muslim minority. South Sudan is a <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member of the United Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-au54-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">Intergovernmental Authority on Development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a> in the world, ranking second to last in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, ahead of only <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, and having the fourth-lowest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">nominal GDP per capita</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Independence_(2011)">2.1 Independence (2011)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Civil_War_(2013%E2%80%932020)">2.2 Civil War (2013–2020)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Admission_into_the_EAC_and_planned_democratic_elections_(2016%E2%80%93)">2.3 Admission into the EAC and planned democratic elections (2016–)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#2017_famine">2.4 2017 famine</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Wildlife">3.2 Wildlife</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Government_and_politics">4 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Government">4.1 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#National_capital_project">4.2 National capital project</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#States">4.3 States</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#2011%E2%80%932015">4.3.1 2011–2015</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#2015%E2%80%932020">4.3.2 2015–2020</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#2020%E2%80%93present">4.3.3 2020–present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Foreign_relations">4.4 Foreign relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Military">4.5 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Human_rights">4.6 Human rights</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Oil">5.1 Oil</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Debt">5.2 Debt</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#East_African_Community_membership">5.3 East African Community membership</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#South_Sudan_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations">5.4 South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Transport">5.5 Transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Railway">5.5.1 Railway</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Air">5.5.2 Air</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Water_crisis">5.6 Water crisis</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Population">6.1 Population</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#2008_census">6.1.1 2008 census</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#2009_census">6.1.2 2009 census</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Ethnic_groups">6.2 Ethnic groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Diaspora">6.3 Diaspora</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Largest_cities">6.4 Largest cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Languages">6.5 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Religion">6.6 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Education">6.7 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Health_and_humanitarian_situation">6.8 Health and humanitarian situation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Refugees">6.9 Refugees</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Music">7.1 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Media">7.2 Media</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#Censorship">7.2.1 Censorship</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Sports">7.3 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The name Sudan is a name given to a <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">geographical region</a> to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, stretching from Western Africa to eastern Central Africa. The name derives from the Arabic bilād as-sūdān (بلاد السودان), or the "Land of the <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Blacks</a>".<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The term was used by Arab traders and travelers in the region to refer to the various indigenous black African cultures and societies that they encountered.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Sudan" title="History of South Sudan">History of South Sudan</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Nilotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic">Nilotic</a> people of South Sudan—the <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anyuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Anyuak">Anyuak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bari_people" title="Bari people">Bari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acholi_people" title="Acholi people">Acholi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaligi_people" title="Kaligi people">Kaligi</a> (Arabic Feroghe), and others—first entered South Sudan sometime before the tenth century, coinciding with the fall of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Nubia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Nubia">medieval Nubia</a>. From the 15th to the 19th century, tribal migrations, largely from the area of <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_(region_of_South_Sudan)" title="Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)">Bahr el Ghazal</a>, brought the Anyuak, Dinka, Nuer, and Shilluk to their modern locations in Bahr El Ghazal and the Upper Nile Region, while the Acholi and <a href="/wiki/Bari_people" title="Bari people">Bari</a> settled in <a href="/wiki/Equatoria" title="Equatoria">Equatoria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Zande_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zande people">Zande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mundu_people" title="Mundu people">Mundu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avukaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Avukaya">Avukaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baka_people_(Congo_and_South_Sudan)" title="Baka people (Congo and South Sudan)">Baka</a>, who entered South Sudan in the 16th century, established the region's largest state of Equatoria Region.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Dinka is the largest, the Nuer the second-largest, the Zande the third-largest, and the Bari the fourth-largest of South Sudan's ethnic groups. They are found in the <a href="/wiki/Maridi" title="Maridi">Maridi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yambio" title="Yambio">Yambio</a>, and Tombura districts in the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> belt of <a href="/wiki/Western_Equatoria" title="Western Equatoria">Western Equatoria</a>, the Adio of Azande client in <a href="/wiki/Yei" class="mw-redirect" title="Yei">Yei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Equatoria" title="Central Equatoria">Central Equatoria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Bahr_el_Ghazal" title="Western Bahr el Ghazal">Western Bahr el Ghazal</a>. In the 18th century, the Avungara <a href="/wiki/Sib_(anthropology)" title="Sib (anthropology)">sib</a> rose to power over the rest of Azande society, a domination that continued into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> British policies favouring Christian missionaries, such as the Closed District Ordinance of 1922 (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a>), and geographical barriers such as the swamplands along the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a> curtailed the spread of Islam to the south, thus allowing the southern tribes to retain much of their social and cultural heritage, as well as their political and religious institutions. British colonial policy in Sudan had a long history of emphasizing the development of the Arab north and largely ignoring the Black African south, which lacked schools, hospitals, roads, bridges, and other basic infrastructure. After Sudan's first independent elections in 1958, the continued neglect of the southern region by the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> government led to uprisings, revolts, and the longest civil war on the continent.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> People affected by the violence included the <a href="/wiki/Dinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinka">Dinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anyuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Anyuak">Anyuak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murle_people" title="Murle people">Murle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mundari_people" title="Mundari people">Mundari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baka_people_(Congo_and_South_Sudan)" title="Baka people (Congo and South Sudan)">Baka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balanda_Bviri" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanda Bviri">Balanda Bviri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boya_people" title="Boya people">Boya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Didinga">Didinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiye_people" title="Jiye people">Jiye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakwa_people" title="Kakwa people">Kakwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaligi_people" title="Kaligi people">Kaligi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuku_people" title="Kuku people">Kuku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuka">Lotuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic">Nilotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toposa_people" title="Toposa people">Toposa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zande_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zande people">Zande</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The Azande have had good relations with their neighbours, namely the <a href="/wiki/Moru_people" title="Moru people">Moru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mundu_people" title="Mundu people">Mundu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pojulu_people" title="Pojulu people">Pöjulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avukaya_people" title="Avukaya people">Avukaya</a>, Baka, and the small groups in Bahr el Ghazal, due to the expansionist policy of their king <a href="/wiki/Gbudwe" title="Gbudwe">Gbudwe</a>, in the 18th century. In the 19th century, the Azande fought the French, the <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ahmed">Mahdists</a> to maintain their independence. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a>, under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Ismail Pasha</a>, first attempted to control the region in the 1870s, establishing the province of <a href="/wiki/Equatoria" title="Equatoria">Equatoria</a> in the southern portion. Egypt's first appointed governor was <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baker" title="Samuel Baker">Samuel Baker</a>, commissioned in 1869, followed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles George Gordon</a> in 1874, and by <a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha" title="Emin Pasha">Emin Pasha</a> in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-Levering_Lewis_1995-36">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ahmed">Mahdist Revolt</a> of the 1880s destabilized the nascent province, and Equatoria ceased to exist as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Important settlements in Equatoria included <a href="/wiki/Lado_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lado District">Lado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gondokoro" title="Gondokoro">Gondokoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dufile" title="Dufile">Dufile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wadelai" title="Wadelai">Wadelai</a>. European colonial manoeuvrings in the region came to a head in 1898, when the <a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a> occurred at present-day <a href="/wiki/Kodok" title="Kodok">Kodok</a>; Britain and France almost went to war over the region.<a href="#cite_note-Levering_Lewis_1995-36">[35]</a> Britain then treated South Sudan as a distinct entity with a different stage of development than the North. This policy was legalized in 1930 by the announcement of the Southern Policy. In 1946, without consulting Southern opinion, the British administration reversed its Southern Policy and began instead to implement a policy of uniting the North and the South.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The region has been negatively affected <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_wars_of_independence" title="South Sudanese wars of independence">by two civil wars</a> since Sudanese independence: from 1955 to 1972, the Sudanese government fought the <a href="/wiki/Anyanya" title="Anyanya">Anyanya</a> rebel army (Anya-Nya is a term in the <a href="/wiki/Madi_language_(Sudan_and_Uganda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madi language (Sudan and Uganda)">Madi</a> language which means "snake venom")<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Sudanese Civil War</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army/Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement">Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement</a> (SPLA/M) in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> for over twenty years, from 1983 to 2005. As a result, the country suffered serious neglect, a lack of infrastructure development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2.5 million people have been killed, and millions more have become <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> both within and outside the country. South Sudan has an estimated population of 11 million people in 2023<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> but, given the lack of a census in several decades, this estimate may be severely distorted. The economy is predominantly rural and relies chiefly on <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence farming">subsistence farming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Around 2005, the economy began a transition from this rural dominance, and urban areas within South Sudan have seen extensive development. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_(2011)">Independence (2011)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Independence (2011)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_South_Sudanese_girl_at_independence_festivities_(5926735716).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/A_South_Sudanese_girl_at_independence_festivities_%285926735716%29.jpg/170px-A_South_Sudanese_girl_at_independence_festivities_%285926735716%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/A_South_Sudanese_girl_at_independence_festivities_%285926735716%29.jpg/170px-A_South_Sudanese_girl_at_independence_festivities_%285926735716%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/A_South_Sudanese_girl_at_independence_festivities_%285926735716%29.jpg/255px-A_South_Sudanese_girl_at_independence_festivities_%285926735716%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/A_South_Sudanese_girl_at_independence_festivities_%285926735716%29.jpg/340px-A_South_Sudanese_girl_at_independence_festivities_%285926735716%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A South Sudanese girl at independence festivities</figcaption></figure> Between 9 and 15 January 2011, as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum" title="2011 South Sudanese independence referendum">South Sudanese independence referendum</a> was held to determine whether South Sudan should become an independent country, separate from Sudan. Following that, 98.83% of those who took part in the referendum voted for separation or independence.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> And on 23 January 2011, members of a steering committee on post-independence governing told reporters that upon independence the land would be named the Republic of South Sudan "out of familiarity and convenience". Other names that had been considered were <a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a>, Nile Republic, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a> Republic and even Juwama, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> for <a href="/wiki/Juba_(Southern_Sudan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juba (Southern Sudan)">Juba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wau,_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wau, Sudan">Wau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malakal" title="Malakal">Malakal</a>, three major cities.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> South Sudan formally became independent from Sudan on 9 July, although certain disputes still remained, including the division of oil revenues, as 75% of all the former Sudan's oil reserves are in South Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The region of <a href="/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei</a> still remains disputed and a separate referendum will be held in Abyei on whether they want to join Sudan or South Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Kordofan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="South Kordofan conflict">South Kordofan conflict</a> broke out in June 2011 between the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Armed Forces">Army of Sudan</a> and the SPLA over the <a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a>. On 9 July 2011, South Sudan became the 54th independent country in Africa<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> (9 July is now celebrated as <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_independence_days" title="List of national independence days">Independence Day</a>, a national holiday<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a>) and since 14 July 2011, South Sudan is the 193rd member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> On 27 July 2011, South Sudan became the 54th country to join the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> In September 2011, <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a> recognized South Sudan as an independent country, after a massive crowdsourcing mapping initiative was launched.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> In 2011 it was reported that South Sudan was at war with at least seven armed groups in 9 of its 10 states, with tens of thousands displaced.<a href="#cite_note-rebellion-52">[51]</a> The fighters accuse the government of plotting to stay in power indefinitely, not fairly representing and supporting all tribal groups while neglecting development in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-rebellion-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP-53">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">Lord's Resistance Army</a> (LRA) also operates in a wide area that includes South Sudan. Inter-ethnic warfare in some cases predates the war of independence and is widespread. In December 2011, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan#Murle-Nuer_fighting" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">tribal clashes</a> intensified between the <a href="/wiki/Nuer_White_Army" title="Nuer White Army">Nuer White Army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Luo_peoples" title="Luo peoples">Lou</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Murle_people" title="Murle people">Murle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2-54">[53]</a> The White Army warned it would wipe out the Murle and would also fight South Sudanese and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">UN forces</a> sent to the area around <a href="/wiki/Pibor" title="Pibor">Pibor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-55">[54]</a> In March 2012, South Sudanese forces seized the <a href="/wiki/Heglig" title="Heglig">Heglig</a> oil fields in lands claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan in the province of <a href="/wiki/South_Kordofan" title="South Kordofan">South Kordofan</a> after <a href="/wiki/2012_South_Sudan%E2%80%93Sudan_border_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 South Sudan–Sudan border conflict">conflict with Sudanese forces</a> in the South Sudanese state of <a href="/wiki/Unity_(state)" title="Unity (state)">Unity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> South Sudan withdrew on 20 March, and the Sudanese Army entered Heglig two days later. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_(2013–2020)">Civil War (2013–2020)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civil War (2013–2020)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">South Sudanese Civil War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence in South Sudan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Sudan_Civil_War.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Southern_Sudan_Civil_War.svg/220px-Southern_Sudan_Civil_War.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1561" data-file-height="1133"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Southern_Sudan_Civil_War.svg/220px-Southern_Sudan_Civil_War.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Southern_Sudan_Civil_War.svg/330px-Southern_Sudan_Civil_War.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Southern_Sudan_Civil_War.svg/440px-Southern_Sudan_Civil_War.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Military situation in South Sudan on 22 March 2020 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Under control of the Government of South Sudan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Under control of the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-in-Opposition" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition">Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Under control of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sudan" title="Government of Sudan">Government of Sudan</a></div></figcaption></figure> On the 5th of September 2013, an article written by analyst Duop Chak Wuol was published by the US-based South Sudan News Agency (SSNA).<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> The writer raised critical questions surrounding what he described as the rise of autocracy within the top leadership of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and warned of monumental repercussions unless the ruling elites restored the founding principles of the party. Duop also berated the ruling party, arguing that the party has replaced its founding principles with "forgotten promises and deceptions". In December 2013, a political power struggle broke out between President Kiir and his former deputy <a href="/wiki/Riek_Machar" title="Riek Machar">Riek Machar</a>, as the president accused Machar and ten others of attempting a <a href="/wiki/2013_South_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 South Sudanese coup d'état attempt">coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kulish-58">[57]</a> Fighting broke out, igniting the <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">South Sudanese Civil War</a>. Ugandan troops were deployed to fight alongside South Sudanese government forces against the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The United Nations has peacekeepers in the country as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">United Nations Mission in South Sudan</a> (UNMISS). Numerous ceasefires were mediated by the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">Intergovernmental Authority on Development</a> (IGAD) between the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and <a href="/wiki/SPLM-IO" class="mw-redirect" title="SPLM-IO">SPLM – in opposition</a> and were subsequently broken. A peace agreement was signed in Ethiopia under threat of United Nations sanctions for both sides in August 2015.<a href="#cite_note-South_Sudan_country_profile-60">[59]</a> Machar returned to Juba in 2016 and was appointed vice president.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Following a second breakout of violence in Juba, Machar was replaced as vice-president<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> and he fled the country<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> as the conflict erupted again. Rebel in-fighting has become a major part of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-fp0117-64">[63]</a> Rivalry among Dinka factions led by the President and Malong Awan has also led to fighting. In August 2018, another power-sharing agreement came into effect.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost0718-65">[64]</a> About 400,000 people are estimated to have been killed in the war,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> including notable atrocities such as the <a href="/wiki/2014_Bentiu_massacre" title="2014 Bentiu massacre">2014 Bentiu massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters0918-67">[66]</a> Although both men have supporters from across South Sudan's ethnic divides, subsequent fighting has been communal, with rebels targeting members of Kiir's Dinka ethnic group and government soldiers attacking Nuers.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-68">[67]</a> More than 4 million people have been displaced, with about 1.8 million of those internally displaced, and about 2.5 million having fled to neighbouring countries, especially Uganda and Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost0918-69">[68]</a> On 20 February 2020, <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riek_Machar" title="Riek Machar">Riek Machar</a> agreed to a peace deal,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> and on 22 February 2020 formed a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_South_Sudan" title="Cabinet of South Sudan">national unity government</a> as Machar was sworn in as the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_South_Sudan" title="Vice President of South Sudan">First Vice President</a> of the country.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Despite the official cessation of the civil war, violence between armed militia groups at the community level has continued in the country; according to <a href="/wiki/Yasmin_Sooka" title="Yasmin Sooka">Yasmin Sooka</a>, Chair of the Commission of Human Rights in Sudan, the level of violence "far exceeds the violence between 2013 and 2019".<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admission_into_the_EAC_and_planned_democratic_elections_(2016–)">Admission into the EAC and planned democratic elections (2016–)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Admission into the EAC and planned democratic elections (2016–)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> South Sudan acceded to the Treaty of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East Africa Community</a> on 15 April 2016 and became a full member on 15 August 2016.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> South Sudan, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Somalia">Federal Republic of Somalia</a> are the newest members of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2024_South_Sudanese_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 South Sudanese general election">first democratic elections in South Sudan since the start of the civil war</a> were scheduled for 2023 by the peace agreement that ended the war officially, but the transitional government and opposition agreed in 2022 to move them to late 2024 instead.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In September 2024, Kiir's office announced that the elections would be postponed an additional two years, to December 2026.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017_famine">2017 famine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2017 famine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2017_South_Sudan_famine" title="2017 South Sudan famine">2017 South Sudan famine</a></div> On 20 February 2017, South Sudan and the United Nations declared a <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> in parts of former <a href="/wiki/Unity_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity State">Unity State</a>, with the warning that it could spread rapidly without further action. Over 100,000 people were affected. The <a href="/wiki/UN_World_Food_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="UN World Food Programme">UN World Food Programme</a> said that 40% of the population of South Sudan, 4.9 million people, need food urgently.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-77">[76]</a> U.N. officials said that President <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a> was blocking food deliveries to some areas.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Furthermore, UNICEF warned that more than 1 million children in South Sudan were subjected to malnutrition.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> An outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Fall_armyworm" title="Fall armyworm">fall armyworm</a> further threatened <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and maize production by July 2017.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Sudan" title="Geography of South Sudan">Geography of South Sudan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/South_Sudan" title="Special:EditPage/South Sudan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Sudan_protected_areas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/South_Sudan_protected_areas.svg/290px-South_Sudan_protected_areas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1133"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/South_Sudan_protected_areas.svg/290px-South_Sudan_protected_areas.svg.png" data-width="290" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/South_Sudan_protected_areas.svg/435px-South_Sudan_protected_areas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/South_Sudan_protected_areas.svg/580px-South_Sudan_protected_areas.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Protected areas in South Sudan</figcaption></figure> South Sudan lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/3rd_parallel_north" title="3rd parallel north">3°</a> and <a href="/wiki/13th_parallel_north" title="13th parallel north">13°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/24th_meridian_east" title="24th meridian east">24°</a> and <a href="/wiki/36th_meridian_east" title="36th meridian east">36°E</a>. It is covered in tropical forest, swamps, and grassland. The <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a> passes through the country, passing by Juba.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_independence-81">[80]</a> The Sudd is formed by the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a>, known locally as the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_al_Jabal_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahr al Jabal (river)">Bahr al Jabal</a>, meaning "Mountain Sea".<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> South Sudan's protected area of <a href="/wiki/Bandingilo_National_Park" title="Bandingilo National Park">Bandingilo National Park</a> hosts the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> migration in the world. Surveys have revealed that <a href="/wiki/Boma_National_Park" title="Boma National Park">Boma National Park</a>, west of the Ethiopian border, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd">Sudd</a> wetland and <a href="/wiki/Southern_National_Park" title="Southern National Park">Southern National Park</a> near the border with Congo, provided habitat for large populations of <a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">hartebeest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">kob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topi" title="Topi">topi</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">buffalo</a>, elephants, giraffes, and lions. South Sudan's forest reserves also provided habitat for <a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">bongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">giant forest hogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">red river hogs</a>, forest elephants, <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, and forest <a href="/wiki/Monkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkeys">monkeys</a>. Surveys begun in 2005 by <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Society" title="Wildlife Conservation Society">WCS</a> in partnership with the semi-autonomous government of Southern Sudan revealed that significant, though diminished wildlife populations still exist, and that, astonishingly, the huge migration of 1.3 million antelopes in the southeast is substantially intact. Habitats in the country include grasslands, high-altitude plateaus and escarpments, wooded and grassy savannas, floodplains, and wetlands. Associated wildlife species include the endemic white-eared kob and <a href="/wiki/Nile_Lechwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Lechwe">Nile Lechwe</a>, as well as elephants, giraffes, <a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">common eland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">giant eland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">oryx</a>, lions, <a href="/wiki/Lycaon_pictus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycaon pictus">African wild dogs</a>, cape buffalo, and topi (locally called tiang). Little is known about the white-eared kob and tiang, both types of <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a>, whose magnificent migrations were legendary before the civil war. The Boma-Jonglei Landscape region encompasses Boma National Park, broad pasturelands and floodplains, Bandingilo National Park, and the Sudd, a vast area of swamp and seasonally flooded grasslands that includes the Zeraf Wildlife Reserve. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="602"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Settlement on <a href="/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd">Sudd</a> flooded grassland</figcaption></figure> Little is known of the fungi of South Sudan. A list of fungi in Sudan was prepared by S. A. J. Tarr and published by the then <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Mycological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Mycological Institute">Commonwealth Mycological Institute</a> (Kew, Surrey, UK) in 1955. The list, of 383 species in 175 genera, included all fungi observed within the then boundaries of the country. Many of those records relate to what is now South Sudan. Most of the species recorded were associated with diseases of crops. The true number of species of fungi in South Sudan is probably much higher. In 2006, President Kiir announced that his government would do everything possible to protect and propagate South Sudanese fauna and flora, and seek to reduce the effects of wildfires, waste dumping, and water pollution. The environment is threatened by the development of the economy and infrastructure. The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 9.45/10, ranking it fourth globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-83">[82]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a> extend across South Sudan: the <a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Congolian_forest%E2%80%93savanna_mosaic" title="Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic">Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saharan_flooded_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saharan flooded grasslands">Saharan flooded grasslands</a> (Sudd), <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_Acacia_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian Acacia savanna">Sahelian Acacia savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_African_montane_forests" title="East African montane forests">East African montane forests</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Acacia%E2%80%93Commiphora_bushlands_and_thickets" title="Northern Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets">Northern Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_SSD_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Koppen-Geiger_Map_SSD_present.svg/300px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_SSD_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="850"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Koppen-Geiger_Map_SSD_present.svg/300px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_SSD_present.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Koppen-Geiger_Map_SSD_present.svg/450px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_SSD_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Koppen-Geiger_Map_SSD_present.svg/600px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_SSD_present.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>South Sudan map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2024_South_Sudan_floods" title="2024 South Sudan floods">2024 South Sudan floods</a></div> South Sudan has a tropical climate, characterized by a rainy season of high humidity and large amounts of rainfall followed by a drier season. The temperature on average is always high with July being the coolest month with average temperatures falling between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) and March being the warmest month with average temperatures ranging from 23 to 37 °C (73 to 98 °F).<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The most rainfall is seen between May and October, but the rainy season can commence in April and extend until November. On average May is the wettest month. The season is "influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Zone"<a href="#cite_note-factbook-86">[85]</a> and the shift to southerly and southwesterly winds leading to slightly lower temperatures, higher humidity, and more cloud coverage.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wildlife" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_South_Sudan" title="Wildlife of South Sudan">Wildlife of South Sudan</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government and politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of South Sudan">Government of South Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Sudan" title="Politics of South Sudan">Politics of South Sudan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"GoSS" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Goss_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Goss (disambiguation)">Goss</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama_and_First_Lady_Michelle_Obama_greet_His_Excellency_Salva_Kiir_Mayardit,_President_of_the_Republic_of_South_Sudan_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/President_Barack_Obama_and_First_Lady_Michelle_Obama_greet_His_Excellency_Salva_Kiir_Mayardit%2C_President_of_the_Republic_of_South_Sudan_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-President_Barack_Obama_and_First_Lady_Michelle_Obama_greet_His_Excellency_Salva_Kiir_Mayardit%2C_President_of_the_Republic_of_South_Sudan_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="684"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/President_Barack_Obama_and_First_Lady_Michelle_Obama_greet_His_Excellency_Salva_Kiir_Mayardit%2C_President_of_the_Republic_of_South_Sudan_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-President_Barack_Obama_and_First_Lady_Michelle_Obama_greet_His_Excellency_Salva_Kiir_Mayardit%2C_President_of_the_Republic_of_South_Sudan_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/President_Barack_Obama_and_First_Lady_Michelle_Obama_greet_His_Excellency_Salva_Kiir_Mayardit%2C_President_of_the_Republic_of_South_Sudan_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-President_Barack_Obama_and_First_Lady_Michelle_Obama_greet_His_Excellency_Salva_Kiir_Mayardit%2C_President_of_the_Republic_of_South_Sudan_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/President_Barack_Obama_and_First_Lady_Michelle_Obama_greet_His_Excellency_Salva_Kiir_Mayardit%2C_President_of_the_Republic_of_South_Sudan_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-President_Barack_Obama_and_First_Lady_Michelle_Obama_greet_His_Excellency_Salva_Kiir_Mayardit%2C_President_of_the_Republic_of_South_Sudan_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a>, the first president of South Sudan. His trademark <a href="/wiki/Stetson" title="Stetson">Stetson hat</a> was a gift from United States President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Sudan_Independence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/South_Sudan_Independence.jpg/220px-South_Sudan_Independence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/South_Sudan_Independence.jpg/220px-South_Sudan_Independence.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/South_Sudan_Independence.jpg/330px-South_Sudan_Independence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/South_Sudan_Independence.jpg/440px-South_Sudan_Independence.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>South Sudan's presidential guard on Independence Day, 2011</figcaption></figure> The now defunct <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Legislative_Assembly" title="Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly">Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly</a> ratified a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Sudan" title="Constitution of South Sudan">transitional constitution</a><a href="#cite_note-transconstit-88">[87]</a> shortly before <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> on 9 July 2011.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> was signed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="President of South Sudan">President of South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> Day and thereby came into force. It is now the supreme law of the land, superseding the Interim <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a> of 2005.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The constitution establishes a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a> of government headed by a <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a> who is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. It also establishes the <a href="/wiki/National_Legislature_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Legislature of South Sudan">National Legislature</a> comprising two houses: a directly elected assembly, the <a href="/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Legislative Assembly of South Sudan">National Legislative Assembly</a>, and a second chamber of representatives of the states, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of States of South Sudan">Council of States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Garang" title="John Garang">John Garang</a>, one of the founders of the SPLA/M, was the president of the autonomous government until his death on 30 July 2005. <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-factbook-86">[85]</a> his deputy, was sworn in as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice Presidents of Sudan">First Vice President of Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of South Sudan">President of the Government of Southern Sudan</a> on 11 August 2005. <a href="/wiki/Riek_Machar" title="Riek Machar">Riek Machar</a><a href="#cite_note-factbook-86">[85]</a> replaced him as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice-Presidents_of_the_Government_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice-Presidents of the Government of South Sudan">Vice-President of the Government</a>. Legislative power is vested in the government and the bicameral National Legislature. The constitution also provides for an independent judiciary, the highest organ being the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">Supreme Court</a>. On 8 May 2021, South Sudan President <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir" class="mw-redirect" title="Salva Kiir">Salva Kiir</a> announced a dissolution of Parliament as part of a 2018 peace deal to set up a new legislative body that will number 550 lawmakers.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> According to 2023 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> South Sudan is third lowest ranked <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">electoral democracy in Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_capital_project">National capital project</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: National capital project" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Sudan_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/South_Sudan_003.jpg/220px-South_Sudan_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/South_Sudan_003.jpg/220px-South_Sudan_003.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/South_Sudan_003.jpg/330px-South_Sudan_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/South_Sudan_003.jpg/440px-South_Sudan_003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A young South Sudanese girl smiling in traditional attire</figcaption></figure> The capital of South Sudan is located at <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>, which is also the state capital of <a href="/wiki/Central_Equatoria" title="Central Equatoria">Central Equatoria</a> and the county seat of the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Juba_County" title="Juba County">Juba County</a>, and is the country's largest city. However, due to Juba's poor infrastructure and massive urban growth, as well as its lack of centrality within South Sudan, the South Sudanese Government adopted a resolution in February 2011 to study the creation of a new <a href="/wiki/Planned_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned city">planned city</a> to serve as the seat of government.<a href="#cite_note-rnw-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-sudtrib-95">[94]</a> It is planned that the capital city will be changed to the more centrally located <a href="/wiki/Ramciel" title="Ramciel">Ramciel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBCprofile-96">[95]</a> This proposal is functionally similar to construction projects in <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, Nigeria; <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, Brazil; and <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, Australia; among other modern-era planned national capitals. It is unclear how the government will fund the project. In September 2011, a spokesman for the government said the country's political leaders had accepted a proposal to build a new capital at Ramciel,<a href="#cite_note-relocate-97">[96]</a> a place in <a href="/wiki/Lakes_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakes (state)">Lakes</a> state near the borders with Central Equatoria and <a href="/wiki/Jonglei" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonglei">Jonglei</a>. Ramciel is considered to be the geographical centre of the country,<a href="#cite_note-search-98">[97]</a> and the late pro-independence leader <a href="/wiki/John_Garang" title="John Garang">John Garang</a> allegedly had plans to relocate the capital there before his death in 2005. The proposal was supported by the Lakes state government and at least one Ramciel tribal chief.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The design, planning, and construction of the city will likely take as many as five years, government ministers said, and the move of national institutions to the new capital will be implemented in stages.<a href="#cite_note-relocate-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States">States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011–2015">2011–2015</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2011–2015" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthSudanStates.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SouthSudanStates.svg/220px-SouthSudanStates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="315"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SouthSudanStates.svg/220px-SouthSudanStates.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SouthSudanStates.svg/330px-SouthSudanStates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SouthSudanStates.svg/440px-SouthSudanStates.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The ten states of South Sudan prior to 2015, grouped in the three historical provinces of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_(region_of_South_Sudan)" title="Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)">Bahr el Ghazal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Equatoria" title="Equatoria">Equatoria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Upper_Nile" title="Greater Upper Nile">Greater Upper Nile</a></div></figcaption></figure> Prior to 2015, South Sudan was divided into ten states, which also correspond to three historical regions: <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_(region_of_South_Sudan)" title="Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)">Bahr el Ghazal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatoria" title="Equatoria">Equatoria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Upper_Nile" title="Greater Upper Nile">Greater Upper Nile region</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/Nuerland" title="Nuerland">Nuerland</a>: <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_(region_of_South_Sudan)" title="Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)">Bahr el Ghazal</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bahr_el_Ghazal" title="Northern Bahr el Ghazal">Northern Bahr el Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bahr_el_Ghazal" title="Western Bahr el Ghazal">Western Bahr el Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakes (state)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrap_(state)" title="Warrap (state)">Warrap</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Equatoria" title="Equatoria">Equatoria</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Equatoria" title="Western Equatoria">Western Equatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Equatoria" title="Central Equatoria">Central Equatoria</a> (containing the national capital city of <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Equatoria" title="Eastern Equatoria">Eastern Equatoria</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Greater_Upper_Nile" title="Greater Upper Nile">Greater Upper Nile</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonglei" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonglei">Jonglei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(state)" title="Unity (state)">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Nile_(state)" title="Upper Nile (state)">Rol Naath State</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei</a> Area, a small region of Sudan bordering on the South Sudanese states of Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Warrap, and Bentiu, was given special administrative status as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a> signed in 2005. Following the independence of South Sudan in 2011, Abyei is considered to be simultaneously part of both the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Sudan">Republic of Sudan</a> and the Republic of South Sudan, effectively a <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a>. It was due to hold a <a href="/wiki/Abyei_status_referendum,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyei status referendum, 2011">referendum</a> in 2011 on whether to join South Sudan or remain part of the Republic of Sudan, but in May 2011, the Sudanese military seized Abyei, and it is not clear if the referendum will be held.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015–2020">2015–2020</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2015–2020" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Sudan-32_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/South_Sudan-32_States.png/220px-South_Sudan-32_States.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2302"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/South_Sudan-32_States.png/220px-South_Sudan-32_States.png" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/South_Sudan-32_States.png/330px-South_Sudan-32_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/South_Sudan-32_States.png/440px-South_Sudan-32_States.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The 32 states of South Sudan, after the addition of four more states in 2017</figcaption></figure> In October 2015, South Sudan's President Salva Kiir issued a decree establishing twenty-eight states in place of the ten constitutionally established states.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The decree established the new states largely along ethnic lines. A number of opposition parties and civil society challenged the constitutionality of this decree and Kiir later resolved to take it to parliament for approval as a constitutional amendment.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> In November the South Sudanese parliament empowered President Kiir to create new states.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <dl><dt>Bar el Ghazal</dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Aweil_State" title="Aweil State">Aweil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aweil_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Aweil East">Aweil East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lakes_State" title="Eastern Lakes State">Eastern Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogrial_State" title="Gogrial State">Gogrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gok_State" title="Gok State">Gok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lol_State" title="Lol State">Lol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonj_State" title="Tonj State">Tonj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twic" class="mw-redirect" title="Twic">Twic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wau_State" title="Wau State">Wau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lakes_State" title="Western Lakes State">Western Lakes</a></li></ol> <dl><dt>Equatoria</dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Amadi_State" title="Amadi State">Amadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbudwe_State" title="Gbudwe State">Gbudwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torit" title="Torit">Torit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubek_State" title="Jubek State">Jubek</a> (containing the national capital city of <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maridi_State" title="Maridi State">Maridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapoeta_State" title="Kapoeta State">Kapoeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambura_State" title="Tambura State">Tambura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terekeka_State" title="Terekeka State">Terekeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_River_State" title="Yei River State">Yei River</a></li></ol> <dl><dt>Greater Upper Nile region</dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Boma_State" title="Boma State">Boma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rol_naath_State&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Rol naath State (page does not exist)">Central Rol naath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akobo_State" title="Akobo State">Akobo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rol_naath_State&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Rol naath State (page does not exist)">Northern Rol naath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonglei" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonglei">Jonglei State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latjoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Latjoor">Latjoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiwut_State" title="Maiwut State">Maiwut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liech" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Liech">Northern Liech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruweng_Administrative_Area" title="Ruweng Administrative Area">Ruweng</a> (Rubkona, Rubkotna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liech" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Liech">Southern Liech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieh_State" title="Bieh State">Bieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_State" title="Fashoda State">Fashoda State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangak_State" title="Fangak State">Fangak State</a></li></ol> On 14 January 2017 another four states were created; Central Rol Naath, Northern Rol Naath, Tumbura and Maiwut.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020–present">2020–present</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2020–present" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/States_of_South_Sudan" title="States of South Sudan">States of South Sudan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthSudanStatesandAdministrativeAreas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/SouthSudanStatesandAdministrativeAreas.svg/220px-SouthSudanStatesandAdministrativeAreas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="315"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/SouthSudanStatesandAdministrativeAreas.svg/220px-SouthSudanStatesandAdministrativeAreas.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/SouthSudanStatesandAdministrativeAreas.svg/330px-SouthSudanStatesandAdministrativeAreas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/SouthSudanStatesandAdministrativeAreas.svg/440px-SouthSudanStatesandAdministrativeAreas.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Administrative areas of South Sudan as of 2020</figcaption></figure> Under the terms of a peace agreement signed on 22 February 2020, South Sudan is again divided into ten states, with two administrative areas and one area with special administrative status.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kafia_Kingi" title="Kafia Kingi">Kafia Kingi</a> area is disputed between South Sudan and Sudan and the <a href="/wiki/Ilemi_Triangle" title="Ilemi Triangle">Ilemi Triangle</a> is disputed between South Sudan and Kenya. The states and administrative areas are once again grouped into the three former historical provinces of the Sudan; <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_(region_of_South_Sudan)" title="Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)">Bahr el Ghazal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatoria" title="Equatoria">Equatoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Upper_Nile" title="Greater Upper Nile">Greater Upper Nile</a>: <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_(region_of_South_Sudan)" title="Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)">Bahr el Ghazal</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bahr_el_Ghazal" title="Northern Bahr el Ghazal">Northern Bahr el Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bahr_el_Ghazal" title="Western Bahr el Ghazal">Western Bahr el Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakes (state)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrap_(state)" title="Warrap (state)">Warrap</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Equatoria" title="Equatoria">Equatoria</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Equatoria" title="Western Equatoria">Western Equatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Equatoria" title="Central Equatoria">Central Equatoria</a> (containing the national capital city of <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Equatoria" title="Eastern Equatoria">Eastern Equatoria</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Greater_Upper_Nile" title="Greater Upper Nile">Greater Upper Nile</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonglei" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonglei">Jonglei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(state)" title="Unity (state)">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Nile_(state)" title="Upper Nile (state)">Upper Nile</a> (Rol Naath)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Administrative Areas</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pibor_Administrative_Area" title="Greater Pibor Administrative Area">Greater Pibor Administrative Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruweng_Administrative_Area" title="Ruweng Administrative Area">Ruweng Administrative Area</a> (Rubkotna)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Special Administrative Status Areas</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei Special Administrative Area</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foreign relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Sudan" title="Foreign relations of South Sudan">Foreign relations of South Sudan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_South_Sudan_President_Kiir_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_South_Sudan_President_Kiir_%283%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_South_Sudan_President_Kiir_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1891"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_South_Sudan_President_Kiir_%283%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_South_Sudan_President_Kiir_%283%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_South_Sudan_President_Kiir_%283%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_South_Sudan_President_Kiir_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_South_Sudan_President_Kiir_%283%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_South_Sudan_President_Kiir_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> meets with President <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir</a>, 26 <a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> 2013.</figcaption></figure> Since <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, relations with <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> have been changing. Sudan's <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Sudan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> first announced, in <a href="/wiki/January" title="January">January</a> 2011, that dual citizenship in the North and the South would be allowed,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_independence-81">[80]</a> but upon the independence of South Sudan he retracted the offer. He has also suggested an EU-style confederation.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_9_July-107">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Essam_Sharaf" title="Essam Sharaf">Essam Sharaf</a>, Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">2011 Egyptian Revolution</a>, made his first foreign visit to <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> in the lead-up to South Sudan's secession.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Israel quickly recognized South Sudan as an independent country,<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> and is host to thousands of <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_refugees_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese refugees in Israel">refugees from South Sudan</a>, many of whom have finally been granted temporary resident status more than a decade later.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> According to American sources, President Obama officially recognised the new state after <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> were among the first to recognise the country's <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> on 8 July 2011.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Several states that participated in the international negotiations concluded with a self-determination referendum were also quick to acknowledge the overwhelming result. The Rationalist process included <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[a]</a> South Sudan is a member state of the United Nations,<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-au54-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a>,<a href="#cite_note-en.igihe.com-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-bw1-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-sudantribune1-119">[117]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> South Sudan plans to join the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/OPEC_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="OPEC Plus">OPEC+</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Some international trade organizations categorize South Sudan as part of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Horn_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Horn of Africa">Greater Horn of Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Full membership in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> has been assured, should the country's government choose to seek it,<a href="#cite_note-sdntribuneArabLg-125">[123]</a> though it could also opt for observer status.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> It was admitted to UNESCO on 3 November 2011.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> On 25 November 2011, it officially joined the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">Intergovernmental Authority on Development</a>, a regional grouping of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> states.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> The United States supported the 2011 referendum on South Sudan's independence. The New York Times reported, "South Sudan is in many ways an American creation, carved out of war-torn Sudan in a referendum largely orchestrated by the United States, its fragile institutions nurtured with billions of dollars in American aid."<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> The U.S. government's long-standing sanctions against Sudan were officially removed from applicability to newly independent South Sudan in December 2011, and senior RSS officials participated in a high-level international engagement conference in Washington, D.C., to help connect foreign investors with the RSS and South Sudanese private sector representatives.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Given the interdependence between some sectors of the economy of the Republic of South Sudan and the Republic of Sudan, certain activities still require OFAC authorization. Absent a licence, current Sudanese sanction regulations will continue to prohibit U.S. persons from dealing in property and interests that benefit Sudan or the Government of Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> A 2011 Congressional Research Service report, "The Republic of South Sudan: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa's Newest Country", identifies outstanding political and humanitarian issues as the country forges its future.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including South Sudan, signed a joint letter to the <a href="/wiki/UNHRC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHRC">UNHRC</a> defending China's treatment of <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> The UAE lent South Sudan $12 billion for a period of 20 years. The loan agreement was signed between South Sudan and an Emirati firm owned by Hamad bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, the sources of whose wealth and investments have been suspicions during the failed takeover of Beitar Jerusalem FC. The loan deposit was directed to an Emirati bank account, of which 70% were allocated to infrastructure facilities. As per the agreement, South Sudan was to repay by the means of oil shipments, priced at $10 per barrel less than its market value. Additional oil shipments were agreed in case of decrease in oil prices. The agreement took no account of the Sudan war.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="South Sudan People's Defence Forces">South Sudan People's Defence Forces</a></div> A Defence paper was initiated in 2007 by then Minister for SPLA Affairs <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Dim_Deng" title="Dominic Dim Deng">Dominic Dim Deng</a>, and a draft was produced in 2008. It declared that <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)">Southern Sudan</a> would eventually maintain land, air, and riverine forces.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit">[update]</a>, South Sudan has the third highest <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> spending as a percentage of GDP in the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a>, behind only Oman and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Human rights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Sudan" title="Human rights in South Sudan">Human rights in South Sudan</a></div> Campaigns of atrocities against civilians have been attributed to the SPLA.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-139">[137]</a> In the SPLA/M's attempt to disarm rebellions among the <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murle_people" title="Murle people">Murle</a>, they burned scores of villages, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a> hundreds of women and girls and killed an untold number of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-140">[138]</a> Civilians alleging <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> claim fingernails being torn out, burning plastic bags dripped on children to make their parents hand over weapons, and villagers burned alive in their huts if it was suspected that rebels had spent the night there.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-140">[138]</a> In May 2011, the SPLA allegedly set fire to over 7,000 homes in <a href="/wiki/Unity_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity State">Unity State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> The UN reports many of these violations and the frustrated director of one Juba-based international aid agency calls them "human rights abuses off the <a href="/wiki/Richter_scale" title="Richter scale">Richter scale</a>".<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-140">[138]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> issued a warning that "over the next five years ... a new mass killing or <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> is most likely to occur in southern Sudan."<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-140">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nuer_White_Army" title="Nuer White Army">Nuer White Army</a> has stated it wished to "<a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">wipe out</a> the entire <a href="/wiki/Murle_people" title="Murle people">Murle</a> tribe on the face of the earth as the only solution to guarantee long-term security of Nuer's cattle"<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-55">[54]</a> and activists, including <a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group_International" title="Minority Rights Group International">Minority Rights Group International</a>, warned of genocide in <a href="/wiki/Jonglei" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonglei">Jonglei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sudantribune2-142">[140]</a> At the beginning of 2017, genocide was imminent again.<a href="#cite_note-D+C-143">[141]</a> Peter Abdul Rahaman Sule, the leader of the key opposition group <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Sudan)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Democratic Front (Sudan)">United Democratic Forum</a>, has been under arrest since 3 November 2011 over allegations linking him to the formation of a new rebel group fighting against the government.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a> rate in South Sudan is 52%.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in South Sudan">Homosexual acts</a> are illegal.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Recruitment of <a href="/wiki/Child_soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldier">child soldiers</a> has also been cited as a serious problem in the country.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> In April 2014, <a href="/wiki/Navi_Pillay" title="Navi Pillay">Navi Pillay</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/UN_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="UN High Commissioner for Human Rights">UN High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>, stated that more than 9,000 <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldiers">child soldiers</a> had been fighting in South Sudan's <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> The United Nations rights office has described the situation in the country as "one of the most horrendous <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> situations in the world". It accused the army and allied militias of allowing fighters to rape women as form of payment for fighting, as well as raid cattle in an agreement of "do what you can, take what you can."<a href="#cite_note-globalpost-150">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> claimed the army suffocated more than 60 people accused of supporting the opposition to death in a shipping container.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> On 22 December 2017, at the conclusion of a 12-day visit to the region, the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan said, "Four years following the start of the current conflict in South Sudan, gross human rights violations continue to be committed in a widespread way by all parties to the conflict, in which civilians are bearing the brunt."<a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-152">[150]</a> The Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan was established by the Human Rights Council in March 2016.<a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-152">[150]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Sudan" title="Economy of South Sudan">Economy of South Sudan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies based in South Sudan">List of companies based in South Sudan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loka_west_teak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Loka_west_teak.jpg/220px-Loka_west_teak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="230"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Loka_west_teak.jpg/220px-Loka_west_teak.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Loka_west_teak.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Teak logs for export</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> of South Sudan is one of the world's most underdeveloped,<a href="#cite_note-Economist_2023-12-20-153">[151]</a> with South Sudan having little existing <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> and the highest maternal mortality and female illiteracy rates in the world as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-154">[152]</a> South Sudan exports timber to the <a href="/wiki/Global_marketing" title="Global marketing">international market</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a> also contains many <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> ore, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardwoods" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwoods">hardwoods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>, as in many other developing <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">countries</a>, is heavily <a href="/wiki/Dependant" title="Dependant">dependent</a> on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. Other than natural resources-based companies, other such organisations include <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Beverages_Limited" title="Southern Sudan Beverages Limited">Southern Sudan Beverages Limited</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/SABMiller" title="SABMiller">SABMiller</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil">Oil</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Oil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The oilfields in South Sudan have been significant to the economy since the latter part of the 20th century. In 2023, oil constitutes more than 90% of state revenues.<a href="#cite_note-Economist_2023-12-20-153">[151]</a> The country has the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oil-156">[154]</a> However, after South Sudan became an independent nation in July 2011, southern and northern negotiators were not immediately able to reach an agreement on how to split the revenue from these southern oilfields.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png/250px-Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="374" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="762"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 374px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png/250px-Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png" data-width="250" data-height="374" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png/375px-Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png/500px-Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Oil and gas concessions in Sudan – 2004</figcaption></figure> It is estimated that South Sudan has around 4 times the oil deposits of Sudan. The oil revenues, according to the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a> (CPA), were split equally for the duration of the agreement period.<a href="#cite_note-pulitzercenter.org-158">[156]</a> Since South Sudan relies on pipelines, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refineries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a>'s facilities in <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Sea (state)">Red Sea</a> state in Sudan, the agreement stated that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sudan" title="Government of Sudan">government</a> of Sudan in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> would receive a 50% share of all oil revenues.<a href="#cite_note-pulitzercenter.org-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-hours-159">[157]</a> This arrangement was maintained during the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Government_of_Southern_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan">second period of autonomy</a> from 2005 to 2011. In the run up to independence, northern negotiators reportedly pressed for a deal maintaining the 50–50 split of oil revenues, while the South Sudanese were holding out for more favourable terms.<a href="#cite_note-hours-159">[157]</a> Oil revenues constitute more than 98% of the government of South Sudan's budget according to the southern government's Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and this has amounted to more than $8 billion in revenue since the signing of the peace agreement.<a href="#cite_note-pulitzercenter.org-158">[156]</a> After independence, South Sudan objected to Sudan charging US$34 per <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">barrel</a> to transport oil through the pipeline to the oil terminal at Port Sudan. With production of around 30,000 barrels per day, this was costing over a million dollars per day. In January 2012, South Sudan suspended oil production, causing a dramatic reduction in revenue and food costs to rise by 120%.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Nile_Drilling_%26_Services" title="Nile Drilling & Services">Nile Drilling & Services</a> became South Sudan's first locally owned and run petroleum drilling company. <a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a> (CNPC) is a major investor in South Sudan's oil sector.<a href="#cite_note-oil-156">[154]</a> South Sudan's economy is under pressure to diversify away from oil as oil reserves will likely halve by 2020 if no new finds are made, according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF).<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debt">Debt</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Debt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In terms of South Sudan's external debt, Sudan and South Sudan maintain a shared debt of approximately US$38 billion, all of which has accumulated throughout the past five decades.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Though a small portion of this debt is owed to such international institutions as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (approximately US$5.3 billion according to a 2009 report provided by the Bank of Sudan), the bulk of its debt load is actually owed to numerous foreign actors that have provided the nation with financial loans, including the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a> (over US$11 billion) and also non-Paris Club bilateral creditors (over US$13 billion).<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> The Paris Club refers to an informal group of financial officials from 19 of the world's most influential economies, including such member nations as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Canada, while non-Paris Club bilateral creditors refers to any entity that does not enjoy permanent/associated status as a Paris Club member.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Private bilateral creditors (i.e. private commercial banks and private credit suppliers) account for the majority of the remainder (approximately US$6 billion of the total debt).<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_African_Community_membership">East African Community membership</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: East African Community membership" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The presidents of Kenya and Rwanda invited the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Government_of_Southern_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan">Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan</a> to apply for membership to the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> upon the independence of South Sudan in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-en.igihe.com-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> and South Sudan was reportedly an applicant country as of mid-July 2011.<a href="#cite_note-en.igihe.com-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> Analysts suggested that South Sudan's early efforts to integrate infrastructure, including <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_South_Sudan" title="Rail transport in South Sudan">rail links</a> and oil pipelines,<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> with systems in Kenya and Uganda indicated intention on the part of <a href="/wiki/Juba,_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juba, South Sudan">Juba</a> to pivot away from dependence on <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and toward the EAC. On 17 September 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Nation" title="Daily Nation">Daily Nation</a> quoted a South Sudanese MP as saying that while his government was eager to join the EAC, it would likely delay its membership over concerns that its economy was not sufficiently developed to compete with EAC member states and could become a "dumping ground" for Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan exports.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> This was contradicted by President <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir" class="mw-redirect" title="Salva Kiir">Salva Kiir</a>, who announced South Sudan had officially embarked on the application process one month later.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> The application was initially deferred by the EAC in December 2012,<a href="#cite_note-SS2EAC-171">[169]</a> and incidents with Ugandan <a href="/wiki/Boda-boda" class="mw-redirect" title="Boda-boda">boda-boda</a> operators in South Sudan created political tension.<a href="#cite_note-UQSS2EAC-172">[170]</a> In December 2012, Tanzania officially agreed to South Sudan's bid to join the EAC, clearing the way for the world's newest state to become the regional bloc's sixth member.<a href="#cite_note-Tanzania_warms_up_to_South_Sudan-173">[171]</a> In May 2013, the EAC set aside $82,000 for the admission process. Starting after the EAC Council of Ministers meeting in August 2013, was projected to take at least four years. At the 14th Ordinary Summit held in Nairobi in 2012, EAC heads of state approved the verification report that was presented by the Council of Ministers, then directed it to start the negotiation process with South Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-EAC_prepares_to_admit_South_Sudan-174">[172]</a> A team was formed to assess South Sudan's bid; however, in April 2014, the nation requested a delay in the admissions process, presumably due to <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">South Sudanese Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-observer-176">[174]</a> South Sudan's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Barnaba Marial Benjamin, claimed publicly in October 2015 that, following unpublished evaluations and meetings of a special technical committee in May, June, August, September and October, the committee has recommended that South Sudan be allowed to join the East African Community.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> South Sudan was eventually approved for membership in <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> in March 2016,<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> and formally acceded with the signature of the treaty in April 2016.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Sudan_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations">South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> South Sudan has applied to join the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> considering that South Sudan was part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a>, and has two <a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">republics in the Commonwealth of Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, as neighbouring countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Sudan" title="Transport in South Sudan">Transport in South Sudan</a></div> Road transport is the most common and cheapest means of transport used in the country. The Nile River provides the major water transport in South Sudan. The White Nile is a navigable <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterway</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Albert_(Africa)" title="Lake Albert (Africa)">Lake Albert (Africa)</a> to <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> through <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Aulia_Dam" title="Jebel Aulia Dam">Jebel Aulia Dam</a>. Between <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, the river requires a channel to make it navigable. During part of the year the rivers are navigable up to <a href="/wiki/Gambela,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambela, Ethiopia">Gambela, Ethiopia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wau,_South_Sudan" title="Wau, South Sudan">Wau, South Sudan</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Train_Sudan_towards_Wau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Train_Sudan_towards_Wau.jpg/220px-Train_Sudan_towards_Wau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="693"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Train_Sudan_towards_Wau.jpg/220px-Train_Sudan_towards_Wau.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Train_Sudan_towards_Wau.jpg/330px-Train_Sudan_towards_Wau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Train_Sudan_towards_Wau.jpg/440px-Train_Sudan_towards_Wau.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Passengers atop a train travelling towards <a href="/wiki/Wau,_South_Sudan" title="Wau, South Sudan">Wau</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPAF_Mi17_helicopters_at_Juba_Airport_January_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/SPAF_Mi17_helicopters_at_Juba_Airport_January_2011.jpg/220px-SPAF_Mi17_helicopters_at_Juba_Airport_January_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/SPAF_Mi17_helicopters_at_Juba_Airport_January_2011.jpg/220px-SPAF_Mi17_helicopters_at_Juba_Airport_January_2011.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/SPAF_Mi17_helicopters_at_Juba_Airport_January_2011.jpg/330px-SPAF_Mi17_helicopters_at_Juba_Airport_January_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/SPAF_Mi17_helicopters_at_Juba_Airport_January_2011.jpg/440px-SPAF_Mi17_helicopters_at_Juba_Airport_January_2011.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-17" title="Mil Mi-17">Mil Mi-17</a> helicopters at <a href="/wiki/Juba_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Juba Airport">Juba Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railway">Railway</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Railway" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_South_Sudan" title="Rail transport in South Sudan">Rail transport in South Sudan</a></div> South Sudan has 248 km (154 mi) of single-track 1,067 mm (<a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways">3 ft 6 in</a>) gauge railway line from the Sudanese border to <a href="/wiki/Wau,_South_Sudan" title="Wau, South Sudan">Wau</a> terminus. There are proposed extensions from Wau to <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>. There are also plans to link Juba with the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Kenya" title="Rail transport in Kenya">Kenyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Uganda">Ugandan</a> railway networks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air">Air</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Air" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_South_Sudan" title="List of airports in South Sudan">List of airports in South Sudan</a></div> The busiest and most developed airport in South Sudan is <a href="/wiki/Juba_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Juba Airport">Juba Airport</a>, which has regular international connections to <a href="/wiki/Asmara_International_Airport" title="Asmara International Airport">Asmara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entebbe_International_Airport" title="Entebbe International Airport">Entebbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta_International_Airport" title="Jomo Kenyatta International Airport">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Airport" title="Cairo International Airport">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bole_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bole International Airport">Addis Ababa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_International_Airport" title="Khartoum International Airport">Khartoum</a>. Juba Airport was also the home base of <a href="/wiki/Feeder_Airlines_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Feeder Airlines Company">Feeder Airlines Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Star_Airlines" title="Southern Star Airlines">Southern Star Airlines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> Other international airports include <a href="/wiki/Malakal_Airport" title="Malakal Airport">Malakal</a>, with international flights to Addis Ababa and Khartoum; <a href="/wiki/Wau_Airport" title="Wau Airport">Wau</a>, with weekly service to Khartoum; and <a href="/wiki/Rumbek_Airport" title="Rumbek Airport">Rumbek</a>, also with weekly flights to Khartoum. Southern Sudan Airlines also serves <a href="/wiki/Nimule_Airport" title="Nimule Airport">Nimule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akobo_Airport" title="Akobo Airport">Akobo</a>, which have unpaved runways. Several smaller airports exist throughout South Sudan, the majority consisting of little more than dirt runways. On 4 April 2012, plans were unveiled to launch a South Sudanese national airline, primarily for domestic service at first but eventually expanding to international service.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_crisis">Water crisis</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Water crisis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_in_South_Sudan" title="Water supply in South Sudan">Water supply in South Sudan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Sudanese nomadic conflicts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campamento_de_ganado_de_la_tribu_Mundari,_Terekeka,_Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur,_2024-01-27,_DD_29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Campamento_de_ganado_de_la_tribu_Mundari%2C_Terekeka%2C_Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur%2C_2024-01-27%2C_DD_29.jpg/220px-Campamento_de_ganado_de_la_tribu_Mundari%2C_Terekeka%2C_Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur%2C_2024-01-27%2C_DD_29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5757" data-file-height="3838"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Campamento_de_ganado_de_la_tribu_Mundari%2C_Terekeka%2C_Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur%2C_2024-01-27%2C_DD_29.jpg/220px-Campamento_de_ganado_de_la_tribu_Mundari%2C_Terekeka%2C_Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur%2C_2024-01-27%2C_DD_29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Campamento_de_ganado_de_la_tribu_Mundari%2C_Terekeka%2C_Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur%2C_2024-01-27%2C_DD_29.jpg/330px-Campamento_de_ganado_de_la_tribu_Mundari%2C_Terekeka%2C_Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur%2C_2024-01-27%2C_DD_29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Campamento_de_ganado_de_la_tribu_Mundari%2C_Terekeka%2C_Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur%2C_2024-01-27%2C_DD_29.jpg/440px-Campamento_de_ganado_de_la_tribu_Mundari%2C_Terekeka%2C_Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur%2C_2024-01-27%2C_DD_29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cattle camp of the <a href="/wiki/Mundari_people" title="Mundari people">Mundari people</a> in Central Equatoria</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_in_South_Sudan" title="Water supply in South Sudan">water supply in South Sudan</a> is faced with numerous challenges. Although the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a> runs through the country, water is scarce during the dry season in areas that are not located on the river. About half the population does not have access to an <a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved water source</a>, defined as a protected well, standpipe or a handpump within one kilometre. The few existing piped water supply systems are often not well maintained and the water they provide is often not safe to drink. Displaced people returning home put a huge strain on infrastructure, and the government institutions in charge of the sector are weak. Substantial external funding from numerous government agencies and non-governmental organizations is available to improve water supply. Numerous non-governmental organizations support water supply in Southern Sudan, such as <a href="/wiki/Water_is_Basic" title="Water is Basic">Water is Basic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_for_South_Sudan" title="Water for South Sudan">Water for South Sudan</a>, the Obakki Foundation<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> and Bridgton-Lake Region Rotary Club<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> from North America. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Sudan" title="Demographics of South Sudan">Demographics of South Sudan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Sudan" title="List of cities in South Sudan">List of cities in South Sudan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Sudan_ethnic_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/South_Sudan_ethnic_map.svg/220px-South_Sudan_ethnic_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="794"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/South_Sudan_ethnic_map.svg/220px-South_Sudan_ethnic_map.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/South_Sudan_ethnic_map.svg/330px-South_Sudan_ethnic_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/South_Sudan_ethnic_map.svg/440px-South_Sudan_ethnic_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the ethnic groups of South Sudan</figcaption></figure> South Sudan has a population of approximately 11 million<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-186">[184]</a> and a predominantly rural, subsistence economy. This region has been negatively affected by war for all but 10 of the years since 1956, resulting in serious neglect, lack of <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2 million people have died, and more than 4 million are <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a> or became <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> as a result of the civil war and its impact. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_in_Yambio,_Western_Equatoria,_South_Sudan_(28_05_2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Children_in_Yambio%2C_Western_Equatoria%2C_South_Sudan_%2828_05_2009%29.jpg/220px-Children_in_Yambio%2C_Western_Equatoria%2C_South_Sudan_%2828_05_2009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Children_in_Yambio%2C_Western_Equatoria%2C_South_Sudan_%2828_05_2009%29.jpg/220px-Children_in_Yambio%2C_Western_Equatoria%2C_South_Sudan_%2828_05_2009%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Children_in_Yambio%2C_Western_Equatoria%2C_South_Sudan_%2828_05_2009%29.jpg/330px-Children_in_Yambio%2C_Western_Equatoria%2C_South_Sudan_%2828_05_2009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Children_in_Yambio%2C_Western_Equatoria%2C_South_Sudan_%2828_05_2009%29.jpg/440px-Children_in_Yambio%2C_Western_Equatoria%2C_South_Sudan_%2828_05_2009%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Children in Yambio, Western Equatoria, South Sudan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAID-funded_Southern_Sudan_Interactive_Radio_Instruction_project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/USAID-funded_Southern_Sudan_Interactive_Radio_Instruction_project.jpg/220px-USAID-funded_Southern_Sudan_Interactive_Radio_Instruction_project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4260" data-file-height="2836"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/USAID-funded_Southern_Sudan_Interactive_Radio_Instruction_project.jpg/220px-USAID-funded_Southern_Sudan_Interactive_Radio_Instruction_project.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/USAID-funded_Southern_Sudan_Interactive_Radio_Instruction_project.jpg/330px-USAID-funded_Southern_Sudan_Interactive_Radio_Instruction_project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/USAID-funded_Southern_Sudan_Interactive_Radio_Instruction_project.jpg/440px-USAID-funded_Southern_Sudan_Interactive_Radio_Instruction_project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rural school children participating in the <a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a>-funded Southern Sudan Interactive Radio Instruction project, July 2010</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008_census">2008 census</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2008 census" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Sudan_034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/South_Sudan_034.jpg/170px-South_Sudan_034.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/South_Sudan_034.jpg/170px-South_Sudan_034.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/South_Sudan_034.jpg/255px-South_Sudan_034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/South_Sudan_034.jpg/340px-South_Sudan_034.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Woman in South Sudan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Village_in_South_Sudan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Village_in_South_Sudan.jpg/220px-Village_in_South_Sudan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Village_in_South_Sudan.jpg/220px-Village_in_South_Sudan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Village_in_South_Sudan.jpg/330px-Village_in_South_Sudan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Village_in_South_Sudan.jpg/440px-Village_in_South_Sudan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A village in South Sudan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Garang_Mausoleum_Square_in_Juba.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/John_Garang_Mausoleum_Square_in_Juba.JPG/220px-John_Garang_Mausoleum_Square_in_Juba.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/John_Garang_Mausoleum_Square_in_Juba.JPG/220px-John_Garang_Mausoleum_Square_in_Juba.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/John_Garang_Mausoleum_Square_in_Juba.JPG/330px-John_Garang_Mausoleum_Square_in_Juba.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/John_Garang_Mausoleum_Square_in_Juba.JPG/440px-John_Garang_Mausoleum_Square_in_Juba.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>John Garang Square in Juba</figcaption></figure> The "Fifth Population and Housing Census of Sudan", for Sudan as a whole, was conducted in April 2008. The census counted the Southern Sudan population at 8.26 million;<a href="#cite_note-n24-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-epro-188">[186]</a> however, Southern Sudanese officials rejected the census results of Southern Sudan because "the central bureau of statistics in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> refused to share the national Sudan raw census data with the southern Sudan centre for census, statistics and evaluation".<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> In addition, President Kiir "suspected figures were being deflated in some regions and inflated in others, and that made the final tally 'unacceptable'."<a href="#cite_note-newvis-190">[188]</a> He claimed that the Southern Sudanese population actually constituted one-third of that of Sudan, though the census showed it to be only 22%.<a href="#cite_note-epro-188">[186]</a> Many southern Sudanese were also said to have been uncounted "due to bad weather, poor communication and transport networks, and some areas were unreachable, while many southern Sudanese remained in exile in neighbouring countries, leading to 'unacceptable results', according [to] southern Sudanese authorities."<a href="#cite_note-newvis-190">[188]</a> The chief American technical adviser for the census in the south said that the census-takers probably reached only 89% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2009_census">2009 census</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 2009 census" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2009, Sudan initiated a Southern Sudanese census ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum" title="2011 South Sudanese independence referendum">2011 independence referendum</a>, which would also include the <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_diaspora" title="South Sudanese diaspora">South Sudanese diaspora</a>; however, this initiative was criticised for leaving out countries with a high share of the South Sudanese diaspora, rather counting countries where the diaspora share was low.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The major <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> present in South Sudan are the <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka</a> at approximately 40 percent of the population, the <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a> at approximately 20 percent, and the <a href="/wiki/Azande" class="mw-redirect" title="Azande">Azande</a> at approximately 10 percent, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bari_people" title="Bari people">Bari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Currently, around 800,000 expatriates from the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> are living in South Sudan. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Diaspora" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_diaspora" title="South Sudanese diaspora">South Sudanese diaspora</a></div> The South Sudanese diaspora consists of citizens of South Sudan residing abroad. The number of South Sudanese outside South Sudan has sharply increased since the beginning of the struggle for independence from <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. Almost one and a half million South Sudanese have left the country as refugees, either permanently or as temporary workforce, leading to the establishment of the South Sudanese diaspora population.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The largest communities of the South Sudanese diaspora are located in North America, Western Europe and Oceania. They can be found in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia. Small communities exist in France, Italy, Germany, Sweden, and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Activist Achol Jok Mach has spoken out about growing up and growing up in a diaspora community and the effect on her identity, saying: "I was only ever told, 'You are South Sudanese'... It was only much later that I learned I was <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka</a>."<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Largest cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Largest cities or towns in South Sudan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">According to the 2008 Census<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Sudan" title="List of cities in South Sudan">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/States_of_South_Sudan" title="States of South Sudan">State</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Juba_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juba"><noscript><img alt="Juba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Juba_City.jpg/120px-Juba_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4864" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Juba_City.jpg/120px-Juba_City.jpg" data-alt="Juba" data-width="120" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Juba_City.jpg/180px-Juba_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Juba_City.jpg/240px-Juba_City.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Wau,_Sudan_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wau"><noscript><img alt="Wau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wau%2C_Sudan_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Wau%2C_Sudan_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3977" data-file-height="2012"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 61px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wau%2C_Sudan_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Wau%2C_Sudan_-_panoramio.jpg" data-alt="Wau" data-width="120" data-height="61" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wau%2C_Sudan_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Wau%2C_Sudan_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wau%2C_Sudan_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Wau%2C_Sudan_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Wau,_South_Sudan" title="Wau, South Sudan">Wau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Equatoria" title="Central Equatoria">Central Equatoria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">230,195 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wau,_South_Sudan" title="Wau, South Sudan">Wau</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Bahr_el_Ghazal" title="Western Bahr el Ghazal">Western Bahr el Ghazal</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">118,331 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Malakal" title="Malakal">Malakal</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Nile_(state)" title="Upper Nile (state)">Upper Nile</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">114,528 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yambio" title="Yambio">Yambio</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Equatoria" title="Western Equatoria">Western Equatoria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">105,881 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yei,_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yei, South Sudan">Yei</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Equatoria" title="Central Equatoria">Central Equatoria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">69,720 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Renk,_South_Sudan" title="Renk, South Sudan">Renk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Nile_(state)" title="Upper Nile (state)">Upper Nile</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">69,079 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aweil,_South_Sudan" title="Aweil, South Sudan">Aweil</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bahr_el_Ghazal" title="Northern Bahr el Ghazal">Northern Bahr el Ghazal</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">59,217 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maridi" title="Maridi">Maridi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Equatoria" title="Western Equatoria">Western Equatoria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,602 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bentiu" title="Bentiu">Bentiu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unity_(state)" title="Unity (state)">Unity</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,328 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bor,_South_Sudan" title="Bor, South Sudan">Bor</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jonglei_State" title="Jonglei State">Jonglei</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,188 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Sudan" title="Languages of South Sudan">Languages of South Sudan</a></div> There are 70 languages spoken in South Sudan, of which 60 are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous</a> and granted constitutional status as "<a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a>" that "shall be respected, developed and promoted".<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> English is the sole <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-engwork-1">[1]</a> being constitutionally enshrined as the "official working language" of government and the "language of instruction at all levels of education".<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> English had been the principal language of what is now South Sudan since 1972, serving as the common medium for administrative purposes.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-199">[197]</a> However, few South Sudanese speak it as a first language.<a href="#cite_note-USAID_Language_of_Instruction-200">[198]</a> The majority of languages spoken in South Sudan are classified within the <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan Language family</a>, specifically the subbranches of <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nile Sudanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Sudanic_languages" title="Central Sudanic languages">Central Sudanic</a>; most of the remainder are part of the <a href="/wiki/Adamawa-Ubangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamawa-Ubangi">Adamawa-Ubangi</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo family">Niger-Congo family</a>. The most common languages are <a href="/wiki/Nuer_language" title="Nuer language">Nuer</a> (4.35 million), <a href="/wiki/Bari_language" title="Bari language">Bari</a> (595,000) <a href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</a> (940,000) or <a href="/wiki/Zande_language" title="Zande language">Zande</a> (420,000), which are collectively spoken by approximately 60% of the population;<a href="#cite_note-USAID_Language_of_Instruction-200">[198]</a> other major indigenous languages include <a href="/wiki/Murle_language" title="Murle language">Murle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luo_languages" title="Luo languages">Luo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma%27di_language" title="Ma'di language">Ma'di</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otuho_language" title="Otuho language">Otuho</a>. Six indigenous languages are threatened with <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinction</a>, with another 11 declining.<a href="#cite_note-USAID_Language_of_Instruction-200">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> family, is the most widely spoken language.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> The most common variety is <a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba Arabic</a>, also known as South Sudanese Arabic, a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> that serves as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for local governments, national commerce, and in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> It is spoken by approximately 1.45 million people, of whom only 250,000 speak it natively. <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese Arabic</a>, the prevailing dialect in Sudan, has approximately 460,000 speakers, primarily in the northern regions of South Sudan; it has been described as the de facto language of national identity.<a href="#cite_note-USAID_Language_of_Instruction-200">[198]</a> Arabic had been recognized as South Sudan's second official language, alongside English, in its 2005 interim constitution,<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> but has no legal status in the current transitional constitution adopted in 2011. <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu language</a> spoken primarily in East Africa, has been proposed as a second official language. In 2011, South Sudan's ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> stated that <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> would be introduced in South Sudan with the goal of supplanting Arabic as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, in keeping with the country's orientation toward the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> rather than Sudan and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Following the South Sudan's ascension to the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> in 2019, the government has moved to adopt Swahili into the official curricula at primary school.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Africanews_2017-07-05-206">[204]</a> Nevertheless, South Sudan submitted an application to join the Arab League as a <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">member state</a> on 25 March 2014, which is still pending.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> In an interview with the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Asharq_Al-Awsat" title="Asharq Al-Awsat">Asharq Al-Awsat</a>, the Foreign Minister of South Sudan <a href="/wiki/Deng_Alor_Kuol" title="Deng Alor Kuol">Deng Alor Kuol</a> said: South Sudan is the closest African country to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, and we speak a special kind of Arabic known as Juba Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Sudan supports South Sudan's request to join the Arab League.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Juba Arabic is a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in South Sudan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">Religion in South Sudan</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yirol_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Yirol_Church.jpg/279px-Yirol_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="279" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1063"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 279px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Yirol_Church.jpg/279px-Yirol_Church.jpg" data-width="279" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Yirol_Church.jpg/419px-Yirol_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Yirol_Church.jpg/558px-Yirol_Church.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Sudan" title="Catholic Church in South Sudan">Holy Cross Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lakes_State" title="Lakes State">Lakes State</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religions</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sudanese">South Sudanese</a> include <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> various traditional <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous belief systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> Exact figures are lacking due to internal displacement from ongoing conflict, large numbers of frequently-migrating pastoralists, and insufficient government resources.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-US_St_Dept-214">[212]</a> The last <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">official census</a> to take into account religion was in 1956, where a majority of people were classified as adherents of traditional beliefs or <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christianity</a>, while 18% were <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> According to various nongovernmental sources, in 2020, the majority of the population (60.5%) was Christian, followed by adherents of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional African religions</a> (32.9%) and Muslims (6.2%).<a href="#cite_note-US2022-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> This proportion was largely unchanged from the prior decade.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Other religions with small populations include the Baha’i Faith, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-US_St_Dept-214">[212]</a> In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/World_Christian_Encyclopedia" title="World Christian Encyclopedia">World Christian Encyclopedia</a> claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Sudan" title="Catholic Church in South Sudan">Catholic Church</a> was the largest single <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> body in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> since 1995, with the country's 2.7 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000" title="1,000,000">million</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> being concentrated in what is today South Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> Most Christians are <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>; in 2020, Catholics reportedly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Sudan" title="Catholic Church in South Sudan">made up 52% of the population of Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> Other estimates suggested that 37.2% of the country's population is <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Sudan" title="Catholic Church in South Sudan">Catholic</a>, with about 6.2 million Catholics out of a total population of 16.7 million while the next largest Christian denominations are the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church of South Sudan">Episcopal Church</a> (3.5 million members)<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Sudan" title="Presbyterian Church in Sudan">Presbyterian Church</a> (one million members in 2012).<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> Christianity has grown rapidly in the country over the last two decades. Despite European <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> activity beginning as early as the mid-19th century, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> states that "in the early 1990s possibly no more than 10% of southern Sudan's population was <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>".<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> During this same period, official records of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> claimed that one-quarter of the population of present-day South Sudan practiced various <a href="/wiki/Traditional_religions_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional religions of Africa">traditional religions</a> while only 5% were <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Various scholarly sources, as well as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>,<a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept-225">[223]</a> stated that a majority of southern Sudanese maintained traditional <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animist</a> indigenous beliefs at the start of the 21st century, with Christians remaining a small minority.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kator_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kator_church.jpg/220px-Kator_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kator_church.jpg/220px-Kator_church.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kator_church.jpg/330px-Kator_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kator_church.jpg/440px-Kator_church.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Theresa_Cathedral,_Juba" title="St. Theresa Cathedral, Juba">St. Theresa Cathedral in Juba</a></figcaption></figure> As in other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Christianity is often <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">blended</a> with traditional beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> In 2022, the new Catholic bishop of <a href="/wiki/Rumbek" title="Rumbek">Rumbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Carlassare" title="Christian Carlassare">Christian Carlassare</a>, observed that while more than half the population of South Sudan is Christian, "Christianity is often no more than skin deep" and "hasn't grown roots in the life of the population".<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> Many religious organizations function as a source of stability, community, humanitarian aid, and refuge in the absence of government institutions, with Christian and Muslim religious leaders actively involved in peacebuilding and socioeconomic development.<a href="#cite_note-US_St_Dept-214">[212]</a> Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animist</a> beliefs remain widespread among the population regardless of religious affiliation. Additionally, each ethnic group has its own traditional belief system, all of which share a concept of a higher spirit or divinity, generally a creator god.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-199">[197]</a> Traditional African cosmology divides the universe between a visible material realm and an invisible heavenly realm, which is populated by spiritual beings that serve as intermediaries or messengers of a higher power; in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic peoples</a>, these spirits are identified with ancestors. The supreme deity is worshipped through rituals that utilize music and dance. Although the internal conflicts that precipitated Sudan's partition have been characterized as between Muslims and Christians, some scholars reject this notion, claiming Muslim and Christian sides sometimes overlapped.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Muslims are relatively well integrated into South Sudanese society and represented in government; Muslim religious leaders are present in all major political ceremonies as well as peace negotiations. Islamic private schools are maintained with little government involvement, while many secondary institutions include Islamic theology in their curricula.<a href="#cite_note-US_St_Dept-214">[212]</a> In 2011, inaugural <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sudanese">South Sudanese</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="President of South Sudan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir</a>, a Roman Catholic, said that South Sudan would be a nation that respects <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> The country's transitional constitution provides for separation of religion and state, prohibits religious discrimination, and provides religious groups freedom to worship, assemble, proselytize, own property, receive financial contributions, communicate and publish materials on religious matters, and establish charitable institutions.<a href="#cite_note-US_St_Dept-214">[212]</a> Interreligious conflict occurs largely in the context of ethnic and communal conflict; for example, in February 2022, clashes between Dinka clans resulted in the targeting of associated religious buildings and leaders.<a href="#cite_note-US_St_Dept-214">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Sudan" title="Education in South Sudan">Education in South Sudan</a></div> Unlike the previous educational system of the regional Southern Sudan—which was modelled after the system used in the Republic of Sudan since 1990—the current educational system of the Republic of South Sudan follows the 8 + 4 + 4 system (similar to Kenya). Primary education consists of eight years, followed by four years of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a>, and then four years of university instruction. The primary language at all levels is English, as compared to the Republic of Sudan, where the <a href="/wiki/Language_of_instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Language of instruction">language of instruction</a> is <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a>. In 2007, South Sudan adopted English as the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of communication. There is a severe shortage of English teachers and English-speaking teachers in the scientific and technical fields. On 1 October 2019, the South Sudan Library Foundation opened South Sudan's first public library, the Juba Public Peace Library in Gudele 2.<a href="#cite_note-www.thechristiantimes.net-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-med.virginia.edu-234">[232]</a> The library currently employs a staff of over 40 volunteers and maintains a collection of over 13,000 books.<a href="#cite_note-med.virginia.edu-234">[232]</a> The South Sudan Library Foundation was co-founded by Yawusa Kintha and Kevin Lenahan.<a href="#cite_note-www.thechristiantimes.net-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-med.virginia.edu-234">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_humanitarian_situation">Health and humanitarian situation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Health and humanitarian situation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_South_Sudan" title="Health in South Sudan">Health in South Sudan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_South_Sudan" title="Child marriage in South Sudan">Child marriage in South Sudan</a></div> According to the United Nations, there are 8.3 million people in need of humanitarian aid in South Sudan as of January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> South Sudan is acknowledged to have some of the worst health indicators in the world.<a href="#cite_note-health-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-SSMJ-239">[237]</a> The under-five <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate is 135.3 per 1,000, whilst <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">maternal mortality</a> is the highest in the world at 2,053.9 per 100,000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-SSMJ-239">[237]</a> In 2004, there were only three <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeons</a> serving in southern Sudan, with three proper <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>, and in some areas there was just one <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctor</a> for every 500,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-health-237">[235]</a> The epidemiology of <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> in the South Sudan is poorly documented but the prevalence is believed around 3.1%.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> According to a 2013 study, South Sudan "probably has the highest <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> burden in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan</a> <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>".<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> South Sudan is one of the few countries where <a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">dracunculiasis</a> still occurs.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a> of 2005, humanitarian needs in Southern Sudan were massive. However, humanitarian organizations under the leadership of the UN <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> (OCHA) managed to ensure sufficient funding to bring relief to the local populations. Along with recovery and development aid, humanitarian projects were included in the 2007 Work Plan of the United Nations and partners. More than 90% of the population of South Sudan live on less than $1 a day, despite the GDP per capita of the entirety of Sudan being $1200 ($3.29/day).<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> In 2007, the United Nations OCHA (under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liane_Duthoit" title="Éliane Duthoit">Éliane Duthoit</a>) decreased its involvement in Southern Sudan, as humanitarian needs gradually diminished, slowly but markedly turning over control to the recovery and development activities of NGOs and community-based organisations.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a> reportedly led to deaths in <a href="/wiki/Bentiu" title="Bentiu">Bentiu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latjor(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latjor(state) (page does not exist)">Latjor</a> states in mid-2011, though the state governments of both denied hunger there was severe enough to cause fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> In Pibor County located in the Jonglei State, in December 2011 and January 2012, <a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">cattle raids</a> led to border clashes that eventually resulted in widespread <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">ethnic violence</a>, with thousands of deaths and tens of thousands of South Sudanese being displaced, and hundreds of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> staff went missing. The government declared the area a disaster zone and took control from local authorities.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> South Sudan has a very high rate of <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a> is common in the country, and South Sudan's laws and policies have been criticized as inadequate in offering protection.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refugees">Refugees</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Refugees" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_scale_of_the_problem_Jamam_refugee_camp_from_the_air_(6972523516).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_scale_of_the_problem_Jamam_refugee_camp_from_the_air_%286972523516%29.jpg/220px-The_scale_of_the_problem_Jamam_refugee_camp_from_the_air_%286972523516%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2522"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_scale_of_the_problem_Jamam_refugee_camp_from_the_air_%286972523516%29.jpg/220px-The_scale_of_the_problem_Jamam_refugee_camp_from_the_air_%286972523516%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_scale_of_the_problem_Jamam_refugee_camp_from_the_air_%286972523516%29.jpg/330px-The_scale_of_the_problem_Jamam_refugee_camp_from_the_air_%286972523516%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_scale_of_the_problem_Jamam_refugee_camp_from_the_air_%286972523516%29.jpg/440px-The_scale_of_the_problem_Jamam_refugee_camp_from_the_air_%286972523516%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jamam refugee camp</figcaption></figure> As of February 2014, South Sudan was host to over 230,000 <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>, with the vast majority, over 209,000, having arrived recently from Sudan, because of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a>. Other African countries that contribute the most refugees to South Sudan are the Central African Republic, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR_Regional_Update-252">[250]</a> As a result of the war that erupted in December 2013, more than 2.3 million people – one in every five people in South Sudan – have been forced to flee their homes, including 1.66 million internally displaced people (with 53.4 per cent estimated to be children) and nearly 644,900 refugees in neighbouring countries. Some 185,000 internally displaced people (IDPs) have sought refuge in UN Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites, while around 90 percent of IDPs are on the run or sheltering outside PoC sites.<a href="#cite_note-reliefweb-253">[251]</a> Consequently, UNHCR is stepping up its response through an inter-agency collaborative approach under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator, and working with the International Organization for Migration (IOM). In early February 2013, UNHCR started distributing relief items outside the UN base in Malakal, South Sudan, which was expected to reach 10,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR_Regional_Update-252">[250]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Sudan" title="Culture of South Sudan">Culture of South Sudan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Sudan" title="Tourism in South Sudan">Tourism in South Sudan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Sudan_012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/South_Sudan_012.jpg/220px-South_Sudan_012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/South_Sudan_012.jpg/220px-South_Sudan_012.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/South_Sudan_012.jpg/330px-South_Sudan_012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/South_Sudan_012.jpg/440px-South_Sudan_012.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scarification" title="Scarification">Scarified</a> woman, South Sudan, 2011</figcaption></figure> Due to the many years of civil war, South Sudan's culture is heavily influenced by its neighbours. Many South Sudanese fled to Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda where they interacted with the nationals and learned their languages and culture. Most of those who remained in Sudan until or after independence partially assimilated to Sudanese culture and speak <a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese Arabic</a>. Most South Sudanese value knowing one's tribal origin, its traditional culture and <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> even while in exile and <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>. Although the common languages spoken are Juba Arabic and English, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> might be introduced to the population to improve the country's relations with its <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> neighbours.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many music artists from South Sudan use English, Swahili, Juba Arabic, their native African language or a mix of all. Popular artists like Barbz, <a href="/wiki/Yaba_Angelosi" title="Yaba Angelosi">Yaba Angelosi</a>, De Peace Child sing <a href="/wiki/Afro-beat" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-beat">Afro-beat</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">Zouk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dynamq" title="Dynamq">Dynamq</a> is popular for his <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> releases; and Emmanuel Kembe who sings <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a>, reggae and Afro-beat.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> Also hip hop artists like <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Jal" title="Emmanuel Jal">Emmanuel Jal</a>, FTG Metro, Flizzame and Dugga Mulla (of FMG). Emmanuel being one of the South Sudaneses music artists who have broken through on an international level<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> with his unique form of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> and a positive message in his lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> Jal, a former <a href="/wiki/Child_soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldier">child soldier</a> turned musician, received good airplay and album reviews in the UK<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> and has also been sought out for the lecture circuit with major talks at popular talkfests like <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of South Sudan">Media of South Sudan</a></div> While former Information Minister <a href="/wiki/Barnaba_Marial_Benjamin" title="Barnaba Marial Benjamin">Barnaba Marial Benjamin</a> vowed that South Sudan will respect <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> and allow journalists unrestricted access in the country, the chief editor of <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Citizen_(South_Sudan)" title="The Citizen (South Sudan)">The Citizen</a> claimed that in the absence of a formal media law in the fledgling republic, he and his staff have faced abuse at the hands of security forces. This alleged fettering of media freedom was attributed in an <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> report to the difficulty <a href="/wiki/SPLM" class="mw-redirect" title="SPLM">SPLM</a> has faced in reforming itself as a legitimate government after years of leading a rebellion against the Sudanese government. The Citizen is South Sudan's largest newspaper, but poor infrastructure and poverty have kept its staff relatively small and limited the efficiency of both its reporting and its circulation outside of Juba, with no dedicated news bureaus in outlying states and newspapers often taking several days to reach states like <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bahr_el_Ghazal" title="Northern Bahr el Ghazal">Northern Bahr el Ghazal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> In May 2020, South Sudan Friendship Press was established as the country's first dedicated online news website.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> Nile citizens is laid out as the nation's committed web-based news site.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Censorship">Censorship</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Censorship" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On 1 November 2011, South Sudan's National Security Services (NSS) arrested the editor of a private Juba-based daily, Destiny, and suspended its activities indefinitely. This was in response to an opinion article by columnist Dengdit Ayok, entitled "Let Me Say So", which criticized the president for allowing his daughter to marry an Ethiopian national, and accused him of "staining his patriotism". An official letter accused the newspaper of breaking "the media code of conduct and professional ethics", and of publishing "illicit news" that was defamatory, inciting, and invading the privacy of personalities. The <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> had voiced concerns over media freedoms in South Sudan in September.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> The NSS released the journalists without charge after having held them for 18 days.<a href="#cite_note-Sudan_Tribune_2011-11-18-263">[261]</a> In 2015, Salva Kiir threatened to kill journalists who reported "against the country".<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> Work conditions have become terrible for journalists, and many have left the country, such as documentarian Ochan Hannington.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> In August 2015, after journalist Peter Moi was killed in a targeted attack, being the seventh journalist killed during the year, South Sudanese journalists held a 24-hour news blackout.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> In August 2017, a 26-year-old American journalist, Christopher Allen, was killed in <a href="/wiki/Kaya,_South_Sudan" title="Kaya, South Sudan">Kaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yei_River_State" title="Yei River State">Yei River State</a>, during fighting between government and opposition forces. Christopher Allen was a freelance journalist who had worked for several U.S. news outlets. He had been reportedly embedded with the opposition forces in South Sudan for a week before he was killed.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> The same month, President Salva Kiir said the millions of civilians fleeing South Sudan were being driven by the propaganda from social media users conspiring against his government.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> Just a month prior in July 2017, access to major news websites and popular blogs including <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Tribune" title="Sudan Tribune">Sudan Tribune</a> and Radio Tamazuj<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> had been blocked by the government without formal notice.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> In June 2020, access to <a href="/wiki/Sudans_Post" title="Sudans Post">Sudans Post</a>, a local news website, was blocked by the government following the publication of an article deemed defamatory by the NSS.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> Two months later, Qurium Media Foundation, a Swedish non-profit organization, announced that it has deployed a mirror for the website to circumvent the government blocking.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Sudan" title="Sport in South Sudan">Sport in South Sudan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luol_Deng_Wizards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Luol_Deng_Wizards.jpg/220px-Luol_Deng_Wizards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2273" data-file-height="2180"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 211px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Luol_Deng_Wizards.jpg/220px-Luol_Deng_Wizards.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Luol_Deng_Wizards.jpg/330px-Luol_Deng_Wizards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Luol_Deng_Wizards.jpg/440px-Luol_Deng_Wizards.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>South Sudanese-born basketball player <a href="/wiki/Luol_Deng" title="Luol Deng">Luol Deng</a></figcaption></figure> Many traditional and modern games and sports are popular in South Sudan, particularly wrestling and mock battles. The traditional sports were mainly played after the harvest seasons to celebrate the harvests and finish the farming seasons. During the matches, they smeared themselves with <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> – perhaps to enhance the grip or heighten their perception. The matches attracted large numbers of spectators who sang, played drums and danced in support of their favourite wrestlers. Though these were perceived as competition, they were primarily for entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> is also becoming popular in South Sudan, and there are many initiatives by the Government of South Sudan and other partners to promote the sport and improve the level of play. One of these initiatives is South Sudan Youth Sports Association (SSYSA). SSYSA is already holding football clinics in Konyokonyo and Muniki areas of Juba in which young boys are coached. In recognition of these efforts with youth football, the country recently hosted the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_East_and_Central_Africa_Football_Associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations">CECAFA</a> youth football competitions. Barely a month earlier, it had also hosted the larger East African Schools Sports tournaments.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_national_football_team" title="South Sudan national football team">South Sudan national association football team</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a> in February 2012 and became a full <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> member in May 2012.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> The team played its first match against <a href="/wiki/Tusker_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusker FC">Tusker FC</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Premier_League" title="Kenyan Premier League">Kenyan Premier League</a> on 10 July 2011 in Juba as part of independence celebrations,<a href="#cite_note-sports-275">[273]</a> scoring early but losing 1–3 to the more experienced team.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> Famous South Sudanese footballers are <a href="/wiki/Machop_Chol" title="Machop Chol">Machop Chol</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Moga" title="James Moga">James Moga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Justin" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Justin">Richard Justin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athir_Thomas" title="Athir Thomas">Athir Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goma_Genaro_Awad" class="mw-redirect" title="Goma Genaro Awad">Goma Genaro Awad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khamis_Leyano" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamis Leyano">Khamis Leyano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khamis_Martin" title="Khamis Martin">Khamis Martin</a>, William Afani Clicks and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Gulwak" title="Roy Gulwak">Roy Gulwak</a>. The South Sudanese can boast links to top basketball players. <a href="/wiki/Luol_Deng" title="Luol Deng">Luol Deng</a> was a <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> star in the United States; at the international level, he represented <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain national basketball team">Great Britain</a>. Other leading international basketball players from South Sudan include <a href="/wiki/Manute_Bol" title="Manute Bol">Manute Bol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kueth_Duany" title="Kueth Duany">Kueth Duany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Gai" title="Deng Gai">Deng Gai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ater_Majok" title="Ater Majok">Ater Majok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenyen_Gabriel" title="Wenyen Gabriel">Wenyen Gabriel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thon_Maker" title="Thon Maker">Thon Maker</a>. The <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sudan national basketball team">South Sudan national basketball team</a> played its first match against the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda national basketball team">Uganda national basketball team</a> on 10 July 2011 in Juba.<a href="#cite_note-sports-275">[273]</a> The nation made their debut at the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup" title="FIBA Basketball World Cup">FIBA Basketball World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/2023_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup" title="2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup">2023</a>. The also made their <a href="/wiki/AfroBasket" title="AfroBasket">AfroBasket</a> debut in <a href="/wiki/FIBA_AfroBasket_2021" title="FIBA AfroBasket 2021">2021</a> finishing 7th. One athlete from South Sudan, <a href="/wiki/Guor_Marial" title="Guor Marial">Guor Marial</a>, competed in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>. Due to South Sudan not yet having an official Olympics organization, and Marial not yet possessing American citizenship, he, along with three athletes from the former <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>, competed under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Independent_Olympic_Athletes_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Independent Olympic Athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics">Independent Olympic Athletes</a>. On 2 August at the 128th IOC Session, South Sudan was granted full recognition of its <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_National_Olympic_Committee" title="South Sudan National Olympic Committee">National Olympic Committee</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="South Sudan at the 2016 Summer Olympics">South Sudan competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics</a> with three athletes in track and field. No medals were won during this Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Sudan" title="Outline of South Sudan">Outline of South Sudan</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, Part One, 6(1): "All indigenous languages of South Sudan are national languages and shall be respected, developed and promoted".<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> See table in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Sudan" title="Foreign relations of South Sudan">Foreign relations of South Sudan</a> with footnotes for early recognition countries. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-engwork-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-engwork_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-engwork_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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South Sudan: from revolution to independence. 2012. Columbia University Press. New York. p. 16 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70414-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70414-4">978-0-231-70414-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/south-sudan-population/">"Worldometers website, retrieved 2023-08-28"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128010833/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/south-sudan-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2023. 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Retrieved 9 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Office+for+Project+Services+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unops.org%2Fnews-and-stories%2Fstories%2Froads-to-food-security-in-south-sudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFick2011" class="citation news cs1">Fick, Maggie (30 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2011-01-30-2052877353_x.htm">"Over 99 pct in Southern Sudan vote for secession"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202151710/http://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2011-01-30-2052877353_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Over+99+pct+in+Southern+Sudan+vote+for+secession&rft.date=2011-01-30&rft.aulast=Fick&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Ftopstories%2F2011-01-30-2052877353_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKron,_Josh2011" class="citation news cs1">Kron, Josh (23 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/world/africa/24sudan.html">"Southern Sudan Nears a Decision on One Matter: Its New Name"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130051705/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/world/africa/24sudan.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Southern+Sudan+Nears+a+Decision+on+One+Matter%3A+Its+New+Name&rft.date=2011-01-23&rft.au=Kron%2C+Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F24%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F24sudan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082">"South Sudan profile"</a>. BBC News. 8 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140214043200/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+profile&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-14069082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12317927">"99.57% of Southern Sudanese vote yes to independence"</a>. BBC News. 30 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110130081322/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12317927">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=99.57%25+of+Southern+Sudanese+vote+yes+to+independence&rft.date=2011-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-12317927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14089843">South Sudan becomes an independent nation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010213502/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14089843">Archived</a> 10 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/">"South Sudan"</a>. 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UN News. 14 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128123134/https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/07/381552">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+News&rft.atitle=UN+welcomes+South+Sudan+as+193rd+Member+State&rft.date=2011-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2011%2F07%2F381552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812031145/http://www.au.int/en/content/african-union-welcomes-south-sudan-54th-member-state-union">"au.int: African Union Welcomes South Sudan as the 54th Member State of the Union"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+LRA+and+Sudan&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogrammes%2Fpeopleandpower%2F2011%2F01%2F20111585750480428.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiersDillonScott2011" class="citation web cs1">PiersDillonScott (17 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sociable.co/web/google-maps-officially-recognises-south-sudan-as-an-independent-country/">"Google Maps officially recognises South Sudan as an independent country"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sociable&rft.atitle=Google+Maps+officially+recognises+South+Sudan+as+an+independent+country&rft.date=2011-09-17&rft.au=PiersDillonScott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsociable.co%2Fweb%2Fgoogle-maps-officially-recognises-south-sudan-as-an-independent-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rebellion-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rebellion_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rebellion_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/04/2011424145446998235.html">"South Sudan army kills fighters in clashes"</a>. Al Jazeera English. 24 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429090553/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/04/2011424145446998235.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011. 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Retrieved 3 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thousands+flee+South+Sudan+tribal+conflict&rft.date=2012-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2012%2F01%2F201212101840599359.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-27/united-nations-urges-south-sudan-to-help-avert-possible-attack.html">"United Nations urges South Sudan to Help Avert Possible Attack"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Television" title="Bloomberg Television">Bloomberg Television</a>. 27 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214130705/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-27/united-nations-urges-south-sudan-to-help-avert-possible-attack.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=United+Nations+urges+South+Sudan+to+Help+Avert+Possible+Attack&rft.date=2011-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-12-27%2Funited-nations-urges-south-sudan-to-help-avert-possible-attack.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17515209">"Sudan and South Sudan in fierce oil border clashes"</a>. BBC News Africa. 27 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109224240/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17515209">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sudan+and+South+Sudan+in+fierce+oil+border+clashes&rft.date=2012-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-17515209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssnanews.com/index.php/2013/09/05/the-splm-and-the-rise-of-autocracy-in-south-sudan/">"The SPLM and the Rise of Autocracy in South Sudan"</a>. 5 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329132518/https://ssnanews.com/index.php/2013/09/05/the-splm-and-the-rise-of-autocracy-in-south-sudan/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+SPLM+and+the+Rise+of+Autocracy+in+South+Sudan&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssnanews.com%2Findex.php%2F2013%2F09%2F05%2Fthe-splm-and-the-rise-of-autocracy-in-south-sudan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulish-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Kulish_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulish2014" class="citation news cs1">Kulish, Nicholas (9 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/10/world/africa/new-estimate-sharply-raises-death-toll-in-south-sudan.html">"New Estimate Sharply Raises Death Toll in South Sudan"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015153429/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/10/world/africa/new-estimate-sharply-raises-death-toll-in-south-sudan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Estimate+Sharply+Raises+Death+Toll+in+South+Sudan&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.aulast=Kulish&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F01%2F10%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnew-estimate-sharply-raises-death-toll-in-south-sudan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25759650">"Yoweri Museveni: Uganda troops fighting South Sudan rebels"</a>. BBC News. 16 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006114751/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25759650">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yoweri+Museveni%3A+Uganda+troops+fighting+South+Sudan+rebels&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-25759650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_Sudan_country_profile-60"><a href="#cite_ref-South_Sudan_country_profile_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.com/news/world-africa-14069082">"South Sudan country profile"</a>. BBC News. 6 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160620123955/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14069082">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+country+profile&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-14069082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36140423">"South Sudan rebel chief Riek Machar sworn in as vice-president"</a>. BBC News. 26 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429155058/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36140423">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+rebel+chief+Riek+Machar+sworn+in+as+vice-president&rft.date=2016-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-36140423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/south-sudan-opposition-replaces-missing-leader-machar-160723144856580.html">"South Sudan opposition replaces missing leader Machar"</a>. Al Jazeera. 23 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727102427/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/south-sudan-opposition-replaces-missing-leader-machar-160723144856580.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Sudan+opposition+replaces+missing+leader+Machar&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2016-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F07%2Fsouth-sudan-opposition-replaces-missing-leader-machar-160723144856580.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37116862">"South Sudan conflict: Sacked VP Riek Machar goes into exile"</a>. BBC News. 18 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818231703/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37116862">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+conflict%3A+Sacked+VP+Riek+Machar+goes+into+exile&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-37116862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fp0117-64"><a href="#cite_ref-fp0117_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/02/the-revenge-of-salva-kiir-south-sudan-genocide-ethnic-cleansing/">"The revenge of Salva Kiir"</a>. Foreign Policy. 2 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626152337/http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/02/the-revenge-of-salva-kiir-south-sudan-genocide-ethnic-cleansing/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+revenge+of+Salva+Kiir&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2017%2F01%2F02%2Fthe-revenge-of-salva-kiir-south-sudan-genocide-ethnic-cleansing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost0718-65"><a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost0718_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726110843/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/south-sudans-warring-leaders-agree-to-share-power-again/2018/07/25/6ca19412-902b-11e8-ae59-01880eac5f1d_story.html">"South Sudan's warring leaders agree to share power, again"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 25 July 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/south-sudans-warring-leaders-agree-to-share-power-again/2018/07/25/6ca19412-902b-11e8-ae59-01880eac5f1d_story.html">the original</a> on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=South+Sudan%27s+warring+leaders+agree+to+share+power%2C+again&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsouth-sudans-warring-leaders-agree-to-share-power-again%2F2018%2F07%2F25%2F6ca19412-902b-11e8-ae59-01880eac5f1d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008022704/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/report-400000-excess-deaths-south-sudan-58090309">"Nearly 400,000 'excess deaths' caused by South Sudan war"</a>. ABC News. 26 September 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/report-400000-excess-deaths-south-sudan-58090309">the original</a> on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nearly+400%2C000+%27excess+deaths%27+caused+by+South+Sudan+war&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Freport-400000-excess-deaths-south-sudan-58090309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters0918-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters0918_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest-toll/study-estimates-190000-people-killed-in-south-sudans-civil-war-idUSKCN1M626R">"Study estimates 190,000 people killed in South Sudan's civil war"</a>. Reuters. 26 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926173943/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest-toll/study-estimates-190000-people-killed-in-south-sudans-civil-war-idUSKCN1M626R">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Study+estimates+190%2C000+people+killed+in+South+Sudan%27s+civil+war&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-southsudan-unrest-toll%2Fstudy-estimates-190000-people-killed-in-south-sudans-civil-war-idUSKCN1M626R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-68"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25944446">"South Sudan 'coup leaders' face treason trial"</a>. BBC News. 29 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102093736/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25944446">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+%27coup+leaders%27+face+treason+trial&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-25944446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WashingtonPost0918-69"><a href="#cite_ref-WashingtonPost0918_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-new-report-estimates-more-than-380000-people-have-died-in-south-sudans-civil-war/2018/09/25/e41fcb84-c0e7-11e8-9f4f-a1b7af255aa5_story.html">"A new report estimates that more than 380,000 people have died in South Sudan's civil war"</a>. The Washington Post. 26 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926131126/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-new-report-estimates-more-than-380000-people-have-died-in-south-sudans-civil-war/2018/09/25/e41fcb84-c0e7-11e8-9f4f-a1b7af255aa5_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+new+report+estimates+that+more+than+380%2C000+people+have+died+in+South+Sudan%27s+civil+war&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fa-new-report-estimates-more-than-380000-people-have-died-in-south-sudans-civil-war%2F2018%2F09%2F25%2Fe41fcb84-c0e7-11e8-9f4f-a1b7af255aa5_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51562367">"South Sudan rivals strike power-sharing deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 22 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226015108/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51562367">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+rivals+strike+power-sharing+deal&rft.date=2020-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-51562367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMednick" class="citation web cs1">Mednick, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/23/after-6-years-of-war-will-peace-finally-come-to-south-sudan">"After 6 years of war, will peace finally come to South Sudan?"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820130930/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/6-years-war-peace-finally-south-sudan-200223114919537.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+6+years+of+war%2C+will+peace+finally+come+to+South+Sudan%3F&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.aulast=Mednick&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F2%2F23%2Fafter-6-years-of-war-will-peace-finally-come-to-south-sudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1085202">"Violence in South Sudan engulfs country, 10 years after independence 'children all have guns'"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Sudan+again+delays+its+1st+election%2C+until+late+2024&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2022-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fmiddle-east-africa-sudan-south-juba-4f35064ef1173a9e14f6e60f55d36b50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-sudan-postpones-long-delayed-election-by-two-years-presidency-says-2024-09-13/">"South Sudan postpones long-delayed election by two years, presidency says"</a>. Reuters. 13 September 2024. 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BBC News. 20 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722044156/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39025927">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+declares+famine+in+Unity+State&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-39025927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105314/http://www.whio.com/news/world/famine-declared-part-south-sudan-government-and/ZT9UT22sGQUWxH1w5rIjYJ/">"Famine declared in part of South Sudan by government and UN"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+6+years+of+war%2C+will+peace+finally+come+to+South+Sudan%3F&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F02%2F6-years-war-peace-finally-south-sudan-200223114919537.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd_e_k_u_e_k2020" class="citation web cs1">d e k u e k [@dekuekd] (15 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/dekuekd/status/1228596792155000833">"So it has been decided that #SouthSudan shall revert to 10 states plus Abyei, Pibor and Ruweng Administrative Areas.â€Ś"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215082944/https://twitter.com/dekuekd/status/1228596792155000833">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2020. 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Retrieved 12 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+journalists+facing+intimidation&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft.aulast=Carlstrom&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Findepth%2Fspotlight%2Fsouthsudanindependence%2F2011%2F07%2F201171211357184117.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.s-sfp.com/">"South Sudan Friendship Press"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609180846/https://www.s-sfp.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-releases-two,40769">the original</a> on 29 December 2011. 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Daily Star. 21 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825035239/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/World/2015/Aug-21/312136-south-sudan-media-blackout-after-reporter-shot-dead.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2015. 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Retrieved 19 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+blocks+access+to+independent+websites&rft.date=2017-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fsouth-sudan-blocks-access-to-independent-websites%2Fa-39786961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"South Sudan: Events of 2020". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/south-sudan">World Report 2021: Rights Trends in South Sudan</a>. Human Rights Watch. 23 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616131220/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/south-sudan">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Sudan%3A+Events+of+2020&rft.btitle=World+Report+2021%3A+Rights+Trends+in+South+Sudan&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2021%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fsouth-sudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qurium.org/alerts/blocked-sudans-post-received-threats-for-achai-wiir-related-articles/">""Sudans Post" gets blocked after receiving personal threats from NSS – transcript revealed – Qurium Media Foundation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195455/https://www.qurium.org/alerts/blocked-sudans-post-received-threats-for-achai-wiir-related-articles/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Sudans+Post%22+gets+blocked+after+receiving+personal+threats+from+NSS+%E2%80%93+transcript+revealed+%E2%80%93+Qurium+Media+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qurium.org%2Falerts%2Fblocked-sudans-post-received-threats-for-achai-wiir-related-articles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiPiazza2006" class="citation book cs1">DiPiazza, Francesca (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jaLr4YpUHGUC&pg=PA54">Sudan in Pictures</a>. 21st-century Books. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-2678-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-2678-0"><bdi>978-0-8225-2678-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202093506/https://books.google.com/books?id=jaLr4YpUHGUC&pg=PA54">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sudan+in+Pictures&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=21st-century+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-2678-0&rft.aulast=DiPiazza&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjaLr4YpUHGUC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18210048">"South Sudan joins Fifa 10 months after independence"</a>. BBC News. 25 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527120415/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18210048">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+joins+Fifa+10+months+after+independence&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2F0%2Ffootball%2F18210048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sports-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sports_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sports_275-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927093457/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/basketball/worlds-newest-nation-set-to-step-into-sporting-arena/451201">"World's Newest Nation Set to Step into Sporting Arena"</a>. The Jakarta Globe. 6 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/basketball/worlds-newest-nation-set-to-step-into-sporting-arena/451201">the original</a> on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=World%27s+Newest+Nation+Set+to+Step+into+Sporting+Arena&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartaglobe.com%2Fbasketball%2Fworlds-newest-nation-set-to-step-into-sporting-arena%2F451201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/33538">"S. Sudan team kicks off to a good start, then collapses"</a>. SKNVibes. 10 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927115839/http://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/33538">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SKNVibes&rft.atitle=S.+Sudan+team+kicks+off+to+a+good+start%2C+then+collapses&rft.date=2011-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sknvibes.com%2Fnews%2Fnewsdetails.cfm%2F33538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rio2016.com/en/south-sudan">"South Sudan"</a>. Rio 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125235855/https://www.rio2016.com/en/south-sudan">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rio+2016&rft.atitle=South+Sudan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rio2016.com%2Fen%2Fsouth-sudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><noscript><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/">Country Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html">Sudan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120630181108/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html">Archived</a> 30 June 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li> <li>Walter C. Soderlund, E. Donald Briggs, The Independence of South Sudan: The Role of Mass Media in the Responsibility to Prevent, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2014. pp. $38.99 (paper), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77112-117-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77112-117-0">978-1-77112-117-0</a></li> <li>Mohamed Omer Beshir: The Southern Sudan. Background to Conflict. C. Hurst & Co., London 1968.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiel2007" class="citation book cs1">Biel, Melha Rout (2007). South Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Jena: Netzbandt Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-937884-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-937884-01-1"><bdi>978-3-937884-01-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Sudan+after+the+Comprehensive+Peace+Agreement&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Netzbandt+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-937884-01-1&rft.aulast=Biel&rft.aufirst=Melha+Rout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalyRolandsen2016" class="citation book cs1">Daly, M. W.; Rolandsen, Øystein H. (2016). A History of South Sudan: From Slavery to Independence. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11631-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11631-2"><bdi>978-0-521-11631-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/921821890">921821890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+South+Sudan%3A+From+Slavery+to+Independence&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F921821890&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11631-2&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft.au=Rolandsen%2C+%C3%98ystein+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTvedt2004" class="citation book cs1">Tvedt, Terje (2004). South Sudan. An Annotated Bibliography. (2 vols) (2nd ed.). London/New York: IB Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-987-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-987-5"><bdi>978-1-86064-987-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Sudan.+An+Annotated+Bibliography.+%282+vols%29&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-987-5&rft.aulast=Tvedt&rft.aufirst=Terje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12107760">"Profile: Southern Sudan leader Salva Kiir"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 5 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720231355/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12107760">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Southern+Sudan+leader+Salva+Kiir&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-12107760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001005138/http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/HRW_GapsCivlianProtection_SouthernSudan.pdf">"No One to Intervene: Gaps in Civilian Protection in Southern Sudan"</a> (PDF). New York: <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/HRW_GapsCivlianProtection_SouthernSudan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+One+to+Intervene%3A+Gaps+in+Civilian+Protection+in+Southern+Sudan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humansecuritygateway.com%2Fdocuments%2FHRW_GapsCivlianProtection_SouthernSudan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:South_Sudan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:South Sudan">South Sudan</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Sudan#Q958" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:South Sudan">South Sudan</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/southsudangov?lang=en">Government of South Sudan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southsudanembassyusa.org/">Government of South Sudan</a> – USA and UN Mission</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://embrss.org.uk/">Government of South Sudan</a> – UK Mission</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/">South Sudan</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082">South Sudan profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sudan">"Sudan" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 9–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sudan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=9-19&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sudanproject.ryanspencerreed.com/gallery/">Photographer's Account of South Sudan – "The Cost of Silence: A Traveling Exhibition"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101020011532/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/11/southern-sudan/teague-text">"Sudan's Shaky Peace"</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>, November 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101017153604/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/11/southern-sudan/steinmetz-photography">Photo gallery</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Steinmetz" title="George Steinmetz">George Steinmetz</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419170725/http://www.hnkcnews.com/2014/04/19/un-outrage-at-south-sudan-attack/">UN Outrage at South Sudan Attack</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Sudan&params=8_N_30_E_">8°N 30°E / 8°N 30°E / 8; 30</a> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&oldid=1259803935">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&oldid=1259803935</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 27 November 2024, at 03:38 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8D_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къыблэ Судан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Къыблэ Судан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suid-Soedan" title="Suid-Soedan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suid-Soedan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdsudan" title="Südsudan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Südsudan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%88%B1%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ደቡብ ሱዳን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደቡብ ሱዳን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maad%C3%A2-Sudan" title="Maadâ-Sudan – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Maadâ-Sudan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="दक्षिण सूडान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="दक्षिण सूडान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AB%C3%BEsudan" title="Sūþsudan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sūþsudan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аладатәи Судан – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аладатәи Судан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنوب السودان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنوب السودان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n_d%27o_Sud" title="Sudán d'o Sud – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sudán d'o Sud" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%A2_%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%95%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܬܝܡܢ ܣܘܕܐܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܝܡܢ ܣܘܕܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur" title="Sudán del Sur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sudán del Sur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvy_Sud%C3%A3" title="Yvy Sudã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvy Sudã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Югалъулаб Судан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Югалъулаб Судан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nubi_Sudan" title="Cənubi Sudan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənubi Sudan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنوبی سودان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جنوبی سودان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Kelod" title="Sudan Kelod – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sudan Kelod" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worodugu_Sudan" title="Worodugu Sudan – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Worodugu Sudan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="দক্ষিণ সুদান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণ সুদান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Salatan" title="Sudan Salatan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sudan Salatan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m_Sudan" title="Lâm Sudan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm Sudan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Көньяҡ Судан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көньяҡ Судан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Паўднёвы Судан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвы Судан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Паўднёвы Судан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўднёвы Судан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="दक्खिन सूडान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दक्खिन सूडान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habagatan_Sudan" title="Habagatan Sudan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Habagatan Sudan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saot_Sudan" title="Saot Sudan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Saot Sudan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Южен Судан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южен Судан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidsudan" title="Sidsudan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sidsudan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_Sudan" title="Južni Sudan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Južni Sudan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan_ar_Su" title="Soudan ar Su – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Soudan ar Su" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Урда Судан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Урда Судан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_del_Sud" title="Sudan del Sud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sudan del Sud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кăнтăр Судан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăнтăр Судан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habagatang_Sudan" title="Habagatang Sudan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Habagatang Sudan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_S%C3%BAd%C3%A1n" title="Jižní Súdán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jižní Súdán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur" title="Sudán del Sur – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Sudán del Sur" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhani_Chamhembe" title="Sudhani Chamhembe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Sudhani Chamhembe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_di_u_Sudu" title="Sudan di u Sudu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sudan di u Sudu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Swdan" title="De Swdan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De Swdan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_sudan" title="South sudan – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="South sudan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydsudan" title="Sydsudan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydsudan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنوب السودان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جنوب السودان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulli-Sudan" title="Lulli-Sudan – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Lulli-Sudan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdsudan" title="Südsudan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südsudan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3dpo%C5%82dnjowy_Sudan" title="Pódpołdnjowy Sudan – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódpołdnjowy Sudan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="दक्खिन सुडान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="दक्खिन सुडान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5una-Sudaan" title="Lõuna-Sudaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõuna-Sudaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Νότιο Σουδάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νότιο Σουδάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur" title="Sudán del Sur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sudán del Sur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Sudano" title="Sud-Sudano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sud-Sudano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sul" title="Sudán del Sul – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sudán del Sul" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hego_Sudan" title="Hego Sudan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hego Sudan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyiehe_Sud%C3%A3" title="Anyiehe Sudã – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Anyiehe Sudã" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="South Sudan" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="سودان جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سودان جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0ursudan" title="Suðursudan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Suðursudan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan_du_Sud" title="Soudan du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soudan du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAd-S%C3%BBdan" title="Súd-Sûdan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súd-Sûdan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tS%C3%BAd%C3%A1in_Theas" title="An tSúdáin Theas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSúdáin Theas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Toodaan_Yiass" title="Yn Toodaan Yiass – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Toodaan Yiass" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%BClen_Sudan" title="Üülen Sudan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Üülen Sudan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A0n_a_Deas" title="Sudàn a Deas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sudàn a Deas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n_do_Sur" title="Sudán do Sur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sudán do Sur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%A9dana_ya_Kuthini" title="Sũdana ya Kuthini – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Sũdana ya Kuthini" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0m_Sudan" title="Nàm Sudan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nàm Sudan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%88%98%EB%8B%A8" title="남수단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남수단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_ta_Kudu" title="Sudan ta Kudu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sudan ta Kudu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հարավային Սուդան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավային Սուդան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="दक्षिण सूडान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिण सूडान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEny_Sudan" title="Južny Sudan – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Južny Sudan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_Sudan" title="Južni Sudan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južni Sudan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Sudan" title="Sud-Sudan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sud-Sudan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="South Sudan" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abagatan_a_Sudan" title="Abagatan a Sudan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Abagatan a Sudan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Selatan" title="Sudan Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sudan Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_del_Sud" title="Sudan del Sud – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sudan del Sud" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Sudan" title="Sud-Sudan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sud-Sudan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хуссар Судан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хуссар Судан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INingizimu_Sudan" title="INingizimu Sudan – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INingizimu Sudan" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-S%C3%BAdan" title="Suður-Súdan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suður-Súdan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_del_Sud" title="Sudan del Sud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sudan del Sud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F" title="דרום סודאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרום סודאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Kidul" title="Sudan Kidul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sudan Kidul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudaan%C9%A9_Had%C9%9B_Ki%C5%8B" title="Sudaanɩ Hadɛ Kiŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sudaanɩ Hadɛ Kiŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauling_Sudan" title="Mauling Sudan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mauling Sudan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სამხრეთი სუდანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთი სუდანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оңтүстік Судан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оңтүстік Судан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Dyghow" title="Sudan Dyghow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sudan Dyghow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudani_y%E2%80%99Amajyepfo" title="Sudani y’Amajyepfo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Sudani y’Amajyepfo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Kusini" title="Sudan Kusini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sudan Kusini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лунвыв Судан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лунвыв Судан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_ya_Sudi" title="Sudan ya Sudi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Sudan ya Sudi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geesudana" title="Geesudana – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Geesudana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan_di_Sid" title="Soudan di Sid – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Soudan di Sid" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBdana_Ba%C5%9F%C3%BBr" title="Sûdana Başûr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sûdana Başûr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түштүк Судан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түштүк Судан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D3%B9%D0%B2%D3%93%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кечӹвӓлвел Судан – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кечӹвӓлвел Судан" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_dl_Sud" title="Sudan dl Sud – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sudan dl Sud" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_del_Sud" title="Sudan del Sud – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sudan del Sud" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кьилвалул Судан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Кьилвалул Судан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudania_Australis" title="Sudania Australis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sudania Australis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidsud%C4%81na" title="Dienvidsudāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidsudāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdsudan" title="Südsudan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Südsudan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Sudanas" title="Pietų Sudanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų Sudanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_do_Sud" title="Sudan do Sud – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sudan do Sud" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Soedan" title="Zuid-Soedan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zuid-Soedan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudani_ya_Sidi" title="Sudani ya Sidi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sudani ya Sidi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Sude" title="Sudan Sude – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sudan Sude" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvi_Sudan" title="Suvi Sudan – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Suvi Sudan" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="South Sudan" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCd_Sudan" title="Süd Sudan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Süd Sudan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9l-Szud%C3%A1n" title="Dél-Szudán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dél-Szudán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Lao%27" title="Sudan Lao' – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Sudan Lao'" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јужен Судан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јужен Судан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod%C3%A0na_Atsimo" title="Sodàna Atsimo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sodàna Atsimo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ദക്ഷിണ സുഡാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദക്ഷിണ സുഡാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_t%27Isfel" title="Sudan t'Isfel – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Sudan t'Isfel" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%ABt%C4%81ne-ki-te-tonga" title="Hūtāne-ki-te-tonga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hūtāne-ki-te-tonga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="दक्षिण सुदान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिण सुदान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ობჟათე სუდანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ობჟათე სუდანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنوب السودان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جنوب السودان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنوبی سودان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جنوبی سودان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Selatan" title="Sudan Selatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sudan Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯈꯥ ꯁꯨꯗꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯥ ꯁꯨꯗꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Selatan" title="Sudan Selatan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sudan Selatan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0ng_Sudan" title="Nàng Sudan – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nàng Sudan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_de_l_Sul" title="Sudan de l Sul – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sudan de l Sul" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лямбеширень Судан – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лямбеширень Судан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Өмнөд Судан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өмнөд Судан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%92%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တောင်ဆူဒန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောင်ဆူဒန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Soedan" title="Zuid-Soedan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuid-Soedan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuudsoedan" title="Zuudsoedan – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zuudsoedan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="दक्षिण सुडान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दक्षिण सुडान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3" title="南スーダン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南スーダン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къилба Судан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къилба Судан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdsudaan" title="Süüdsudaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Süüdsudaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Sudan" title="Sør-Sudan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sør-Sudan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Sudan" title="Sør-Sudan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sør-Sudan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Sudan" title="Sud Sudan – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sud Sudan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodan_del_Sud" title="Sodan del Sud – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sodan del Sud" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudaan_Kibbaa" title="Sudaan Kibbaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sudaan Kibbaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janubiy_Sudan" title="Janubiy Sudan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Janubiy Sudan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਸੁਡਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਸੁਡਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_sudan" title="South sudan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="South sudan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنوبی سوڈان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنوبی سوڈان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_Sudan" title="Sur Sudan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sur Sudan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%89%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سوېلي سوډان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوېلي سوډان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sout_Sudan" title="Sout Sudan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sout Sudan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лунвыв Судан – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Лунвыв Судан" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%84" title="ស៊ូដង់ខាងត្បូង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស៊ូដង់ខាងត្បូង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Sudan" title="Sud Sudan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sud Sudan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdsudan" title="Süüdsudan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Süüdsudan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Po%C5%82udniowy" title="Sudan Południowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sudan Południowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A3o_do_Sul" title="Sudão do Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sudão do Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubla_Sudan" title="Qubla Sudan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qubla Sudan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cen%C3%BCbiy_Sudan" title="Cenübiy Sudan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cenübiy Sudan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdsudan" title="Südsudan – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Südsudan" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanul_de_Sud" title="Sudanul de Sud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sudanul de Sud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_dal_Sid" title="Sudan dal Sid – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Sudan dal Sid" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urin_Suthan" title="Urin Suthan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urin Suthan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Южный Судан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южный Судан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Соҕуруу Судаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Соҕуруу Судаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_sudan" title="South sudan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="South sudan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A4an-Mbongo" title="Sudäan-Mbongo – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sudäan-Mbongo" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Meridionali" title="Sudan Meridionali – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sudan Meridionali" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooth_Sudan" title="Sooth Sudan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sooth Sudan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="South Sudan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suud-Sudan" title="Suud-Sudan – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Suud-Sudan" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Borwa" title="Sudan Borwa – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Sudan Borwa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudani_i_Jugut" title="Sudani i Jugut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sudani i Jugut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_d%C3%BB_Sud" title="Sudan dû Sud – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sudan dû Sud" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="දකුණු සුඩානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දකුණු සුඩානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South Sudan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%DA%A9%DA%BB_%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڏکڻ سوڊان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏکڻ سوڊان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEn%C3%BD_Sud%C3%A1n" title="Južný Sudán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Južný Sudán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_Sudan" title="Južni Sudan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Južni Sudan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82ed%C5%84owy_Sudan" title="Połedńowy Sudan – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Połedńowy Sudan" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koonfur_Suudaan" title="Koonfur Suudaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Koonfur Suudaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سوودانی باشوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوودانی باشوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јужни Судан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужни Судан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_Sudan" title="Južni Sudan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južni Sudan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Kidul" title="Sudan Kidul – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sudan Kidul" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4-Sudan" title="Etelä-Sudan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etelä-Sudan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydsudan" title="Sydsudan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydsudan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timog_Sudan" title="Timog Sudan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Timog Sudan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தெற்கு சூடான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெற்கு சூடான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_d%27u_Sud" title="Sudan d'u Sud – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Sudan d'u Sud" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Көньяк Судан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көньяк Судан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းသူႇတၼ်ႇၸၢၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းသူႇတၼ်ႇၸၢၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_sudan" title="South sudan – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="South sudan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="దక్షిణ సూడాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దక్షిణ సూడాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="ประเทศซูดานใต้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศซูดานใต้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paguot_Thud%C3%A4n" title="Paguot Thudän – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Paguot Thudän" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Судони Ҷанубӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Судони Ҷанубӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Sudan" title="Güney Sudan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Sudan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnorta_Sudan" title="Günorta Sudan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Günorta Sudan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_A%CC%B1tak" title="Sudan A̱tak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Sudan A̱tak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лымшор Судан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Лымшор Судан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Південний Судан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південний Судан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنوبی سوڈان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنوبی سوڈان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namz_Sudan" title="Namz Sudan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Namz Sudan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_del_Sud" title="Sudan del Sud – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sudan del Sud" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvisudan" title="Suvisudan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Suvisudan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Sudan" title="Nam Sudan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam Sudan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sul%C3%BCda-Sud%C3%A4n" title="Sulüda-Sudän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sulüda-Sudän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9" title="南蘇丹 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="南蘇丹" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salatan_nga_Sudan" title="Salatan nga Sudan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salatan nga Sudan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudaan_gu_B%C3%ABj-saalum" title="Sudaan gu Bëj-saalum – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Sudaan gu Bëj-saalum" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9" title="南蘇丹 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南蘇丹" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan-Dzonga" title="Sudan-Dzonga – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Sudan-Dzonga" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F" title="דרום סודאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דרום סודאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BA%C3%BAs%C3%B9_Sudan" title="Gúúsù Sudan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gúúsù Sudan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9" title="南蘇丹 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南蘇丹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan%C3%AA_Veroci" title="Sudanê Veroci – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sudanê Veroci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Soedan" title="Zuud-Soedan – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zuud-Soedan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97it%C5%AB_Sodans" title="Pėitū Sodans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pėitū Sodans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9" title="南蘇丹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南蘇丹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Kidul" title="Sudan Kidul – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sudan Kidul" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="South Sudan" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 03:38 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li 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