CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" > <head>   <title>Democracy: we've never had it so bad | Peter Tatchell | The Guardian</title> <meta name="description" content="<strong>Peter Tatchell: </strong>Britain's first-past-the-post voting system is tantamount to ballot-rigging and an echo of 18th century rotten boroughs" /> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,minimum-scale=1,initial-scale=1"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#052962" /> <link rel="manifest" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/manifest.json" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon.svg" sizes="any"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-512.png" sizes="512x512"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-360.png" sizes="360x360"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-240.png" sizes="240x240"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-120.png" sizes="120x120"> <link rel="icon" href="https://static.guim.co.uk/images/favicon-32x32.ico"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://i.guim.co.uk"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://j.ophan.co.uk"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://ophan.theguardian.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://sourcepoint.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://i.guim.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://j.ophan.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://ophan.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://hits-secure.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://interactive.guim.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://static.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://support.theguardian.com"> <script type="application/ld+json"> [{"@type":"NewsArticle","@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.theguardian.com#publisher","name":"The Guardian","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://uploads.guim.co.uk/2018/01/31/TheGuardian_AMP.png","width":190,"height":60},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/theguardian","https://twitter.com/guardian","https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGuardian"]},"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isPartOf":{"@type":["CreativeWork","Product"],"name":"The Guardian","productID":"theguardian.com:basic"},"image":["https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553600123/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-006.jpg?width=1200&height=630&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&overlay-align=bottom%2Cleft&overlay-width=100p&overlay-base64=L2ltZy9zdGF0aWMvb3ZlcmxheXMvdGctb3BpbmlvbnMtYWdlLTIwMTAucG5n&enable=upscale&s=8138cd1c77145aa42d9cfc394a203e4e","https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png","https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png","https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png"],"author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Peter Tatchell","sameAs":"https://www.theguardian.com/profile/petertatchell"}],"datePublished":"2010-05-03T08:00:00.000Z","headline":"Democracy: we've never had it so bad","dateModified":"2017-05-08T01:18:31.000Z","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post"},{"@type":"WebPage","@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post","potentialAction":{"@type":"ViewAction","target":"android-app://com.guardian/https/www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post"}}] </script>   <link rel="preload" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <meta property="og:url" content="http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post"/> <meta property="article:author" content="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/petertatchell"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553600123/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-006.jpg?width=1200&height=630&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&overlay-align=bottom%2Cleft&overlay-width=100p&overlay-base64=L2ltZy9zdGF0aWMvb3ZlcmxheXMvdGctb3BpbmlvbnMtYWdlLTIwMTAucG5n&enable=upscale&s=8138cd1c77145aa42d9cfc394a203e4e"/> <meta property="al:ios:url" content="gnmguardian://commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post?contenttype=Article&source=applinks"/> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/theguardian"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Democracy: we've never had it so bad | Peter Tatchell"/> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="180444840287"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2017-05-08T01:18:31.000Z"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="720"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Peter Tatchell: Britain's first-past-the-post voting system is tantamount to ballot-rigging and an echo of 18th century rotten boroughs"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="al:ios:app_store_id" content="409128287"/> <meta property="article:section" content="Opinion"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2010-05-03T08:00:00.000Z"/> <meta property="article:tag" content="General election 2010,Proportional representation,First past the post,Electoral reform,Politics,UK news"/> <meta property="al:ios:app_name" content="The Guardian"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="the Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:dnt" content="on"> <meta name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="409128287"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:googleplay" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:ipad" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@PT_Foundation"/> <meta name="twitter:app:id:ipad" content="409128287"/> <meta name="twitter:app:id:googleplay" content="com.guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:googleplay" content="guardian://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:iphone" content="gnmguardian://commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post?contenttype=Article&source=twitter"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553600123/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-006.jpg?width=1200&height=630&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&overlay-align=bottom%2Cleft&overlay-width=100p&overlay-base64=L2ltZy9zdGF0aWMvb3ZlcmxheXMvdGctb3BpbmlvbnMtYWdlLTIwMTAucG5n&s=d89e16a40b551d1214989caf2d4b7034"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:ipad" content="gnmguardian://commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post?contenttype=Article&source=twitter"/>  <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <script> window.guardian = {"config":{"isDotcomRendering":true,"isDev":false,"stage":"PROD","frontendAssetsFullURL":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","page":{"switches":{"lightbox":true,"abPrebidKeywords":true,"personaliseSignInGateAfterCheckout":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"prebidMagnite":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"adaptiveSite":true,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"ampArticleSwitch":false,"remarketing":true,"articleEndSlot":true,"keyEventsCarousel":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"darkModeWeb":true,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"ampPrebidOzone":false,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"showNewPrivacyWordingOnEmailSignupEmbeds":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"ampContentAbTesting":false,"prebidCriteo":true,"okta":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"abAuxiaSignInGate":false,"abDeferPermutiveLoad":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"ampPrebidPubmatic":false,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"stickyVideos":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"abMovePermutiveSegmentation":false,"brazeTaylorReport":false,"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abTheTradeDesk":true,"callouts":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":false,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"ampLiveblogSwitch":false,"ampAmazon":false,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"optOutAdvertising":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"googleSearch":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"prebidKargo":true,"consentManagement":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"dcrCrosswords":true,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"ampPrebidCriteo":false,"prebidTheTradeDesk":true,"loopVideoTest":false,"newsletterOnwards":false,"youtubeIma":true,"webFonts":true,"liveBlogTopSponsorship":true,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"historyTags":true,"brazeContentCards":true,"remoteBanner":true,"emailSignupRecaptcha":true,"prebidSmart":true,"shouldLoadGoogletag":true,"inizio":true,"europeBetaFront":true},"abTests":{},"googletagUrl":"//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js","stage":"PROD","frontendAssetsFullURL":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","ampIframeUrl":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/data/vendor/2533d5cb94302889e6a8f1b24b5329e7/amp-iframe.html","tones":"Comment","facebookIaAdUnitRoot":"facebook-instant-articles","avatarApiUrl":"https://avatar.theguardian.com","isSplash":false,"isColumn":false,"membershipUrl":"https://membership.theguardian.com","headline":"Democracy: we've never had it so bad","isImmersive":false,"author":"Peter Tatchell","ipsosTag":"commentisfree","isProd":true,"series":"General election 2010: Cif at the polls","toneIds":"tone/comment","membershipAccess":"","allowUserGeneratedContent":false,"commissioningDesks":"","webPublicationDate":1272873600000,"forecastsapiurl":"/weatherapi/forecast","supportUrl":"https://support.theguardian.com","isNumberedList":false,"commercialBundleUrl":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/commercial/47e59a6f2531251d895a/graun.standalone.commercial.js","idOAuthUrl":"https://oauth.theguardian.com","webTitle":"Democracy: we've never had it so bad | Peter Tatchell","isPhotoEssay":false,"idWebAppUrl":"https://oauth.theguardian.com","a9PublisherId":"3722","isFront":false,"inBodyInternalLinkCount":2,"googleSearchUrl":"//www.google.co.uk/cse/cse.js","inBodyExternalLinkCount":3,"showRelatedContent":true,"lightboxImages":{"id":"commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post","headline":"Democracy: we've never had it so bad","shouldHideAdverts":false,"standfirst":"Britain's first-past-the-post voting system is tantamount to ballot-rigging and an echo of 18th century rotten boroughs","images":[]},"googleSearchId":"007466294097402385199:m2ealvuxh1i","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"idUrl":"https://profile.theguardian.com","hasSurveyAd":false,"omnitureAmpAccount":"guardiangu-thirdpartyapps","dfpAdUnitRoot":"theguardian.com","host":"https://www.theguardian.com","blogIds":"commentisfree/commentisfree","sectionName":"Opinion","hasMultipleVideosInPage":false,"hasShowcaseMainElement":false,"googleRecaptchaSiteKey":"6LdzlmsdAAAAALFH63cBVagSFPuuHXQ9OfpIDdMc","fbAppId":"180444840287","isContent":true,"shortUrlId":"/p/2gk9q","dfpAccountId":"59666047","plistaPublicApiKey":"462925f4f131001fd974bebe","wordCount":993,"hasLiveBlogTopAd":false,"dcrSentryDsn":"https://1937ab71c8804b2b8438178dfdd6468f@sentry.io/1377847","cardStyle":"comment","adUnit":"/59666047/theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/ng","discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","isSensitive":false,"ophanEmbedJsUrl":"//j.ophan.co.uk/ophan.embed","edition":"INT","brazeApiKey":"7f28c639-8bda-48ff-a3f6-24345abfc07c","blogs":"Opinion","discussionApiClientHeader":"nextgen","section":"commentisfree","userAttributesApiUrl":"https://members-data-api.theguardian.com/user-attributes","videoDuration":0,"dfpHost":"pubads.g.doubleclick.net","weatherapiurl":"/weatherapi/city","sentryPublicApiKey":"344003a8d11c41d8800fbad8383fdc50","shortUrl":"https://www.theguardian.com/p/2gk9q","thumbnail":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553596430/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-002.jpg?quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=e4f0a241ac0a5be3e5cfb7ba545c52ae","pillar":"Opinion","pageId":"commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post","references":[{"rich-link":"https://www.theguardian.com/info/2015/dec/08/daily-email-uk"}],"beaconUrl":"//phar.gu-web.net","commentable":true,"discussionD2Uid":"zHoBy6HNKsk","ophanJsUrl":"//j.ophan.co.uk/ophan.ng","contributorBio":"","keywordIds":"politics/general-election-2010,politics/pr,politics/firstpastthepost,politics/electoralreform,politics/politics,uk/uk","contentType":"Article","isDev":false,"isHosted":false,"isAdFree":false,"stripePublicToken":"pk_live_2O6zPMHXNs2AGea4bAmq5R7Z","omnitureAccount":"guardiangu-network","locationapiurl":"/weatherapi/locations?query=","authorIds":"profile/petertatchell","isPaidContent":false,"hasYouTubeAtom":false,"externalEmbedHost":"https://embed.theguardian.com","thirdPartyAppsAccount":"guardiangu-thirdpartyapps","ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","byline":"Peter Tatchell","keywords":"General election 2010,Proportional representation,First past the post,Electoral reform,Politics,UK news","contentId":"commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post","nonKeywordTagIds":"commentisfree/series/general-election-2010-cif-at-the-polls,tone/comment,type/article,commentisfree/commentisfree,profile/petertatchell","mobileAppsAdUnitRoot":"beta-guardian-app","hasPageSkin":false,"requiresMembershipAccess":false,"seriesTags":"General election 2010: Cif at the polls","revisionNumber":"DEV","seriesId":"commentisfree/series/general-election-2010-cif-at-the-polls","optimizeEpicUrl":"https://support.theguardian.com/epic/control/index.html","assetsPath":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","mmaUrl":"https://manage.theguardian.com","isLive":false,"richLink":"/info/2015/dec/08/daily-email-uk","campaigns":[],"isLiveBlog":false,"pageCode":"1392659","avatarImagesUrl":"https://avatar.guim.co.uk","publication":"theguardian.com","sentryHost":"app.getsentry.com/35463","buildNumber":"DEV","userBenefitsApiUrl":"https://user-benefits.guardianapis.com/benefits/me","sharedAdTargeting":{"se":["general-election-2010-cif-at-the-polls"],"ct":"article","su":["0"],"edition":"int","tn":["comment"],"k":["uk/uk","firstpastthepost","general-election-2010","pr","politics","electoralreform"],"sh":"https://www.theguardian.com/p/2gk9q","co":["petertatchell"],"url":"/commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post","bl":["commentisfree"],"p":"ng"},"onwardWebSocket":"ws://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk/recently-published","productionOffice":"Uk","shouldHideAdverts":false,"idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","pbIndexSites":[{"bp":"D","id":208274},{"bp":"M","id":213544},{"bp":"T","id":215479}],"googletagJsUrl":"//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js","calloutsUrl":"https://callouts.guardianapis.com/formstack-campaign/submit","isPreview":false,"dcrCouldRender":true},"libs":{"googletag":"//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"},"switches":{"lightbox":true,"abPrebidKeywords":true,"personaliseSignInGateAfterCheckout":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"prebidMagnite":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"adaptiveSite":true,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"ampArticleSwitch":false,"remarketing":true,"articleEndSlot":true,"keyEventsCarousel":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"darkModeWeb":true,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"ampPrebidOzone":false,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"showNewPrivacyWordingOnEmailSignupEmbeds":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"ampContentAbTesting":false,"prebidCriteo":true,"okta":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"abAuxiaSignInGate":false,"abDeferPermutiveLoad":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"ampPrebidPubmatic":false,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"stickyVideos":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"abMovePermutiveSegmentation":false,"brazeTaylorReport":false,"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abTheTradeDesk":true,"callouts":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":false,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"ampLiveblogSwitch":false,"ampAmazon":false,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"optOutAdvertising":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"googleSearch":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"prebidKargo":true,"consentManagement":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"dcrCrosswords":true,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"ampPrebidCriteo":false,"prebidTheTradeDesk":true,"loopVideoTest":false,"newsletterOnwards":false,"youtubeIma":true,"webFonts":true,"liveBlogTopSponsorship":true,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"historyTags":true,"brazeContentCards":true,"remoteBanner":true,"emailSignupRecaptcha":true,"prebidSmart":true,"shouldLoadGoogletag":true,"inizio":true,"europeBetaFront":true},"tests":{},"ophan":{"pageViewId":"","browserId":""}},"polyfilled":false,"adBlockers":{"onDetect":[]},"modules":{"sentry":{}}}; window.guardian.queue = []; // Queue for functions to be fired by polyfill.io callback </script> <script type="module"> window.guardian.mustardCut = true; </script> <script nomodule> // Browser fails mustard check window.guardian.mustardCut = false; </script> <script> // Noop monkey patch perf.mark and perf.measure if not supported if(window.performance !== undefined && window.performance.mark === undefined) { window.performance.mark = function(){}; window.performance.measure = function(){}; } </script> <script> // record the number of times the browser goes offline during a pageview window.guardian.offlineCount = 0; window.addEventListener('offline', function incrementOfflineCount () { window.guardian.offlineCount++ }); </script> <script> // this is a global that's called at the bottom of the pf.io response, // once the polyfills have run. This may be useful for debugging. // mainly to support browsers that don't support async=false or defer function guardianPolyfilled() { window.guardian.polyfilled = true; if (window.guardian.mustardCut === false) { window.guardian.queue.forEach(function(callback) { callback() }) } } // We've got contracts to abide by with the Ophan tracker // Setting pageViewId here ensures we're not getting race-conditions at all window.guardian.config.ophan = { // This is duplicated from // https://github.com/guardian/ophan/blob/master/tracker-js/assets/coffee/ophan/transmit.coffee // Please do not change this without talking to the Ophan project first. pageViewId: new Date().getTime().toString(36) + 'xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/x/g, function() { return Math.floor(Math.random() * 36).toString(36); }), }; </script> <script> // Set the browserId from the bwid cookie on the ophan object created above // This will need to be replaced later with an async request to an endpoint (function (window, document) { function getCookieValue(name) { var nameEq = name + "=", cookies = document.cookie.split(';'), value = null; cookies.forEach(function (cookie) { while (cookie.charAt(0) === ' ') { cookie = cookie.substring(1, cookie.length); } if (cookie.indexOf(nameEq) === 0) { value = cookie.substring(nameEq.length, cookie.length); } }); return value; } window.guardian.config.ophan.browserId = getCookieValue("bwid"); })(window, document); </script> <script id="config" type="application/json"> {"renderingTarget":"Web","darkModeAvailable":false,"assetOrigin":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","editionId":"INT"} </script> <script> window.curlConfig = { baseUrl: 'https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets', apiName: 'require' }; window.curl = window.curlConfig; </script> <noscript> <img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035250&cv=2.0&cj=1&cs_ucfr=0&comscorekw=General+election+2010%2CProportional+representation%2CFirst+past+the+post%2CElectoral+reform%2CPolitics%2CUK+news" /> </noscript>  <script defer src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js?rum=0&features=es6%2Ces7%2Ces2017%2Ces2018%2Ces2019%2Cdefault-3.6%2CHTMLPictureElement%2CIntersectionObserver%2CIntersectionObserverEntry%2CURLSearchParams%2Cfetch%2CNodeList.prototype.forEach%2Cnavigator.sendBeacon%2Cperformance.now%2CPromise.allSettled&flags=gated&callback=guardianPolyfilled&unknown=polyfill&cacheClear=1"></script> <script type="module" src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/frameworks.client.web.1859a918f4c9877cb582.js"></script> <script type="module" src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/index.client.web.6ef589f72c6d54a15e11.js"></script>  <script defer src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/commercial/47e59a6f2531251d895a/graun.standalone.commercial.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/frameworks.client.web.legacy.1859a918f4c9877cb582.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/index.client.web.legacy.9cda240b02443a64edb4.js"></script> <style class="webfont">@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}</style> <style> html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, dl, dt, dd, menu, ol, ul, li, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td, article, aside, canvas, details, embed, figure, figcaption, footer, header, hgroup, main, menu, nav, output, ruby, section, summary, time, mark, audio, video { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; font-size: 100%; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; } /* HTML5 display-role reset for older browsers */ article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, footer, header, hgroup, main, menu, nav, section { display: block; } /* HTML5 hidden-attribute fix for newer browsers */ *[hidden] { display: none; } body { line-height: 1; } menu, ol, ul { list-style: none; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } *, *:before, *:after { box-sizing: border-box; } html { -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; /* always show the vertical scroll bar to stop the page * jumping about when navigating between pages where * one has content shorter than the viewport */ overflow-y: scroll; } html, body { text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; font-feature-settings: 'kern'; font-kerning: normal; /* Safari 7+, Firefox 24+, Chrome 33(?)+, Opera 21 */ font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; } body { background-color: #FFFFFF; color: #121212; } em { font-style: italic; } </style> <style data-emotion="dcr-global 0"></style><style data-emotion="dcr-global 1borpr3">:root{--expandingWrapper--background:#F6F6F6;--expandingWrapper--border:#121212;--expandingWrapper--collapseBackground:#FFFFFF;--expandingWrapper--collapseBackgroundHover:#E5E5E5;--expandingWrapper--collapseText:#121212;--expandingWrapper--collapseTextHover:#121212;--expandingWrapper--text:#121212;--expandingWrapper--horizontalRules:#DCDCDC;--expandingWrapper--expandBackground:#121212;--expandingWrapper--expandBackgroundHover:#454545;--expandingWrapper--expandText:#FFFFFF;--tabs--background:#F6F6F6;--tabs--text:#121212;--tabs--border:#999999;--tabs--inactiveBackground:#DCDCDC;--accordion-background:#F6F6F6;--accordion-title:#121212;--accordion-title-row-background:#FFFFFF;--accordion-title-row-border-top:#DCDCDC;--accordion-title-row-fill:#707070;--ad-background:#F6F6F6;--ad-background-article-inner:#F6F6F6;--ad-border:#DCDCDC;--ad-border-article-inner:#DCDCDC;--ad-labels-text:#707070;--ad-labels-text-article-inner:#707070;--affiliate-disclaimer-background:#F6F6F6;--affiliate-disclaimer-background-hover:#EDEDED;--age-warning-background:#FFE500;--age-warning-text:#121212;--age-warning-wrapper-background:transparent;--apps-epic-background:#F6F6F6;--apps-epic-border:#FFE500;--apps-epic-text:#121212;--apps-footer-background:#F6F6F6;--apps-footer-links-text:#121212;--apps-footer-links-text-hover:#1A1A1A;--article-background:#FEF9F5;--article-border:#DCDCDC;--article-inner-background:transparent;--article-link-border:#DCDCDC;--article-link-border-hover:#C74600;--article-link-text:#C74600;--article-link-text-hover:#C74600;--article-meta-lines:#DCDCDC;--article-section-background:#FFFFFF;--article-section-secondary-title:#333333;--article-section-title:#000000;--article-text:#121212;--audio-atom-background:#F6F6F6;--audio-atom-border:#DCDCDC;--audio-atom-icons:#C74600;--audio-atom-kicker:#C74600;--audio-atom-progress-bar:#999999;--avatar-background:#EDEDED;--bio-link-underline:#DCDCDC;--bio-text-subdued:#707070;--block-quote-fill:#8D2700;--block-quote-link:#C74600;--block-quote-text:#121212;--branding-border:#DCDCDC;--branding-label-text:#333333;--branding-link-text:#C74600;--bullet-fill:#8D2700;--button-background-primary:#052962;--button-background-primary-hover:#234B8A;--button-text-primary:#FFFFFF;--byline:#C74600;--byline-anchor:#C74600;--byline-background:#FFE500;--byline-hover:#C74600;--byline-underline:inherit;--callout-highlight-background:#FFE500;--callout-highlight-text:#121212;--callout-prompt:#0077B6;--callout-submit-background:#052962;--callout-submit-background-hover:#234B8A;--callout-submit-text:#FFFFFF;--caption-link:#C74600;--caption-overlay-text:#FFFFFF;--caption-photo-essay-main-media-text:#707070;--caption-text:#707070;--card-background:transparent;--card-background-hover:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.1);--card-border-supporting:#DCDCDC;--card-border-top:#BABABA;--card-footer-text:#707070;--card-headline:#121212;--card-kicker-text:#C74600;--card-media-background:#F6F6F6;--card-media-icon:#F6F6F6;--card-media-waveform:#DCDCDC;--card-sublinks-background:#F6F6F6;--card-trail-text:#545454;--carousel-active-dot:#C74600;--carousel-active-dot-hover:#C74600;--carousel-arrow:#FFFFFF;--carousel-arrow-background:#000000;--carousel-arrow-background-disabled:#707070;--carousel-arrow-background-hover:#FFE500;--carousel-border:#DCDCDC;--carousel-chevron:#121212;--carousel-chevron-border:#BABABA;--carousel-chevron-border-disabled:rgba(186, 186, 186, 0.32);--carousel-chevron-disabled:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.32);--carousel-chevron-hover:rgba(186, 186, 186, 0.2);--carousel-dot:#EDEDED;--carousel-dot-hover:#DCDCDC;--carousel-text:#121212;--carousel-title-highlight:#C74600;--click-to-view-background:#F6F6F6;--click-to-view-border:#DCDCDC;--click-to-view-button:#052962;--click-to-view-button-hover:#234B8A;--click-to-view-button-text:#FFFFFF;--code-block-background:#f5f2f0;--code-block-text-shadow:#FFFFFF;--comment-count-fill:#C74600;--comment-count-mobile-fill:#C74600;--comment-form-header-background:#F6F6F6;--comment-form-input-background:#FFFFFF;--cricket-scoreboard-border-top:#005689;--cricket-scoreboard-divider:#DCDCDC;--cricket-scoreboard-link-text:#005689;--crossword-clues-header-border-bottom:#DCDCDC;--crossword-clues-header-border-top:#BB3B80;--dateline:#333333;--dateline-mobile:#707070;--design-tag-background:#C74600;--design-tag-text:#FFFFFF;--discussion-accent-text:#C74600;--discussion-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-border:#DCDCDC;--discussion-button-background-hover:#C74600;--discussion-button-text:#FFFFFF;--discussion-comment-underline:#DCDCDC;--discussion-link:#0077B6;--discussion-loading-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-loading-shimmer:#DCDCDC;--discussion-pagination-background:#FFFFFF;--discussion-pagination-border:#DCDCDC;--discussion-pagination-border-hover:#999999;--discussion-pagination-text:#707070;--discussion-pick-label-text:#121212;--discussion-pre-mod:#0077B6;--discussion-preview-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-primary-button-background:#C74600;--discussion-report-background:#FFFFFF;--discussion-report-border:#545454;--discussion-report-button:#052962;--discussion-report-error-text:#C70000;--discussion-report-label-text:#121212;--discussion-report-success-text:#22874D;--discussion-section-background:#FEF9F5;--discussion-selected-background:#F6F6F6;--discussion-staff-label-text:#052962;--discussion-subdued:#707070;--discussion-text:#121212;--discussion-top-pick-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-top-pick-link:#0077B6;--drop-cap:#8D2700;--editorial-button-background:#C74600;--editorial-button-background-hover:#C74600;--editorial-button-border-hover:#C74600;--editorial-button-text:#C74600;--email-signup-button-background:#000000;--email-signup-button-hover:#333333;--email-signup-button-text:#FFFFFF;--end-note-text-subdued:#707070;--eu-parliament-ecr:#0077B6;--eu-parliament-epp:#3DBBE2;--eu-parliament-greensefa:#39A566;--eu-parliament-ni:#333333;--eu-parliament-renew:#FF7F0F;--eu-parliament-sd:#C70000;--eu-parliament-theleft:#8B0000;--eu-parliament-unknown:#848484;--expandable-atom-background:#EDEDED;--expandable-atom-border:#DCDCDC;--expandable-atom-button:#000000;--expandable-atom-button-fill:#FFFFFF;--expandable-atom-text-hover:#C74600;--explainer-atom-accent:#121212;--explainer-atom-background:#F6F6F6;--feature-card-background:#EDEDED;--feature-card-footer-text:#DCDCDC;--feature-card-headline:#F6F6F6;--feature-card-kicker-text:#F9B376;--feature-card-trail-text:#DCDCDC;--filter-key-events-toggle-border-top:#DCDCDC;--follow-icon-background:#FEF9F5;--follow-icon-fill:#C74600;--follow-text:#121212;--football-competition-select-text:#121212;--football-match-hover:#EDEDED;--football-match-list-background:#F6F6F6;--football-match-list-border:#EDEDED;--football-match-list-competition-text:#005689;--football-match-list-error:#C70000;--football-match-list-live-status:#00B2FF;--football-match-list-sub-text:#707070;--football-match-list-top-border:#00B2FF;--front-container-background:#FFFFFF;--front-page-background:#FFFFFF;--heading-line:#8D2700;--headline-background:transparent;--headline-blog-background:#FEF9F5;--headline-border:#DCDCDC;--headline-byline:inherit;--headline-colour:#121212;--headline-match-colour:#C74600;--highlights-card-headline:#121212;--highlights-card-kicker-text:#C74600;--highlights-container-background:#F6F6F6;--highlights-container-border:#999999;--highlights-container-end-fade:transparent;--highlights-container-mid-fade:rgba(250, 250, 250, 0.6);--highlights-container-start-fade:#F6F6F6;--image-title-background:#C74600;--interactive-atom-background:transparent;--interactive-block-background:#FEF9F5;--interactive-block-background-datawrapper:#FEF9F5;--interactive-contents-hover:#EDEDED;--key-event-background:#F6F6F6;--key-event-background-desktop:#EDEDED;--key-event-border:#707070;--key-event-bullet:#707070;--key-event-bullet-hover:#000000;--key-event-button:#121212;--key-event-button-fill:#FFFFFF;--key-event-button-hover:#FFD900;--key-event-text:#C74600;--key-event-title:#121212;--kicker-background-live:#C74600;--kicker-pulsing-dot-live:rgba(246, 246, 246, 0.75);--kicker-text-live:#F6F6F6;--last-updated-text:#000000;--latest-links-dotted-line:#999999;--lightbox-divider:#C74600;--link-kicker-text:#C74600;--live-block-border-bottom:#DCDCDC;--live-block-border-top:#C74600;--live-block-container-background:#FFFFFF;--masthead-nav-background:#052962;--masthead-nav-border:#506991;--masthead-nav-lines:#506991;--masthead-nav-link-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-nav-link-text-hover:#FFE500;--masthead-top-bar-background:#041F4A;--masthead-top-bar-link-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-top-bar-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-top-bar-vertical-divider:#506991;--masthead-veggie-burger-background:#FFE500;--masthead-veggie-burger-background-hover:#FFD900;--masthead-veggie-burger-icon:#052962;--match-nav-background:#FFE500;--match-nav-text:#121212;--match-stats-background:#d9edf6;--match-tab-border:#DCDCDC;--match-tab-border-active:#005689;--most-viewed-description:#707070;--most-viewed-footer-hover:#F6F6F6;--most-viewed-headline:#121212;--most-viewed-tab-border:#C74600;--multi-byline-non-linked-text:#707070;--nav-reader-revenue-link-text:#FFE500;--nav-search-bar-background:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);--nav-search-bar-icon:#FFFFFF;--nav-search-bar-text:#FFFFFF;--numbered-list-heading:#121212;--numbered-list-links:#C74600;--numbered-list-number:#707070;--numbered-list-title:#C74600;--pagination-text:#C74600;--pill-background:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.7);--pill-bullet:#FF5943;--pill-divider:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);--pill-text:#FFFFFF;--pinned-post-background:#FFFFFF;--pinned-post-border:#C74600;--podcast-meta-button-background:#333333;--podcast-meta-button-background-hover:#1A1A1A;--podcast-meta-button-text:#DCDCDC;--podcast-meta-title:#F6F6F6;--privacy-text-regular:#121212;--privacy-text-supporting:#000000;--privacy-text-supporting-subdued:#707070;--pullquote-background:#FEF9F5;--pullquote-border:#DCDCDC;--pullquote-icon:#8D2700;--pullquote-text:#8D2700;--quiz-atom-answers-background:#F6F6F6;--quiz-atom-answers-hover:#DCDCDC;--quiz-atom-button-background:#052962;--quiz-atom-button-background-hover:#234B8A;--quiz-atom-button-text:#FFFFFF;--quiz-atom-check-mark:#000000;--quiz-atom-incorrect-answer-background:#C70000;--quiz-atom-results-background:#EDEDED;--quiz-atom-results-border:#EDEDED;--quiz-atom-results-number:#052962;--quiz-atom-results-text:#121212;--quote-icon-fill:#C74600;--recaptcha-border:#121212;--recaptcha-button:#000000;--recaptcha-button-hover:#333333;--recaptcha-button-text:#FFFFFF;--recommendation-count:#F6F6F6;--recommendation-count-arrow:#707070;--recommendation-count-arrow-selected:#FFFFFF;--recommendation-count-selected:#052962;--rich-link-background:#F6F6F6;--rich-link-background-hover:#EDEDED;--rich-link-border:#C74600;--rich-link-branding-text:#707070;--rich-link-fill:#C74600;--rich-link-header:#000000;--rich-link-text:#C74600;--section-background:transparent;--section-background-left:transparent;--section-border:#DCDCDC;--section-border-primary:#333333;--section-border-secondary:#BABABA;--section-date:#C70000;--section-description:#707070;--section-title-background:transparent;--section-toggle-button:#707070;--section-toggle-button-hover:#121212;--series-title-background:transparent;--series-title-match-text:#C74600;--series-title-text:#C74600;--share-button:#C74600;--share-button-border:#DCDCDC;--share-button-copied:#121212;--share-button-hover:#FFFFFF;--share-button-liveblog-mobile-meta:#8D2700;--share-button-xsmall-border:#DCDCDC;--sign-in-link:#C74600;--sign-in-link-underline:#DCDCDC;--slideshow-caption:#FFFFFF;--slideshow-pagination-dot:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.2);--slideshow-pagination-dot-active:#121212;--speech-bubble-background:#C74600;--stacked-progress-background:#DCDCDC;--stacked-progress-to-win:#121212;--staff-contributor-badge:#052962;--staff-contributor-badge-text:#FFFFFF;--staff-pick-badge:#121212;--staff-pick-badge-text:#FFFFFF;--standfirst-background:#FEF9F5;--standfirst-border:#DCDCDC;--standfirst-bullet:#DCDCDC;--standfirst-link-border:#DCDCDC;--standfirst-link-text:#C74600;--standfirst-text:#000000;--star-rating-background:#FFE500;--star-rating-fill:#121212;--straight-lines:#DCDCDC;--stuck-background:#FFFFFF;--sub-meta-background:#FEF9F5;--sub-meta-label-text:#707070;--sub-meta-text:#C74600;--sub-meta-text-hover:#FFFFFF;--sub-nav-border:#C74600;--sub-nav-link-footer:#121212;--sub-nav-link-header:#121212;--sub-nav-link-hover:#C74600;--sub-nav-more:#999999;--subheading-text:#8D2700;--summary-event-bullet:#C74600;--summary-event-bullet-hover:#8D2700;--syndication-button-border:#DCDCDC;--syndication-button-hover:#DCDCDC;--syndication-button-text:#707070;--table-block-background:#F6F6F6;--table-block-border-top:#0077B6;--table-block-stripe:#EDEDED;--table-block-text:#121212;--table-block-text-first-column:#707070;--table-of-contents:#121212;--table-of-contents-border:#DCDCDC;--tabs-input:#FFFFFF;--tag-page-chevron:#000000;--textblock-bullet-background:#C74600;--textblock-text:inherit;--timeline-atom-bullet:#121212;--timeline-atom-highlight-text:#000000;--timeline-atom-highlight-text-background:#FFE500;--timeline-bullet:#8D2700;--timeline-event-border:#DCDCDC;--treat-background:#000000;--treat-text:#F6F6F6;--trending-topics-background:#FFFFFF;--trending-topics-separator:#DCDCDC;--trending-topics-text:#333333;--uk-elections-conservative:#0077B6;--uk-elections-labour:#C70000;--uk-elections-lib-dem:#E05E00;--uk-elections-reform:#3DBBE2;--uk-elections-snp:#F5DC00;--us-elections-democrats:#093CA3;--us-elections-republicans:#C70000;--witness-title-author:#C74600;--witness-title-icon:#C74600;--witness-title-text:#C74600;--youtube-overlay-kicker:#FF5943;-webkit-print-color-scheme:light;color-scheme:light;}:root body{color:#121212;}*:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) *:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #0077B6;}::selection{background:#FFE500;color:#121212;}.ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{content:attr(ad-label-text);display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.ad-slot__adtest-cookie-clear-link{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-align:left;position:absolute;left:268px;top:1px;z-index:10;padding:0;border:0;}.ad-slot{text-align:center;}.ad-slot .ad-slot__content{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}@media print{.ad-slot{display:none!important;}}.ad-slot.ad-slot--collapse{display:none;}.ad-slot.ad-slot--fluid{min-height:250px;padding:0;margin:0;overflow:visible;width:100%;}.ad-slot-container{max-width:100vw;position:relative;}</style><style data-emotion="dcr-global 1uvnolp">.bz-custom-container~#bannerandheader .top-banner-ad-container{display:none;}</style><style data-emotion="dcr-global 19rs85u">@media (max-width: 979.9px){.nav-is-open{overflow:hidden;height:100vh;}}</style><style data-emotion="dcr-global animation-yk1vcf">@-webkit-keyframes animation-yk1vcf{0%{-webkit-background-position:-1500px 0;background-position:-1500px 0;}100%{-webkit-background-position:1500px 0;background-position:1500px 0;}}@keyframes animation-yk1vcf{0%{-webkit-background-position:-1500px 0;background-position:-1500px 0;}100%{-webkit-background-position:1500px 0;background-position:1500px 0;}}</style><style data-emotion="dcr 1gpubb 4omefw 1xdhyk6 1s8spa1 1u9kji9 n4pnam iim5od mqepgd vdr14u 5k6jfi kohrs2 145list 1vetsv0 1cvta4k vxblrw 140c513 1jzii9a 1iaxt8y 1kbi9ft 1crstso qfkeyz 64xqd0 i0vtpq 1apgfiu zramh4 1p0hins 1acea34 1p1neil 1d6g26q 1grikph 7612kl ks441s 1iufw7r 1kcody2 1hrapdy n3bsq4 b3mn8w 1nvgr5i li5n90 1ef3v4m 1l1mact 1srap2j efueom 6sl420 lpsfc3 o6rk0u 11vt4tq 9ra8aa 1julzi7 4hq641 1tnoaxa p0c3jt v7ibvm 1j2dgzz 10b2o1s wp8bgr 16q8bto x5fwww 1yytfii 6zq80y yq9plo 1utnfys 90inr0 1jjnk9d 6v110l qcy5wo radnun 1gsboxi 1q09wwq e1bf28 1rg7stg 3ae42h 1mtufo3 a1su5g 1rinrec iwod0p nnfu1a e3rvah mu6xev 12t3ay9 5wkng0 15o3dy0 1ikn05z wqti5a 7b6wo0 1fnjjtg 14emo0l hlfdy3 142siv7 1t8m8f2 evn1e9 v822l1 gup2gr zy1nbx 1xgwz8b 1e8cdhs 1inf02i 1qvd3m6 1tx6u99 10355cg 4pzc03 1v9xu6e u0pbjs 1v9e6r1 upmzd8 1mxzhuq notra3 13832xi s88ov6 1uv1bpy 1ct8skw 1bbve8d 1ycxi04 2232f3 mc7gai 1rctyfj 16dfovq 1v9sla6 5oiine 1kpcv08 1pexjb9 9dgpdq 16lnb0w bao4ku 1csot3r 14baf59 hzam7a 1a4fred 1bwys2b 11jq3zt s3ycb2 15rw6c2 fckw05 1slmqmw 11qmbjk 1rrvs2w hj8byr 1gwziyt nu129i zhx6xs 14rjinq bcwpw1 jwg3xc 1hko8ef 1e3xwa3 bsv5en wi6855 1ykr3rf 17n294h ivr0sq 1ntgn2k 1vf50t ri3hap p0nyl2 u8qikl begx13 yg4zrc k1vhee 8ro32r aep3nc xodiwl 1hfm9sp q3hb80 1t1ldv1 f68shw 1giivcq 1vig65l ktu60b 45o43m 1gx3men 1atljbz dah9rt fossqd ddf1wi 6m88po 1ypixpd laek1z 1oj52y1 n509ks ke0s0j 1pt7toy j5zpwt 1qjcfie 1q1v1nj a4rp9m 1gt8egs lgyw9b bnuca0 1hmrwdw 1ris6nf 1xyi04h 1wf840d u54heg 1ms2xl4 4coeh 1v06yj3 1xnlu54 1bljy3y 6ottnt 18yycfp 13lm9u3 1slcfay 1gsdol8 uh3rt8">.dcr-1gpubb{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:40px;top:-40px;line-height:30px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;background:#FFFFFF;display:block;text-align:center;margin:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#000000;}.dcr-1gpubb:focus,.dcr-1gpubb:active{border:5px solid #0077B6;position:static;}.dcr-1gpubb:visited,.dcr-1gpubb:active{color:#000000;}.dcr-4omefw{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:22;background-color:var(--stuck-background);}.dcr-1u9kji9{position:static;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-n4pnam{display:none;}}.dcr-iim5od{z-index:1080;width:100%;background-color:var(--ad-background);min-height:133px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--ad-border);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;}.dcr-mqepgd{min-height:90px;min-width:728px;}.dcr-vdr14u{padding-bottom:18px;position:relative;margin:0 auto;text-align:left;display:block;}.dcr-5k6jfi{display:grid;grid-auto-rows:auto;grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] 0 [content-start main-column-start] repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)) [content-end main-column-end] 0 [viewport-end];-webkit-column-gap:10px;column-gap:10px;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-5k6jfi{-webkit-column-gap:20px;column-gap:20px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start main-column-start] repeat(12, 40px) [content-end main-column-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start main-column-start] repeat(12, 60px) [content-end main-column-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start left-column-start] repeat(2, 60px) [left-column-end main-column-start] repeat(12, 60px) [content-end main-column-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start left-column-start] repeat(3, 60px) [left-column-end main-column-start] repeat(12, 60px) [main-column-end] repeat(1, 60px) [content-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}.dcr-kohrs2{grid-column:content-start/main-column-end;background-color:var(--masthead-top-bar-background);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;box-sizing:border-box;height:52px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-kohrs2{height:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-kohrs2{height:64px;}}.dcr-145list{height:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-right:auto;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1vetsv0{display:none;}}.dcr-1cvta4k{height:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1cvta4k:before{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-top-bar-vertical-divider);height:38px;}}.dcr-vxblrw{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-top-bar-link-text);-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:4px;}.dcr-vxblrw:hover,.dcr-vxblrw:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-vxblrw svg{fill:currentColor;float:left;height:18px;width:18px;margin:0 4px 0 0;}.dcr-140c513{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-top-bar-link-text);-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:4px 0 4px 4px;z-index:20;}.dcr-140c513:hover,.dcr-140c513:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-140c513 svg{fill:currentColor;float:left;height:18px;width:18px;margin:0 4px 0 0;}.dcr-1jzii9a{grid-column:main-column-start/main-column-end;grid-row:1;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1jzii9a{justify-self:end;}}.dcr-1iaxt8y{z-index:19;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;margin-top:4px;}.dcr-1iaxt8y ul{position:absolute;left:0;right:unset;max-height:unset;min-width:200px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1iaxt8y ul{left:unset;right:0;}}.dcr-1kbi9ft #checkbox-id-masthead-edition{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1kbi9ft #dropbox-id-masthead-edition{display:none;}.dcr-1kbi9ft #checkbox-id-masthead-edition:checked+#dropbox-id-masthead-edition{display:block;}.dcr-1crstso{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;display:block;cursor:pointer;background:none;border:none;line-height:1.2;color:#FFFFFF;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;padding:0px 10px 6px 5px;margin:1px 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;position:relative;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);padding:6px 0 0 0;margin-top:4px;}.dcr-1crstso:hover{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-1crstso:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);}.dcr-1crstso:after{content:'';display:inline-block;width:5px;height:5px;-webkit-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);border:1px solid currentColor;border-left:transparent;border-top:transparent;margin-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 250ms ease-out;transition:transform 250ms ease-out;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1crstso{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}.dcr-1crstso:not(ul):hover{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-qfkeyz{z-index:30;list-style:none;background-color:white;padding:6px 0;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);padding:6px 0 0 0;margin-top:4px;}.dcr-qfkeyz li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-qfkeyz{position:fixed;border-radius:0;top:32px;left:0;right:0;width:auto;max-height:calc(100% - 50px);overflow:auto;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-qfkeyz{position:absolute;top:100%;width:200px;border-radius:3px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-qfkeyz{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}.dcr-qfkeyz:not(ul):hover{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-64xqd0{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:#121212;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;margin:-1px 0 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;padding:10px 18px 15px 30px;font-weight:bold;}.dcr-64xqd0:hover{background-color:#EDEDED;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-64xqd0:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-64xqd0:before{content:'';border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;display:block;position:absolute;top:0px;left:30px;right:0px;}.dcr-64xqd0:after{content:'';border:2px solid #C70000;border-top:0px;border-right:0px;position:absolute;top:19px;left:12px;width:10px;height:4px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg);}.dcr-64xqd0:before{content:none;}.dcr-i0vtpq{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:#121212;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;margin:-1px 0 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;padding:10px 18px 15px 30px;}.dcr-i0vtpq:hover{background-color:#EDEDED;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-i0vtpq:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-i0vtpq:before{content:'';border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;display:block;position:absolute;top:0px;left:30px;right:0px;}.dcr-1apgfiu{grid-column:main-column-start/main-column-end;grid-row:1;position:relative;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;justify-self:end;-webkit-align-self:end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:end;margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:6px;right:52px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1apgfiu{right:0;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1apgfiu{margin-bottom:8px;}}.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:152px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:207px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:252px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:291px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:324px;}}.dcr-zramh4{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1p0hins{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1acea34{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1p1neil{grid-column:content-start/content-end;grid-row:2;-webkit-align-self:end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:end;font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;margin-top:8px;pointer-events:none;position:relative;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1p1neil{grid-row:1/2;}.dcr-1p1neil li:last-of-type:after{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;height:calc(100% - 4px);margin-top:4px;}}.dcr-1p1neil::after{content:'';position:absolute;border-bottom:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);bottom:0;right:-10px;left:-10px;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1p1neil::after{left:-20px;right:-20px;}}.dcr-1d6g26q{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;pointer-events:auto;}.dcr-1grikph{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:28px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;list-style:none;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1grikph{height:34px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1grikph{height:37px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1grikph{width:108px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1grikph{height:40px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1grikph{height:52px;width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1grikph{width:136px;}}.dcr-1grikph::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-1grikph:after{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;height:calc(100% - 4px);margin-top:4px;}.dcr-1grikph a{padding-left:0;}.dcr-1grikph a:after{width:calc(100% - 1px);margin-left:0;}.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;padding-left:6px;padding-right:4px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-size:0.9375rem;padding-right:8px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-7612kl:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-7612kl:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-7612kl:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-7612kl:after{height:5px;background-color:var(--pillar-underline);content:'';display:block;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;width:calc(100% - 6px - 1px);margin-left:6px;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;margin-bottom:-5px;}.dcr-ks441s{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:28px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;list-style:none;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-ks441s{height:34px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-ks441s{height:37px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-ks441s{width:108px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-ks441s{height:40px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-ks441s{height:52px;width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-ks441s{width:136px;}}.dcr-ks441s::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-ks441s:after{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;height:calc(100% - 4px);margin-top:4px;}.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;padding-left:6px;padding-right:4px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-size:0.9375rem;padding-right:8px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-1iufw7r:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-1iufw7r:after{height:5px;background-color:var(--pillar-underline);content:'';display:block;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;width:calc(100% - 6px - 1px);margin-left:6px;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;margin-bottom:-5px;}.dcr-1iufw7r:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-1iufw7r:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-1kcody2{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:28px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;list-style:none;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:34px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:37px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1kcody2{width:108px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:40px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:52px;width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1kcody2{width:136px;}}.dcr-1kcody2::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-1hrapdy{grid-column:content-start/content-end;grid-row:1;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;justify-self:end;position:relative;bottom:2px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1hrapdy{grid-row:1/3;-webkit-align-self:end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:end;}}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1hrapdy{bottom:4px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1hrapdy{right:354px;bottom:6px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1hrapdy{right:430px;bottom:14px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1hrapdy{right:534px;}}.dcr-n3bsq4{position:relative;z-index:1;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-n3bsq4{z-index:28;}}.dcr-b3mn8w{cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:50%;background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background);}.dcr-b3mn8w:hover{background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background-hover);}.dcr-b3mn8w:focus{outline:none;}#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-b3mn8w{display:none;}.dcr-1nvgr5i{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-li5n90{cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:50%;background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background);}.dcr-li5n90:hover{background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background-hover);}.dcr-li5n90:focus{outline:none;}#header-nav-input-checkbox:not(:checked)~div .dcr-li5n90{display:none;}.dcr-1ef3v4m{grid-column:content-start/content-end;grid-row:2;margin-top:-1px;}.dcr-1l1mact{z-index:27;left:0;top:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1l1mact{-webkit-transform:translateX(-110%);-moz-transform:translateX(-110%);-ms-transform:translateX(-110%);transform:translateX(-110%);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);bottom:0;height:100%;overflow:auto;position:fixed;right:0;will-change:transform;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1l1mact{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-1l1mact{-webkit-transform:translateX(0%);-moz-transform:translateX(0%);-ms-transform:translateX(0%);transform:translateX(0%);}}@media (min-width: 980px){#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-1l1mact{display:block;overflow:visible;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1srap2j{position:relative;}}.dcr-efueom{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;z-index:26;left:0;top:0;box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute;margin-right:28px;box-shadow:28px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-efueom{margin-right:40px;box-shadow:40px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-efueom{margin-right:100px;box-shadow:100px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-efueom{box-shadow:none;position:absolute;padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0;top:0;left:0;right:0;width:100%;}@supports (width: 100vw){.dcr-efueom{left:50%;right:50%;width:100vw;margin-left:-50vw;margin-right:-50vw;}}}.dcr-6sl420{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-6sl420{max-width:980px;padding:0 20px;position:relative;margin:0 auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border-right:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);border-top:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);}.dcr-6sl420:first-of-type{border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-6sl420{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-6sl420{max-width:1300px;}}.dcr-lpsfc3{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding-bottom:10px;position:relative;}.dcr-lpsfc3::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-lpsfc3{width:108px;float:left;position:relative;border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);}.dcr-lpsfc3:first-of-type{border-left:none;width:calc(108px - 2px);}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-lpsfc3{width:125px;}.dcr-lpsfc3:first-of-type{width:calc(125px - 2px);}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-lpsfc3{width:136px;}.dcr-lpsfc3:first-of-type{width:calc(136px - 2px);}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-lpsfc3:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}.dcr-o6rk0u{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-o6rk0u >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-o6rk0u{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-o6rk0u{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-o6rk0u:hover,.dcr-o6rk0u:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-o6rk0u:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#News-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-o6rk0u:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-o6rk0u{display:none;}}.dcr-11vt4tq{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-11vt4tq::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-11vt4tq{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-11vt4tq{padding-left:0;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-11vt4tq{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-11vt4tq{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#News-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-11vt4tq{display:none;}}.dcr-9ra8aa{box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-9ra8aa{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-9ra8aa{display:none;}}.dcr-1julzi7{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;}.dcr-1julzi7 >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1julzi7{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1julzi7{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-1julzi7:hover,.dcr-1julzi7:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-1julzi7:hover,.dcr-1julzi7:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-4hq641{box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-4hq641{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}}.dcr-1tnoaxa{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#News-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-1tnoaxa{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1tnoaxa{display:none;}}.dcr-p0c3jt{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-p0c3jt >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-p0c3jt{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-p0c3jt{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-p0c3jt:hover,.dcr-p0c3jt:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-p0c3jt:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Opinion-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-p0c3jt:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-p0c3jt{display:none;}}.dcr-v7ibvm{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-v7ibvm::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-v7ibvm{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-v7ibvm{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Opinion-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-v7ibvm{display:none;}}.dcr-1j2dgzz{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Opinion-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-1j2dgzz{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1j2dgzz{display:none;}}.dcr-10b2o1s{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-10b2o1s >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-10b2o1s{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-10b2o1s{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-10b2o1s:hover,.dcr-10b2o1s:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-10b2o1s:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Sport-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-10b2o1s:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-10b2o1s{display:none;}}.dcr-wp8bgr{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-wp8bgr::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-wp8bgr{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-wp8bgr{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Sport-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-wp8bgr{display:none;}}.dcr-16q8bto{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Sport-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-16q8bto{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-16q8bto{display:none;}}.dcr-x5fwww{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-x5fwww >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-x5fwww{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-x5fwww{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-x5fwww:hover,.dcr-x5fwww:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-x5fwww:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Culture-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-x5fwww:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-x5fwww{display:none;}}.dcr-1yytfii{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-1yytfii::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1yytfii{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1yytfii{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Culture-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-1yytfii{display:none;}}.dcr-6zq80y{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Culture-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-6zq80y{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-6zq80y{display:none;}}.dcr-yq9plo{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-yq9plo >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-yq9plo{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-yq9plo{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-yq9plo:hover,.dcr-yq9plo:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-yq9plo:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Lifestyle-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-yq9plo:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-yq9plo{display:none;}}.dcr-1utnfys{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-1utnfys::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1utnfys{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1utnfys{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Lifestyle-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-1utnfys{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-90inr0{display:none;}}.dcr-1jjnk9d{box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-left:16px;max-width:380px;position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;margin-right:41px;padding-bottom:15px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1jjnk9d{margin:0;}}.dcr-6v110l{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:#121212;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-qcy5wo{width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:44px;color:#121212;background-color:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #707070;border-radius:4px;padding:0 8px;margin-top:4px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;background-color:var(--nav-search-bar-background);border:0;border-radius:1000px;box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);height:36px;padding-left:38px;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-qcy5wo:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #0077B6;}.dcr-qcy5wo:invalid{box-shadow:none;}.dcr-qcy5wo:invalid[value]:not([value='']){border:2px solid #C70000;border-radius:4px;color:#121212;margin-top:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo::placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus{padding-right:40px;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus::-webkit-input-placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus::-moz-placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus:-ms-input-placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus::placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus~button{background-color:transparent;opacity:1;pointer-events:all;}.dcr-radnun{position:absolute;left:7px;top:7px;fill:var(--nav-search-bar-icon);}.dcr-1gsboxi{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:44px;min-height:44px;padding:0 20px;border-radius:44px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#052962;color:#FFFFFF;-webkit-flex-direction:row-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse;background:transparent;border:0;bottom:0;cursor:pointer;display:block;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:50px;fill:var(--nav-search-bar-icon);}.dcr-1gsboxi:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-1gsboxi:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-1gsboxi:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-1gsboxi:hover{background-color:#234B8A;}.dcr-1gsboxi svg{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;display:block;fill:currentColor;position:relative;width:30px;height:auto;}.dcr-1gsboxi .src-button-space{width:12px;}.dcr-1gsboxi svg{margin-left:-4px;}.dcr-1gsboxi:focus,.dcr-1gsboxi:active{opacity:0;pointer-events:all;}.dcr-1gsboxi:before{height:12px;top:12px;width:12px;}.dcr-1gsboxi:after{border-right:0;top:17px;width:20px;}.dcr-1q09wwq{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q09wwq{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-e1bf28{display:none;}}.dcr-1rg7stg{position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;color:var(--nav-reader-revenue-link-text);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}.dcr-1rg7stg >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1rg7stg{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1rg7stg{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-1rg7stg:hover,.dcr-1rg7stg:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1rg7stg{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}.dcr-1rg7stg:hover,.dcr-1rg7stg:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-3ae42h{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding-bottom:10px;position:relative;}.dcr-3ae42h::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-3ae42h:first-of-type:after{content:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-3ae42h{width:108px;float:left;position:relative;}.dcr-3ae42h:after{content:none;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-3ae42h{width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-3ae42h{width:136px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-3ae42h:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;height:auto;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-3ae42h:after{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;width:1px;height:auto;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}.dcr-1mtufo3{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-1mtufo3::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1mtufo3{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}.dcr-a1su5g{position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}.dcr-a1su5g >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-a1su5g{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-a1su5g{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-a1su5g:hover,.dcr-a1su5g:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-a1su5g:hover,.dcr-a1su5g:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1rinrec{display:none;padding:8px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1rinrec{display:block;}}.dcr-iwod0p{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;list-style:none;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0;padding-bottom:0;}.dcr-iwod0p::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-iwod0p{width:140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-iwod0p{width:300px;}}.dcr-nnfu1a{margin-right:0;margin-top:-6px;padding-bottom:0;}.dcr-e3rvah{position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-e3rvah >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-e3rvah:hover,.dcr-e3rvah:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding:6px 0;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-e3rvah{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-mu6xev{position:relative;grid-column:content-start/content-end;grid-row:3;width:calc(100% + 10px);}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-mu6xev{width:calc(100% + 20px);}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-mu6xev{width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-mu6xev:before{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);position:absolute;left:-20px;top:0;bottom:0;}.dcr-mu6xev:after{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);position:absolute;right:-20px;top:0;bottom:0;}}.dcr-mu6xev ul{padding-right:32px;position:relative;}.dcr-12t3ay9{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-column-gap:8px;column-gap:8px;color:inherit;min-height:28px;width:100%;margin-top:8px;overflow-x:scroll;scrollbar-width:none;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-12t3ay9{margin-top:12px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-12t3ay9{min-height:30px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-12t3ay9{margin-top:14px;}}@supports selector(::-webkit-scrollbar){.dcr-12t3ay9::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}}.dcr-5wkng0{white-space:nowrap;}.dcr-15o3dy0{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding-right:4px;}.dcr-15o3dy0:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-1ikn05z{position:absolute;width:40px;height:100%;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;background:linear-gradient( to right, transparent 0%, var(--masthead-nav-background) 100% );}.dcr-wqti5a{position:relative;margin:auto;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-wqti5a{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-wqti5a{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-wqti5a{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-wqti5a{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-wqti5a{border-left:1px solid;border-right:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-wqti5a{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}.dcr-7b6wo0{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-7b6wo0{margin-left:0px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-7b6wo0{margin-left:151px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-7b6wo0{margin-left:230px;}}@supports (display: grid){.dcr-7b6wo0{display:grid;width:100%;margin-left:0;grid-column-gap:10px;}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-7b6wo0{grid-template-columns:219px 1px 620px 80px 300px;grid-template-areas:'title border headline . right-column' 'lines border headline . right-column' 'meta border standfirst . right-column' 'meta border media . right-column' 'meta border body . right-column' '. border . . right-column';}}@media (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-7b6wo0{grid-template-columns:140px 1px 620px 300px;grid-template-areas:'title border headline right-column' 'lines border headline right-column' 'meta border standfirst right-column' 'meta border media right-column' 'meta border body right-column' '. border . right-column';}}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-7b6wo0{grid-template-columns:620px 300px;grid-template-areas:'title right-column' 'headline right-column' 'standfirst right-column' 'meta right-column' 'media right-column' 'body right-column' '. right-column';}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-7b6wo0{grid-column-gap:0px;grid-template-columns:100%;grid-template-areas:'title' 'headline' 'standfirst' 'meta' 'media' 'body';}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-7b6wo0{grid-column-gap:0px;grid-template-columns:100%;grid-template-areas:'title' 'headline' 'standfirst' 'meta' 'media' 'body';}}}.dcr-1fnjjtg{grid-area:var(--grid-area);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-14emo0l{max-width:620px;}}.dcr-hlfdy3{height:100%;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-hlfdy3{margin:0;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;}}.dcr-hlfdy3 img{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;width:100%;height:100%;}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-hlfdy3{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-hlfdy3{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}}.dcr-142siv7{height:100%;}.dcr-1t8m8f2{position:relative;}.dcr-1t8m8f2 img{height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:cover;}.dcr-evn1e9{display:block;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-v822l1{display:none;}}.dcr-gup2gr{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}.dcr-zy1nbx #the-checkbox{display:none;}.dcr-zy1nbx #the-caption{display:none;}.dcr-zy1nbx #the-checkbox:checked+#the-caption{display:block;}.dcr-1xgwz8b{position:absolute;right:5px;width:32px;height:32px;z-index:1;background-color:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.6);border-radius:50%;bottom:6px;border:none;cursor:pointer;}.dcr-1xgwz8b svg{top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;margin:auto;position:absolute;fill:white;}.dcr-1e8cdhs{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;line-height:135%;padding-top:6px;overflow-wrap:break-word;color:var(--caption-text);position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.8);color:var(--caption-overlay-text);font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1rem;padding-top:0.375rem;padding-right:2.5rem;padding-left:0.75rem;padding-bottom:0.375rem;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;min-height:2.25rem;}.dcr-1e8cdhs span{color:var(--caption-overlay-text);font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1rem;}.dcr-1e8cdhs svg{fill:currentcolor;}.dcr-1inf02i{fill:var(--caption-text);margin-right:4px;display:inline-block;position:relative;width:1em;vertical-align:baseline;}.dcr-1inf02i::before{content:' ';display:block;padding-top:72.22222222222221%;}.dcr-1inf02i svg{top:0px;right:0px;bottom:0px;left:0px;width:100%;position:absolute;height:100%;}.dcr-1qvd3m6 a{color:var(--caption-link);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1qvd3m6 a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1qvd3m6 strong{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-1tx6u99{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;line-height:135%;padding-top:6px;overflow-wrap:break-word;color:var(--caption-text);margin-bottom:6px;}.dcr-10355cg{padding-top:8px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-10355cg{-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}}.dcr-4pzc03{-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;display:inline-block;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-4pzc03{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1v9xu6e{display:none;}}.dcr-u0pbjs{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:var(--series-title-text);background-color:var(--series-title-background);font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;word-break:break-word;box-shadow:-6px 0 0 0 var(--series-title-background),6px 0 0 0 var(--series-title-background);}.dcr-u0pbjs:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-u0pbjs{margin-right:8px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-u0pbjs{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-1v9e6r1{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-weight:400;display:block;word-break:break-word;color:var(--series-title-text);background-color:var(--section-title-background);}.dcr-1v9e6r1:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-upmzd8{border-left:1px solid var(--article-border);height:100%;}}.dcr-1mxzhuq{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;min-height:259px;}.dcr-notra3{background-color:var(--age-warning-wrapper-background);margin-top:12px;margin-left:-10px;margin-bottom:6px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-notra3{margin-left:-20px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-notra3{margin-left:-10px;margin-top:0;}}.dcr-13832xi{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--age-warning-text);background-color:var(--age-warning-background);display:inline-block;padding:6px 10px;}.dcr-13832xi >strong{font-weight:bold;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-13832xi{padding-left:12px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-13832xi{padding-left:10px;}}.dcr-s88ov6{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.75rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;color:var(--headline-colour);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-s88ov6{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:2.125rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:4px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-s88ov6{padding-top:4px;}}.dcr-1uv1bpy{display:inline-block;width:68%;}.dcr-1ct8skw{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:2.125rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:4px;line-height:38px;display:inline;color:var(--byline);}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1ct8skw{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.75rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-1ct8skw a{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1ct8skw a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1bbve8d{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;margin-bottom:-29px;margin-top:-50px;pointer-events:none;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1bbve8d{overflow:hidden;}}@media (min-width: 320px){.dcr-1bbve8d img{margin-right:-1.85rem;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1bbve8d img{margin-right:-1.25rem;}}.dcr-1ycxi04{display:block;width:180px;height:150px;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1ycxi04{width:216px;height:180px;}}.dcr-2232f3{display:block;}.dcr-mc7gai{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}.dcr-1rctyfj{display:block;}.dcr-16dfovq{max-width:540px;color:var(--standfirst-text);font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;padding-bottom:8px;}.dcr-16dfovq li{margin-bottom:6px;padding-left:19px;}.dcr-16dfovq li p{display:inline;}.dcr-16dfovq li:before{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:50%;height:0.7em;width:0.7em;margin-right:7px;background-color:var(--standfirst-bullet);margin-left:-19px;}.dcr-16dfovq p:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:8px;}.dcr-16dfovq strong{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-16dfovq [data-dcr-style='bullet']{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:50%;height:13px;width:13px;margin-right:2px;background-color:var(--standfirst-bullet);}.dcr-16dfovq a{color:var(--standfirst-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--standfirst-link-border);-webkit-transition:border-color 0.15s ease-out;transition:border-color 0.15s ease-out;}.dcr-16dfovq li:before{height:15px;width:15px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-16dfovq{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-16dfovq{padding-bottom:12px;}}.dcr-16dfovq a:hover{border-bottom:solid 1px var(--standfirst-link-border);}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-1v9sla6{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-1v9sla6{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}}.dcr-5oiine{padding-top:2px;}@media (min-width: 740px) and (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-5oiine{-webkit-order:3;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-5oiine{padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-5oiine{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}@media (min-width: 660px){.dcr-5oiine{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;}}.dcr-1kpcv08{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1kpcv08{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}.dcr-1pexjb9{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--dateline);padding-top:2px;margin-bottom:6px;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1pexjb9{color:var(--mobile-color);}}.dcr-9dgpdq{margin-bottom:6px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.dcr-16lnb0w{border-top:1px solid var(--article-border);-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;padding-top:6px;}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-16lnb0w{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-16lnb0w{padding-bottom:6px;}}.dcr-bao4ku{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:36px;min-height:36px;padding:0 16px;border-radius:36px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:transparent;color:#052962;border:1px solid #052962;-webkit-flex-direction:row-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse;color:var(--share-button);width:105px;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;border-color:var(--share-button-border);height:36px;}.dcr-bao4ku:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-bao4ku:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-bao4ku:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-bao4ku:hover{background-color:#E5E5E5;}.dcr-bao4ku svg{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;display:block;fill:currentColor;position:relative;width:26px;height:auto;}.dcr-bao4ku .src-button-space{width:8px;}.dcr-bao4ku svg{margin-left:-4px;}.dcr-bao4ku svg{fill:var(--share-button);-webkit-transition:inherit;transition:inherit;}.dcr-bao4ku:hover{background-color:var(--share-button);border-color:var(--share-button);color:var(--share-button-hover);}.dcr-bao4ku:hover svg{fill:var(--share-button-hover);}.dcr-1csot3r{border-top:1px solid var(--article-border);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-1csot3r{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;}}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-1csot3r{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}.dcr-14baf59{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;}.dcr-hzam7a{z-index:7;grid-area:var(--grid-area);}.dcr-1a4fred{-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;z-index:1;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1a4fred{padding-left:0;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1a4fred{width:620px;}}.dcr-1bwys2b{margin-top:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 740px) and (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1bwys2b{padding-right:80px;}}.dcr-1bwys2b ol:not([data-ignore='global-ol-styling']){counter-reset:li;}.dcr-1bwys2b ol:not([data-ignore='global-ol-styling']) >li:before{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian,"Guardian Text Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;line-height:1.15;content:counter(li);counter-increment:li;margin-right:0.25rem;float:left;}.dcr-1bwys2b strong{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-1bwys2b a:not([data-ignore='global-link-styling']){-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--article-link-border);color:var(--article-link-text);}.dcr-1bwys2b a:not([data-ignore='global-link-styling']):hover{color:var(--article-link-text-hover);border-bottom:1px solid var(--article-link-border-hover);}.dcr-11jq3zt{position:relative;}.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot-container{margin:12px auto;text-align:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot-container{background-color:var(--ad-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot-container{clear:left;}}.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot-container .ad-slot--interscroller{overflow:hidden;position:relative;}.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot-container .ad-slot--interscroller .ad-slot__content{position:absolute;height:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;z-index:-1;}.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot-container .ad-slot--interscroller::before{display:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot-container--offset-right{float:right;max-width:300px;margin-right:-330px;background-color:transparent;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot-container--offset-right{margin-right:-310px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot-container--offset-right{margin-right:-400px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;-webkit-align-self:flex-start;-ms-flex-item-align:flex-start;align-self:flex-start;}}.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot--inline{min-height:274px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot--inline1:not(.ad-slot--rendered){min-height:374px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot--top-above-nav{min-height:274px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-11jq3zt #dfp-ad--top-above-nav--passback,.dcr-11jq3zt #dfp-ad--inline1--passback{background-color:var(--ad-background);}}.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot--carrot{float:left;clear:both;width:140px;margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:4px;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot--carrot{position:relative;margin-left:-160px;width:140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot--carrot{margin-left:-240px;width:220px;}}.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot__scroll{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:100%;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot__scroll.visible{visibility:initial;}.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot__scroll.hidden{visibility:hidden;}.dcr-11jq3zt .ad-slot--interscroller[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'Advertisement';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;border:0;display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-s3ycb2{margin-bottom:0.75rem;word-break:break-word;font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian,"Guardian Text Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.4;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--textblock-text);}.dcr-s3ycb2 strong em,.dcr-s3ycb2 strong u{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-s3ycb2 ul{margin-bottom:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-s3ycb2 ul{margin-bottom:1rem;}}.dcr-s3ycb2 li{margin-bottom:0.25rem;padding-left:1.25rem;display:flow-root;}.dcr-s3ycb2 li p{margin:-1.5rem 0 0 0;}.dcr-s3ycb2:is(ul)>li:before{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:50%;height:0.75rem;width:0.75rem;background-color:#DCDCDC;margin-left:-1.25rem;margin-right:0.5rem;}.dcr-s3ycb2 sub{bottom:-0.25em;}.dcr-s3ycb2 sup{top:-0.5em;}.dcr-s3ycb2 sub,.dcr-s3ycb2 sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}.dcr-s3ycb2 [data-dcr-style='bullet']{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:50%;height:0.5rem;width:0.5rem;background-color:var(--textblock-bullet-background);}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-s3ycb2{overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-wrap:break-word;}}.dcr-15rw6c2{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;float:left;font-size:7rem;line-height:5.75rem;text-transform:uppercase;box-sizing:border-box;margin-right:4px;vertical-align:text-top;}.dcr-fckw05{padding-bottom:36px;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-fckw05{padding-bottom:20px;}}.dcr-1slmqmw{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;display:block;color:var(--sub-meta-label-text);margin-bottom:8px;}.dcr-11qmbjk{padding-bottom:0.75rem;margin-bottom:6px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--article-border);}.dcr-1rrvs2w{list-style:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:1.5rem 0.25rem;background-image:repeating-linear-gradient( to bottom, var(--sub-meta-background) 0px, var(--sub-meta-background) 2.25rem, transparent 2.25rem, transparent 2.3125rem, var(--sub-meta-background) 2.3125rem, var(--sub-meta-background) 3rem ),repeating-linear-gradient( to right, var(--article-border) 0px, var(--article-border) 0.1875rem, transparent 0.1875rem, transparent 0.3125rem );-webkit-background-position:top;background-position:top;background-repeat:no-repeat;}.dcr-1rrvs2w li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-hj8byr{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;border:0.0625rem solid var(--sub-meta-text);border-radius:0.75rem;padding:0.125rem 0.5625rem;}.dcr-hj8byr:hover{background-color:var(--sub-meta-text);}.dcr-hj8byr:hover a{color:var(--sub-meta-text-hover);}.dcr-hj8byr a{position:relative;display:block;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1gwziyt{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:var(--sub-meta-text);}.dcr-nu129i{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.dcr-zhx6xs >a{font-weight:normal;}.dcr-14rjinq{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;min-height:24px;padding:0 12px;border-radius:24px;padding-bottom:1px;background-color:transparent;color:var(--syndication-button-text);border:1px solid var(--syndication-button-border);}.dcr-14rjinq:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-14rjinq:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-14rjinq:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-14rjinq:hover{background-color:var(--syndication-button-hover);}.dcr-bcwpw1{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:6;grid-area:var(--grid-area);}@supports (display: grid){.dcr-bcwpw1{position:relative;}}.dcr-jwg3xc{padding-top:6px;height:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-jwg3xc{margin-left:20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-jwg3xc{margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1hko8ef{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1hko8ef{height:100%;display:block;-webkit-flex-basis:300px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:300px;flex-basis:300px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}.dcr-1e3xwa3{height:min(100%, 1600px);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.dcr-bsv5en{position:static;height:100%;max-height:100%;}.dcr-bsv5en .ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{content:attr(ad-label-text);display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-bsv5en .ad-slot__adtest-cookie-clear-link{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-align:left;position:absolute;left:268px;top:1px;z-index:10;padding:0;border:0;}.dcr-bsv5en .ad-slot--right[data-label-show='true']::before{background-color:var(--ad-background-article-inner);border-top-color:var(--ad-border-article-inner);color:var(--ad-labels-text-article-inner);}.dcr-wi6855{background-color:var(--ad-background-article-inner);max-width:300px;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0px;}.dcr-wi6855 .ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{content:attr(ad-label-text);display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-wi6855 .ad-slot__adtest-cookie-clear-link{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-align:left;position:absolute;left:268px;top:1px;z-index:10;padding:0;border:0;}.dcr-1ykr3rf{position:relative;margin:auto;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1ykr3rf{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1ykr3rf{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1ykr3rf{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1ykr3rf{max-width:1300px;}}.dcr-17n294h{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;}.dcr-17n294h.ad-slot-container--centre-slot{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;margin:0 auto;}.dcr-ivr0sq{position:relative;min-height:274px;margin:12px auto;max-width:1300px;overflow:hidden;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-ivr0sq{margin:0;padding-bottom:20px;min-height:294px;}}@media (min-width: 660px) and (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-ivr0sq:not(.ad-slot--fluid).ad-slot--rendered{display:none;}}.dcr-1ntgn2k{width:100%;background:var(--article-section-background);}.dcr-1vf50t{position:relative;margin:auto;border-top:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1vf50t{border-left:1px solid;border-right:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1vf50t{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}.dcr-ri3hap{-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;}.dcr-p0nyl2{min-height:340px;width:100%;margin-bottom:px;margin-left:px;background-color:var(--article-background);}.dcr-u8qikl{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-positive:1;}.dcr-begx13{position:relative;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:36px;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-begx13{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-begx13{-webkit-flex-basis:230px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:230px;flex-basis:230px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}.dcr-yg4zrc{height:100%;}.dcr-k1vhee{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.dcr-8ro32r{padding-top:4px;padding-bottom:4px;}.dcr-aep3nc{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;padding-bottom:4px;}.dcr-xodiwl{color:var(--discussion-subdued);}.dcr-1hfm9sp{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--discussion-subdued);padding-bottom:4px;}.dcr-q3hb80{color:var(--sign-in-link);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--sign-in-link-underline);-webkit-transition:border-color 0.15s ease-out;transition:border-color 0.15s ease-out;}.dcr-q3hb80:hover{border-color:var(--sign-in-link);}.dcr-1t1ldv1{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;width:100%;margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:36px;}.dcr-f68shw{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-f68shw{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1giivcq{display:none;}}.dcr-1vig65l{width:100%;max-width:100%;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1vig65l{padding-left:10px;}}.dcr-ktu60b{min-height:324px;width:100%;margin-bottom:px;margin-left:px;background-color:#EDEDED;-webkit-animation:animation-yk1vcf 2s infinite linear;animation:animation-yk1vcf 2s infinite linear;background:linear-gradient( to right, #EDEDED 4%, white 25%, #EDEDED 36% );-webkit-background-size:1500px 100%;background-size:1500px 100%;}.dcr-45o43m{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;gap:100vh;height:100%;}.dcr-1gx3men{position:relative;padding-right:10px;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1gx3men{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-1gx3men{-webkit-flex-basis:151px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:151px;flex-basis:151px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1gx3men{-webkit-flex-basis:230px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:230px;flex-basis:230px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}.dcr-1atljbz{margin-left:0;}.dcr-dah9rt{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;padding-bottom:4px;padding-top:6px;overflow-wrap:break-word;}.dcr-fossqd{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-fossqd{margin-right:68px;}}.dcr-ddf1wi{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-ddf1wi{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}.dcr-6m88po{margin-left:-1px;}@media (min-width: 980px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-6m88po{min-width:627px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-6m88po{min-width:718px;}}.dcr-1ypixpd{height:44px;border-left:1px solid var(--article-border);}.dcr-laek1z{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;grid-template-rows:repeat(10, 70px);grid-auto-flow:column;border-left:1px solid var(--article-border);}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-laek1z{grid-template-columns:1fr;grid-template-rows:repeat(10, 60px);}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-laek1z{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;grid-template-rows:repeat(5, 80px);}}.dcr-1oj52y1{position:relative;border-top:1px solid var(--article-border);border-right:1px solid var(--article-border);}.dcr-n509ks{position:absolute;top:6px;left:10px;fill:var(--article-text);}.dcr-n509ks svg{height:40px;}.dcr-ke0s0j{height:1em;}.dcr-1pt7toy{margin-top:9px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1pt7toy{margin-top:0;margin-left:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1pt7toy{margin-top:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1pt7toy{margin-left:16px;}}{margin-top:2px;}{margin-top:36px;}{margin-top:9px;}{margin-top:38px;}{margin-top:54px;}.dcr-j5zpwt{min-height:274px;min-width:300px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;max-width:300px;margin:0 auto;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-j5zpwt{max-width:700px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-j5zpwt{max-width:300px;}}.dcr-1qjcfie{position:relative;min-height:274px;min-width:300px;max-width:300px;text-align:center;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1qjcfie{max-width:700px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1qjcfie{width:auto;max-width:300px;}}.dcr-1q1v1nj{position:relative;margin:auto;border-top:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1q1v1nj{border-left:1px solid;border-right:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}}.dcr-a4rp9m{height:36px;overflow:hidden;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-a4rp9m{height:42px;}}.dcr-1gt8egs{list-style:none;padding:0 5px;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1gt8egs{padding:0 15px;}}.dcr-1gt8egs li{float:left;display:block;}.dcr-lgyw9b{float:left;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-size:14px;font-weight:500;color:var(--sub-nav-link);padding:0 5px;height:36px;line-height:36px;}.dcr-lgyw9b:hover{color:var(--sub-nav-link-hover);}.dcr-lgyw9b:focus{line-height:26px;height:26px;margin-top:5px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-lgyw9b:focus{height:32px;line-height:32px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-lgyw9b{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-size:16px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-lgyw9b{height:42px;line-height:42px;}}.dcr-bnuca0{position:relative;margin:auto;border-top:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:1300px;}}.dcr-1hmrwdw{background-color:#052962;color:#FFFFFF;padding-bottom:6px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}.dcr-1ris6nf{border-left:1px solid #506991;border-right:1px solid #506991;padding-top:8px;position:relative;padding-left:10px;}.dcr-1ris6nf:after{content:'';display:table;clear:both;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1ris6nf{padding-left:20px;}}.dcr-1ris6nf >ul{clear:none;}.dcr-1ris6nf >ul:after{display:none;}.dcr-1xyi04h{display:grid;-webkit-column-gap:12px;column-gap:12px;grid-template-areas:'signup' 'links' 'acknowledgment';clear:both;width:100%;padding:0 10px;position:relative;border:1px solid #506991;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1xyi04h{grid-template-columns:min-content;grid-template-areas:'signup links' 'acknowledgment links';}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1xyi04h{padding:0 20px;}}.dcr-1wf840d{grid-area:signup;padding-top:8px;margin-bottom:12px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1wf840d{width:247px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1wf840d{width:298px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1wf840d{width:458px;}}.dcr-u54heg{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:36px;min-height:36px;padding:0 16px;border-radius:36px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#052962;color:#FFFFFF;color:#052962;background-color:#FFFFFF;margin-top:12px;}.dcr-u54heg:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-u54heg:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-u54heg:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-u54heg:hover{background-color:#234B8A;}.dcr-u54heg svg{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;display:block;fill:currentColor;position:relative;width:26px;height:auto;}.dcr-u54heg .src-button-space{width:8px;}.dcr-u54heg svg{margin-right:-4px;}.dcr-u54heg:hover{background-color:#DCDCDC;}.dcr-1ms2xl4{grid-area:links;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1ms2xl4{border-top:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul{width:50%;border-left:1px solid #506991;padding:12px 0 0 10px;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(1){border-left:0 none;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul{clear:left;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(odd){border-left:0;padding-left:0;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(3){padding-top:0;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(4){padding-top:0;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul{margin:0 10px 36px 0;width:150px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(1){border-left:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-4coeh{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding-bottom:12px;display:block;line-height:19px;}.dcr-4coeh:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:#FFE500;}.dcr-1v06yj3{border-left:1px solid #506991;-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;padding:12px 0 0 10px;margin:0 10px 36px 0;width:calc(50% - 10px);}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1v06yj3{width:50%;border-top:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-1xnlu54{background-color:#052962;padding:0 5px;position:absolute;bottom:-21px;right:20px;}.dcr-1bljy3y{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;line-height:42px;}.dcr-1bljy3y:hover{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-1bljy3y:hover .icon-container{background-color:#FFE500;}.dcr-6ottnt{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;padding-right:5px;}.dcr-18yycfp{position:relative;float:right;border-radius:100%;background-color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;height:42px;min-width:42px;}.dcr-13lm9u3:before{position:absolute;top:6px;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;border:2px solid #052962;border-bottom:0;border-right:0;content:'';height:12px;width:12px;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);}.dcr-1slcfay{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;padding:12px;padding-left:20px;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1slcfay{margin-top:11px;}}.dcr-1gsdol8{position:fixed!important;bottom:0;z-index:31!important;max-height:90vh;overflow:auto;width:100%!important;background:none!important;top:auto!important;}.dcr-uh3rt8{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:320px;margin:0 auto;right:0;left:0;z-index:24;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#F6F6F6;}@media (min-width: 660px){.dcr-uh3rt8{display:none;}}.dcr-uh3rt8 .ad-slot__close-button{display:none;position:absolute;right:3px;top:-21px;padding:0;border:0;height:21px;width:21px;background-color:transparent;}.dcr-uh3rt8 .ad-slot__close-button svg{height:0.75rem;width:0.75rem;stroke:#121212;fill:#121212;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-width:0;text-align:center;}.dcr-uh3rt8 .ad-slot--mobile-sticky .ad-slot__close-button{display:block;}.dcr-uh3rt8 .ad-slot__close-button__x{stroke:#121212;fill:transparent;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-width:2;text-align:center;}.dcr-uh3rt8 .ad-slot:not[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'';display:block;height:24px;visibility:hidden;}.dcr-uh3rt8 .ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'Advertisement';display:block;position:relative;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-uh3rt8 .ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{padding-left:calc((100% - 320px) / 2);padding-right:calc((100% - 320px) / 2);}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/css/print.css"> </head> <body class=""> <a href="#maincontent" data-link-name="skip : main content" class="dcr-1gpubb">Skip to main content</a><a href="#navigation" data-link-name="skip : navigation" class="dcr-1gpubb">Skip to navigation</a><gu-island name="FocusStyles" priority="enhancement" deferUntil="idle" props="{}"></gu-island><a href="#navigation" data-link-name="skip : navigation" class="dcr-1gpubb">Skip to navigation</a><gu-island name="AlreadyVisited" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{}"></gu-island><gu-island name="Metrics" priority="critical" props="{"commercialMetricsEnabled":true,"tests":{}}"></gu-island><gu-island name="BrazeMessaging" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com"}"></gu-island><gu-island name="ReaderRevenueDev" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"shouldHideReaderRevenue":false}"></gu-island><gu-island name="SetABTests" priority="critical" props="{"abTestSwitches":{"abPrebidKeywords":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"abAuxiaSignInGate":false,"abDeferPermutiveLoad":true,"abMovePermutiveSegmentation":false,"abTheTradeDesk":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"abAdBlockAsk":false},"pageIsSensitive":false,"isDev":false,"serverSideTests":{}}"></gu-island><gu-island name="SetAdTargeting" priority="critical" props="{"adTargeting":{"customParams":{"sens":"f","si":"f","vl":0,"cc":"INT","s":"commentisfree","inskin":"f","se":["general-election-2010-cif-at-the-polls"],"ct":"article","su":["0"],"edition":"int","tn":["comment"],"k":["uk/uk","firstpastthepost","general-election-2010","pr","politics","electoralreform"],"sh":"https://www.theguardian.com/p/2gk9q","co":["petertatchell"],"url":"/commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post","bl":["commentisfree"],"p":"ng","pa":"f","urlkw":["democracy","first","past","the","post"]},"adUnit":"/59666047/theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/ng"}}"></gu-island><div id="bannerandheader"><div class="dcr-4omefw"><section style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1s8spa1"><div class="dcr-1u9kji9"><span class="dcr-n4pnam"><div class="top-banner-ad-container dcr-iim5od"><div class="dcr-mqepgd"><gu-island name="AdBlockAsk" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"size":"leaderboard","slotId":"dfp-ad--top-above-nav","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"isPaidContent":false}"></gu-island><div class="ad-slot-container dcr-vdr14u"><div id="dfp-ad--top-above-nav" data-link-name="ad slot top-above-nav" data-name="top-above-nav" data-testid="slot" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--top-above-nav ad-slot--mpu-banner-ad ad-slot--rendered"></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></section></div><header data-component="header"><section style="background-color:var(--masthead-top-bar-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1s8spa1"><div data-component="topbar"><gu-island name="TopBar" priority="critical" props="{"editionId":"INT","idUrl":"https://profile.theguardian.com","mmaUrl":"https://manage.theguardian.com","discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","contributionsServiceUrl":"https://contributions.guardianapis.com","hasPageSkin":false}"><div class="dcr-5k6jfi"><div class="dcr-kohrs2"><div style="padding-right:12px;" class="dcr-145list"></div><span class="dcr-1vetsv0"><div style="padding-right:12px;" class="dcr-1cvta4k"><a href="https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe/weekly?REFPVID=undefined&INTCMP=undefined&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22PrintSubscriptionsHeaderLink%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22%2C%22referrerUrl%22%3A%22%22%7D" data-link-name="header : topbar : printsubs" class="dcr-vxblrw">Print subscriptions</a></div></span><span class="dcr-1vetsv0"><div style="padding-right:12px;" class="dcr-1cvta4k"><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" data-link-name="header : topbar : job-cta" class="dcr-vxblrw">Search jobs</a></div></span><div style="padding-right:0px;" class="dcr-1cvta4k"><a href="https://profile.theguardian.com/signin?INTCMP=DOTCOM_NEWHEADER_SIGNIN&ABCMP=ab-sign-in&componentEventParams=componentType%3Didentityauthentication%26componentId%3Dguardian_signin_header" data-link-name="header : topbar : signin" class="dcr-140c513"><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M7 0C3.1 0 0 3.1 0 7c0 2 .9 3.9 2.4 5.2C3.6 13.4 5.3 14 7 14c1.7 0 3.4-.6 4.7-1.8C13.2 10.9 14 9 14 7c0-3.9-3.1-7-7-7zm0 1.8c1.3 0 2.1.8 2.1 2.1S8 6.3 7 6.3c-.8 0-2-1.1-2-2.4 0-1.4.7-2.1 2-2.1zm0 11.6c-1.7 0-3.3-.7-4.5-1.8l.8-3.2.5-.5c1-.4 2.1-.5 3.1-.5 1.1 0 2.1.2 3.1.5l.5.5.9 3.2c-1.1 1.2-2.7 1.8-4.4 1.8z"></path></svg> Sign in</a></div></div></div></gu-island></div></div></section><gu-island name="Titlepiece" priority="critical" props="{"nav":{"pillars":[{"title":"News","longTitle":"Headlines","url":"/","children":[{"title":"World","longTitle":"World news","url":"/world","children":[{"title":"Europe","longTitle":"Europe","url":"/world/europe-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US","longTitle":"US news","url":"/us-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Americas","longTitle":"Americas","url":"/world/americas","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Asia","longTitle":"Asia","url":"/world/asia","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Australia","longTitle":"Australia news","url":"/australia-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Middle East","longTitle":"Middle East","url":"/world/middleeast","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Africa","longTitle":"Africa","url":"/world/africa","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Inequality","longTitle":"Inequality","url":"/inequality","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Global development","longTitle":"Global development","url":"/global-development","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US politics","longTitle":"US politics","url":"/us-news/us-politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"UK","longTitle":"UK news","url":"/uk-news","children":[{"title":"UK politics","longTitle":"UK politics","url":"/politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Education","longTitle":"Education","url":"/education","children":[{"title":"Schools","longTitle":"Schools","url":"/education/schools","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Teachers","longTitle":"Teachers","url":"/teacher-network","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Universities","longTitle":"Universities","url":"/education/universities","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Students","longTitle":"Students","url":"/education/students","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Media","longTitle":"Media","url":"/media","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Society","longTitle":"Society","url":"/society","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Law","longTitle":"Law","url":"/law","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Scotland","longTitle":"Scotland","url":"/uk/scotland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wales","longTitle":"Wales","url":"/uk/wales","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Northern Ireland","longTitle":"Northern Ireland","url":"/uk/northernireland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Climate crisis","longTitle":"Climate crisis","url":"/environment/climate-crisis","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Middle East","longTitle":"Middle East","url":"/world/middleeast","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Ukraine","longTitle":"Ukraine","url":"/world/ukraine","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Environment","longTitle":"Environment","url":"/environment","children":[{"title":"Climate crisis","longTitle":"Climate crisis","url":"/environment/climate-crisis","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wildlife","longTitle":"Wildlife","url":"/environment/wildlife","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Energy","longTitle":"Energy","url":"/environment/energy","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pollution","longTitle":"Pollution","url":"/environment/pollution","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Science","longTitle":"Science","url":"/science","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Global development","longTitle":"Global development","url":"/global-development","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Football","longTitle":"Football","url":"/football","children":[{"title":"Live scores","longTitle":"football/live","url":"/football/live","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tables","longTitle":"football/tables","url":"/football/tables","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Fixtures","longTitle":"football/fixtures","url":"/football/fixtures","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Results","longTitle":"football/results","url":"/football/results","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Competitions","longTitle":"football/competitions","url":"/football/competitions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Clubs","longTitle":"football/teams","url":"/football/teams","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tech","longTitle":"Tech","url":"/technology","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Business","longTitle":"Business","url":"/business","children":[{"title":"Economics","longTitle":"Economics","url":"/business/economics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Banking","longTitle":"Banking","url":"/business/banking","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Money","longTitle":"Money","url":"/money","children":[{"title":"Property","longTitle":"Property","url":"/money/property","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pensions","longTitle":"Pensions","url":"/money/pensions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Savings","longTitle":"Savings","url":"/money/savings","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Borrowing","longTitle":"Borrowing","url":"/money/debt","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Careers","longTitle":"Careers","url":"/money/work-and-careers","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Markets","longTitle":"Markets","url":"/business/stock-markets","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Project Syndicate","longTitle":"Project Syndicate","url":"/business/series/project-syndicate-economists","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"B2B","longTitle":"B2B","url":"/business-to-business","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Retail","longTitle":"Retail","url":"/business/retail","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Obituaries","longTitle":"Obituaries","url":"/obituaries","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":0},{"title":"Opinion","longTitle":"Opinion home","url":"/commentisfree","children":[{"title":"The Guardian view","longTitle":"The Guardian view","url":"/profile/editorial","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Columnists","longTitle":"Columnists","url":"/index/contributors","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cartoons","longTitle":"Cartoons","url":"/tone/cartoons","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Opinion videos","longTitle":"Opinion videos","url":"/type/video+tone/comment","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Letters","longTitle":"Letters","url":"/tone/letters","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":1},{"title":"Sport","longTitle":"Sport home","url":"/sport","children":[{"title":"Football","longTitle":"Football","url":"/football","children":[{"title":"Live scores","longTitle":"football/live","url":"/football/live","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tables","longTitle":"football/tables","url":"/football/tables","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Fixtures","longTitle":"football/fixtures","url":"/football/fixtures","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Results","longTitle":"football/results","url":"/football/results","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Competitions","longTitle":"football/competitions","url":"/football/competitions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Clubs","longTitle":"football/teams","url":"/football/teams","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cricket","longTitle":"Cricket","url":"/sport/cricket","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Rugby union","longTitle":"Rugby union","url":"/sport/rugby-union","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tennis","longTitle":"Tennis","url":"/sport/tennis","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cycling","longTitle":"Cycling","url":"/sport/cycling","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"F1","longTitle":"F1","url":"/sport/formulaone","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Golf","longTitle":"Golf","url":"/sport/golf","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US sports","longTitle":"US sports","url":"/sport/us-sport","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":2},{"title":"Culture","longTitle":"Culture home","url":"/culture","children":[{"title":"Books","longTitle":"Books","url":"/books","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Music","longTitle":"Music","url":"/music","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"TV & radio","longTitle":"TV & radio","url":"/tv-and-radio","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Art & design","longTitle":"Art & design","url":"/artanddesign","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Film","longTitle":"Film","url":"/film","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Games","longTitle":"Games","url":"/games","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Classical","longTitle":"Classical","url":"/music/classicalmusicandopera","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Stage","longTitle":"Stage","url":"/stage","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":3},{"title":"Lifestyle","longTitle":"Lifestyle home","url":"/lifeandstyle","children":[{"title":"Fashion","longTitle":"Fashion","url":"/fashion","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Food","longTitle":"Food","url":"/food","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Recipes","longTitle":"Recipes","url":"/tone/recipes","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Love & sex","longTitle":"Love & sex","url":"/lifeandstyle/love-and-sex","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Health & fitness","longTitle":"Health & fitness","url":"/lifeandstyle/health-and-wellbeing","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Home & garden","longTitle":"Home & garden","url":"/lifeandstyle/home-and-garden","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Women","longTitle":"Women","url":"/lifeandstyle/women","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Men","longTitle":"Men","url":"/lifeandstyle/men","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Family","longTitle":"Family","url":"/lifeandstyle/family","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Travel","longTitle":"Travel","url":"/travel","children":[{"title":"UK","longTitle":"UK","url":"/travel/uk","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Europe","longTitle":"Europe","url":"/travel/europe","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US","longTitle":"US","url":"/travel/usa","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Money","longTitle":"Money","url":"/money","children":[{"title":"Property","longTitle":"Property","url":"/money/property","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pensions","longTitle":"Pensions","url":"/money/pensions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Savings","longTitle":"Savings","url":"/money/savings","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Borrowing","longTitle":"Borrowing","url":"/money/debt","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Careers","longTitle":"Careers","url":"/money/work-and-careers","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":4}],"otherLinks":[{"title":"The Guardian app","longTitle":"The Guardian app","url":"https://app.adjust.com/16xt6hai","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Video","longTitle":"Video","url":"/video","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Podcasts","longTitle":"Podcasts","url":"/podcasts","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pictures","longTitle":"Pictures","url":"/inpictures","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Newsletters","longTitle":"Newsletters","url":"/email-newsletters","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Today's paper","longTitle":"Today's paper","url":"/theguardian","children":[{"title":"Obituaries","longTitle":"Obituaries","url":"/obituaries","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"G2","longTitle":"G2","url":"/theguardian/g2","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Journal","longTitle":"Journal","url":"/theguardian/journal","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Saturday","longTitle":"Saturday","url":"/theguardian/saturday","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Inside the Guardian","longTitle":"Inside the Guardian","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/insidetheguardian","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"The Observer","longTitle":"The Observer","url":"/observer","children":[{"title":"Comment","longTitle":"Comment","url":"/theobserver/news/comment","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"The New Review","longTitle":"The New Review","url":"/theobserver/new-review","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Observer Magazine","longTitle":"Observer Magazine","url":"/theobserver/magazine","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Observer Food Monthly","longTitle":"Observer Food Monthly","url":"/theobserver/foodmonthly","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Guardian Weekly","longTitle":"Guardian Weekly","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/weekly?INTCMP=gdnwb_mawns_editorial_gweekly_GW_TopNav_Int","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Crosswords","longTitle":"Crosswords","url":"/crosswords","children":[{"title":"Blog","longTitle":"Blog","url":"/crosswords/crossword-blog","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Quick","longTitle":"Quick","url":"/crosswords/series/quick","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Speedy","longTitle":"Speedy","url":"/crosswords/series/speedy","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Quick cryptic","longTitle":"Quick cryptic","url":"/crosswords/series/quick-cryptic","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Everyman","longTitle":"Everyman","url":"/crosswords/series/everyman","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Quiptic","longTitle":"Quiptic","url":"/crosswords/series/quiptic","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cryptic","longTitle":"Cryptic","url":"/crosswords/series/cryptic","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Prize","longTitle":"Prize","url":"/crosswords/series/prize","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Azed","longTitle":"Azed","url":"/crosswords/series/azed","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Genius","longTitle":"Genius","url":"/crosswords/series/genius","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Weekend","longTitle":"Weekend","url":"/crosswords/series/weekend-crossword","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Special","longTitle":"Special","url":"/crosswords/series/special","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wordiply","longTitle":"Wordiply","url":"https://www.wordiply.com","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Corrections","longTitle":"Corrections","url":"/theguardian/series/corrections-and-clarifications","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"brandExtensions":[{"title":"Search jobs","longTitle":"Search jobs","url":"https://jobs.theguardian.com","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Holidays","longTitle":"Holidays","url":"https://holidays.theguardian.com?INTCMP=holidays_int_web_newheader","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Digital Archive","longTitle":"Digital Archive","url":"https://theguardian.newspapers.com","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Guardian Licensing","longTitle":"Guardian Licensing","url":"https://licensing.theguardian.com/","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"About Us","longTitle":"About Us","url":"/about","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"currentNavLink":"Opinion","subNavSections":{"links":[{"title":"The Guardian view","longTitle":"The Guardian view","url":"/profile/editorial","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Columnists","longTitle":"Columnists","url":"/index/contributors","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cartoons","longTitle":"Cartoons","url":"/tone/cartoons","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Opinion videos","longTitle":"Opinion videos","url":"/type/video+tone/comment","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Letters","longTitle":"Letters","url":"/tone/letters","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}]},"readerRevenueLinks":{"header":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=header_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=header_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"footer":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=footer_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=footer_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"sideMenu":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=side_menu_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=side_menu_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=side_menu_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=mobilenav_print_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22mobilenav_print_cta%22%7D"},"ampHeader":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=amp_header_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_header_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=header_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"ampFooter":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=amp_footer_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_footer_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=footer_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=amp_footer_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_footer_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=amp_footer_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_footer_supporter_cta%22%7D"}},"selectedPillar":1},"editionId":"INT","showSubNav":true,"showSlimNav":false,"hasPageSkin":false,"pageId":"commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post"}"><nav style="background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);" class="dcr-5k6jfi"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { /** The checkbox input element used to toggle the navigation menu. */ const navInputCheckbox = document.getElementById('header-nav-input-checkbox'); /** The veggie burger button element used to open/close the menu. */ const veggieBurger = document.getElementById('header-veggie-burger'); /** List of menu items that should be selectable when the menu is open. */ const expandedMenuClickableTags = document.querySelectorAll( '.selectableMenuItem', ); /** The root element of the expanded menu. */ const expandedMenu = document.getElementById('header-expanded-menu-root'); /** The label for the first column in the menu, assumed to be "News".*/ const firstColLabel = document.getElementById('News-button'); /** The link element in the second list item under news links. */ const firstColLink = document.querySelector( '#newsLinks > li:nth-of-type(2) > a', ); /** * Focuses on the first navigation element depending on whether the first column label is visible. * * If the first column label is not visible, the function focuses on the first link element. * Otherwise, it focuses on the first column label. */ const focusOnFirstNavElement = () => { if (window.getComputedStyle(firstColLabel).display === 'none') { firstColLink.focus(); } else { firstColLabel.focus(); } }; /** * Updates ARIA attributes and tabindex values based on whether the menu is open or closed. */ const updateAttributesForMenu = (isOpen) => { firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', isOpen ? 'true' : 'false'); veggieBurger.setAttribute( 'data-link-name', isOpen ? 'header : veggie-burger : hide' : 'header : veggie-burger : show', ); expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach((tag) => { tag.setAttribute('tabindex', isOpen ? '0' : '-1'); }); }; /** Toggles the navigation menu by simulating a click on the checkbox. */ const toggleMainMenu = () => { if (navInputCheckbox) { navInputCheckbox.click(); } }; /** * Handles keydown events to toggle the menu when the Enter or Space key is pressed. */ const keydownToggleMainMenu = (e) => { if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === ' ') { e.preventDefault(); toggleMainMenu(); } }; /** * Handles click events to manage the state of the navigation menu. * * - Toggles the menu open/close state when the menu button (veggieBurger) is clicked. */ const handleMenuClick = (e) => { const menuButtonClicked = navInputCheckbox === e.target; const clickInsideMenu = expandedMenu.contains(e.target); const menuIsOpen = navInputCheckbox.checked if (menuButtonClicked && !menuIsOpen) { document.body.classList.toggle('nav-is-open') firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false') veggieBurger.setAttribute('data-link-name','header : veggie-burger : show') expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach(function($selectableElement){ $selectableElement.setAttribute('tabindex','-1') }) } else if (menuButtonClicked && menuIsOpen) { document.body.classList.toggle('nav-is-open') firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true') veggieBurger.setAttribute('data-link-name','header : veggie-burger : hide') expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach(function($selectableElement){ $selectableElement.setAttribute('tabindex','0') }) focusOnFirstNavElement() } }; /** Adds event listeners to manage the navigation menu. */ if (navInputCheckbox) { navInputCheckbox.addEventListener('click', handleMenuClick); veggieBurger.addEventListener('keydown', keydownToggleMainMenu); document.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => { if (e.key === 'Escape' && navInputCheckbox.checked) { toggleMainMenu(); veggieBurger.focus(); } }); /** * Handles mouse down events to manage the state of the navigation menu. * * - Closes the menu if the click occurs outside both the menu button and the expanded menu. */ document.addEventListener('mousedown', function(e){ if(navInputCheckbox.checked && !expandedMenu.contains(e.target) && !veggieBurger.contains(e.target)){ toggleMainMenu() } }); } });</script><div class="dcr-1jzii9a"><div class="dcr-1iaxt8y"><div class="dcr-1kbi9ft"><label for="checkbox-id-masthead-edition" class="dcr-1crstso">Int</label><input type="checkbox" id="checkbox-id-masthead-edition" aria-checked="false" tabIndex="-1"/><ul id="dropbox-id-masthead-edition" class="dcr-qfkeyz"><li><a href="/preference/edition/int" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: INT" class="dcr-64xqd0">International edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/uk" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: UK" class="dcr-i0vtpq">UK edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/us" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: US" class="dcr-i0vtpq">US edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/au" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: AU" class="dcr-i0vtpq">Australia edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/eur" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: EUR" class="dcr-i0vtpq">Europe edition</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="dcr-1apgfiu"><a href="/" data-link-name="header : logo"><span class="dcr-zramh4">The Guardian - Back to home</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -3 300 100" fill="var(--masthead-nav-link-text)" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 70.8c0-19.5 13-26.4 27.3-26.4 6.1 0 12 1 15.1 2.3l.3 13.6h-1.4L33 47.2c-1.5-.7-2.8-.9-5.4-.9-7.6 0-11.5 8.8-11.4 23.3.1 17.3 3.1 25.1 10.2 25.1 1.8 0 3.2-.2 4.2-.7V75.5l-4.7-2.7v-1.5h22.5V73l-4.6 2.5v18.3a50.1 50.1 0 0 1-17 2.9C10.5 96.7 0 89 0 70.8Z"></path><path d="m142.8 57.9 1.2.1v11h.3c1.6-8 5.2-11 9.5-11 .7 0 1.5 0 1.9.2v11.2c-.7-.2-2-.2-3.1-.2-3.4 0-6 .6-8.2 1.6v21.7l3.4 1.9v1.4h-19.5v-1.4l3.5-2V63l-4.1-1.2v-1l15-2.8Z"></path><path d="M110.2 74v-4.9c0-7.4-1.6-9.9-6.2-9.9l-1.6.2-8.2 11h-1.1V60.3c3.5-1.1 7.9-2.4 13.7-2.4 10 0 15.8 2.8 15.8 11.1v24l3.6 1v1c-1.4.8-4.2 1.6-7.3 1.6-5 0-7.3-1.6-8.4-4.3h-.4c-2 2.8-5 4.4-9.7 4.4-6 0-10-3.7-10-10S94.2 77 102 75.5l8.1-1.6Zm0 16.6V75.8l-2.5.2c-4 .3-5.3 2.8-5.3 8.3 0 6 2 7.6 4.7 7.6 1.5 0 2.4-.5 3.1-1.3Z"></path><path d="M47.5 61.7v-1.1l15-2.7 1.7.2v29.6c0 3.6 1.7 4.7 4.6 4.7 1.9 0 3.6-.7 4.9-2.3V63.5l-4.1-1.8v-1.1l15-2.7 1.6.1v34l4 1.7v1l-14.9 1.9-1.5-.1V92h-.4a16.8 16.8 0 0 1-11.3 4.7c-7.2 0-10.5-4.2-10.5-10.7V63.5l-4.1-1.8Z"></path><path d="M261.5 92.5V63l-4.2-1.4v-1.5l15-2.7h1.5V62h.5c3.2-2.9 8-4.7 12.8-4.7 6.5 0 9.4 3 9.4 10v25.1l3.5 2v1.4h-19.5v-1.4l3.5-2V68c0-3.8-1.7-5.3-4.8-5.3-2 0-3.6.5-5.1 1.6v28.3l3.4 1.9v1.4h-19.6v-1.4l3.6-2Z"></path><path d="m214 57.8 1.4.2v34.5l3.4 1.9v1.4h-19.5v-1.4l3.5-2v-29l-4.2-1.6v-1.2l15.5-2.8Zm1.5-9.3c0 3.7-3.1 6.4-6.7 6.4a6.4 6.4 0 0 1-6.6-6.4c0-3.6 2.9-6.4 6.6-6.4 3.6 0 6.7 2.8 6.7 6.4Z"></path><path d="M239.8 74v-4.9c0-7.4-1.7-9.9-6.2-9.9l-1.6.2-8.2 11h-1.1V60.3c3.5-1.1 7.9-2.4 13.7-2.4 10 0 15.8 2.8 15.8 11.1v24l3.6 1v1c-1.4.8-4.2 1.6-7.4 1.6-5 0-7.3-1.6-8.4-4.3h-.3c-2 2.8-5 4.4-9.7 4.4-6 0-10-3.7-10-10s3.8-9.6 11.7-11.1l8-1.6Zm0 16.6V75.8l-2.5.2c-4 .3-5.4 2.8-5.4 8.3 0 6 2 7.6 4.8 7.6 1.5 0 2.4-.5 3-1.3Z"></path><path d="M180.6 58.8V47.2l-4.1-1.4v-1l15.2-2.7 1.5.2V92l4.2 1.5v1.3l-15 2-1.2-.2v-4h-.4a13.4 13.4 0 0 1-10 4.1c-8.1 0-14.1-6.2-14.1-19 0-13.5 7-20 17.5-20 3 0 5.3.5 6.4 1.1Zm0 31.8V61c-1-.6-1.7-1.4-4.2-1.3-4 .2-6.6 6.3-6.6 17.2 0 9.8 1.9 15.3 7.3 15.1 1.5 0 2.7-.6 3.5-1.3Z"></path><path d="m68.1 51.6 5.2-2.7V8.5h-4L60 21.1h-1.1l.6-14h41.3l.6 14H100L90.8 8.5h-4v40.3l5.2 2.7V53H68.1v-1.3Z"></path><path d="M105.4 49.8V5l-4-1.6v-.8L115.9 0h1.5v21.2l.4-.4c3.2-2.8 7.8-4.5 12.4-4.5 6.3 0 9.1 3.5 9.1 10.2v23.3l3.4 1.8V53h-18.9v-1.4l3.4-1.8V26.4c0-3.7-1.6-5.1-4.6-5.1a8 8 0 0 0-5 1.6v27l3.3 1.8V53h-19v-1.3l3.5-2Z"></path><path d="M153.7 36c.4 7.4 3.7 13.1 11.6 13.1 3.8 0 6.5-1.7 9-3v1.4c-1.9 2.7-6.9 6.5-13.8 6.5-12.2 0-18.5-6.8-18.5-18.5 0-11.5 6.8-18.6 17.9-18.6 10.3 0 15.7 5.2 15.7 18.8v.3h-21.9Zm-.2-1.7 10.8-.6c0-9.2-1.6-15.3-4.8-15.3-3.3 0-6 7-6 16Z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-1p0hins">The Guardian</span></a></div><input type="checkbox" id="header-nav-input-checkbox" name="more" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><div class="dcr-1p1neil"><ul class="dcr-1d6g26q"><li class="dcr-1grikph"><a href="/" style="--pillar-underline:#FF5943;" id="navigation" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : News" class="dcr-7612kl">News</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/commentisfree" style="--pillar-underline:#FF7F0F;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Opinion" class="dcr-1iufw7r">Opinion</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/sport" style="--pillar-underline:#00B2FF;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Sport" class="dcr-7612kl">Sport</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/culture" style="--pillar-underline:#EACCA0;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Culture" class="dcr-7612kl">Culture</a></li><li class="dcr-1kcody2"><a href="/lifeandstyle" style="--pillar-underline:#FFABDB;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Lifestyle" class="dcr-7612kl">Lifestyle</a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-1hrapdy"><label id="header-veggie-burger" aria-label="Toggle main menu" for="header-nav-input-checkbox" data-link-name="header : veggie-burger : show" tabIndex="0" role="button" data-testid="veggie-burger" class="dcr-n3bsq4"><span class="dcr-b3mn8w"><span class="dcr-1nvgr5i">Show more</span><svg width="26" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M23 7V5H1v2zm0 6v-2H1v2zm0 6v-2H1v2z" fill="var(--masthead-veggie-burger-icon)"></path></svg></span><span class="dcr-li5n90"><span class="dcr-1nvgr5i">Hide expanded menu</span><svg width="26" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.015 14.042 20.707 22 22 20.709 14.06 12 22 3.291 20.707 2l-8.692 7.958L3.293 2.03 2 3.321 9.97 12 2 20.679l1.293 1.291z" fill="var(--masthead-veggie-burger-icon)"></path></svg></span></label></div><div id="header-expanded-menu-root" class="dcr-1ef3v4m"><div id="header-expanded-menu" data-testid="expanded-menu" class="dcr-1l1mact"><div class="dcr-1srap2j"><div class="dcr-efueom"><ul role="menubar" data-testid="nav-menu-columns" class="dcr-6sl420"><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('News-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('News-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="News-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="News-button" aria-label="Toggle News" for="News-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="newsLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-News" data-link-name="header : secondary : News" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-o6rk0u">News</label><ul role="menu" id="newsLinks" data-testid="newsLinks" class="dcr-11vt4tq"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all News" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-News" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all News</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/world" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : World news" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-World" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">World news</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/us-news/us-politics" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : US politics" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-US politics" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">US politics</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/uk-news" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : UK news" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-UK" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">UK news</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/environment/climate-crisis" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Climate crisis" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Climate crisis" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Climate crisis</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/world/middleeast" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Middle East" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Middle East" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Middle East</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/world/ukraine" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Ukraine" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Ukraine" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Ukraine</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/environment" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Environment" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Environment" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Environment</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/science" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Science" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Science" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Science</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/global-development" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Global development" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Global development" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Global development</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/football" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Football" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Football" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Football</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/technology" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Tech" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Tech" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Tech</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/business" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Business" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Business" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Business</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/obituaries" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Obituaries" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Obituaries" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Obituaries</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1tnoaxa"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Opinion-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Opinion-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Opinion-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Opinion-button" aria-label="Toggle Opinion" for="Opinion-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="opinionLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Opinion" data-link-name="header : secondary : Opinion" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-p0c3jt">Opinion</label><ul role="menu" id="opinionLinks" data-testid="opinionLinks" class="dcr-v7ibvm"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/commentisfree" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Opinion" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Opinion" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Opinion</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/profile/editorial" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : The Guardian view" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-The Guardian view" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">The Guardian view</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/index/contributors" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Columnists" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Columnists" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Columnists</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tone/cartoons" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Cartoons" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Cartoons" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Cartoons</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/type/video+tone/comment" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Opinion videos" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Opinion videos" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Opinion videos</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tone/letters" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Letters" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Letters" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Letters</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1j2dgzz"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Sport-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Sport-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Sport-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Sport-button" aria-label="Toggle Sport" for="Sport-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="sportLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Sport" data-link-name="header : secondary : Sport" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-10b2o1s">Sport</label><ul role="menu" id="sportLinks" data-testid="sportLinks" class="dcr-wp8bgr"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/sport" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Sport" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Sport" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Sport</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/football" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Football" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Football" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Football</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/cricket" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Cricket" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Cricket" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Cricket</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/rugby-union" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Rugby union" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Rugby union" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Rugby union</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/tennis" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Tennis" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Tennis" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Tennis</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/cycling" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Cycling" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Cycling" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Cycling</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/formulaone" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : F1" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-F1" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">F1</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/golf" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Golf" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Golf" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Golf</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/us-sport" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : US sports" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-US sports" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">US sports</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-16q8bto"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Culture-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Culture-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Culture-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Culture-button" aria-label="Toggle Culture" for="Culture-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="cultureLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Culture" data-link-name="header : secondary : Culture" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-x5fwww">Culture</label><ul role="menu" id="cultureLinks" data-testid="cultureLinks" class="dcr-1yytfii"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/culture" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Culture" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Culture" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Culture</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/books" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Books" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Books" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Books</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/music" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Music" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Music" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Music</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tv-and-radio" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : TV & radio" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-TV & radio" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">TV & radio</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/artanddesign" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Art & design" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Art & design" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Art & design</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/film" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Film" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Film" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Film</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/games" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Games" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Games" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Games</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/music/classicalmusicandopera" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Classical" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Classical" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Classical</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/stage" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Stage" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Stage" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Stage</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-6zq80y"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Lifestyle-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Lifestyle-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Lifestyle-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Lifestyle-button" aria-label="Toggle Lifestyle" for="Lifestyle-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="lifestyleLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Lifestyle" data-link-name="header : secondary : Lifestyle" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-yq9plo">Lifestyle</label><ul role="menu" id="lifestyleLinks" data-testid="lifestyleLinks" class="dcr-1utnfys"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/lifeandstyle" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Lifestyle" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Lifestyle" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Lifestyle</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/fashion" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Fashion" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Fashion" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Fashion</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/food" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Food" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Food" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Food</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tone/recipes" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Recipes" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Recipes" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Recipes</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/love-and-sex" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Love & sex" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Love & sex" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Love & sex</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/health-and-wellbeing" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Health & fitness" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Health & fitness" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Health & fitness</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/home-and-garden" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Home & garden" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Home & garden" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Home & garden</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/women" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Women" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Women" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Women</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/men" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Men" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Men" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Men</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/family" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Family" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Family" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Family</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/travel" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Travel" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Travel" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Travel</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/money" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Money" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Money" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Money</a></li></ul></li><span class="dcr-90inr0"><li role="none"><form action="https://www.google.co.uk/search" class="dcr-1jjnk9d"><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">Search input </div></label><input type="text" id="gu-search" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" aria-describedby required name="q" placeholder="Search the Guardian" data-link-name="header : search" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-qcy5wo"/><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">google-search </div><div class="dcr-radnun"><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.273 2c4.023 0 7.25 3.295 7.25 7.273a7.226 7.226 0 0 1-7.25 7.25C5.25 16.523 2 13.296 2 9.273 2 5.295 5.25 2 9.273 2m0 1.84A5.403 5.403 0 0 0 3.84 9.274c0 3 2.409 5.454 5.432 5.454 3 0 5.454-2.454 5.454-5.454 0-3.023-2.454-5.432-5.454-5.432m7.295 10.887L22 20.16 20.16 22l-5.433-5.432v-.932l.91-.909z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-1p0hins">Search</span></div></label><button type="submit" aria-live="polite" aria-label="Search with Google" data-link-name="header : search : submit" tabIndex="-1" class="dcr-1gsboxi"><div class="src-button-space"></div><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1 12.956h18.274l-7.167 8.575.932.932L23 12.478v-.956l-9.96-9.985-.932.932 7.166 8.575H1z"></path></svg></button><input type="hidden" name="as_sitesearch" value="www.theguardian.com"/></form></li></span><div class="dcr-1q09wwq"></div><ul role="menu" class="dcr-e1bf28"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=side_menu_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support%22%7D" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Support us" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Support us" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1rg7stg">Support us</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe/weekly?REFPVID=undefined&INTCMP=undefined&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22PrintSubscriptionsHeaderLink%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22%2C%22referrerUrl%22%3A%22%22%7D" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Print subscriptions" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Print subscriptions" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1rg7stg">Print subscriptions</a></li></ul><li role="none" class="dcr-3ae42h"><ul role="menu" id="moreLinks" class="dcr-1mtufo3"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Search jobs" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Search jobs" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Search jobs</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://holidays.theguardian.com?INTCMP=holidays_int_web_newheader" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Holidays" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Holidays" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Holidays</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://theguardian.newspapers.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Digital Archive" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Digital Archive" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Digital Archive</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://licensing.theguardian.com/" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Guardian Licensing" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Guardian Licensing" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Guardian Licensing</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/about" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : About Us" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-About Us" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">About Us</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://app.adjust.com/16xt6hai" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : The Guardian app" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-The Guardian app" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">The Guardian app</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/video" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Video" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Video" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Video</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/podcasts" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Podcasts" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Podcasts" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Podcasts</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/inpictures" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Pictures" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Pictures" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Pictures</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/email-newsletters" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Newsletters" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Newsletters" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Newsletters</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/theguardian" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Today's paper" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Today's paper" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Today's paper</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/insidetheguardian" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Inside the Guardian" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Inside the Guardian" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Inside the Guardian</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/observer" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : The Observer" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-The Observer" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">The Observer</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/weekly?INTCMP=gdnwb_mawns_editorial_gweekly_GW_TopNav_Int" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Guardian Weekly" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Guardian Weekly" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Guardian Weekly</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/crosswords" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Crosswords" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Crosswords" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Crosswords</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://www.wordiply.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Wordiply" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Wordiply" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Wordiply</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/theguardian/series/corrections-and-clarifications" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Corrections" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Corrections" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Corrections</a></li></ul></li><li role="none" class="dcr-1rinrec"><form action="https://www.google.co.uk/search" class="dcr-1jjnk9d"><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">Search input </div></label><input type="text" id="gu-search" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" aria-describedby required name="q" placeholder="Search the Guardian" data-link-name="header : search" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-qcy5wo"/><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">google-search </div><div class="dcr-radnun"><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.273 2c4.023 0 7.25 3.295 7.25 7.273a7.226 7.226 0 0 1-7.25 7.25C5.25 16.523 2 13.296 2 9.273 2 5.295 5.25 2 9.273 2m0 1.84A5.403 5.403 0 0 0 3.84 9.274c0 3 2.409 5.454 5.432 5.454 3 0 5.454-2.454 5.454-5.454 0-3.023-2.454-5.432-5.454-5.432m7.295 10.887L22 20.16 20.16 22l-5.433-5.432v-.932l.91-.909z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-1p0hins">Search</span></div></label><button type="submit" aria-live="polite" aria-label="Search with Google" data-link-name="header : search : submit" tabIndex="-1" class="dcr-1gsboxi"><div class="src-button-space"></div><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1 12.956h18.274l-7.167 8.575.932.932L23 12.478v-.956l-9.96-9.985-.932.932 7.166 8.575H1z"></path></svg></button><input type="hidden" name="as_sitesearch" value="www.theguardian.com"/></form><ul role="menu" class="dcr-iwod0p"><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Search jobs" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Search jobs</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://holidays.theguardian.com?INTCMP=holidays_int_web_newheader" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Holidays" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Holidays</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://theguardian.newspapers.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Digital Archive" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Digital Archive</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://licensing.theguardian.com/" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Guardian Licensing" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Guardian Licensing</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="/about" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : About Us" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">About Us</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div data-print-layout="hide" data-testid="sub-nav" data-component="sub-nav" class="dcr-mu6xev"><ul role="list" style="--sub-nav-link:var(--sub-nav-link-header);" class="dcr-12t3ay9"><li class="dcr-5wkng0"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/profile/editorial" data-link-name="header : subnav : The Guardian view" class="dcr-15o3dy0">The Guardian view</a></li><li class="dcr-5wkng0"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/index/contributors" data-link-name="header : subnav : Columnists" class="dcr-15o3dy0">Columnists</a></li><li class="dcr-5wkng0"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/tone/cartoons" data-link-name="header : subnav : Cartoons" class="dcr-15o3dy0">Cartoons</a></li><li class="dcr-5wkng0"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/type/video+tone/comment" data-link-name="header : subnav : Opinion videos" class="dcr-15o3dy0">Opinion videos</a></li><li class="dcr-5wkng0"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/tone/letters" data-link-name="header : subnav : Letters" class="dcr-15o3dy0">Letters</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1ikn05z"></div></div></nav></gu-island></header></div><main data-layout="CommentLayout"><article style="background-color:var(--article-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-wqti5a"><div class="dcr-7b6wo0"><div style="--grid-area:media;" data-gu-name="media" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-hlfdy3"><figure id="a346c902-57c3-4d30-908c-36b16a23b7cd" class="dcr-142siv7"><div id class="dcr-1t8m8f2"><picture class="dcr-evn1e9"><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553600123/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-006.jpg?width=620&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553600123/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-006.jpg?width=620&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 980px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553600123/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-006.jpg?width=700&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 740px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 740px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553600123/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-006.jpg?width=700&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 740px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553600123/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-006.jpg?width=620&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553600123/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-006.jpg?width=620&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 660px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553600123/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-006.jpg?width=645&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553600123/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-006.jpg?width=645&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 480px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553600123/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-006.jpg?width=465&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 320px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 320px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553600123/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-006.jpg?width=465&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 320px)"/><img alt="Gin Lane by William Hogarth" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/4/29/1272553600123/Gin-Lane-by-William-Hogar-006.jpg?width=465&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" width="465" height="279" loading="eager" class="dcr-evn1e9"/></picture><span class="dcr-v822l1"><div class="dcr-gup2gr"><div class="dcr-zy1nbx"><label for="the-checkbox" class="dcr-1xgwz8b"><svg width="6" height="14" fill="white" viewBox="0 0 6 14"><path d="M4.6 12l-.4 1.4c-.7.2-1.9.6-3 .6-.7 0-1.2-.2-1.2-.9 0-.2 0-.3.1-.5l2-6.7H.7l.4-1.5 4.2-.6h.2L3 12h1.6zm-.3-9.2c-.9 0-1.4-.5-1.4-1.3C2.9.5 3.7 0 4.6 0 5.4 0 6 .5 6 1.3c0 1-.8 1.5-1.7 1.5z"></path></svg></label><input type="checkbox" id="the-checkbox"/> <div id="the-caption"><figcaption data-spacefinder-role="inline" class="dcr-1e8cdhs"><span class="dcr-1inf02i"><svg width="18" height="13" viewBox="0 0 18 13"><path d="M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2 2h3.5l1.5 1.5zm-9 7.5c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5 1.6-3.5 3.5 1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z"></path></svg></span><span class="dcr-1qvd3m6">Not since the time of Hogarth, and the rotten boroughs, has democracy been in such bad shape. Photograph: Barney Burstein/Burstein Collection/Corbis</span></figcaption></div></div></div></span></div><span class="dcr-n4pnam"><figcaption data-spacefinder-role="inline" class="dcr-1tx6u99"><span class="dcr-1inf02i"><svg width="18" height="13" viewBox="0 0 18 13"><path d="M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2 2h3.5l1.5 1.5zm-9 7.5c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5 1.6-3.5 3.5 1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z"></path></svg></span><span class="dcr-1qvd3m6">Not since the time of Hogarth, and the rotten boroughs, has democracy been in such bad shape. Photograph: Barney Burstein/Burstein Collection/Corbis</span></figcaption></span></figure></div></div></div><aside style="--grid-area:title;" data-gu-name="title" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-10355cg"><div class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-4pzc03"><span class="dcr-1v9xu6e"></span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/series/general-election-2010-cif-at-the-polls" data-component="series" data-link-name="article series" class="dcr-u0pbjs"><span>General election 2010: Cif at the polls</span></a><span class="dcr-n4pnam"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/general-election-2010" data-component="section" data-link-name="article section" class="dcr-1v9e6r1"><span>General election 2010</span></a></span></div></div></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:border;" data-gu-name="border" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-upmzd8"></div></div><div style="--grid-area:headline;" data-gu-name="headline" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-1mxzhuq"><div class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-notra3"><div aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-13832xi"><svg width="11" height="11" viewBox="0 0 11 11" fill="currentColor"><path d="M5.4 0C2.4 0 0 2.4 0 5.4s2.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4-2.4 5.4-5.4S8.4 0 5.4 0zm3 6.8H4.7V1.7h.7L6 5.4l2.4.6v.8z"></path></svg> This article is more than <strong>14 years old</strong></div></div><h1 class="dcr-s88ov6">Democracy: we've never had it so bad</h1><div class="dcr-1nvgr5i">This article is more than 14 years old</div><div class="dcr-1uv1bpy"><div class="dcr-1ct8skw"><a rel="author" data-link-name="auto tag link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/petertatchell">Peter Tatchell</a></div></div></div><div><div class="dcr-1bbve8d"><picture class="dcr-evn1e9"><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/03/19/Peter_Tatchell,_R_.png?width=216&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/03/19/Peter_Tatchell,_R_.png?width=216&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 480px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/03/19/Peter_Tatchell,_R_.png?width=180&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 320px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 320px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/03/19/Peter_Tatchell,_R_.png?width=180&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 320px)"/><img alt="Peter Tatchell" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/03/19/Peter_Tatchell,_R_.png?width=180&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" class="dcr-1ycxi04"/></picture></div><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="29" viewBox="0 0 1300 29" preserveAspectRatio="none" stroke="var(--straight-lines)" stroke-width="1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="dcr-2232f3"><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="0.5" y2="0.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="4.5" y2="4.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="8.5" y2="8.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="12.5" y2="12.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="16.5" y2="16.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="20.5" y2="20.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="24.5" y2="24.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="28.5" y2="28.5"></line></svg></div></div></div></div><div style="--grid-area:lines;" data-gu-name="lines" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-mc7gai"><span class="dcr-1vetsv0"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="29" viewBox="0 0 1300 29" preserveAspectRatio="none" stroke="var(--straight-lines)" stroke-width="1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="dcr-1rctyfj"><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="0.5" y2="0.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="4.5" y2="4.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="8.5" y2="8.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="12.5" y2="12.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="16.5" y2="16.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="20.5" y2="20.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="24.5" y2="24.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="28.5" y2="28.5"></line></svg></span></div></div><div style="--grid-area:standfirst;" data-gu-name="standfirst" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class=" dcr-16dfovq">Britain's first-past-the-post voting system is tantamount to ballot-rigging and an echo of 18th century rotten boroughs</div></div><aside style="--grid-area:meta;" data-gu-name="meta" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class=" dcr-1v9sla6"><div class="dcr-5oiine"><div class="dcr-1kpcv08"><div><div style="--mobile-color:inherit;" class="dcr-1pexjb9">Mon 3 May 2010 09.00 BST</div></div></div><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-9dgpdq"><div class=" dcr-16lnb0w"><gu-island name="ShareButton" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"pageId":"commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post","webTitle":"Democracy: we've never had it so bad | Peter Tatchell","format":{"design":8,"display":0,"theme":1},"context":"ArticleMeta"}"><a href="mailto:?subject=Democracy: we've never had it so bad | Peter Tatchell&body=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post?CMP=share_btn_url" type="button" class="dcr-bao4ku">Share<div class="src-button-space"></div><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19 16c1.675 0 3 1.35 3 3 0 1.675-1.325 3-3 3a2.97 2.97 0 0 1-2.975-3c0-.125 0-.275.025-.375L7.1 14.15a2.9 2.9 0 0 1-2.075.825C3.325 14.975 2 13.65 2 12a3.004 3.004 0 0 1 3.025-3.025c.775 0 1.5.35 2.075.875l8.95-4.475c-.025-.1-.025-.225-.025-.4A2.966 2.966 0 0 1 19 2c1.675 0 3 1.325 3 2.975C22 6.65 20.675 8 19 8c-.8 0-1.475-.325-2.05-.825l-8.975 4.45C8 11.7 8 11.825 8 12s0 .3-.025.375l8.975 4.45c.575-.5 1.25-.825 2.05-.825m0-12.8c-.975 0-1.8.775-1.8 1.775S18.025 6.8 19 6.8c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.825S20 3.2 19 3.2m0 17.6c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.8 0-1-.825-1.8-1.825-1.8-.975 0-1.8.8-1.8 1.8 0 .975.825 1.8 1.8 1.8"></path></svg></a></gu-island></div><div class=" dcr-1csot3r"><div class="dcr-14baf59"><div><gu-island name="CommentCount" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","shortUrlId":"/p/2gk9q"}"></gu-island></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:body;" data-gu-name="body" class="dcr-hzam7a"><div class="dcr-1a4fred"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div id="maincontent" class="dcr-1bwys2b"><div class="article-body-commercial-selector article-body-viewer-selector dcr-11jq3zt"><p class="dcr-s3ycb2"><span style="color:var(--drop-cap);font-weight:300;" class="dcr-15rw6c2">M</span>ost of the British public are left-of-centre on most issues. For the last half century, liberal and left-leaning parties have won a majority of votes in general elections, but often not a majority of seats. This progressive majority in British politics has been cheated out of power, over and over again. Thanks to the unfair voting system, the anti-Tory majority have frequently ended up with a minority of MPs.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Indeed, every government since the 1950s has taken power based on less than 50% of the popular vote. None has won majority public support at the ballot box.</p><div id="sign-in-gate"><gu-island name="SignInGateSelector" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"contentType":"Article","sectionId":"commentisfree","tags":[{"id":"commentisfree/series/general-election-2010-cif-at-the-polls","type":"Series","title":"General election 2010: Cif at the polls"},{"id":"politics/general-election-2010","type":"Keyword","title":"General election 2010"},{"id":"politics/pr","type":"Keyword","title":"Proportional representation"},{"id":"politics/firstpastthepost","type":"Keyword","title":"First past the post"},{"id":"politics/electoralreform","type":"Keyword","title":"Electoral reform"},{"id":"tone/comment","type":"Tone","title":"Comment"},{"id":"politics/politics","type":"Keyword","title":"Politics"},{"id":"uk/uk","type":"Keyword","title":"UK news"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"commentisfree/commentisfree","type":"Blog","title":"Opinion"},{"id":"profile/petertatchell","type":"Contributor","title":"Peter Tatchell","twitterHandle":"PT_Foundation","bylineImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/03/19/Peter-Tatchell,-R-.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=1146ff3fd564e1a083f8321092ed6ea6","bylineLargeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/03/19/Peter_Tatchell,_R_.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=27d5fa415d55a8c7d0eb56444b29927e"}],"isPaidContent":false,"isPreview":false,"host":"https://www.theguardian.com","pageId":"commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post","idUrl":"https://profile.theguardian.com","switches":{"lightbox":true,"abPrebidKeywords":true,"personaliseSignInGateAfterCheckout":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"prebidMagnite":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"adaptiveSite":true,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"ampArticleSwitch":false,"remarketing":true,"articleEndSlot":true,"keyEventsCarousel":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"darkModeWeb":true,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"ampPrebidOzone":false,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"showNewPrivacyWordingOnEmailSignupEmbeds":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"ampContentAbTesting":false,"prebidCriteo":true,"okta":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"abAuxiaSignInGate":false,"abDeferPermutiveLoad":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"ampPrebidPubmatic":false,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"stickyVideos":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"abMovePermutiveSegmentation":false,"brazeTaylorReport":false,"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abTheTradeDesk":true,"callouts":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":false,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"ampLiveblogSwitch":false,"ampAmazon":false,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"optOutAdvertising":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"googleSearch":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"prebidKargo":true,"consentManagement":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"dcrCrosswords":true,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"ampPrebidCriteo":false,"prebidTheTradeDesk":true,"loopVideoTest":false,"newsletterOnwards":false,"youtubeIma":true,"webFonts":true,"liveBlogTopSponsorship":true,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"historyTags":true,"brazeContentCards":true,"remoteBanner":true,"emailSignupRecaptcha":true,"prebidSmart":true,"shouldLoadGoogletag":true,"inizio":true,"europeBetaFront":true},"contributionsServiceUrl":"https://contributions.guardianapis.com","editionId":"INT"}"></gu-island></div><p class="dcr-s3ycb2"><a href="http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/downloads/gefinal2005.pdf" data-link-name="in body link">In the 2005 election</a>, Labour won 35% of the vote but bagged 55% of the seats. Of eligible voters, only 22% voted Labour. Yet with the support of only one-fifth of the electorate Labour won a 66-seat majority. This is not democracy. It echoes the gerrymandering and ballot-rigging of two centuries ago, which galvanised the Chartists to campaign for a democratic, representative parliament.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">The electoral process is "rigged". In 2005, if you total all the votes cast for the main parties, it took an average 26,906 votes to elect a Labour MP, 44,373 to elect a Tory MP and 96,539 votes to elect a Lib Dem MP. Not since the rotten boroughs of the 18th century have elections been so corrupt.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">This democratic deficit is a direct result of the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/firstpastthepost" data-link-name="in body link">first-past-the-post (FPTP) system</a>, which allows the election of MPs and governments with minority support. FPTP enabled Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair to win landslide majorities based on popular votes of only 35% to 44%.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">If there had been a fairer, proportional voting system, we would have never had the stand-alone, single-party governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major and, as a result, never had "New" Labour and the ditching of socialism under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. Recent political history would have been very different — and more progressive.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">With <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/pr" data-link-name="in body link">proportional representation (PR)</a>, neither Thatcher and Major nor Blair and Brown would have been able to form governments without the support of other parties. Supported by only a minority of voters and with only a minority of seats, they would have had to form coalitions, which would have almost certainly prevented policy excesses, such as the poll tax and the Iraq war.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">If there had been PR in the 1980s, Thatcher would have had to go into coalition with the Lib Dems and other minor parties (which would have scuppered many of her reactionary policies). Alternatively, Labour might have been able to form a coalition with the Lib Dems and other parties, which would have meant no Conservative government in the 1980s – sparing Britain the social destruction of Thatcherism.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Some defenders of FPTP complain that if we switch to PR Labour might never again win a majority of seats and form a government in its own right. But if Labour can't persuade a majority of voters, it doesn't deserve to form a government (ditto the Tories). Democracy is supposed to be about the will of the majority. It cannot be reconciled with a voting system that persistently allows parties with minority support to form governments with often huge majorities.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">If the last three elections had been conducted under PR, Labour would not have won an overall majority of seats. But there would have been Green MPs and more Lib Dem, SNP and Plaid Cymru MPs. On many issues, these four parties are to the left of the Labour government. If they had been in coalition with Labour since 1997, they would have had a mostly radicalising influence on Blair and Brown, probably preventing post office closures, Trident renewal, ID cards, expanded nuclear power, privatisation of public services and British troops in Iraq.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">With PR, the Tories might never rule alone again; thereby preventing a repeat of Thatcherite extremism. We'd be likely to see the election of MPs representing the Greens and possibly radical left parties, as happened under Scotland's PR system. This would shift the political centre leftwards. Labour would be radicalised because it would have to rule in coalition with Green, left and Liberal Democrat MPs (despite their flaws, the Lib Dems are more left-leaning than Gordon Brown on many issues). Labour and the Lib Dems could end up more or less permanently in power as the major partners in a new progressive "traffic light" coalition of red, orange and green. This is definitely preferable to having the Tories in government and wielding the knife.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">A democracy requires a parliament that reflects the people's will; where the proportion of seats won corresponds to the proportion of votes cast. This means finishing the parliamentary reform process begun by the Chartists.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">The <a href="http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/article.php?id=53" data-link-name="in body link">Additional Member System</a> for elections to the Scottish parliament, Welsh assembly and London assembly is a practical example of a fairer electoral process. Electors vote for both a constituency MP and for a party list. This combines the accountability of single-member constituencies with additional "top-up" MPs based on the total list vote received by each party; thereby ensuring proportionality between the number of votes cast for a party and the number of seats it wins.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">This system works in Scotland, Wales and London, why can't we have it at Westminster?</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Polls show that a majority of people want a fairer electoral system. It would benefit all progressive people and parties, shifting the political consensus leftwards.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Whichever party wins the upcoming election, the new government should let the people decide by means of a two-stage referendum: first, on whether people want to change the voting system and second, if they do want change, on what kind of PR system they want.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Until we make the voting system fair, our democracy will remain tainted and flawed, and the progressive majority – liberals, lefts and greens – will often be out of government, even when they have won a majority of the popular vote.</p><footer class="dcr-s3ycb2"><p class="dcr-s3ycb2"><span data-dcr-style="bullet"></span> More information about the voting reform campaign, see <a href="http://www.voteforachange.co.uk/content/index" data-link-name="in body link">Vote for a Change</a></p></footer></div></div><gu-island name="SlotBodyEnd" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"contentType":"Article","contributionsServiceUrl":"https://contributions.guardianapis.com","idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","isMinuteArticle":false,"isPaidContent":false,"pageId":"commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post","sectionId":"commentisfree","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"tags":[{"id":"commentisfree/series/general-election-2010-cif-at-the-polls","type":"Series","title":"General election 2010: Cif at the polls"},{"id":"politics/general-election-2010","type":"Keyword","title":"General election 2010"},{"id":"politics/pr","type":"Keyword","title":"Proportional representation"},{"id":"politics/firstpastthepost","type":"Keyword","title":"First past the post"},{"id":"politics/electoralreform","type":"Keyword","title":"Electoral reform"},{"id":"tone/comment","type":"Tone","title":"Comment"},{"id":"politics/politics","type":"Keyword","title":"Politics"},{"id":"uk/uk","type":"Keyword","title":"UK news"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"commentisfree/commentisfree","type":"Blog","title":"Opinion"},{"id":"profile/petertatchell","type":"Contributor","title":"Peter Tatchell","twitterHandle":"PT_Foundation","bylineImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/03/19/Peter-Tatchell,-R-.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=1146ff3fd564e1a083f8321092ed6ea6","bylineLargeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/03/19/Peter_Tatchell,_R_.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=27d5fa415d55a8c7d0eb56444b29927e"}],"renderAds":true,"isLabs":false,"articleEndSlot":true}"></gu-island><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="13" viewBox="0 0 1300 13" preserveAspectRatio="none" stroke="var(--straight-lines)" stroke-width="1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="dcr-1rctyfj"><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="0.5" y2="0.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="4.5" y2="4.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="8.5" y2="8.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="12.5" y2="12.5"></line></svg><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-fckw05"><span class="dcr-1slmqmw">Explore more on these topics</span><div class="dcr-11qmbjk"><ul class="dcr-1rrvs2w"><li class="dcr-hj8byr"><a href="/politics/general-election-2010" class="dcr-1gwziyt">General election 2010</a></li><li class="dcr-hj8byr"><a href="/commentisfree/series/general-election-2010-cif-at-the-polls" class="dcr-1gwziyt">General election 2010: Cif at the polls</a></li><li class="dcr-hj8byr"><a href="/politics/pr" class="dcr-1gwziyt">Proportional representation</a></li><li class="dcr-hj8byr"><a href="/politics/firstpastthepost" class="dcr-1gwziyt">First past the post</a></li><li class="dcr-hj8byr"><a href="/politics/electoralreform" class="dcr-1gwziyt">Electoral reform</a></li><li class="dcr-hj8byr"><a href="/tone/comment" class="dcr-1gwziyt">comment</a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-nu129i"><gu-island name="ShareButton" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"pageId":"commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post","webTitle":"Democracy: we've never had it so bad | Peter Tatchell","format":{"design":8,"display":0,"theme":1},"context":"SubMeta"}"><a href="mailto:?subject=Democracy: we've never had it so bad | Peter Tatchell&body=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post?CMP=share_btn_url" type="button" class="dcr-bao4ku">Share<div class="src-button-space"></div><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19 16c1.675 0 3 1.35 3 3 0 1.675-1.325 3-3 3a2.97 2.97 0 0 1-2.975-3c0-.125 0-.275.025-.375L7.1 14.15a2.9 2.9 0 0 1-2.075.825C3.325 14.975 2 13.65 2 12a3.004 3.004 0 0 1 3.025-3.025c.775 0 1.5.35 2.075.875l8.95-4.475c-.025-.1-.025-.225-.025-.4A2.966 2.966 0 0 1 19 2c1.675 0 3 1.325 3 2.975C22 6.65 20.675 8 19 8c-.8 0-1.475-.325-2.05-.825l-8.975 4.45C8 11.7 8 11.825 8 12s0 .3-.025.375l8.975 4.45c.575-.5 1.25-.825 2.05-.825m0-12.8c-.975 0-1.8.775-1.8 1.775S18.025 6.8 19 6.8c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.825S20 3.2 19 3.2m0 17.6c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.8 0-1-.825-1.8-1.825-1.8-.975 0-1.8.8-1.8 1.8 0 .975.825 1.8 1.8 1.8"></path></svg></a></gu-island><div class="dcr-zhx6xs"><a data-link-name="meta-syndication-article" href="https://syndication.theguardian.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Fmay%2F03%2Fdemocracy-first-past-the-post&type=article&internalpagecode=commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" title="Reuse this content" class="dcr-14rjinq">Reuse this content</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="--grid-area:right-column;" data-gu-name="right-column" class="dcr-bcwpw1"><div class="dcr-jwg3xc"><section class="dcr-1hko8ef"><gu-island name="MostViewedRightWithAd" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"format":{"design":8,"display":0,"theme":1},"isPaidContent":false,"renderAds":true,"shouldHideReaderRevenue":false}" rootMargin="700px 100px"><div data-container="most-viewed-right-container" class="dcr-1e3xwa3"><gu-island name="AdBlockAsk" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"size":"mpu","slotId":"dfp-ad--right","isPaidContent":false,"shouldHideReaderRevenue":false}"></gu-island><div id="top-right-ad-slot" class="ad-slot-container dcr-bsv5en"><div id="dfp-ad--right" data-link-name="ad slot right" data-name="right" data-testid="slot" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--right ad-slot--mpu-banner-ad ad-slot--rendered js-sticky-mpu dcr-wi6855"></div></div></div></gu-island></section></div></div></div></div></article><aside style="background-color:var(--ad-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1ykr3rf"><div class="ad-slot-container dcr-17n294h"><div id="dfp-ad--merchandising-high" data-link-name="ad slot merchandising-high" data-name="merchandising-high" data-refresh="false" data-testid="slot" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--merchandising-high dcr-ivr0sq"></div></div></div></aside><gu-island name="OnwardsUpper" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","hasRelated":true,"hasStoryPackage":false,"isAdFreeUser":false,"pageId":"commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post","isPaidContent":false,"showRelatedContent":true,"keywordIds":"politics/general-election-2010,politics/pr,politics/firstpastthepost,politics/electoralreform,politics/politics,uk/uk","contentType":"Article","tags":[{"id":"commentisfree/series/general-election-2010-cif-at-the-polls","type":"Series","title":"General election 2010: Cif at the polls"},{"id":"politics/general-election-2010","type":"Keyword","title":"General election 2010"},{"id":"politics/pr","type":"Keyword","title":"Proportional representation"},{"id":"politics/firstpastthepost","type":"Keyword","title":"First past the post"},{"id":"politics/electoralreform","type":"Keyword","title":"Electoral reform"},{"id":"tone/comment","type":"Tone","title":"Comment"},{"id":"politics/politics","type":"Keyword","title":"Politics"},{"id":"uk/uk","type":"Keyword","title":"UK news"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"commentisfree/commentisfree","type":"Blog","title":"Opinion"},{"id":"profile/petertatchell","type":"Contributor","title":"Peter Tatchell","twitterHandle":"PT_Foundation","bylineImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/03/19/Peter-Tatchell,-R-.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=1146ff3fd564e1a083f8321092ed6ea6","bylineLargeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/03/19/Peter_Tatchell,_R_.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=27d5fa415d55a8c7d0eb56444b29927e"}],"format":{"design":8,"display":0,"theme":1},"pillar":1,"editionId":"INT","shortUrlId":"/p/2gk9q","discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","absoluteServerTimes":false,"renderingTarget":"Web"}"><div class="dcr-1ntgn2k"><section style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1vf50t"><div data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-ri3hap"><div class="dcr-p0nyl2"></div></div></div></section><section style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1vf50t"><div data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-ri3hap"><div class="dcr-p0nyl2"></div></div></div></section></div></gu-island><aside style="background-color:var(--discussion-section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div id="comments" style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1vf50t"><section style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1ykr3rf"><div class="dcr-u8qikl"><section class="dcr-begx13"><div class="dcr-yg4zrc"><div class="dcr-k1vhee"><div><gu-island name="DiscussionMeta" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","shortUrlId":"/p/2gk9q","enableDiscussionSwitch":true}"><div class="dcr-8ro32r"><h2 class="dcr-aep3nc">Comments <span class="dcr-xodiwl">(…)</span></h2><span class="dcr-1hfm9sp"><a href="https://profile.theguardian.com/signin?INTCMP=DOTCOM_COMMENTS_SIGNIN&componentEventParams=componentType%3Didentityauthentication%26componentId%3Dsignin_to_comment" class="dcr-q3hb80">Sign in</a> or <a href="https://profile.theguardian.com/signin?INTCMP=DOTCOM_COMMENTS_SIGNIN&componentEventParams=componentType%3Didentityauthentication%26componentId%3Dregister_to_comment" class="dcr-q3hb80">create your Guardian account</a> to join the discussion</span></div></gu-island></div></div></div></section><div class="dcr-1t1ldv1"><div class="dcr-f68shw"><span class="dcr-1giivcq"></span></div><div style="gap:20px;" class="dcr-u8qikl"><div class="dcr-1vig65l"><gu-island name="DiscussionWeb" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","shortUrlId":"/p/2gk9q","discussionD2Uid":"zHoBy6HNKsk","discussionApiClientHeader":"nextgen","enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com"}"><div data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-ri3hap"><div class="dcr-ktu60b"></div></div></gu-island></div><section class="dcr-1hko8ef"><div class="commentsRightColumn dcr-45o43m"><div class="ad-slot-container"><div id="dfp-ad--comments" data-link-name="ad slot comments" data-name="comments" data-testid="slot" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--comments ad-slot--mpu-banner-ad ad-slot--rendered js-sticky-mpu"></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></div></section></div></aside><section style="background-color:var(--article-section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1vf50t"><div class="dcr-u8qikl"><section class="dcr-1gx3men"><div class="dcr-yg4zrc"><div class="dcr-k1vhee"><div><div class="dcr-1atljbz"><h2 style="color:var(--article-section-title);" class="dcr-dah9rt">Most viewed</h2></div></div></div></div></section><div class="dcr-fossqd"><div class="dcr-f68shw"><span class="dcr-1giivcq"><div class="dcr-1atljbz"><h2 style="color:var(--article-section-title);" class="dcr-dah9rt">Most viewed</h2></div></span></div><div data-print-layout="hide" class="content-footer dcr-ddf1wi"><div class="dcr-6m88po"><gu-island name="MostViewedFooterData" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"sectionId":"commentisfree","ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","edition":"INT"}"><div data-name="placeholder"><div class="dcr-1ypixpd"></div><ol class="dcr-laek1z"><li class="dcr-1oj52y1"><span class="dcr-n509ks"><svg viewBox="-6 0 40 40" class="dcr-ke0s0j"><path d="M0 40h21v-1l-5.4-1.6V0h-4.3L.1 5.4v1.3l5.5-1.4v32.1L0 39.1z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="dcr-1oj52y1"><span class="dcr-n509ks"><svg viewBox="-3 0 40 40" class="dcr-ke0s0j"><path d="M9.4 1.5c5.5 0 7.4 3.3 7.4 9s-2.4 11-8.5 16.3l-8.3 7V40h27.3l.7-7H2.8v-.2l8.5-4.3c10.5-5.2 16.4-9.7 16.4-17.3C27.7 3.8 22.5 0 13.4 0 8.6 0 4 .7.9 2v9h1l3-9c1.7-.4 3.2-.5 4.6-.5z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="dcr-1oj52y1"><span class="dcr-n509ks"><svg viewBox="-3 0 40 40" class="dcr-ke0s0j"><path d="M9 1.4c4.9 0 7.7 2.4 7.7 8.3 0 5.7-2.6 9-7.8 9H6.1v1.1H9c5.3 0 8.3 3 8.3 8.3 0 5.5-2.9 9.3-9.8 9.3-2.9 0-5.1-.3-7.4-1.5v1C2.7 38.7 7 40 12.5 40 22.2 40 28 35.8 28 28.9c0-6.5-5.1-9.6-15-9.7V19c9.5-.7 13.6-4.4 13.6-9.3 0-6.4-4.4-9.7-13.8-9.7-4 0-8.5.8-11.4 1.7v8.5h1.1l2.4-8.4A21 21 0 0 1 9 1.4z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="dcr-1oj52y1"><span class="dcr-n509ks"><svg viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="dcr-ke0s0j"><path d="M12.5 40v-1l4.3-1.3v-9.2H0v-1L18.7 0h8.1v27.4H31v1.1h-4.2v9.2l3.7 1.4v.9h-18zm-11-12.6h15.3v-22h-.3l-15 21.8v.2z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="dcr-1oj52y1"><span class="dcr-n509ks"><svg viewBox="-3 0 40 40" class="dcr-ke0s0j"><path d="M11.9 40C21.5 40 27 34.8 27 27c0-8.2-5.3-12-13-12-3.9 0-8.1 1-10.7 4l.6-11.5h20.7l.7-7.5h-22L2 20.8a12 12 0 0 1 5.7-1.3c5.5 0 8.7 2.8 8.7 8.5 0 5.8-3.3 9.1-9.6 9.1A16 16 0 0 1 0 35.5v1.3C2.6 38.6 6.8 40 11.9 40z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="dcr-1oj52y1"><span class="dcr-n509ks"><svg viewBox="-1 0 40 40" class="dcr-ke0s0j"><path d="M31 27c0 7.3-5 13-15 13C5 40 0 32.3 0 21 0 6.4 7.9 0 18.6 0a17 17 0 0 1 9.7 2.6v1.1a12 12 0 0 0-6-1.3c-7.8 0-11 5.3-11.6 16.2a14 14 0 0 1 9.6-4c7 0 10.7 5.3 10.7 12.3zm-20-4c0 11.5 1.7 16.3 5.5 16.3 3.2 0 4.5-3.2 4.5-10.7 0-6.8-1.7-9.5-5.3-9.5-1.5 0-3.4.4-4.7 1v3z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="dcr-1oj52y1"><span class="dcr-n509ks"><svg viewBox="-3 0 40 40" class="dcr-ke0s0j"><path d="M3.4 40h11L28 6V0H.6L0 12.3h1.1L3 7.5h23v.3z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="dcr-1oj52y1"><span class="dcr-n509ks"><svg viewBox="-2 0 40 40" class="dcr-ke0s0j"><path d="M29 29.5C29 35.9 23.7 40 14.1 40 4.5 40 0 36.3 0 30.5c0-5 4.2-8.3 9.1-9.3-5-3-8-6.4-8-11C1.2 3.8 6.2 0 14.8 0c9.2 0 13 3.5 13 8.2 0 5-4.2 7.6-9.2 8.6l1.6.9c5.5 3 8.9 5.8 8.9 11.8zM15 14.7l2.2 1.3c1.6-1.9 2.6-4.3 2.6-7.7 0-4.8-2-7.2-5.3-7.2-3.7 0-5.7 2.3-5.7 6 0 3.8 2.6 5.7 6.1 7.6zM8.1 30.4c0 5.2 2.1 8.5 6.4 8.5 4 0 6.4-2.6 6.4-6.9 0-3.7-2.7-5.5-6.2-7.5l-4-2.4a12.8 12.8 0 0 0-2.6 8.3z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="dcr-1oj52y1"><span class="dcr-n509ks"><svg viewBox="-1 0 40 40" class="dcr-ke0s0j"><path d="M31 19c0 14.7-7.9 21-18.6 21C8 40 4 38.8 2.2 37.4v-1.1c1.8 1 4 1.3 6.5 1.3 7.8 0 11-5.3 11.6-16.2a14 14 0 0 1-9.6 4C3.7 25.5 0 20.2 0 13.2 0 5.7 5 0 15 0c11 0 16 7.7 16 19zm-20.6-7.3c0 7 1.7 9.5 5.3 9.5 1.5 0 3.4-.3 4.7-1v-2.8C20.4 5.8 18.7 1 15 1c-3.2 0-4.5 3.1-4.5 10.6z"></path></svg></span></li><li class="dcr-1oj52y1"><span class="dcr-n509ks"><svg viewBox="0 0 54 40" class="dcr-ke0s0j"><path d="M0 40h21v-1l-5.4-1.6V0h-4.3L.1 5.4v1.3l5.5-1.4v32.1L0 39.1zm37 0c-9.2 0-17-6.8-17-19.8C20 6.6 28.1 0 37.3 0 46.4 0 54 6.5 54 19.9 54 33.3 46.3 40 37 40zm.1-1c4 0 5.2-6.1 5.2-18.7C42.3 7 41 1.1 37.1 1.1c-4 0-5.4 6-5.4 18.7 0 13 1.4 19.1 5.4 19.1z"></path></svg></span></li></ol></div></gu-island></div><div class="dcr-1pt7toy"><span class="dcr-n4pnam"><div class="ad-slot-container dcr-j5zpwt"><div id="dfp-ad--mostpop" data-link-name="ad slot mostpop" data-name="mostpop" data-testid="slot" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--mostpop ad-slot--mpu-banner-ad ad-slot--rendered dcr-1qjcfie"></div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></section><aside style="background-color:var(--ad-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1ykr3rf"><div class="ad-slot-container dcr-17n294h"><div id="dfp-ad--merchandising" data-link-name="ad slot merchandising" data-name="merchandising" data-testid="slot" aria-hidden="true" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--merchandising dcr-ivr0sq"></div></div></div></aside></main><aside style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1q1v1nj"><gu-island name="SubNav" priority="enhancement" deferUntil="visible" props="{"subNavSections":{"links":[{"title":"The Guardian view","longTitle":"The Guardian view","url":"/profile/editorial","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Columnists","longTitle":"Columnists","url":"/index/contributors","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cartoons","longTitle":"Cartoons","url":"/tone/cartoons","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Opinion videos","longTitle":"Opinion videos","url":"/type/video+tone/comment","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Letters","longTitle":"Letters","url":"/tone/letters","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}]},"currentNavLink":"Opinion","position":"footer"}"><div data-print-layout="hide" data-testid="sub-nav" data-component="sub-nav" style="--sub-nav-link:var(--sub-nav-link-footer);" class="dcr-a4rp9m"><ul role="list" class="dcr-1gt8egs"><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/profile/editorial" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : The Guardian view" class="dcr-lgyw9b">The Guardian view</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/index/contributors" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Columnists" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Columnists</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/tone/cartoons" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Cartoons" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Cartoons</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/type/video+tone/comment" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Opinion videos" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Opinion videos</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/tone/letters" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : Letters" class="dcr-lgyw9b">Letters</a></li></ul></div></gu-island></div></aside><footer style="background-color:#052962;" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:#506991;" class="dcr-bnuca0"><div data-print-layout="hide" data-link-name="footer" data-component="footer" class="dcr-1hmrwdw"><div class="dcr-1ris6nf"><ul class="dcr-1d6g26q"><li class="dcr-1grikph"><a href="/" style="--pillar-underline:#FF5943;" data-link-name="footer : primary : News" class="dcr-7612kl">News</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/commentisfree" style="--pillar-underline:#FF7F0F;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Opinion" class="dcr-1iufw7r">Opinion</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/sport" style="--pillar-underline:#00B2FF;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Sport" class="dcr-7612kl">Sport</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/culture" style="--pillar-underline:#EACCA0;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Culture" class="dcr-7612kl">Culture</a></li><li class="dcr-1kcody2"><a href="/lifeandstyle" style="--pillar-underline:#FFABDB;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Lifestyle" class="dcr-7612kl">Lifestyle</a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-1xyi04h"><div class="dcr-1wf840d"><div>Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning</div><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global/2022/sep/20/sign-up-for-the-first-edition-newsletter-our-free-news-email" data-link-name="footer : morning-briefing" class="dcr-u54heg">Sign up for our email<div class="src-button-space"></div><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1 12.956h18.274l-7.167 8.575.932.932L23 12.478v-.956l-9.96-9.985-.932.932 7.166 8.575H1z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="dcr-1ms2xl4"><ul><li><a href="https://manage.theguardian.com/help-centre" data-link-name="international : footer : tech feedback" class="js-tech-feedback-report dcr-4coeh">Help</a></li><li><a href="/info/complaints-and-corrections" data-link-name="complaints" class=" dcr-4coeh">Complaints & corrections</a></li><li><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/securedrop" data-link-name="securedrop" class=" dcr-4coeh">SecureDrop</a></li><li><a href="https://workforus.theguardian.com" data-link-name="international : footer : work for us" class=" dcr-4coeh">Work for us</a></li><li><gu-island name="PrivacySettingsLink" priority="critical" deferUntil="visible" props="{"extraClasses":""}"><span style="color:transparent;" class="dcr-4coeh"> </span></gu-island></li><li><a href="/info/privacy" data-link-name="privacy" class=" dcr-4coeh">Privacy policy</a></li><li><a href="/info/cookies" data-link-name="cookie" class=" dcr-4coeh">Cookie policy</a></li><li><a href="/help/terms-of-service" data-link-name="terms" class=" dcr-4coeh">Terms & conditions</a></li><li><a href="/help/contact-us" data-link-name="international : footer : contact us" class=" dcr-4coeh">Contact us</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="/index/subjects/a" data-link-name="international : footer : all topics" class=" dcr-4coeh">All topics</a></li><li><a href="/index/contributors" data-link-name="international : footer : all contributors" class=" dcr-4coeh">All writers</a></li><li><a href="https://theguardian.newspapers.com" data-link-name="digital newspaper archive" class=" dcr-4coeh">Digital newspaper archive</a></li><li><a href="https://uploads.guim.co.uk/2024/08/27/TAX_STRATEGY_FOR_THE_YEAR_ENDED_31_MARCH_2025.pdf" data-link-name="international : footer : tax strategy" class=" dcr-4coeh">Tax strategy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/theguardian" data-link-name="international : footer : facebook" class=" dcr-4coeh">Facebook</a></li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGuardian" data-link-name="international : footer : youtube" class=" dcr-4coeh">YouTube</a></li><li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/guardian" data-link-name="international : footer : instagram" class=" dcr-4coeh">Instagram</a></li><li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/theguardian" data-link-name="international : footer : linkedin" class=" dcr-4coeh">LinkedIn</a></li><li><a href="/email-newsletters?INTCMP=DOTCOM_FOOTER_NEWSLETTER_INTERNATIONAL" data-link-name="international : footer : newsletters" class=" dcr-4coeh">Newsletters</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://advertising.theguardian.com" data-link-name="international : footer : advertise with us" class=" dcr-4coeh">Advertise with us</a></li><li><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" data-link-name="international : footer : uk-jobs" class=" dcr-4coeh">Search UK jobs</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1v06yj3"><gu-island name="FooterReaderRevenueLinks" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"urls":{"contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=footer_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_contribute%22%7D","subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=footer_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"dataLinkNamePrefix":"footer : "}"></gu-island></div></div><div class="dcr-1xnlu54"><a href="#top" data-link-name="back to top" class="dcr-1bljy3y"><span class="dcr-6ottnt">Back to top</span><span class="icon-container dcr-18yycfp"><i class="dcr-13lm9u3"></i></span></a></div></div><div class="dcr-1slcfay">© 2025 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved. <gu-island name="FooterLabel" priority="critical" deferUntil="visible" props="{}">(dcr)</gu-island></div></div></div></footer><aside class="dcr-1gsdol8"><gu-island name="StickyBottomBanner" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"contentType":"Article","contributionsServiceUrl":"https://contributions.guardianapis.com","idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","isMinuteArticle":false,"isPaidContent":false,"isPreview":false,"isSensitive":false,"pageId":"commentisfree/2010/may/03/democracy-first-past-the-post","sectionId":"commentisfree","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"remoteBannerSwitch":true,"tags":[{"id":"commentisfree/series/general-election-2010-cif-at-the-polls","type":"Series","title":"General election 2010: Cif at the polls"},{"id":"politics/general-election-2010","type":"Keyword","title":"General election 2010"},{"id":"politics/pr","type":"Keyword","title":"Proportional representation"},{"id":"politics/firstpastthepost","type":"Keyword","title":"First past the post"},{"id":"politics/electoralreform","type":"Keyword","title":"Electoral reform"},{"id":"tone/comment","type":"Tone","title":"Comment"},{"id":"politics/politics","type":"Keyword","title":"Politics"},{"id":"uk/uk","type":"Keyword","title":"UK news"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"commentisfree/commentisfree","type":"Blog","title":"Opinion"},{"id":"profile/petertatchell","type":"Contributor","title":"Peter Tatchell","twitterHandle":"PT_Foundation","bylineImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/03/19/Peter-Tatchell,-R-.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=1146ff3fd564e1a083f8321092ed6ea6","bylineLargeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/03/19/Peter_Tatchell,_R_.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=27d5fa415d55a8c7d0eb56444b29927e"}]}"></gu-island></aside><div class="mobilesticky-container dcr-uh3rt8"></div> </body> </html>