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</li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For the given name, see <a href="/wiki/Chad_(name)" title="Chad (name)">Chad (name)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chad (disambiguation)">Chad (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>Chad,<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Chad,<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> located at the crossroads of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Libya_border" title="Chad–Libya border">the north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Sudan_border" title="Chad–Sudan border">the east</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Chad_border" title="Central African Republic–Chad border">the south</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Chad_border" title="Cameroon–Chad border">the southwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Nigeria_border" title="Chad–Nigeria border">the southwest</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Niger_border" title="Chad–Niger border">the west</a>. Chad has a population of 16 million, of which 1.6 million live in the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city of <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>. With a total area of around 1,300,000 km2 (500,000 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-area-10">[8]</a> Chad is the fifth-largest country in Africa and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">twentieth largest nation by area</a> in the world. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Chad</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>جمهورية تشاد (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</li><li>République du Tchad (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Chad"><img alt="Flag of Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/125px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/188px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/250px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chad" title="Flag of Chad">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Chad"><img alt="Coat of arms of Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="599"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad" title="Coat of arms of Chad"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>"Unité, Travail, Progrès" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</li><li>الاتحاد، العمل، التقدم (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</li><li>"Unity, Work, Progress"</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/La_Tchadienne" title="La Tchadienne">La Tchadienne</a>" (French)</li><li>نشيد تشاد الوطني (Arabic)</li><li>"The Song of Chad"</li></ul></div><div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="La_Tchadienne_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/La_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg/La_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/La_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Chad"><img alt="Location of Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chad&params=12_06_19_N_15_02_41_E_type:city">12°06′19″N 15°02′41″E / 12.10528°N 15.04472°E / 12.10528; 15.04472</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2009<a href="#cite_note-recensement2009-1">[1]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>26.6% <a href="/wiki/Sara_people" title="Sara people">Sara</a></li><li>12.9% <a href="/wiki/Baggara_Arabs" title="Baggara Arabs">Arab</a></li><li>8.5% <a href="/wiki/Kanembu_people" title="Kanembu people">Kanembu</a></li><li>7.2% <a href="/wiki/Masalit_people" title="Masalit people">Masalit</a></li><li>6.9% <a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Toubou</a></li><li>4.8% <a href="/wiki/Masa_people" title="Masa people">Masa</a></li><li>3.7% <a href="/wiki/Bidiyo_language" title="Bidiyo language">Bidiyo</a></li><li>3.7% <a href="/wiki/Bilala_people" title="Bilala people">Bulala</a></li><li>3.0% <a href="/wiki/Maba_people" title="Maba people">Maba</a></li><li>2.6% <a href="/wiki/Daju_people" title="Daju people">Daju</a></li><li>2.5% <a href="/wiki/Mundang_people" title="Mundang people">Mundang</a></li><li>2.4% <a href="/wiki/Southern_Gabri_language" title="Southern Gabri language">Gabri</a></li><li>2.4% <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</a></li><li>2.1% <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li><li>2.0% <a href="/wiki/Tupuri_people" title="Tupuri people">Tupuri</a></li><li>1.6% <a href="/wiki/Tama_people" title="Tama people">Tama</a></li><li>1.4% Karo</li><li>1.3% <a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_language" title="Bagirmi language">Bagirmi</a></li><li>1.0% <a href="/wiki/Masmaje_language" title="Masmaje language">Masmaje</a></li><li>2.6% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chad" title="Ethnic groups in Chad">other Chadian</a></li><li>0.7% foreign</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-:religions2020-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">55.1% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">41.1% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad" title="Christianity in Chad">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.4% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.3% <a href="/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African Traditional Religion">Animism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.1% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chadian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian people">Chadian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chad" title="Politics of Chad">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary dictatorship">hereditary dictatorship</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Chad" title="List of heads of state of Chad">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by" title="Mahamat Déby">Mahamat Déby</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Chad" title="List of prime ministers of Chad">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allamaye_Halina" title="Allamaye Halina">Allamaye Halina</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council_(Chad)" title="National Transitional Council (Chad)">National Transitional Council</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chad" title="History of Chad">Independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">Colony</a> established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 September 1900</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Autonomy granted </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Sovereign state </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 August 1960</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chad" title="Geography of Chad">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,300,000 km2 (500,000 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">20th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.9</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chad" title="Demographics of Chad">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">19,093,595<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">66th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">14.4/km2 (37.3/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $32.375 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">147th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $1,806<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">179th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $12.596 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">145th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $702<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">183rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 37.4<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.394<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-7">[7]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">189th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XAF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Time" title="West Africa Time">WAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Chad" title="Telephone numbers in Chad">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B235" class="mw-redirect" title="+235">+235</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TD" title="ISO 3166-2:TD">TD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.td" title=".td">.td</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Chad has several regions: the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert in the north, an arid zone in the centre known as the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> and a more fertile <a href="/wiki/Sudanian_Savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanian Savanna">Sudanian Savanna</a> zone in the south. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>, after which the country is named, is the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> in Africa. Chad's official languages are <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> It is home to over 200 different <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Chad" title="List of ethnic groups in Chad">ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">linguistic groups</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Islam</a> (55.1%) and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad" title="Christianity in Chad">Christianity</a> (41.1%) are the main <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">religions practiced in Chad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:religions2020-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-12">[10]</a> Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a> routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a>. In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tombalbaye" title="François Tombalbaye">François Tombalbaye</a>. Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(1965%E2%80%931979)" title="Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)">civil war</a> in 1965. In 1979 <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_National_Unity_(Chad)" title="Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)">the rebels</a> conquered the capital and put an end to the South's hegemony. The rebel commanders then fought amongst themselves until <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a> defeated his rivals. The <a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian–Libyan conflict">Chadian–Libyan conflict</a> erupted in 1978 by the Libyan invasion which stopped in 1987 with a French military intervention (<a href="/wiki/Operation_%C3%89pervier" title="Operation Épervier">Operation Épervier</a>). Hissène Habré was overthrown in turn in 1990 by his general <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>. With French support, a modernization of the <a href="/wiki/Chad_National_Army" title="Chad National Army">Chad National Army</a> was initiated in 1991. From 2003, the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">Darfur crisis</a> in Sudan spilt over the border and <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">destabilised the nation</a>. Already poor, the nation and people struggled to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese refugees">Sudanese refugees</a> who live in and around camps in eastern Chad. While many political parties participated in Chad's legislature, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)" title="National Assembly (Chad)">National Assembly</a>, power laid firmly in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Salvation_Movement" title="Patriotic Salvation Movement">Patriotic Salvation Movement</a> during the presidency of Idriss Déby, whose rule was described as <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> After President Déby was killed by <a href="/wiki/Front_for_Change_and_Concord_in_Chad" title="Front for Change and Concord in Chad">FACT rebels</a> in April 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(Chad)" title="Transitional Military Council (Chad)">Transitional Military Council</a> led by his son <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by_Itno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahamat Déby Itno">Mahamat Déby</a> assumed control of the government and dissolved the Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-:2-16">[14]</a> Chad remains plagued by <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> and recurrent attempted <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups d'état</a>. Chad ranks the 2nd lowest in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, with 0.394 in 2021 placed 190th, and a <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed country</a> facing the effects of being one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">poorest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">most corrupt</a> countries in the world. Most of its inhabitants live in poverty as <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chad" title="Agriculture in Chad">subsistence herders and farmers</a>. Since 2003 crude oil has become the country's primary source of export earnings, superseding the traditional cotton industry. Chad has a poor <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Chad" title="Human rights in Chad">human rights record</a>, with frequent abuses such as arbitrary imprisonment, extrajudicial killings, and limits on civil liberties by both security forces and armed militias. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_history">1.1 Early history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#French_colonial_period_(1900%E2%80%931960)">1.2 French colonial period (1900–1960)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Tombalbaye_rule_(1960%E2%80%931979)">1.3 Tombalbaye rule (1960–1979)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Chad's_first_civil_war_(1979%E2%80%931987)">1.4 Chad's first civil war (1979–1987)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Dictatorship_of_Habr%C3%A9_(1987%E2%80%931990)">1.5 Dictatorship of Habré (1987–1990)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#D%C3%A9by_lineage_&_democracy_with_second_Civil_War_(1990%E2%80%93present)">1.6 Déby lineage & democracy with second Civil War (1990–present)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Wildlife">2.1 Wildlife</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Demographics">3 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Largest_cities,_towns,_and_municipalities">3.1 Largest cities, towns, and municipalities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Ethnic_groups">3.2 Ethnic groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Languages">3.3 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Religion">3.4 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Education">3.5 Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Government_and_politics">4 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Internal_opposition_and_foreign_relations">4.1 Internal opposition and foreign relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Military">4.2 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">4.3 Administrative divisions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Infrastructure">5.1 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Transport">5.1.1 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Energy">5.1.2 Energy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Telecommunications">5.1.3 Telecommunications</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Culture">6 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Cuisine">6.1 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Music">6.2 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Literature">6.3 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Media_and_cinema">6.4 Media and cinema</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Sports">6.5 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Citations">9.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Sources">9.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chad" title="History of Chad">History of Chad</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/7th_millennium_BC" title="7th millennium BC">7th millennium BC</a>, ecological conditions in the northern half of Chadian territory favored human settlement, and its population increased considerably. Some of the most important <a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">African archaeological</a> sites are found in Chad, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region">Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region</a>; some date to earlier than 2000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-18">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/220px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2416"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/220px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/330px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/440px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Group of Kanem-Bu warriors. The <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu Empire</a> controlled almost all of what is today Chad.</figcaption></figure> For more than 2,000 years, the Chadian Basin has been inhabited by agricultural and <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> people. The region became a crossroads of civilizations. The earliest of these was the legendary <a href="/wiki/Sao_civilisation" title="Sao civilisation">Sao</a>, known from artifacts and oral histories. The Sao fell to the <a href="/wiki/Kanem_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lange88-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> the first and longest-lasting of the empires that developed in Chad's <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian</a> strip by the end of the 1st millennium AD. Two other states in the region, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Sultanate of Bagirmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadai Empire">Wadai Empire</a>, emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries. The power of Kanem and its successors was based on control of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a> routes that passed through the region.<a href="#cite_note-Collelo-18">[16]</a> These states, at least tacitly <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Muslim</a>, never extended their control to the southern grasslands except to raid for slaves.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> In Kanem, about a third of the population were slaves.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_colonial_period_(1900–1960)">French colonial period (1900–1960)</h3></div> French colonial expansion led to the creation of the Territoire Militaire des Pays et Protectorats du Tchad in 1900. By 1920, France had secured full control of the colony and incorporated it as part of <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Chad">French rule in Chad</a> was characterised by an absence of policies to unify the territory and sluggish modernisation compared to other French colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Decalo,_pp._8%E2%80%939-24">[22]</a> The French primarily viewed the colony as an unimportant source of untrained labour and raw cotton; France introduced large-scale cotton production in 1929. The colonial administration in Chad was critically understaffed and had to rely on the dregs of the French civil service. Only the <a href="/wiki/Sara_people" title="Sara people">Sara</a> of the south was governed effectively; French presence in the Islamic north and east was nominal. The educational system was affected by this neglect.<a href="#cite_note-Collelo-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decalo,_pp._8%E2%80%939-24">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/220px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3286" data-file-height="2836"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/220px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/330px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/440px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Chadian soldier fighting for <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free France</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The Free French Forces included 15,000 soldiers from Chad.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, France granted Chad the status of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">overseas territory</a> and its inhabitants the right to elect representatives to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> and a <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)" title="National Assembly (Chad)">Chadian assembly</a>. The largest political party was the <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Progressive_Party" title="Chadian Progressive Party">Chadian Progressive Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Parti Progressiste Tchadien, PPT), based in the southern half of the colony. Chad was granted independence on 11 August 1960 with the PPT's leader, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tombalbaye" title="François Tombalbaye">François Tombalbaye</a>, an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Sara_people" title="Sara people">Sara</a>, as its first <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of state of Chad">president</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collelo-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tombalbaye_rule_(1960–1979)">Tombalbaye rule (1960–1979)</h3></div> Two years later, Tombalbaye banned opposition parties and established a one-party system. Tombalbaye's autocratic rule and insensitive mismanagement exacerbated inter-ethnic tensions. In 1965, Muslims in the north, led by the <a href="/wiki/FROLINAT" title="FROLINAT">National Liberation Front of Chad</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Front de libération nationale du Tchad, FRONILAT), began a <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_National_Unity_(Chad)" title="Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)">civil war</a>. Tombalbaye was <a href="/wiki/1975_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1975 Chadian coup d'état">overthrown and killed</a> in 1975,<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> but the insurgency continued. In 1979 the rebel factions led by <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a> took the capital, and all central authority in the country collapsed. Armed factions, many from the north's rebellion, contended for power.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chad's_first_civil_war_(1979–1987)">Chad's first civil war (1979–1987)</h3></div> The disintegration of Chad caused the collapse of France's position in the country. <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> moved to fill the power vacuum and became <a href="/wiki/Chadian-Libyan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian-Libyan conflict">involved in Chad's civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Libya's adventure <a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">ended in disaster</a> in 1987; the French-supported president, <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a>, evoked a united response from Chadians of a kind never seen before<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> and forced the Libyan army off Chadian soil.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictatorship_of_Habré_(1987–1990)">Dictatorship of Habré (1987–1990)</h3></div> Habré consolidated his dictatorship through a power system that relied on corruption and violence with thousands of people estimated to have been killed under his rule.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> The president favoured his own <a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Toubou</a> ethnic group and discriminated against his former allies, the <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</a>. His general, <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>, overthrew him in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Attempts to prosecute Habré led to his placement under house arrest in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> in 2005; in 2013, Habré was formally charged with war crimes committed during his rule.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> In May 2016, he was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people, and sentenced to life in prison.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Déby_lineage_&_democracy_with_second_Civil_War_(1990–present)">Déby lineage & democracy with second Civil War (1990–present)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/170px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="644"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/170px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/255px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/340px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Despite internal political opposition, coup attempts, and a civil war, <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a> continuously ruled Chad from 1990 until his death in 2021.</figcaption></figure> Déby attempted to reconcile the rebel groups and reintroduced multiparty politics. Chadians approved a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Chad">new constitution</a> by <a href="/wiki/1996_Chadian_constitutional_referendum" title="1996 Chadian constitutional referendum">referendum</a>, and in 1996, Déby easily won a <a href="/wiki/Chadian_presidential_election,_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian presidential election, 1996">competitive presidential election</a>. He won a <a href="/wiki/Chadian_presidential_election,_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian presidential election, 2001">second term</a> five years later.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Oil</a> exploitation began in Chad in 2003, bringing with it hopes that Chad would, at last, have some chances of peace and prosperity. Instead, internal dissent worsened, and a <a href="/wiki/War_in_Chad_(2005%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Chad (2005–present)">new civil war</a> broke out. Déby <a href="/wiki/Chadian_constitutional_referendum,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian constitutional referendum, 2005">unilaterally modified the constitution</a> to remove the two-term limit on the presidency; this caused an uproar among the civil society and opposition parties.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> In 2006 Déby won <a href="/wiki/Chadian_presidential_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian presidential election, 2006">a third mandate</a> in elections that the opposition boycotted. Ethnic violence in eastern Chad has increased; the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> has warned that a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> like that in <a href="/wiki/Darfur_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Darfur conflict">Darfur</a> may yet occur in Chad.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%27Djamena_(2006)" title="Battle of N'Djamena (2006)">In 2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%27Djamena_(2008)" title="Battle of N'Djamena (2008)">in 2008</a> rebel forces attempted to take the capital by force, but failed on both occasions.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> An agreement for the restoration of harmony between Chad and Sudan, signed 15 January 2010, marked the end of a five-year war.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> The fix in relations led to the Chadian rebels from Sudan returning home, the opening of the border between the two countries after seven years of closure, and the deployment of a joint force to secure the border. In May 2013, security forces in Chad foiled a coup against President <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a> that had been in preparation for several months.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Chad is currently one of the leading partners in a <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Joint_Task_Force" title="Multinational Joint Task Force">West African coalition</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">fight</a> against <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> and other Islamist militants.<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[43]</a> Chad's army announced the death of Déby on 20 April 2021, following an <a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">incursion</a> in the northern region by the <a href="/wiki/Front_for_Change_and_Concord_in_Chad" title="Front for Change and Concord in Chad">FACT</a> group, during which the president was killed amid fighting on the front lines.<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[43]</a> Déby's son, <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by_Itno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahamat Déby Itno">General Mahamat Idriss Déby</a>, has been named interim president by a <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(Chad)" title="Transitional Military Council (Chad)">Transitional Council of military officers</a>. That transitional council has replaced the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Chad">Constitution</a> with a new charter, granting Mahamat Déby the powers of the presidency and naming him head of the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-:2-16">[14]</a> On 23 May 2024, Mahamat Idriss Déby was sworn in as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Chad">President of Chad</a>. He had won the disputed 6 May <a href="/wiki/2024_Chadian_presidential_election" title="2024 Chadian presidential election">election</a> outright, with 61 per cent of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chad" title="Geography of Chad">Geography of Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_sat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/170px-Chad_sat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1922"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 258px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/170px-Chad_sat.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/255px-Chad_sat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/340px-Chad_sat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chad is divided into three distinct zones, the <a href="/wiki/Sudanian_Savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanian Savanna">Sudanian Savanna</a> in the south, the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a> in the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Sahelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian">Sahelian</a> belt in the center.</figcaption></figure> Chad is a large landlocked country spanning north-central <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. It covers an area of 1,284,000 square kilometres (496,000 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-area-10">[8]</a> lying between latitudes <a href="/wiki/7th_parallel_north" title="7th parallel north">7°</a> and <a href="/wiki/24th_parallel_north" title="24th parallel north">24°N</a>, and <a href="/wiki/13th_meridian_east" title="13th meridian east">13°</a> and <a href="/wiki/24th_meridian_east" title="24th meridian east">24°E</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EB-47">[45]</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">twentieth-largest country</a> in the world. Chad is, by size, slightly smaller than <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and slightly larger than South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-cia-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Chad is bounded to the north by <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, to the east by <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, to the west by <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, and to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>. The country's capital is 1,060 kilometres (660 mi) from the nearest seaport, <a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a>, Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-EB-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-50">[48]</a> Because of this distance from the sea and the country's largely <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> climate, Chad is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> The dominant physical structure is a wide basin bounded to the north and east by the <a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains" title="Tibesti Mountains">Tibesti Mountains</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Emi_Koussi" title="Emi Koussi">Emi Koussi</a>, a dormant <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> that reaches 3,414 metres (11,201 ft) above sea level. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>, after which the country is named (and which in turn takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a> word for "lake"<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a>), is the remains of an immense lake that occupied 330,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) of the <a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin" title="Chad Basin">Chad Basin</a> 7,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-EB-47">[45]</a> Although in the 21st century it covers only 17,806 square kilometres (6,875 sq mi), and its surface area is subject to heavy seasonal fluctuations,<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> the lake is Africa's second largest wetland.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Chad is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_Acacia_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian Acacia savanna">Sahelian Acacia savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad_flooded_savanna" title="Lake Chad flooded savanna">Lake Chad flooded savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Saharan_montane_xeric_woodlands" title="East Saharan montane xeric woodlands">East Saharan montane xeric woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands" title="South Saharan steppe and woodlands">South Saharan steppe and woodlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibesti-Jebel_Uweinat_montane_xeric_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands">Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-55">[53]</a> The region's tall grasses and extensive marshes make it favourable for birds, reptiles, and large mammals. Chad's major rivers—the <a href="/wiki/Chari_River" title="Chari River">Chari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logone_River" title="Logone River">Logone</a> and their tributaries—flow through the southern savannas from the southeast into Lake Chad.<a href="#cite_note-EB-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Each year a tropical weather system known as the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">intertropical front</a> crosses Chad from south to north, bringing a <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> that lasts from May to October in the south, and from June to September in the Sahel.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Variations in local rainfall create three major geographical zones. The <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> lies in the country's northern third. Yearly precipitations throughout this belt are under 50 millimetres (2.0 in); only occasional spontaneous palm groves survive, all of them south of the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-50">[48]</a> The Sahara gives way to a <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian</a> belt in Chad's centre; precipitation there varies from 300 to 600 mm (11.8 to 23.6 in) per year. In the Sahel, a steppe of thorny bushes (mostly <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacias</a>) gradually gives way to the south to <a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savanna</a> in Chad's <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudanese</a> zone. Yearly rainfall in this belt is over 900 mm (35.4 in).<a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Chad" title="Wildlife of Chad">Wildlife of Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg/220px-African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1044"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg/220px-African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg/330px-African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg/440px-African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant</a></figcaption></figure> Chad's animal and plant life correspond to the three climatic zones. In the Saharan region, the only flora is the date-palm groves of the oasis. Palms and <a href="/wiki/Acacia_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia tree">acacia trees</a> grow in the Sahelian region. The southern, or Sudanic, zone consists of broad grasslands or prairies suitable for grazing. As of 2002,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit">[update]</a> there were at least 134 species of mammals, 509 species of birds (354 species of residents and 155 migrants), and over 1,600 species of plants throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-Bird-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flora-59">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">Elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceroses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a>, and many species of <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> are found here, although most large carnivore populations have been drastically reduced since the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Bird-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-LTQ-60">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Chad" title="Elephant hunting in Chad">Elephant poaching</a>, particularly in the south of the country in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Zakouma_National_Park" title="Zakouma National Park">Zakouma National Park</a>, is a severe problem. The small group of surviving <a href="/wiki/West_African_crocodile" title="West African crocodile">West African crocodiles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</a> represents one of the last colonies known in the Sahara today.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> In Chad <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 3% of the total land area, equivalent to 4,313,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 6,730,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 4,293,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 19,800 hectares (ha). For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Chad had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 6.18/10, ranking it 83rd globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-64">[62]</a> Extensive deforestation has resulted in loss of trees such as acacias, baobab, dates and palm trees. This has also caused loss of natural habitat for wild animals; one of the main reasons for this is also hunting and livestock farming by increasing human settlements. Populations of animals like lions, leopards and rhino have fallen significantly.<a href="#cite_note-Our-65">[63]</a> Efforts have been made by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> to improve relations between farmers, agro-pastoralists and pastoralists in the Zakouma National Park (ZNP), Siniaka-Minia, and Aouk reserve in southeastern Chad to promote sustainable development.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> As part of the national conservation effort, more than 1.2 million trees have been replanted to check the advancement of the desert, which incidentally also helps the local economy by way of financial return from acacia trees, which produce <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a>, and also from fruit trees.<a href="#cite_note-Our-65">[63]</a> Poaching is a serious problem in the country, particularly of elephants for the profitable <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> industry and a threat to lives of rangers even in the national parks such as Zakouma. Elephants are often massacred in herds in and around the parks by organized poaching.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> The problem is worsened by the fact that the parks are understaffed and that a number of wardens have been murdered by poachers.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-68">[66]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chad" title="Demographics of Chad">Demographics of Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg/220px-Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg/220px-Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg/330px-Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg/440px-Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Toubou</a> nomads in the <a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Mountains</a> </figcaption></figure> Chad's national statistical agency projected the country's 2015 population between 13,630,252 and 13,679,203, with 13,670,084 as its medium projection; based on the medium projection, 3,212,470 people lived in urban areas and 10,457,614 people lived in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-INSEEDproj-69">[67]</a> The country's population is young: an estimated 47% is under 15. The birth rate is estimated at 42.35 births per 1,000 people, and the mortality rate at 16.69. The life expectancy is 52 years.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> The agency assessed the population as at mid 2017 at 15,775,400, of whom just over 1.5 million were in N'Djaména. Chad's population is unevenly distributed. Density is 0.1/km2 (0.26/sq mi) in the Saharan <a href="/wiki/Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region">Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region</a> but 52.4/km2 (136/sq mi) in the <a href="/wiki/Logone_Occidental_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Logone Occidental Region">Logone Occidental Region</a>. In the capital, it is even higher.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-50">[48]</a> About half of the nation's population lives in the southern fifth of its territory, making this the most densely populated region.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Urban life is concentrated in the capital, whose population is mostly engaged in commerce. The other major towns are <a href="/wiki/Sarh" title="Sarh">Sarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moundou" title="Moundou">Moundou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doba,_Chad" title="Doba, Chad">Doba</a>, which are considerably smaller but growing rapidly in population and economic activity.<a href="#cite_note-EB-47">[45]</a> Since 2003, 230,000 <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_refugees_in_Chad" title="Sudanese refugees in Chad">Sudanese refugees</a> have fled to eastern Chad from war-ridden Darfur. With the 172,600 Chadians displaced by the civil war in the east, this has generated increased tensions among the region's communities.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> is common, with 39% of women living in such unions. This is sanctioned by law, which automatically permits polygamy unless spouses specify that this is unacceptable upon marriage.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Although violence against women is prohibited, domestic violence is common. <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_cutting" class="mw-redirect" title="Female genital cutting">Female genital mutilation</a> is also prohibited, but the practice is widespread and deeply rooted in tradition; 45% of Chadian women undergo the procedure, with the highest rates among <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadjarai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadjarai">Hadjarai</a>, and Ouaddaians (90% or more). Lower percentages were reported among the <a href="/wiki/Sara_people" title="Sara people">Sara</a> (38%) and the <a href="/wiki/Toubou" class="mw-redirect" title="Toubou">Toubou</a> (2%). Women lack equal opportunities in education and training, making it difficult for them to compete for the relatively few formal-sector jobs. Although property and inheritance laws based on the French code do not discriminate against women, local leaders adjudicate most inheritance cases in favour of men, according to traditional practice.<a href="#cite_note-HRP-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities,_towns,_and_municipalities">Largest cities, towns, and municipalities</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cities of Chad </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rank</th> <th rowspan="2">City</th> <th colspan="2">Population</th> <th rowspan="2">Region </th></tr> <tr> <th>1993 Census<a href="#cite_note-auto-76">[74]</a></th> <th>2009 Census<a href="#cite_note-auto-76">[74]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a></td> <td align="right">530,965</td> <td align="right">951,418</td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moundou" title="Moundou">Moundou</a></td> <td align="right">99,530</td> <td align="right">137,251</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logone_Occidental_(region)" title="Logone Occidental (region)">Logone Occidental</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a></td> <td align="right">54,628</td> <td align="right">97,963</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_Region" title="Ouaddaï Region">Ouaddaï</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarh" title="Sarh">Sarh</a></td> <td align="right">75,496</td> <td align="right">97,224</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moyen-Chari_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyen-Chari Region">Moyen-Chari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9lo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kélo">Kélo</a></td> <td align="right">31,319</td> <td align="right">57,859</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tandjil%C3%A9_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandjilé Region">Tandjilé</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">6.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Am_Timan" title="Am Timan">Am Timan</a></td> <td align="right">21,269</td> <td align="right">52,270</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salamat_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamat Region">Salamat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">7.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doba,_Chad" title="Doba, Chad">Doba</a></td> <td align="right">17,920</td> <td align="right">49,647</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logone_Oriental_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Logone Oriental Region">Logone Oriental</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">8.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala,_Chad" title="Pala, Chad">Pala</a></td> <td align="right">26,116</td> <td align="right">49,461</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayo-Kebbi Ouest">Mayo-Kebbi Ouest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">9.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bongor" title="Bongor">Bongor</a></td> <td align="right">20,448</td> <td align="right">44,578</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Est" title="Mayo-Kebbi Est">Mayo-Kebbi Est</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goz_Be%C3%AFda" title="Goz Beïda">Goz Beïda</a></td> <td align="right">3,083</td> <td align="right">41,248</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sila_Region" title="Sila Region">Sila</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chad" title="Ethnic groups in Chad">Ethnic groups in Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg/220px-Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg/220px-Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg/330px-Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg/440px-Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mboum girls dancing in Chad</figcaption></figure> The peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Chad has more than 200 distinct ethnic groups,<a href="#cite_note-BGN-78">[76]</a> which create diverse social structures. The colonial administration and independent governments have attempted to impose a national society, but for most Chadians the local or regional society remains the most important influence outside the immediate family. Nevertheless, Chad's people may be classified according to the geographical region in which they live.<a href="#cite_note-Collelo-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB-47">[45]</a> In the south live sedentary people such as the <a href="/wiki/Sara_people" title="Sara people">Sara</a>, the nation's main ethnic group, whose essential <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social unit</a> is the lineage. In the Sahel, sedentary peoples live side by side with nomadic ones, such as the Arabs, the country's second major ethnic group. The north is inhabited by nomads, mostly <a href="/wiki/Toubous" class="mw-redirect" title="Toubous">Toubous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collelo-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">Languages of Chad</a></div> Chad's official languages are <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, but over 100 languages are spoken. The <a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> gets its name from Chad, and is represented by dozens of languages native to the country. Chad is also home to <a href="/wiki/Central_Sudanic_languages" title="Central Sudanic languages">Central Sudanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maban_languages" title="Maban languages">Maban</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a> languages. Due to the important role played by itinerant Arab traders and settled merchants in local communities, <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian Arabic</a> has become a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collelo-18">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Religion in Chad</a></div> Chad is a religiously diverse country. Various estimates, including from Pew Research Center in 2010, found that 52–58% of the population was Muslim, while 39–44% were Christian,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-12">[10]</a> with 22% being Catholic and a further 17% being Protestant.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Christians-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Muslims-80">[78]</a> According to a 2012 Pew Research survey, 48% of Muslim Chadians professed to be <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, 21% <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>, 4% <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and 23% <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">non-denominational Muslim</a>. Islam is expressed in diverse ways; for example, 55% of Muslim Chadians belong to <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">orders</a>. Its most common expression is the <a href="/wiki/Tijaniyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijaniyah">Tijaniyah</a>, an order followed by the 35% of Chadian Muslims which incorporates some local African religious elements.<a href="#cite_note-pew128-81">[79]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">ARDA</a> estimated the vast majority of Muslims Chadians to be Sunni belonging to the Sufi brotherhood Tijaniyah.<a href="#cite_note-:3-82">[80]</a> A small minority of the country's Muslims (5–10%) hold more fundamentalist practices, which, in some cases, may be associated with Saudi-oriented <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-83">[81]</a> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:purple; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Red; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1133.887355271px; border-left-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gray"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 410.83968437177px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:31.49865196553px 94.909614499029px 0 0; border-top-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Chad <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (55.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (41.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">No Religion</a> (2.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Aninism</a> (4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Others (0.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> represent the largest Christian denomination in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:3-82">[80]</a> Most Protestants, including the Nigeria-based "Winners' Chapel", are affiliated with various evangelical Christian groups. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> religious communities also are present in the country. Both faiths were introduced after independence in 1960 and therefore are considered to be "new" religions in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:4-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-83">[81]</a> A small proportion of the population continues to practice indigenous religions. <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> includes a variety of ancestor and place-oriented religions whose expression is highly specific. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity</a> arrived in Chad with the French and American missionaries; as with Chadian Islam, it <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretises</a> aspects of pre-Christian religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Collelo-18">[16]</a> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Religion in Chad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a>)<a href="#cite_note-cia-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-pew-85">[83]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:57%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">57%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad" title="Christianity in Chad">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:39%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">39%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">None</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">Folk</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Chad" title="Freedom of religion in Chad">Other</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Muslims are largely concentrated in northern and eastern Chad, and animists and Christians live primarily in southern Chad and <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ra_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Guéra Region">Guéra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-47">[45]</a> Many Muslims also reside in southern Chad but the Christian presence in the north is minimal.<a href="#cite_note-:4-84">[82]</a> The constitution provides for a secular state and guarantees religious freedom; different religious communities generally co-exist without problems.<a href="#cite_note-:3-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-83">[81]</a> Chad is home to foreign missionaries representing both <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> and Islamic groups. Itinerant <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> preachers, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, also visit. Saudi Arabian funding generally supports social and educational projects and extensive mosque construction.<a href="#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chad" title="Education in Chad">Educators</a> face considerable challenges due to the nation's dispersed population and a certain degree of reluctance on the part of parents to send their children to school. Although attendance is compulsory, only 68 percent of boys attend primary school, and more than half of the population is illiterate. <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Chad" title="List of universities in Chad">Higher education</a> is provided at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_N%27Djamena" title="University of N'Djamena">University of N'Djamena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-BGN-78">[76]</a> At 33 percent, Chad has one of the lowest literacy rates of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a>'s Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> in Chad reported that school attendance of children aged 5 to 14 was as low as 39%. This can also be related to the issue of <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a> as the report also stated that 53% of children aged 5 to 14 were working, and that 30% of children aged 7 to 14 combined work and school. A more recent DOL <a href="/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor" title="List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor">report</a> listed cattle herding as a major agricultural activity that employed underage children.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chad" title="Politics of Chad">Politics of Chad</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg/220px-Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg/220px-Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg/330px-Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg/440px-Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chadian woman voting during the 2016 presidential election</figcaption></figure> Chad's constitution provides for a strong executive branch headed by a president who dominates the political system. The president has the power to appoint the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Chad">prime minister</a> and the cabinet, and exercises considerable influence over appointments of judges, generals, provincial officials and heads of Chad's para-statal firms.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> In cases of grave and immediate threat, the president, in consultation with the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)" title="National Assembly (Chad)">National Assembly</a>, may declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>. The president is <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Chad" title="Elections in Chad">directly elected</a> by popular vote for a five-year term; in 2005, constitutional term limits were removed,<a href="#cite_note-Term2-90">[88]</a> allowing a president to remain in power beyond the previous two-term limit.<a href="#cite_note-Term2-90">[88]</a> Most of Déby's key advisers are members of the Zaghawa ethnic group, although southern and opposition personalities are represented in <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Chad" title="Government of Chad">government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BGN-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNPACP-91">[89]</a> Chad's legal system is based on <a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">French civil law</a> and Chadian customary law where the latter does not interfere with public order or constitutional guarantees of equality. Despite the constitution's guarantee of judicial independence, the president names most key judicial officials. The legal system's highest jurisdictions, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Chad" title="Supreme Court of Chad">Supreme Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Council of Chad">Constitutional Council</a>, have become fully operational since 2000. The Supreme Court is made up of a chief justice, named by the president, and 15 councillors, appointed for life by the president and the National Assembly. The Constitutional Court is headed by nine judges elected to nine-year terms. It has the power to review legislation, treaties and international agreements prior to their adoption.<a href="#cite_note-BGN-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNPACP-91">[89]</a> The National Assembly makes legislation. The body consists of 155 members elected for four-year terms who meet three times per year. The Assembly holds regular sessions twice a year, starting in March and October, and can hold special sessions when called by the prime minister. Deputies elect a National Assembly president every two years. The president must sign or reject newly passed laws within 15 days. The National Assembly must approve the prime minister's plan of government and may force the prime minister to resign through a majority vote of no confidence. However, if the National Assembly rejects the executive branch's programme twice in one year, the president may disband the Assembly and call for new legislative elections. In practice, the president exercises considerable influence over the National Assembly through his party, the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Salvation_Movement" title="Patriotic Salvation Movement">Patriotic Salvation Movement</a> (MPS), which holds a large majority.<a href="#cite_note-BGN-78">[76]</a> Until the legalisation of opposition parties in 1992, Déby's MPS was the sole legal party in Chad.<a href="#cite_note-BGN-78">[76]</a> Since then, <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Chad" title="List of political parties in Chad">78 registered political parties</a> have become active.<a href="#cite_note-HRP-75">[73]</a> In 2005, opposition parties and human rights organisations supported the boycott of the constitutional referendum that allowed Déby to stand for re-election for a third term<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> amid reports of widespread irregularities in voter registration and government censorship of independent media outlets during the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FH-93">[91]</a> Correspondents judged the 2006 presidential elections a mere formality, as the opposition deemed the polls a farce and boycotted them.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Chad is listed as a <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">failed state</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Fund_for_Peace" title="Fund for Peace">Fund for Peace</a> (FFP). Chad had the seventh-highest rank in the <a href="/wiki/Fragile_States_Index" title="Fragile States Index">Fragile States Index</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Corruption is rife at all levels; <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> for 2021 ranked Chad 164th among the 180 countries listed.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Critics of former President Déby had accused him of <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">tribalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tribe-97">[95]</a> In southern Chad, bitter conflicts over land are becoming more and more common. They frequently turn violent. Long-standing community culture is being eroded – and so are the livelihoods of many farmers.<a href="#cite_note-D+C-98">[96]</a> Longtime Chad President <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>'s death on 20 April 2021 resulted in both the nation's National Assembly and government being dissolved and national leadership being replaced with a transitional military council consisting of military officers and led by his son <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by_Itno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahamat Déby Itno">Mahamat Kaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newgovernment-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-newgvernment2021-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[99]</a> The constitution is currently suspended, pending replacement with one drafted by a civilian National Transitional Council, yet to be appointed. The military council has stated that elections will be held at the end of an 18-month transitional period.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> According to 2023 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Chad is 16th lowest ranked electoral democracy worldwide and 4th lowest ranked <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">electoral democracy in Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_opposition_and_foreign_relations">Internal opposition and foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Chad" title="Foreign relations of Chad">Foreign relations of Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Chad_(Washington,_D.C.).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG/220px-Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG/220px-Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG/330px-Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG/440px-Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Chad_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.</a> </figcaption></figure> Déby faced armed opposition from groups who are deeply divided by leadership clashes but were united in their intention to overthrow him.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> These forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%27Djamena_(2006)" title="Battle of N'Djamena (2006)">stormed the capital</a> on 13 April 2006, but were ultimately repelled. Chad's greatest foreign influence is France, which maintains 1,000 soldiers in the country. Déby relied on the French to help repel the rebels, and France gives the <a href="/wiki/Chadian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian army">Chadian army</a> logistical and intelligence support for fear of a complete collapse of regional stability.<a href="#cite_note-PINR-105">[103]</a> Nevertheless, Franco-Chadian relations were soured by the granting of oil drilling rights to the American <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">Exxon</a> company in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> There have been numerous rebel groups in Chad throughout the last few decades. In 2007, a peace treaty was signed that integrated <a href="/wiki/United_Front_for_Democratic_Change" title="United Front for Democratic Change">United Front for Democratic Change</a> soldiers into the Chadian Army.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Justice_and_Democracy_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Justice and Democracy in Chad">Movement for Justice and Democracy in Chad</a> also clashed with government forces in 2003 in an attempt to overthrow President <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>. In addition, there have been various conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</a> rebels in eastern Chad, who killed civilians by use of <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_gunship" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter gunship">helicopter gunships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Presently, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Resistance_Forces" title="Union of Resistance Forces">Union of Resistance Forces</a> (UFR) are a rebel group that continues to battle with the government of Chad. In 2010, the UFR reportedly had a force estimating 6,000 men and 300 vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> The UAE foreign <a href="/wiki/Aid" title="Aid">aid</a> was inaugurated in the Chadian city of Amdjarass on 3 August 2023. The UAE's continuous efforts to provide assistance to the Chadian people and support endeavors to provide <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian">humanitarian</a> and relief aid through the UAE's humanitarian institutions to Sudanese refugees in Chad.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chad_National_Army" title="Chad National Army">Chad National Army</a></div> The CIA World Factbook estimates the military budget of Chad to be 4.2% of GDP as of 2006.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Given the then GDP ($7.095 bln) of the country, military spending was estimated to be about $300 million. This estimate however dropped after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Chad_(2005%E2%80%932010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Chad (2005–2010)">Civil war in Chad (2005–2010)</a> to 2.0%<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> as estimated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> for the year 2011. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Chad" title="Regions of Chad">Regions of Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Chad" title="Departments of Chad">Departments of Chad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sub-prefectures_of_Chad" title="Sub-prefectures of Chad">Sub-prefectures of Chad</a></div> Since 2012 Chad has been divided into <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Chad" title="Regions of Chad">23 regions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-statoids-114">[112]</a> The subdivision of Chad in regions came about in 2003 as part of the decentralisation process, when the government abolished the previous <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Chad" title="Prefectures of Chad">14 prefectures</a>. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor. Prefects administer the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Chad" title="Departments of Chad">61 departments</a> within the regions.<a href="#cite_note-circonscritions-115">[113]</a> The departments are divided into <a href="/wiki/Sub-prefectures_of_Chad" title="Sub-prefectures of Chad">200 sub-prefectures</a>, which are in turn composed of 446 cantons.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The cantons are scheduled to be replaced by communautés rurales, but the legal and regulatory framework has not yet been completed.<a href="#cite_note-WB1-118">[116]</a> The constitution provides for decentralised government to compel local populations to play an active role in their own development.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> To this end, the constitution declares that each administrative subdivision be governed by elected local assemblies,<a href="#cite_note-decentralisation-120">[118]</a> but no local elections have taken place,<a href="#cite_note-OECD-121">[119]</a> and communal elections scheduled for 2005 have been repeatedly postponed.<a href="#cite_note-HRP-75">[73]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Region</th> <th>Pop'n (2009) </th> <th>Pop'n (1 July 2023) </th> <th>Est. Area (km2)</th> <th>Capital</th> <th>Departments </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Batha_(region)" title="Batha (region)">Batha</a></td> <td align="right">488,458</td> <td align="right">748,395</td> <td align="right">93,732</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ati,_Chad" title="Ati, Chad">Ati</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Batha_Est" title="Batha Est">Batha Est</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batha_Ouest" title="Batha Ouest">Batha Ouest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitri_Department" title="Fitri Department">Fitri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chari-Baguirmi_(region)" title="Chari-Baguirmi (region)">Chari-Baguirmi</a></td> <td align="right">578,425</td> <td align="right">884,924</td> <td align="right">47,226</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massenya" title="Massenya">Massenya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baguirmi_Department" title="Baguirmi Department">Baguirmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chari_Department" title="Chari Department">Chari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loug_Chari" title="Loug Chari">Loug Chari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadjer-Lamis_(region)" title="Hadjer-Lamis (region)">Hadjer-Lamis</a></td> <td align="right">566,858</td> <td align="right">870,231</td> <td align="right">31,376</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massakory" title="Massakory">Massakory</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dababa" title="Dababa">Dababa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagana_Department,_Chad" title="Dagana Department, Chad">Dagana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haraze_Al_Biar" title="Haraze Al Biar">Haraze Al Biar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Fira_(region)" title="Wadi Fira (region)">Wadi Fira</a></td> <td align="right">508,383</td> <td align="right">792,394</td> <td align="right">56,362</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biltine,_Chad" title="Biltine, Chad">Biltine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biltine_Department" title="Biltine Department">Biltine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dar_Tama" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar Tama">Dar Tama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kob%C3%A9" title="Kobé">Kobé</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Gazel_(region_of_Chad)" title="Bahr el Gazel (region of Chad)">Bahr el Gazel</a></td> <td align="right">257,267</td> <td align="right">407,256</td> <td align="right">58,525</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moussoro" title="Moussoro">Moussoro</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barh_El_Gazel_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Barh El Gazel Nord">Barh El Gazel Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barh_El_Gazel_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Barh El Gazel Sud">Barh El Gazel Sud</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borkou_(region_of_Chad)" title="Borkou (region of Chad)">Borkou</a></td> <td align="right">93,584</td> <td align="right">154,865</td> <td align="right">271,513</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faya-Largeau" title="Faya-Largeau">Faya-Largeau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borkou_Department" title="Borkou Department">Borkou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borkou_Yala" title="Borkou Yala">Borkou Yala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ennedi-Est_(region)" title="Ennedi-Est (region)">Ennedi-Est</a></td> <td align="right">107,302</td> <td align="right">175,321</td> <td align="right">81,696</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Am-Djarass" class="mw-redirect" title="Am-Djarass">Am-Djarass</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Am-Djarass_(department)" title="Am-Djarass (department)">Am-Djarass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hawar" title="Wadi Hawar">Wadi Hawar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ennedi-Ouest_(region)" title="Ennedi-Ouest (region)">Ennedi-Ouest</a></td> <td align="right">60,617</td> <td align="right">109,753</td> <td align="right">117,686</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fada,_Chad" title="Fada, Chad">Fada</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fada_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fada Department (page does not exist)">Fada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mourtcha" title="Mourtcha">Mourtcha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ra_(region)" title="Guéra (region)">Guéra</a></td> <td align="right">538,359</td> <td align="right">824,161</td> <td align="right">62,678</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongo,_Chad" title="Mongo, Chad">Mongo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abtouyour" title="Abtouyour">Abtouyour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barh_Signaka" title="Barh Signaka">Barh Signaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ra_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Guéra Department">Guéra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangalm%C3%A9_(department)" title="Mangalmé (department)">Mangalmé</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanem_(region)" title="Kanem (region)">Kanem</a></td> <td align="right">333,387</td> <td align="right">505,839</td> <td align="right">70,516</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mao,_Chad" title="Mao, Chad">Mao</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanem_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Department">Kanem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nord_Kanem" title="Nord Kanem">Nord Kanem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Bissam" title="Wadi Bissam">Wadi Bissam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lac_(region)" title="Lac (region)">Lac</a></td> <td align="right">331,496</td> <td align="right">509,258</td> <td align="right">20,543</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bol,_Chad" title="Bol, Chad">Bol</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mamdi_Department" title="Mamdi Department">Mamdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayi" title="Wayi">Wayi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logone_Occidental_(region)" title="Logone Occidental (region)">Logone Occidental</a></td> <td align="right">689,044</td> <td align="right">1,053,958</td> <td align="right">8,969</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moundou" title="Moundou">Moundou</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dodj%C3%A9" title="Dodjé">Dodjé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ni" title="Guéni">Guéni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lac_Wey_Department" title="Lac Wey Department">Lac Wey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngourkosso" title="Ngourkosso">Ngourkosso</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logone_Oriental_(region)" title="Logone Oriental (region)">Logone Oriental</a></td> <td align="right">779,339</td> <td align="right">1,184,567</td> <td align="right">24,119</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doba,_Chad" title="Doba, Chad">Doba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Nya" class="mw-redirect" title="La Nya">La Nya</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Nya_Pend%C3%A9" title="La Nya Pendé">La Nya Pendé</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Pend%C3%A9" title="La Pendé">La Pendé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kouh-Est" title="Kouh-Est">Kouh-Est</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kouh-Ouest" title="Kouh-Ouest">Kouh-Ouest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monts_de_Lam" title="Monts de Lam">Monts de Lam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandoul_Region" title="Mandoul Region">Mandoul</a></td> <td align="right">628,065</td> <td align="right">1,002,346</td> <td align="right">17,761</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koumra" title="Koumra">Koumra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barh_Sara" title="Barh Sara">Barh Sara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandoul_Occidental" title="Mandoul Occidental">Mandoul Occidental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandoul_Oriental" title="Mandoul Oriental">Mandoul Oriental</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Est" title="Mayo-Kebbi Est">Mayo-Kebbi Est</a></td> <td align="right">774,782</td> <td align="right">1,179,260</td> <td align="right">18,458</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bongor" title="Bongor">Bongor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabbia" title="Kabbia">Kabbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayo-Boneye" title="Mayo-Boneye">Mayo-Boneye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Lemie" title="Mayo Lemie">Mayo-Lémié</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mont_d%27Illi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont d'Illi">Mont d'Illi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Ouest_Region" title="Mayo-Kebbi Ouest Region">Mayo-Kebbi Ouest</a></td> <td align="right">564,470</td> <td align="right">858,593</td> <td align="right">12,787</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala,_Chad" title="Pala, Chad">Pala</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lac_L%C3%A9r%C3%A9_Department" title="Lac Léré Department">Lac Léré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayo-Dallah" title="Mayo-Dallah">Mayo-Dallah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moyen-Chari_(region)" title="Moyen-Chari (region)">Moyen-Chari</a></td> <td align="right">588,008</td> <td align="right">902,311</td> <td align="right">42,307</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarh" title="Sarh">Sarh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barh_K%C3%B6h" title="Barh Köh">Barh Kôh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grande_Sido" title="Grande Sido">Grande Sido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lac_Iro_Department" title="Lac Iro Department">Lac Iro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_Region" title="Ouaddaï Region">Ouaddaï</a></td> <td align="right">721,166</td> <td align="right">1,102,467</td> <td align="right">30,790</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Department" title="Abdi Department">Abdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assoungha" class="mw-redirect" title="Assoungha">Assoungha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouara_Department" title="Ouara Department">Ouara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salamat_(region)" title="Salamat (region)">Salamat</a></td> <td align="right">302,301</td> <td align="right">470,256</td> <td align="right">69,631</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Am_Timan" title="Am Timan">Am Timan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aboude%C3%AFa_Department" title="Aboudeïa Department">Aboudeïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barh_Azoum" title="Barh Azoum">Barh Azoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haraze_Mangueigne_Department" title="Haraze Mangueigne Department">Haraze-Mangueigne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sila_Region" title="Sila Region">Sila</a></td> <td align="right">387,461</td> <td align="right">591,300</td> <td align="right">36,745</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goz_Be%C3%AFda" title="Goz Beïda">Goz Beïda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djourf_Al_Ahmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Djourf Al Ahmar">Djourf Al Ahmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimiti" title="Kimiti">Kimiti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tandjil%C3%A9_(region)" title="Tandjilé (region)">Tandjilé</a></td> <td align="right">661,906</td> <td align="right">1,007,812</td> <td align="right">17,891</td> <td><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AF" title="Laï">Laï</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tandjil%C3%A9_Est" title="Tandjilé Est">Tandjilé Est</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandjil%C3%A9_Ouest" title="Tandjilé Ouest">Tandjilé Ouest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Region" title="Tibesti Region">Tibesti</a></td> <td align="right">25,483</td> <td align="right">52,626</td> <td align="right">135,896</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barda%C3%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardaï">Bardaï</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Est" title="Tibesti Est">Tibesti Est</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Ouest" title="Tibesti Ouest">Tibesti Ouest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> (capital)</td> <td align="right">951,418</td> <td align="right">1,434,592</td> <td align="right">408</td> <td>N'Djamena</td> <td>10 dawāʾir or <a href="/wiki/Arrondissement#Nations_of_Africa" title="Arrondissement">arrondissements</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Economy of Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chad" title="Agriculture in Chad">Agriculture in Chad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Chad" title="Petroleum industry in Chad">Petroleum industry in Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/220px-Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/220px-Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/330px-Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/440px-Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A proportional representation of Chad exports, 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>GDP per capita development of Chad, since 1950</figcaption></figure> The United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> ranks Chad as the seventh poorest country in the world, with 80% of the population living below the poverty line. The <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>) per capita was estimated as <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1,651 in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-5">[5]</a> Chad is part of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Central_African_States" title="Bank of Central African States">Bank of Central African States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Customs_and_Economic_Union_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa">Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa</a> (UDEAC) and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/OHADA" title="OHADA">OHADA</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ohada.com-122">[120]</a> Chad's currency is the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">CFA franc</a>. In the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Chad" title="Mining industry of Chad">mining industry of Chad</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a>, or natron. There have also been reports of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>-bearing quartz in the <a href="/wiki/Biltine_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Biltine Prefecture">Biltine Prefecture</a>. However, years of civil war have scared away foreign investors; those who left Chad between 1979 and 1982 have only recently begun to regain confidence in the country's future. In 2000, major direct foreign investment in the oil sector began, boosting the country's economic prospects.<a href="#cite_note-cia-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-BGN-78">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/220px-Mao_Women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="318"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/220px-Mao_Women.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/330px-Mao_Women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/440px-Mao_Women.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Women in <a href="/wiki/Mao,_Chad" title="Mao, Chad">Mao</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Utilities_in_Chad" title="Utilities in Chad">water</a> is provided by a water tower. Access to clean water is often a problem in Chad.</figcaption></figure> Uneven inclusion in the global political economy as a site for colonial resource extraction (primarily cotton and crude oil), a global economic system that does not promote nor encourage the development of Chadian industrialization,<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> and the failure to support local agricultural production has meant that the majority of Chadians live in daily uncertainty and hunger.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Over 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and livestock raising for its livelihood.<a href="#cite_note-cia-48">[46]</a> The crops grown and the locations of herds are determined by the local climate. In the southernmost 10% of the territory lies the nation's most fertile cropland, with rich yields of <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>. In the Sahel only the hardier varieties of millet grow, and with much lower yields than in the south. On the other hand, the Sahel is ideal pastureland for large herds of commercial cattle and for goats, sheep, donkeys and horses. The Sahara's scattered <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> support only some dates and legumes.<a href="#cite_note-Collelo-18">[16]</a> Chad's cities face serious difficulties of municipal infrastructure; only 48% of urban residents have access to potable water and only 2% to basic sanitation.<a href="#cite_note-EB-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-WB1-118">[116]</a> Before the development of oil industry, cotton dominated industry and the labour market accounted for approximately 80% of export earnings.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Cotton remains a primary export, although exact figures are not available. Rehabilitation of <a href="/wiki/Cotontchad" title="Cotontchad">Cotontchad</a>, a major cotton company weakened by a decline in world cotton prices, has been financed by France, the Netherlands, the European Union, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (IBRD). The <a href="/wiki/Parastatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Parastatal">parastatal</a> is now expected to be privatised.<a href="#cite_note-BGN-78">[76]</a> Other than cotton, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a> are dominant. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, Chad has been affected by a <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_crisis" title="Humanitarian crisis">humanitarian crisis</a> since at least 2001. As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit">[update]</a>, the country of Chad hosts over 280,000 refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> region, over 55,000 from the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, as well as over 170,000 <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> In February 2008 in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%27Djamena_(2008)" title="Battle of N'Djamena (2008)">Battle of N'Djamena</a>, UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs <a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(British_diplomat)" title="John Holmes (British diplomat)">John Holmes</a> expressed "extreme concern" that the crisis would have a negative effect on the ability of humanitarians to deliver life-saving assistance to half a million beneficiaries, most of whom – according to him – heavily rely on humanitarian aid for their survival.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> UN spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Giuliano" title="Maurizio Giuliano">Maurizio Giuliano</a> stated to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>: "If we do not manage to provide aid at sufficient levels, the humanitarian crisis might become a humanitarian catastrophe".<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> In addition, organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a> have suspended activities due to killings of aid workers.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Chad has made some progress in reducing poverty, there was a decline in the national poverty rate from 55% to 47% between 2003 and 2011. However, the number of poor people increased from 4.7 million (2011) to 6.5 million (2019) in absolute numbers. By 2018, 4.2 out of 10 people still live below the poverty line.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transport">Transport</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG/220px-Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="832"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG/220px-Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG/330px-Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG/440px-Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Chad" title="Transport in Chad">Transport in Chad</a></div> Three trans-African automobile routes pass through Chad: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Tripoli-Cape_Town_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripoli-Cape Town Highway">Tripoli-Cape Town Highway</a> (3)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Dakar-Ndjamena_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakar-Ndjamena Highway">Dakar-Ndjamena Highway</a> (5)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Ndjamena-Djibouti_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndjamena-Djibouti Highway">Ndjamena-Djibouti Highway</a> (6)</li></ul> Civil war crippled the development of <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Chad" title="Transport in Chad">transport infrastructure</a>; in 1987, Chad had only 30 kilometres (19 mi) of paved roads. Successive road rehabilitation projects improved the network<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> to 550 kilometres (340 mi) by 2004.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Nevertheless, the road network is limited; roads are often unusable for several months of the year. With no railways of its own, Chad depends heavily on Cameroon's rail system for the transport of Chadian exports and imports to and from the seaport of <a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geography-134">[132]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit">[update]</a> Chad had an estimated 59 airports, only 9 of which had paved runways.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-WFB-135">[133]</a> An <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena_International_Airport" title="N'Djamena International Airport">international airport</a> serves the capital and provides regular nonstop flights to Paris and several African cities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy">Energy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Chad" title="Energy in Chad">Energy in Chad</a></div> Chad's energy sector has had years of mismanagement by the parastatal Chad Water and Electric Society (STEE), which provides power for 15% of the capital's citizens and covers only 1.5% of the national population.<a href="#cite_note-CCG-136">[134]</a> Most Chadians burn biomass fuels such as wood and animal manure for power.<a href="#cite_note-EIA-137">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> leads a consortium of <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> that has invested $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves estimated at one billion barrels in southern Chad. Oil production began in 2003 with the <a href="/wiki/Chad-Cameroon_Petroleum_Development_and_Pipeline_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project">completion of a pipeline</a> (financed in part by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>) that links the southern oilfields to terminals on the Atlantic coast of Cameroon. As a condition of its assistance, the World Bank insisted that 80% of oil revenues be spent on development projects. In January 2006 the World Bank suspended its loan programme when the Chadian government passed laws reducing this amount.<a href="#cite_note-BGN-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-OECD-121">[119]</a> On 14 July 2006, the World Bank and Chad signed a memorandum of understanding under which the Government of Chad commits 70% of its spending to priority poverty reduction programmes.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chad" title="Telecommunications in Chad">Telecommunications in Chad</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Chad">telecommunication system</a> is basic and expensive, with fixed telephone services provided by the state telephone company <a href="/wiki/SotelTchad" title="SotelTchad">SotelTchad</a>. In 2000, there were only 14 fixed telephone lines per 10,000 inhabitants in the country, one of the lowest telephone densities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-CCG-136">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Communications" title="Gateway Communications">Gateway Communications</a>, a pan-African wholesale connectivity and telecommunications provider also has a presence in Chad.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> In September 2013, Chad's Ministry for Posts and Information & Communication Technologies (PNTIC) announced that the country will be seeking a partner for <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optic</a> technology. Chad is ranked last in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Chad ranked number 148 out of 148 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 142 in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> In September 2010 the mobile phone penetration rate was estimated at 24.3% over a population estimate of 10.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-Chad_Mobile_Market_(Q1_2008_-_Q3_2010)-141">[139]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Because of its great variety of peoples and languages, Chad possesses a rich cultural heritage. The Chadian government has actively promoted Chadian culture and national traditions by opening the <a href="/wiki/Chad_National_Museum" title="Chad National Museum">Chad National Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chad_Cultural_Centre" title="Chad Cultural Centre">Chad Cultural Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-47">[45]</a> Six <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Chad" title="Public holidays in Chad">national holidays</a> are observed throughout the year, and movable holidays include the Christian holiday of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a> and the Muslim holidays of <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Adha" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Adha">Eid ul-Adha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Eid Milad Nnabi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CCG-136">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tailor_in_Chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/220px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/220px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/330px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/440px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Chadian tailor sells traditional dresses.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Chad">Cuisine of Chad</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millet</a> is the staple food of <a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian cuisine</a>. It is used to make balls of paste that are dipped in sauces. In the north this dish is known as alysh; in the south, as biya. Fish is popular, which is generally prepared and sold either as salanga (sun-dried and lightly smoked <a href="/wiki/Alestes" title="Alestes">Alestes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocynus" title="Hydrocynus">Hydrocynus</a>) or as banda (smoked large fish).<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Carcaje is a popular sweet red tea extracted from hibiscus leaves. Alcoholic beverages, though absent in the north, are popular in the south, where people drink <a href="/wiki/Millet_beer" title="Millet beer">millet beer</a>, known as billi-billi when brewed from red millet, and as coshate when from <a href="/wiki/Proso_millet" title="Proso millet">white millet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-culture-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Music of Chad</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">music of Chad</a> includes a number of instruments such as the kinde, a type of bow harp; the <a href="/wiki/Kakaki" title="Kakaki">kakaki</a>, a long tin horn; and the hu hu, a stringed instrument that uses <a href="/wiki/Calabash" title="Calabash">calabashes</a> as loudspeakers. Other instruments and their combinations are more linked to specific ethnic groups: the Sara prefer whistles, <a href="/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon">balafons</a>, harps and kodjo drums; and the <a href="/wiki/Kanembu_people" title="Kanembu people">Kanembu</a> combine the sounds of drums with those of flute-like instruments.<a href="#cite_note-culture-143">[141]</a> The music group <a href="/wiki/Chari_Jazz" title="Chari Jazz">Chari Jazz</a> formed in 1964 and initiated Chad's modern music scene. Later, more renowned groups such as African Melody and International Challal attempted to mix modernity and tradition. Popular groups such as Tibesti have clung faster to their heritage by drawing on sai, a traditional style of music from southern Chad. The people of Chad have customarily disdained modern music. However, in 1995 greater interest has developed and fostered the distribution of CDs and audio cassettes featuring Chadian artists. Piracy and a lack of legal protections for artists' rights remain problems to further development of the Chadian music industry.<a href="#cite_note-culture-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg/220px-Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg/220px-Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg/330px-Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg/440px-Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fried or Grilled Grasshoppers</figcaption></figure> As in other Sahelian countries, <a href="/wiki/Chadian_literature" title="Chadian literature">literature in Chad</a> has seen an economic, political and spiritual drought that has affected its best known writers. Chadian authors have been forced to write from exile or expatriate status and have generated literature dominated by themes of political oppression and historical discourse. Since 1962, 20 Chadian authors have written some 60 works of fiction. Among the most internationally renowned writers are <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brahim_Se%C3%AFd" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Brahim Seïd">Joseph Brahim Seïd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baba_Moustapha" title="Baba Moustapha">Baba Moustapha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Bangui" title="Antoine Bangui">Antoine Bangui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koulsy_Lamko" title="Koulsy Lamko">Koulsy Lamko</a>. In 2003 Chad's sole literary critic, <a href="/wiki/Ahmat_Taboye" title="Ahmat Taboye">Ahmat Taboye</a>, published his Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne to further knowledge of Chad's literature internationally and among youth and to make up for Chad's lack of publishing houses and promotional structure.<a href="#cite_note-culture-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_cinema">Media and cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Chad">Media of Chad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chad" title="Cinema of Chad">Cinema of Chad</a></div> Chad's television audience is limited to N'Djamena. The only television station is the state-owned Télé Tchad. Radio has a far greater reach, with 13 private radio stations.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Newspapers are limited in quantity and distribution, and circulation figures are small due to transportation costs, low literacy rates, and poverty.<a href="#cite_note-FH-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-EIA-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> While the constitution defends liberty of expression, the government has regularly restricted this right, and at the end of 2006 began to enact a system of prior <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> on the media.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> The development of a <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chad" title="Cinema of Chad">Chadian film</a> industry, which began with the short films of <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Sailly" title="Edouard Sailly">Edouard Sailly</a> in the 1960s, was hampered by the devastations of civil wars and from the lack of <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">cinemas</a>, of which there is currently only one in the whole country (the Normandie in N'Djamena).<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> The Chadian <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature film</a> industry began growing again in the 1990s, with the work of directors <a href="/wiki/Mahamat-Saleh_Haroun" title="Mahamat-Saleh Haroun">Mahamat-Saleh Haroun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Issa_Serge_Coelo" title="Issa Serge Coelo">Issa Serge Coelo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abakar_Chene_Massar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abakar Chene Massar (page does not exist)">Abakar Chene Massar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Haroun's film <a href="/wiki/Abouna_(film)" title="Abouna (film)">Abouna</a> was critically acclaimed, and his <a href="/wiki/Daratt" class="mw-redirect" title="Daratt">Daratt</a> won the Grand Special Jury Prize at the <a href="/wiki/63rd_Venice_International_Film_Festival" title="63rd Venice International Film Festival">63rd Venice International Film Festival</a>. The 2010 feature film <a href="/wiki/A_Screaming_Man" title="A Screaming Man">A Screaming Man</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Jury_Prize_(Cannes_Film_Festival)" title="Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)">Jury Prize</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2010_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="2010 Cannes Film Festival">2010 Cannes Film Festival</a>, making Haroun the first Chadian director to enter, as well as win, an award in the main Cannes competition.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Issa_Serge_Coelo" title="Issa Serge Coelo">Issa Serge Coelo</a> directed the films <a href="/wiki/Daresalam" title="Daresalam">Daresalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/DP75:_Tartina_City" title="DP75: Tartina City">DP75: Tartina City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Chad" title="Sports in Chad">Sports in Chad</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is Chad's most popular <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Chad">sport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/Chad_national_football_team" title="Chad national football team">national team</a> is closely followed during international competitions<a href="#cite_note-culture-143">[141]</a> and Chadian footballers have played for French teams. <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle wrestling</a> are widely practiced, the latter in a form in which the wrestlers put on traditional animal hides and cover themselves with dust.<a href="#cite_note-culture-143">[141]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Chad" title="Outline of Chad">Outline of Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Chad-related_articles" title="Index of Chad-related articles">Index of Chad-related articles</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tʃæd/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/23\/En-us-Chad.ogg\/En-us-Chad.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Chad.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/En-us-Chad.ogg/En-us-Chad.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Chad.ogg" title="File:En-us-Chad.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">CHAD</a> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: تشاد, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Tšād, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Arabic pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[tʃaːd]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Tchad, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[tʃa(d)]</a></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جمهورية تْشَاد, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Jumhūriyyat Tšād</li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: République du Tchad</li></ul></div> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-recensement2009-1"><a href="#cite_ref-recensement2009_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"</a>. 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The American Journal of Human Genetics. 99 (6): 1316–1324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2016.10.012">10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297">0002-9297</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5142112">5142112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27889059">27889059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Chad+Genetic+Diversity+Reveals+an+African+History+Marked+by+Multiple+Holocene+Eurasian+Migrations&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1316-1324&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5142112%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27889059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2016.10.012&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Mezzavilla%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Bergstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anders&rft.au=Prado-Martinez%2C+Javier&rft.au=Hallast%2C+Pille&rft.au=Saif-Ali%2C+Riyadh&rft.au=Al-Habori%2C+Molham&rft.au=Dedoussis%2C+George&rft.au=Zeggini%2C+Eleftheria&rft.au=Blue-Smith%2C+Jason&rft.au=Wells%2C+R.+Spencer&rft.au=Xue%2C+Yali&rft.au=Zalloua%2C+Pierre+A.&rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5142112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGN-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_78-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_78-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_78-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_78-8">i</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm">Background Note: Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222182200/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ". 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Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table%3A+Christian+Population+as+Percentages+of+Total+Population+by+Country&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F12%2F19%2Ftable-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Muslims-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Muslims_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/table-muslim-population-by-country/">"Table: Muslim Population by Country"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table%3A+Muslim+Population+by+Country&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F01%2F27%2Ftable-muslim-population-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pew128-81"><a href="#cite_ref-pew128_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125551/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf">"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity"</a> (PDF). Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. pp. 128–129. 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Retrieved 2 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Pew+Forum+on+Religious+%26+Public+life&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FuploadedFiles%2FTopics%2FReligious_Affiliation%2FMuslim%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_82-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=45c">"Religious demographics (Chad)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005616/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=45c">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2022. 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Constitute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905081612/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2005?lang=en#286">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitute&rft.atitle=Chad+1996+%28rev.+2005%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FChad_2005%3Flang%3Den%23286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Term2-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Term2_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Term2_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4118482.stm">"Chad votes to end two-term limit"</a>. 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Poverty and Economic Policy. </li> <li id="cite_note-WB1-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WB1_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WB1_118-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf">Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080632/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). 24 September 2002. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> (in French) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html">Tchad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515005634/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html">Archived</a> 15 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, Education for All. </li> <li id="cite_note-decentralisation-120"><a href="#cite_ref-decentralisation_120-0">^</a> (in French) Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308024013/http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc">"La decentralisation au Tchad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc">the original</a> on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+decentralisation+au+Tchad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cefod.org%2FFichiers%2520web%2Fdecentralisationtchad.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_121-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). African Economic Outlook 2007. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>. May 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02510-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02510-3">978-92-64-02510-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohada.com-122"><a href="#cite_ref-ohada.com_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohada.com/index.php">"OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OHADA.com%3A+The+business+law+portal+in+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohada.com%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2007" class="citation book cs1">Bush, Ray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=347BAAAAIAAJ">Poverty and neoliberalism: persistence and reproduction in the global south</a>. Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745319605" title="Special:BookSources/9780745319605"><bdi>9780745319605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+neoliberalism%3A+persistence+and+reproduction+in+the+global+south&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780745319605&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D347BAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmin1990" class="citation book cs1">Amin, Samir (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_5HjgjpmmUC">Maldevelopment: Anatomy of a Global Failure</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University_Press" title="United Nations University Press">United Nations University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780862329310" title="Special:BookSources/9780862329310"><bdi>9780862329310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maldevelopment%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Global+Failure&rft.pub=United+Nations+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780862329310&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_5HjgjpmmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2006" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Patrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBXF3IIcBwYC">Looting Africa: The Economics of Exploitation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842778111" title="Special:BookSources/9781842778111"><bdi>9781842778111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looting+Africa%3A+The+Economics+of+Exploitation&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781842778111&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBXF3IIcBwYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#Decalo">Decalo</a>, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080313030132/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/YSAR-7CGP7Z?OpenDocument">Humanitarian Action in Chad: Facts and Figures – Snapshot Report</a>, UN, 6 March 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080214062840/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SHES-7BLMXD?OpenDocument">Eastern Chad: Concerns over vital humanitarian needs</a> (press release), <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>, 7 February 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Timberg, Craig (6 February 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/05/AR2008020500461.html">Chadian Rebels Urge Cease-Fire As Push Falters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014073146/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/05/AR2008020500461.html">Archived</a> 14 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/crisis-in-chad">Crisis in Chad | Save the Children UK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422131848/http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/crisis-in-chad">Archived</a> 22 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Savethechildren.org.uk. Retrieved on 28 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad/overview#1">"The World Bank in Chad"</a>. The World Bank. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527032342/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad/overview#1">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank&rft.atitle=The+World+Bank+in+Chad&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fchad%2Foverview%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf">Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf">Lettre d'information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024234020/http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf">Archived</a> 24 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF). Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad. N. 3. September 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-Geography-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Geography_134-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anwarul_Karim_Chowdhury" title="Anwarul Karim Chowdhury">Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim</a> & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unohrlls.org/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf">"Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205131921/http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+Against+Development%3A+A+Case+for+Landlocked+Developing+Countries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funohrlls.org%2FUserFiles%2FFile%2FPublications%2FLLDC%2F05-33151_geography_sm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988">. New York: United Nations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-104540-1" title="Special:BookSources/92-1-104540-1">92-1-104540-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-WFB-135"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA-WFB_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad">"Chad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2017.zip">(Archived 2017 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCG-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCG_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCG_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCG_136-2">c</a> Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">"Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+Country+Commercial+Guide+%E2%80%93+FY+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrategis.ic.gc.ca%2Fepic%2Fsite%2Fimr-ri.nsf%2Fen%2Fgr126314e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988">. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EIA-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EIA_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIA_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113061630/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html">"Chad and Cameroon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+and+Cameroon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Fcabs%2FChad_Cameroon%2FFull.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988">. Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> World Bank (14 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html">World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184831/http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/news/0,,contentmdk:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html">Archived</a> 12 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itnewsafrica.com/2010/04/gateway-expands-presence-in-guinea-and-senegal/">Gateway expands presence in Guinea and Senegal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195628/http://www.itnewsafrica.com/2010/04/gateway-expands-presence-in-guinea-and-senegal/">Archived</a> 29 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. IT News Africa. 22 April 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2014/GITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf">"NRI Overall Ranking 2014"</a> (PDF). World Economic Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2014/GITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. 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Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, 28 February 2005. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=1&sy=2013&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=628&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=">"Chad"</a>. International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704130456/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=1&sy=2013&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=628&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP&grp=0&a=">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2014%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D52%26pr.y%3D1%26sy%3D2013%26ey%3D2017%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D628%26s%3DNGDPD%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%252CLP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223022124/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm">Archived</a> 23 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". International Religious Freedom Report 2006. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en">Amnesty International Report 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113025418/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en">Archived</a> 13 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> Publications.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). African Economic Outlook 2007. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>. May 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02510-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02510-3">978-92-64-02510-3</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032225/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/">Archived</a> 26 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 15 May 2007.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080601/http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/chad.pdf">Chad</a>" (PDF). Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa. Center for Reproductive Rights. 2000</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604102856/http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&year=2006&pf">"Chad (2006)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&year=2006&pf">the original</a> on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+%282006%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Finc%2Fcontent%2Fpubs%2Fpfs%2Finc_country_detail.cfm%3Fcountry%3D6939%26year%3D2006%26pf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988">. Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition. Freedom House, Inc.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155418/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Human Rights Instruments. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a>. 12 December 1997.</li> <li>"Chad". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. (2000). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a></li> <li>"Chad, Lake". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2000).</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf">Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080632/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). 24 September 2002. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001212259/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf">"Chad: A Cultural Profile"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad%3A+A+Cultural+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp-pc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fchad%2Fchad_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"> (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_and_Immigration_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship and Immigration Canada">Citizenship and Immigration Canada</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7727-9102-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7727-9102-3">0-7727-9102-3</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/11/23/000104615_20041129133849/Rendered/PDF/PID010Concept0Stage.pdf">Chad Urban Development Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226204520/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/11/23/000104615_20041129133849/Rendered/PDF/PID010Concept0Stage.pdf">Archived</a> 26 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). 21 October 2004. World Bank.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/%24File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement">Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714031528/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/%24File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement">Archived</a> 14 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). 8 January 2007. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE389.pdf">Chad Livelihood Profiles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504133937/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE389.pdf">Archived</a> 4 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). March 2005. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf">Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6939">Chad (2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012174004/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6939">Archived</a> 12 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Country Report: 2006 Edition. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, Inc.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113061630/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html">"Chad and Cameroon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+and+Cameroon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Fcabs%2FChad_Cameroon%2FFull.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988">. Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4771383.stm">Chad leader's victory confirmed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070331070008/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4771383.stm">Archived</a> 31 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 14 May 2006.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6367545.stm">Chad may face genocide, UN warns</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217010136/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6367545.stm">Archived</a> 17 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", BBC News, 16 February 2007.</li> <li>(in French) Chapelle, Jean (1981); Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne. Paris: L'Harmattan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85802-169-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-85802-169-4">2-85802-169-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwarul_Karim_Chowdhury" title="Anwarul Karim Chowdhury">Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim</a> & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205131921/http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf">"Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+Against+Development%3A+A+Case+for+Landlocked+Developing+Countries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww0.un.org%2Fspecial-rep%2Fohrlls%2Fohrlls%2FUNOHRLLS%2Fnew%2FUserFiles%2FFile%2FPublications%2FLLDC%2F05-33151_geography_sm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988">. New York: United Nations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-104540-1" title="Special:BookSources/92-1-104540-1">92-1-104540-1</a></li> <li>Collelo, Thomas (1990); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html">Chad: A Country Study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990117024614/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html">Archived</a> 17 January 1999 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2d ed. Washington: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">U.S. GPO</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-024770-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-024770-5">0-16-024770-5</a></li> <li>(in French) Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308024013/http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc">"La decentralisation au Tchad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc">the original</a> on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+decentralisation+au+Tchad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cefod.org%2FFichiers%2520web%2Fdecentralisationtchad.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Decalo" class="citation book cs1">Decalo, Samuel (1987). Historical Dictionary of Chad (2 ed.). Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-1937-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-1937-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-1937-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Chad&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Metuchen%3A+The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-1937-5&rft.au=Decalo%2C+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></li> <li>East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-126-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-126-X">1-85743-126-X</a></li> <li>Dinar, Ariel (1995); Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs. World Bank Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8213-3321-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8213-3321-6">0-8213-3321-6</a></li> <li>(in French) Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530061624/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article231">La musique recherche son identité</a>", Tchad et Culture 214.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en">"Chad: the Habré Legacy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113041028/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en">Archived</a> 13 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 16 October 2001.</li> <li>Lange, Dierk (1988). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dierklange.com/pdf/fulltexts/UNESCO_III.pdf">The Chad region as a crossroad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080301040122/http://dierklange.com/pdf/fulltexts/UNESCO_III.pdf">Archived</a> 1 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF), in UNESCO <a href="/wiki/General_History_of_Africa" title="General History of Africa">General History of Africa</a> – Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, vol. 3: 436–460. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03914-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03914-8">978-0-520-03914-8</a></li> <li>(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024234020/http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf">Lettre d'information</a> (PDF). Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad. N. 3. September 2004.</li> <li>Macedo, Stephen (2006); Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law. University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1950-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1950-3">0-8122-1950-3</a></li> <li>(in French) Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063643/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article236">Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche</a>", Tchad et Culture 214.</li> <li>Manley, Andrew; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4809420.stm">Chad's vulnerable president</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219005442/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4809420.stm">Archived</a> 19 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", BBC News, 15 March 2006.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm">Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408010734/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm">Archived</a> 8 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", BBC News, 9 September 2006.</li> <li>(in French) Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf">A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512110104/http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf">Archived</a> 12 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). 4th PEP Research Network General Meeting. Poverty and Economic Policy.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Nolutshungu" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Nolutshungu" title="Sam Nolutshungu">Nolutshungu, Sam C.</a> (1995). Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1628-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1628-6"><bdi>978-0-8139-1628-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Anarchy%3A+Intervention+and+State+Formation+in+Chad&rft.pub=Charlottesville%3A+University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1628-6&rft.au=Nolutshungu%2C+Sam+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Pollack" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Pollack">Pollack, Kenneth M.</a> (2002); Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991. Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-3733-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-3733-2">0-8032-3733-2</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">Rank Order – Area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">Archived</a> 9 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 10 May 2007.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf">Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022324/http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf">"Circonscriptions Administratives"</a> (PDF) (in French). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Chad" title="Government of Chad">Government of Chad</a>. 3 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circonscriptions+Administratives&rft.pub=Government+of+Chad&rft.date=2007-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primature-tchad.org%2FCIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">"Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+Country+Commercial+Guide+%E2%80%93+FY+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrategis.ic.gc.ca%2Fepic%2Fsite%2Fimr-ri.nsf%2Fen%2Fgr126314e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988">. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm">Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222072025/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. 29 November – 1 December 1972.</li> <li>(in French) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html">Tchad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515005634/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html">Archived</a> 15 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, Education for All.</li> <li>(in French) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905003712/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf">Tchad: vers le retour de la guerre?</a>" (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 1 June 2006.</li> <li>Wolfe, Adam; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105160231/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1">"Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1">the original</a> on 5 January 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instability+on+the+March+in+Sudan%2C+Chad+and+Central+African+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinr.com%2Freport.php%3Fac%3Dview_report%26report_id%3D592%26language_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988">, PINR, 6 December 2006.</li> <li>World Bank (14 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html">World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184831/http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/news/0,,contentmdk:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html">Archived</a> 12 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/News_release" class="mw-redirect" title="News release">Press release</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090905200753/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm">World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database</a>. 2006. United Nations Population Division.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4351076.stm">Worst corruption offenders named</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070901030455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4351076.stm">Archived</a> 1 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", BBC News, 18 November 2005.</li> <li>Young, Neil (August 2002); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html">An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father")</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304045323/http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Chad at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Chad">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tchad" class="extiw" title="c:Tchad">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Chad" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Chad">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Chad">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Chad">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Chad">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Chad">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chad" class="extiw" title="voy:Chad">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Chad <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Chad">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Chad&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/">Chad</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html">Chad country study</a> from <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=chad">Chad</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13164686">Chad profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Chad" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Chad">Wikimedia Atlas of Chad</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2361304">Chad</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TD">Key Development Forecasts for Chad</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chad&params=15_N_19_E_">15°N 19°E / 15°N 19°E / 15; 19</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&oldid=1258656320">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&oldid=1258656320</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 21:52 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%B5" title="ቻድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1" title="चैड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चैड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cead" title="Cead – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cead" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%AB%DC%90%DC%95" title="ܬܫܐܕ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܫܐܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1de" title="Cháde – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Cháde" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆཱ་ཌ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆཱ་ཌ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%9Bad" title="Tśad – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tśad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadhi" title="Chadhi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chadhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiad" title="Tsiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9D%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ޝާދު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޝާދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9%C3%ADb%C4%85%C4%85h_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τσαντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ado" title="Ĉado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyadi" title="Tsyadi – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Tsyadi" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjad" title="Kjad – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kjad" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caadi" title="Caadi – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Caadi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sead" title="Sead – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sead" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad" title="Shad – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shad" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Siad" title="An t-Siad – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Siad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%A1" title="ચૅડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચૅડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%93%9C" title="차드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi" title="Cadi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cadi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Չադ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITshedi" title="ITshedi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITshedi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad" title="Tjad – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tjad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%93" title="צ'אד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'אד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad%C9%A9" title="Caadɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caadɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಾಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cade" title="Cade – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Cade" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasadi" title="Tasadi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Tasadi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcada" title="Tcada – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tcada" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດຊາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຊາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadia" title="Tzadia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tzadia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cada" title="Čada – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čada" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadas" title="Čadas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsadi" title="Tsadi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tsadi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcad" title="tcad – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcad" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1d" title="Csád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsady" title="Tsady – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsady" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഛാഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛാഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aad" title="Ċad – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ċad" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ta" title="Kāta – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kāta" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97_(%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B)" title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89" title="チャド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchaed" title="Tchaed – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Tchaed" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaad" title="Chaad – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaad" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1" title="ਚਾਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhad" title="Jhad – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Jhad" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A" title="ឆាដ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆាដ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chade" title="Chade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat" title="Chat – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chat" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2de" title="Sâde – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sâde" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A0d" title="Ciàd – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ciàd" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87adi" title="Çadi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çadi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="චෑඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චෑඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%8A" title="چاڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چاڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShedi" title="IShedi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IShedi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad" title="Jad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="சாட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcad" title="Tcad – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tcad" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%8Dad" title="Ččad – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ččad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BB%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D" title="చాద్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చాద్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="ประเทศชาด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศชาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%97" title="ᏣᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad" title="Caad – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Caad" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad%C3%A4n" title="Tjadän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tjadän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchade" title="Tchade – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchade" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadd" title="Cadd – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Cadd" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%93_(%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93)" title="טשאד (לאנד) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשאד (לאנד)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaod" title="Tsjaod – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tsjaod" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cads" title="Čads – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čads" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9B%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7" title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 21:52 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise 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