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data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Khartoum" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Khartoum" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the capital city of Sudan. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Khartoum (disambiguation)">Khartoum (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Khartoum or Khartum (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kɑːrˈtuːm/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e2\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Khartoum.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Khartoum.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Khartoum.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Khartoum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Khartoum.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl-Khartoum.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Khartoum.wav">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">kar-TOOM</a>;<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الخرطوم, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Khurṭūm, pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[al.xur.tˤuːm]</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. With a population of 6,344,348, Khartoum's metropolitan area is the largest in Sudan. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Khartoum</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">الخرطوم</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:280px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khartoum.jpg/280px-Khartoum.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Khartoum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="281"></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Khartoum_Mosque.jpg/139px-Khartoum_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Khartoum_Mosque.jpg/209px-Khartoum_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Khartoum_Mosque.jpg/278px-Khartoum_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Khartoum_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/University_of_Khartoum_001.JPG/139px-University_of_Khartoum_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/University_of_Khartoum_001.JPG/209px-University_of_Khartoum_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/University_of_Khartoum_001.JPG/278px-University_of_Khartoum_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Elmek_Nimir_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Elmek_Nimir_Bridge.jpg/280px-Elmek_Nimir_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Elmek_Nimir_Bridge.jpg/420px-Elmek_Nimir_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Elmek_Nimir_Bridge.jpg/560px-Elmek_Nimir_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5013" data-file-height="3342"></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From top: night view of Khartoum, Khartoum Mosque, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Khartoum" title="University of Khartoum">University of Khartoum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/El_Mek_Nimr_Bridge" title="El Mek Nimr Bridge">El Mek Nimr Bridge</a>.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum_locality.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Khartoum"><img alt="Official seal of Khartoum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Khartoum_locality.png/100px-Khartoum_locality.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Khartoum_locality.png/150px-Khartoum_locality.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Khartoum_locality.png/200px-Khartoum_locality.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="230"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Triangular Capital"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudan_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khartoum is located in Sudan"><img alt="Khartoum is located in Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sudan_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Sudan_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sudan_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Sudan_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sudan_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Sudan_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1450"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.678%;left:62.857%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Khartoum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Khartoum</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Sudan and Africa</div>Show map of Sudan</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khartoum is located in Africa"><img alt="Khartoum is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/250px-Africa_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/375px-Africa_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/500px-Africa_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.506%;left:69.877%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Khartoum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Khartoum</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Khartoum (Africa)</div>Show map of Africa</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khartoum&params=15.6_N_32.5_E_region:SD_type:city">15°36′N 32°30′E / 15.6°N 32.5°E / 15.6; 32.5</a><a href="#cite_note-watlas-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Sudan" title="States of Sudan">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khartoum (state)">Khartoum</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,010 km2 (390 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-watlas-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">381 m (1,250 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (urban 2021, all others 2013)<a href="#cite_note-worldatlas-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">639,598</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">630/km2 (1,640/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,017,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,344,348</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Khartoumese, Khartoumian (the latter more properly designates a Mesolithic archaeological stratum)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Time" title="Central Africa Time">Central Africa Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">(Not Observed)</td></tr></tbody></table> Khartoum is located at the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> – flowing north from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> – and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a>, flowing west from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. Divided by these two parts of the Nile, the Khartoum <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> is a tripartite metropolis consisting of Khartoum proper and linked by bridges to <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_North" title="Khartoum North">Khartoum North</a> (الخرطوم بحري al-Kharṭūm Baḥrī) and <a href="/wiki/Omdurman" title="Omdurman">Omdurman</a> (أم درمان Umm Durmān) to the west. The place where the two Niles meet is known as al-Mogran or al-Muqran (المقرن; English: "The Confluence"). Khartoum was founded in 1821 by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>, <a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>north of the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Soba_(city)" title="Soba (city)">Soba</a>. In 1882 the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">took control</a> of the Egyptian government, leaving the administration of Sudan in the hands of the Egyptians. At the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a>, the British attempted to evacuate Anglo-Egyptian garrisons from Sudan but the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum" title="Siege of Khartoum">Siege of Khartoum</a> in 1884 resulted in the capture of the city by <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdist</a> forces and a massacre of the defending Anglo-Egyptian garrison. In 1898 it was reoccupied by British forces and was the seat of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan's government until 1956.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In 1956, the city was designated as the capital of an <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969)" title="Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)">independent Sudan</a>. Three hostages were killed during the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Saudi_Embassy_in_Khartoum" title="Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum">attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum</a> in 1973. In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement" title="Justice and Equality Movement">Justice and Equality Movement</a> engaged in <a href="/wiki/2008_attack_on_Omdurman_and_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 attack on Omdurman and Khartoum">combat</a> in the city with the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudanese Armed Forces</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a> occurred in 2019 during the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Revolution">Sudanese Revolution</a>. The city saw <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khartoum_(2023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khartoum (2023)">extensive combat</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2023_Sudan_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Sudan clashes">2023 Sudan conflict</a> between the armed forces and the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces" title="Rapid Support Forces">Rapid Support Forces</a> (RSF), affecting <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_International_Airport" title="Khartoum International Airport">Khartoum International Airport</a> and other critical sites.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Khartoum is an economic and trade center in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, with rail lines from <a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/El-Obeid" title="El-Obeid">El-Obeid</a>. It is served by <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_International_Airport" title="Khartoum International Airport">Khartoum International Airport</a> with the <a href="/wiki/New_Khartoum_International_Airport" title="New Khartoum International Airport">New Khartoum International Airport</a> under construction. Several national and cultural institutions are in Khartoum and its metropolitan area, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Sudan" title="National Museum of Sudan">National Museum of Sudan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_House_Museum" title="Khalifa House Museum">Khalifa House Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Khartoum" title="University of Khartoum">University of Khartoum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Sudan University of Science and Technology">Sudan University of Science and Technology</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#19th_century">2.1 19th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#20th_century">2.2 20th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#21st_century">2.3 21st century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Location">3.1 Location</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Climate">3.2 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Demographics">4 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Retailing">5.1 Retailing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Education">6 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Transportation">7 Transportation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Architecture">8 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Culture">9 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Museums">9.1 Museums</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Botanical_gardens">9.2 Botanical gardens</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Clubs">9.3 Clubs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Places_of_worship">9.4 Places of worship</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#In_popular_culture">10 In popular culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Literature">10.1 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Movies">10.2 Movies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Bibliography">12 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The origin of the word Khartoum is uncertain. Scholars posit that the name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</a> words khar-tuom (Dinka-Bor dialect) or khier-tuom (as is the pronunciation in various Dinka dialects), translating to "place where rivers meet". This is supported by historical accounts which place the <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka</a> homeland in central Sudan (around present-day Khartoum) as recently as the 13th-17th centuries A.D.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> One <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> is that it is derived from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> khurṭūm (خرطوم 'trunk' or 'hose'), probably referring to the narrow strip of land extending between the Blue and White Niles.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Augustus_Grant" title="James Augustus Grant">J.A. Grant</a>, who reached Khartoum in 1863 with <a href="/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke" title="John Hanning Speke">Captain Speke</a>'s expedition, thought the name was most probably from the Arabic qurtum (قرطم 'safflower', i.e., <a href="/wiki/Carthamus_tinctorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthamus tinctorius">Carthamus tinctorius</a>), which was cultivated extensively in Egypt for its oil to be used as fuel.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Some scholars speculate that the word derives from the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian language">Nubian</a> word Agartum, meaning "the abode of <a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a>", Atum being the Nubian and Egyptian god of creation. Other <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a> scholars suggest Khartoum is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a> word hartoom, "meeting".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Sociologist Vincent J. Donovan notes that in the <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Maa_languages" title="Maa languages">Maa</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai people</a>, khartoum means "we have acquired" and that the geographical location of Khartoum is where Maasai oral tradition claims that the ancestors of the Maasai first acquired <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Khartoum" title="Timeline of Khartoum">Timeline of Khartoum</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png/220px-Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="435"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png/220px-Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png/330px-Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png/440px-Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/Slave_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave auction">slave-market</a> at Khartoum</figcaption></figure> In 1821, Khartoum was established 24 km (15 mi) north of the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Soba_(city)" title="Soba (city)">Soba</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Kamil_Pasha" title="Isma'il Kamil Pasha">Isma'il Kamil Pasha</a>, the third son of Egypt's ruler, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>, who had just incorporated Sudan into his realm. Originally, Khartoum served as an outpost for the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army" title="Egyptian Army">Egyptian Army</a>. Egypt shifted the seat of the colonial government from <a href="/wiki/Wad_Madani" title="Wad Madani">Wad Madani</a> to Khartoum in 1823, which became a permanent settlement and underwent rapid development in the next decades. With its elevation to capital status, Khartoum quickly grew into a regional center of trade, serving as a <a href="/wiki/Rest_area" title="Rest area">rest area</a> on the caravan route from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, but also becoming a major focal point for the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> A significant change took place in 1854, when most of the city was destroyed by heavy rains and floods. It was rebuilt with houses made out of mud and stones, replacing those made out of thatch and straw. Khartoum also became the seat of several European consulates and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Khartoum" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khartoum">Apostolic Vicariate of Central Africa</a>. European pressure and influence forced Egypt to close the city's public slave market in 1854, although slaves continued to be sold and trafficked in large numbers, specifically from the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a> region and the <a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a>, as well as down the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk</a> territories).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> According to the British explorer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baker" title="Samuel Baker">Samuel Baker</a>, who visited Khartoum in 1862, slavery was the industry "that kept Khartoum going as a bustling town".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> On 13 March 1884, troops loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum" title="Siege of Khartoum">siege of Khartoum</a> against the Egyptian garrison led by the British General <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles George Gordon</a>. Despite being fortified by trenches and a wall connecting the Blue and White Niles, the city was conquered by the Mahdists on 26 January 1885. Many of the inhabitants were massacred or enslaved and the survivors were deported to the newly established <a href="/wiki/Omdurman" title="Omdurman">Omdurman</a>, while Khartoum was largely destroyed and abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> With the reconquest of Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1898, Khartoum was reinstated as the capital, and was rebuilt according to a street plan in the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a>. Khartoum Bahri was established as a garrison comprising a dockyard and a railhead to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, while Omdurman, remained the most populous part and largely kept its old shape.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1888)_b_617.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Die_Gartenlaube_%281888%29_b_617.jpg/220px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281888%29_b_617.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3349" data-file-height="2170"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Die_Gartenlaube_%281888%29_b_617.jpg/220px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281888%29_b_617.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Die_Gartenlaube_%281888%29_b_617.jpg/330px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281888%29_b_617.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Die_Gartenlaube_%281888%29_b_617.jpg/440px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281888%29_b_617.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Khartoum in 1888</figcaption></figure>During World War II, the Italian Empire attempted to advance into Sudan from <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Ethiopia</a>, with the end goal of capturing Khartoum. However, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_front,_East_Africa,_1940" title="Northern front, East Africa, 1940">Italian attack</a> was repelled by British forces in Sudan. The fourth <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> summit was held in Khartoum on 29 August 1967. In 1973, the city was the site of a <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Saudi_Embassy_in_Khartoum" title="Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum">hostage crisis</a> in which members of <a href="/wiki/Black_September_Organization" title="Black September Organization">Black September</a> held 10 hostages at the Saudi Arabian embassy, five of them diplomats. The US ambassador, the US deputy ambassador, and the Belgian chargé d'affaires were murdered. The remaining hostages were released. A 1973 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> document, declassified in 2006, concluded: "The Khartoum operation was planned and carried out with the full knowledge and personal approval of <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 1977, the first oil pipeline between Khartoum and <a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a> was completed.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a> summit of 18–22 July 1978 was held in Khartoum, during which Sudan was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">OAU</a> presidency.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg/220px-Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4321" data-file-height="3411"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg/220px-Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg/330px-Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg/440px-Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Government House (1936); now the Presidential Palace</figcaption></figure> Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Khartoum was the destination of hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing conflicts in neighboring nations such as <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. Many Eritrean and Ethiopian refugees assimilated into society, while others settled in large slums on the city's outskirts. Since the mid-1980s, large numbers of refugees from <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> – fleeing the violence of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darfur_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Darfur conflict">Darfur conflict</a> – have settled around Khartoum. In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> purchased <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_house_in_Khartoum" title="Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum">a house</a> in the affluent <a href="/wiki/Riyad,_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Riyad, Khartoum">al-Riyadh</a> neighborhood of the city and another in <a href="/wiki/Soba_(city)" title="Soba (city)">Soba</a>. He lived there until 1996, when he was banished from the country. Following the <a href="/wiki/1998_U.S._embassy_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 U.S. embassy bombings">1998 U.S. embassy bombings</a>, the United States accused bin Laden's <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> group and, on 20 August, launched <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a> attacks on the <a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_pharmaceutical_factory" title="Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory">al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_North" title="Khartoum North">Khartoum North</a>. The factory's destruction created diplomatic tension between the U.S. and Sudan. The factory ruins are now a tourist attraction.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In November 1991, the government of President <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> sought to remove half the population from the city. The residents, deemed <a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Sudan" title="Squatting in Sudan">squatters</a>, were mostly southern Sudanese whom the government feared could be potential rebel sympathizers. Around 425,000 people were placed in five "Peace Camps" in the desert an hour's drive from Khartoum. The camps were watched over by heavily armed security guards, many relief agencies were banned from assisting, and "the nearest food was at a market four miles away, a vast journey in the desert heat." Many residents were reduced to having only burlap sacks as housing. The intentional displacement was part of a large urban renewal plan backed by the housing minister, Sharaf Bannaga.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Whiteandblueniles.jpg/220px-Whiteandblueniles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Whiteandblueniles.jpg/220px-Whiteandblueniles.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Whiteandblueniles.jpg/330px-Whiteandblueniles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Whiteandblueniles.jpg/440px-Whiteandblueniles.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Khartoum with White and Blue Niles</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The sudden death of <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army">SPLA</a> head and vice-president of Sudan <a href="/wiki/John_Garang" title="John Garang">John Garang</a> in late July 2005, was followed by three days of violent <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riots</a> in the capital. Order was finally restored after southern Sudanese politicians and tribal leaders sent strong messages to the rioters. The death toll was at least 24, as youths from southern Sudan attacked northern Sudanese and clashed with security forces.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> summit of 16–24 January 2006 was held in Khartoum;<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> as was the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> summit of 28–29 March 2006, during which they elected Sudan the Arab League presidency.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On 10 May 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> rebel group <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement" title="Justice and Equality Movement">Justice and Equality Movement</a> attacked the city with the goal of toppling <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a>'s government. The Sudanese government held off the assault.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> On 23 October 2012, an <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_munitions_factory_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk munitions factory explosion">explosion at the Yarmouk munitions factory</a> killed two people and injured another person. The Sudanese government claimed that the explosion was the result of an Israeli airstrike.<a href="#cite_note-aj25-38">[38]</a> On 3 June 2019, Khartoum was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a>, where over 100 dissidents were murdered (the government said 61 were killed), hundreds more injured and 70 women <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces" title="Rapid Support Forces">Rapid Support Forces</a> (RSF) soldiers in order to forcefully disperse the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Sudanese_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–19 Sudanese protests">peaceful protests</a> calling for a civilian government.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> On 1 July 2020, activists demanded that al-Zibar Basha street in Khartoum be renamed. <a href="/wiki/Al-Zubayr_Rahma_Mansur" title="Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur">Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur</a> was a slave trader and the al-Zibar Basha street leads to the military base where the 2019 Khartoum massacre took place.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> On 26 October 2021, the city was locked down following <a href="/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Sudanese coup d'état">a military coup</a> that left at least 7 dead, triggering protests and calls for a general strike. Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Abdalla_Hamdok" title="Abdalla Hamdok">Abdalla Hamdok</a> was arrested during the coup, and held along with other cabinet members in an unknown location.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> On 15 April 2023, fighting between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the RSF broke out across Sudan, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khartoum_(2023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khartoum (2023)">including in Khartoum</a>. Fighting was reported at the presidential palace, the RSF's headquarters, <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_International_Airport" title="Khartoum International Airport">Khartoum International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merowe_Airport" title="Merowe Airport">Merowe Airport</a>, the last two of which the RSF claimed to have captured. Gunfire and clashes were also reported at <a href="/wiki/El_Obeid_Airport" title="El Obeid Airport">El Obeid Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Kordofan" title="North Kordofan">North Kordofan</a>. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum_panorama-1_-_by_ScubaBeer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Khartoum"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Khartoum_panorama-1_-_by_ScubaBeer.jpg/1200px-Khartoum_panorama-1_-_by_ScubaBeer.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="284"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1200px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Khartoum_panorama-1_-_by_ScubaBeer.jpg/1200px-Khartoum_panorama-1_-_by_ScubaBeer.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1200" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Khartoum_panorama-1_-_by_ScubaBeer.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum_panorama-1_-_by_ScubaBeer.jpg" title="File:Khartoum panorama-1 - by ScubaBeer.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of Khartoum</div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Nile_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/River_Nile_map.svg/220px-River_Nile_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="403" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="802"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 403px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/River_Nile_map.svg/220px-River_Nile_map.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="403" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/River_Nile_map.svg/330px-River_Nile_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/River_Nile_map.svg/440px-River_Nile_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Khartoum (center) is near the middle of the Nile river system</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Location" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Khartoum is located at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Khartoum is relatively flat, at elevation 385 m (1,263 ft),<a href="#cite_note-dto-43">[43]</a> as the Nile flows northeast past Omdurman to <a href="/wiki/Shendi" title="Shendi">Shendi</a>, at elevation 364 m (1,194 ft)<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> about 163 km (101 mi) away. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Khartoum features a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> BWh) with a dry season occurring during winter, typical of the Saharo-Sahelian zone, which marks the progressive passage between the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>'s vast arid areas and the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>'s vast semi-arid areas. The climate is extremely dry for most of the year, with about eight months when average rainfall is lower than 5 mm (0.20 in). The very long dry season is itself divided into a warm, very dry season between November and February, as well as a very hot, dry season between March and May. During this part of the year, hot, dry continental <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a> from deserts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">harmattan</a>, sweep over the region; the weather is stable and very dry. The very irregular, very brief, rainy season lasts about 1 month as the maximum rainfall is recorded in August, with about 48 mm (1.9 in). The rainy season is characterized by a seasonal reverse of wind regimes, when the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> goes northerly. Average annual rainfall is very low, with only 121.3 mm (4.78 in) of precipitation. Khartoum records on average six days with 10 mm (0.39 in) or more and 19 days with 1 mm (0.039 in) or more of rainfall. The highest temperatures occur during two periods in the year: the first at the late dry season, when average high temperatures consistently exceed 40 °C (104 °F) from April to June, and the second at the early dry season, when average high temperatures exceed 39 °C (102 °F) in September and October. Temperatures cool off somewhat during the night, with Khartoum's lowest average low temperature of the year, in January, just above 15 °C (59 °F). Khartoum is one of the hottest major cities on Earth, with annual mean temperatures hovering around 30 °C (86 °F). The city also has very warm winters. In no month does the average monthly high temperature fall below 30 °C (86 °F). This is something not seen in other major cities with hot desert climates, such as <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Khartoum (1991–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.7 (108.9) </td> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.5 (108.5) </td> <td style="background: #C60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.6 (114.1) </td> <td style="background: #BA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.5 (115.7) </td> <td style="background: #AC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.5 (117.5) </td> <td style="background: #BA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.5 (115.7) </td> <td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7 (112.5) </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0 (111.2) </td> <td style="background: #CA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.3 (113.5) </td> <td style="background: #E30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.5 (110.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5 (106.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5 (103.1) </td> <td style="background: #AC0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.5 (117.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7 (92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6 (105.1) </td> <td style="background: #F60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.1 (107.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5 (106.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8 (101.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9 (98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5 (103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1 (89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.3 (99.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1 (84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9 (94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7 (90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7 (90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8 (83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.4 (86.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 (0.02) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (0.19) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (0.13) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (0.98) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.1 (2.09) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (0.96) </td> <td style="background: #F1FFF1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (0.36) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #EFFFEF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">120.4 (4.74) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">29 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">316.2 </td> <td style="background: #F4F419; color:#000000;" class="notheme">296.6 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">316.2 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">318.0 </td> <td style="background: #F0F011; color:#000000;" class="notheme">310.0 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.0 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269.7 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.8 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">273.0 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">306.9 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">303.0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F216; color:#000000;" class="notheme">319.3 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,580.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #F1F111; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Meteorological Organisation">World Meteorological Organisation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WMO-46">[46]</a> NOAA (extremes and humidity 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (sun, 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-DWD-48">[48]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="2">Population </th></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th style="width:100px;">City </th> <th style="width:100px;">Metropolitan area </th></tr> <tr> <td>1859<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n.a. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">69,349 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n.a. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">93,100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">245,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">333,906 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">748,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">476,218 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,340,646 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">947,483 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,919,773 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 Census Preliminary </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,639,598 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,274,321 </td></tr></tbody></table> Almost 250,000 Syrians lived in Khartoum as of 2019, representing 5% of the total population of the city. Most are young men who have fled war in Syria. Sudan was the only country in the world to accept travelers carrying a Syrian passport who lacked a visa.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_(Sudano)_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_%28Sudano%29_003.jpg/220px-Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_%28Sudano%29_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_%28Sudano%29_003.jpg/220px-Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_%28Sudano%29_003.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_%28Sudano%29_003.jpg/330px-Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_%28Sudano%29_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_%28Sudano%29_003.jpg/440px-Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_%28Sudano%29_003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Development in Khartoum in 2009, with the <a href="/wiki/PDOC_Headquarters" title="PDOC Headquarters">PDOC Headquarters</a> on right and the under-construction <a href="/wiki/GNPOC_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="GNPOC Tower">GNPOC Tower</a> on left</figcaption></figure> After the signing of the historic <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a> between the Government of Sudan and the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement">Sudan People's Liberation Movement</a> (SPLA), the Government of Sudan began a massive development project.<a href="#cite_note-ST_ECON-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_ECON-53">[53]</a> In 2007, the biggest projects in Khartoum were the <a href="/wiki/Al-Mogran_Development_Project" title="Al-Mogran Development Project">Al-Mogran Development Project</a>, two five-star hotels, a new airport, <a href="/wiki/El_Mek_Nimr_Bridge" title="El Mek Nimr Bridge">El Mek Nimr Bridge</a> (finished in October 2007) and the <a href="/wiki/Tuti_Bridge" title="Tuti Bridge">Tuti Bridge</a> that links Khartoum to <a href="/wiki/Tuti_Island" title="Tuti Island">Tuti Island</a>. In the 21st century, Khartoum developed based on Sudan's oil wealth (although the independence of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> in 2011 affected the economy of Sudan negatively<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a>). The center of the city has tree-lined streets. Khartoum has the highest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Economic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic activity">economic activity</a> in the country. This has changed as major economic developments take place in other parts of the country, like <a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">oil exploration</a> in the south, the <a href="/wiki/Giad" title="Giad">Giad Industrial Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazirah,_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazirah, Sudan">Al Jazirah</a> state and White Nile Sugar Project in Central Sudan, and the <a href="/wiki/Merowe_Dam" title="Merowe Dam">Merowe Dam</a> in the North. Among the city's industries are printing, glass manufacturing, food processing, and textiles. Petroleum products are now produced in the far north of Khartoum state, providing fuel and jobs for the city. One of Sudan's largest refineries is located in northern Khartoum.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retailing">Retailing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Retailing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum,_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khartoum%2C_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg/220px-Khartoum%2C_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2643" data-file-height="1852"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khartoum%2C_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg/220px-Khartoum%2C_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khartoum%2C_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg/330px-Khartoum%2C_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khartoum%2C_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg/440px-Khartoum%2C_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Africa road tunnel near the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_International_Airport" title="Khartoum International Airport">Khartoum International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Souq_al_Arabi" title="Souq al Arabi">Souq al Arabi</a> is Khartoum's largest open air market. The <a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">souq</a> is spread over several blocks in the center of Khartoum proper just south of the Great Mosque (Mesjid al-Kabir) and the minibus station. It is divided into separate sections, including one focused entirely on gold.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Al Qasr Street and Al Jamhoriyah Street are considered the most famous <a href="/wiki/High_Street" title="High Street">high streets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_State" title="Khartoum State">Khartoum State</a>. Afra Mall is located in the southern suburb of Arkeweet. The Afra Mall has a supermarket, retail outlets, coffee shops, a bowling alley, movie theaters, and a children's playground. In 2011, Sudan opened the Hotel Section and part of the food court of the new, <a href="/wiki/Corinthia_Hotel_Khartoum" title="Corinthia Hotel Khartoum">Corinthia Hotel</a> Tower. The Mall/Shopping section is still under construction. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Khartoum" title="Special:EditPage/Khartoum">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Khartoum" title="Education in Khartoum">Education in Khartoum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg/220px-University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg/220px-University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg/330px-University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg/440px-University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Khartoum" title="University of Khartoum">University of Khartoum</a></figcaption></figure> Khartoum is the main location for most of Sudan's top educational bodies. There are four main levels of education: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a> and day-care. It begins in the age of 3–4, consists of 1-2 grades, (depending on the parents).</li> <li>Elementary school. The first grade pupils enter at the age of 6–7. It consists of 8 grades, after which, at 13–14 years old, students are ready to take the certificate exams and enter high school.</li> <li>Upper second school and high school. In these three the school methods add some main academic subjects such as chemistry, biology, physics, and geography. There are three grades in this level. The students' ages are about 14–15 to 17–18.</li> <li>Higher education. There are several universities and colleges in Khartoum, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Khartoum" title="University of Khartoum">University of Khartoum</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Sudan University of Science and Technology">Sudan University of Science and Technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li></ol> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Khartoum Public Transportation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg/220px-Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5202" data-file-height="3468"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg/220px-Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg" data-alt="Khartoum Public Transportation" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg/330px-Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg/440px-Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Khartoum public bus</figcaption></figure> Khartoum is home to the largest airport in Sudan, <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_International_Airport" title="Khartoum International Airport">Khartoum International Airport</a>. It is the main hub for <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Airways" title="Sudan Airways">Sudan Airways</a>, Sudan's main carrier. A new airport was planned for the southern outskirts of the city, but with Khartoum's rapid growth and consequent <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, the airport is still located in the heart of the city. Khartoum's transportation is limited to the vehicular road system, with buses and personal vehicles comprising the main types of vehicles. As with many cities in the continent, parts of Khartoum are connected through privately owned buses.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg/220px-The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3964" data-file-height="2973"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg/220px-The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg/330px-The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg/440px-The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A boat on the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Al_Mansheiya_Bridge" title="Al Mansheiya Bridge">Al Mansheiya Bridge</a>.</figcaption></figure> Khartoum has a number of bridges across both tributaries of the Nile. The <a href="/wiki/Mac_Nimir_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac Nimir Bridge">Mac Nimir Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_Road_%26_Railway_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge">Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooper Bridge">Cooper Bridge</a> (also known as the Armed Forces Bridge), and the <a href="/wiki/Elmansheya_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmansheya Bridge">Elmansheya Bridge</a> span the Blue Nile, connecting Khartoum to Khartoum North. The <a href="/wiki/Omdurman_Bridge" title="Omdurman Bridge">Omdurman Bridge</a>, the Victory Bridge, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Dabbasin_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Dabbasin Bridge (page does not exist)">Al-Dabbasin Bridge</a> span the White Nile, connecting Khartoum to Omdurman. The <a href="/wiki/Tuti_Bridge" title="Tuti Bridge">Tuti Bridge</a> connects Tuti Island with Khartoum. Prior to the construction of the Tuti Bridge in 2008, residents of Tuti Island relied on <a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">water taxis</a> to cross the Blue Nile into Khartoum. Khartoum has rail lines from <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa" title="Wadi Halfa">Wadi Halfa</a>, Port Sudan on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ubayyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ubayyid">El Obeid</a>. All are operated by <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan Railways">Sudan Railways</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> The architecture of Khartoum reflects the city's history since the early 1820s and is marked by both native Sudanese, Turkish, British and modern buildings. In general, the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sudan" title="Architecture of Sudan">architecture of Sudan</a> reflects a wide diversity in its shapes, materials, and use. Since independence, the people of Sudan have introduced new infrastructure and technology, which has led to new and innovative building concepts, ideas and construction techniques.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudan_National_Museum_(8625532907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sudan_National_Museum_%288625532907%29.jpg/220px-Sudan_National_Museum_%288625532907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sudan_National_Museum_%288625532907%29.jpg/220px-Sudan_National_Museum_%288625532907%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sudan_National_Museum_%288625532907%29.jpg/330px-Sudan_National_Museum_%288625532907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sudan_National_Museum_%288625532907%29.jpg/440px-Sudan_National_Museum_%288625532907%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Sudan" title="National Museum of Sudan">National Museum of Sudan</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Museums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The largest museum in Sudan is the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Sudan" title="National Museum of Sudan">National Museum of Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Founded in 1971, it contains works from different epochs of Sudanese history. Among the exhibits are two <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Egyptian temples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Buhen" title="Buhen">Buhen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semna" class="mw-redirect" title="Semna">Semna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> originally built by Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> and Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Tuthmosis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuthmosis III">Tuthmosis III</a>, respectively, but relocated to Khartoum upon the flooding of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nasser" title="Lake Nasser">Lake Nasser</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Palace_Museum,_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Palace Museum, Khartoum">Republican Palace Museum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> opened in 2000, is located in the former Anglican All Saints' cathedral<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> on Sharia al-Jama'a, next to the historical <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Palace">Presidential Palace</a>. The Ethnographic Museum<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> is located on Sharia al-Jama'a, close to the Mac Nimir Bridge. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Botanical_gardens">Botanical gardens</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Botanical gardens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Khartoum is home to one of the oldest botanical gardens in Africa, <a href="/wiki/Sudan_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Sudan National Botanical Garden">National Botanical Garden</a> in the Mogran district of the city.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jami_el_kebir,Khartum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jami_el_kebir%2CKhartum.jpg/220px-Jami_el_kebir%2CKhartum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1433"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jami_el_kebir%2CKhartum.jpg/220px-Jami_el_kebir%2CKhartum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jami_el_kebir%2CKhartum.jpg/330px-Jami_el_kebir%2CKhartum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jami_el_kebir%2CKhartum.jpg/440px-Jami_el_kebir%2CKhartum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Great Mosque</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clubs">Clubs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Clubs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Khartoum is home to several clubs, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_Sailing_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue Nile Sailing Club (page does not exist)">Blue Nile Sailing Club</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> social clubs such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_German_Club,_the_Greek_Club,_the_Coptic_Club,_the_Syrian_Club_and_the_International_Club,&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The German Club, the Greek Club, the Coptic Club, the Syrian Club and the International Club, (page does not exist)">the German Club, the Greek Club,</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> as well as football clubs <a href="/wiki/Al_Khartoum_SC" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Khartoum SC">Al Khartoum SC</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Ahli_SC_(Khartoum)" title="Al Ahli SC (Khartoum)">Al Ahli Khartoum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Places of worship" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Places_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of worship">places of worship</a> in Khartoum primarily consist of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> mosques.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> There are also <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> churches and temples: <a href="/wiki/St._Matthew%27s_Cathedral,_Khartoum" title="St. Matthew's Cathedral, Khartoum">St. Matthew's Cathedral, Khartoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Khartoum" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khartoum">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khartoum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Interior_Church" title="Sudan Interior Church">Sudan Interior Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Annunciation,_Khartoum" title="Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation, Khartoum">Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Sudan" title="Presbyterian Church in Sudan">Presbyterian Church in Sudan</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a>). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Khartoum's unique history and cultural significance have inspired literary works that explore its past, present, and future. For example, in "Reading Khartoum," the city is depicted as a space shaped by movement, political instability, and socio-cultural changes, resulting in underlying layers of meanings and ambiguity. Arabic-written poetry also offers a personalized glimpse of the city, reflecting its distinct cultural appearance and setting it apart from other Arab and African cities.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movies">Movies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Movies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Khartoum" title="Song of Khartoum">Song of Khartoum</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_(film)" title="Khartoum (film)">Khartoum (film)</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_Offside" title="Khartoum Offside">Khartoum Offside</a> (2019)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/af/sd/kh/where-is-khartoum.html">"Where is Khartoum, The Sudan?"</a>. worldatlas.com. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140409/https://www.worldatlas.com/af/sd/kh/where-is-khartoum.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldatlas.com&rft.atitle=Where+is+Khartoum%2C+The+Sudan%3F&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Faf%2Fsd%2Fkh%2Fwhere-is-khartoum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/sudan/">"Sudan: States, Major Cities, Towns & Agglomeration - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"</a>. www.citypopulation.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412232811/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/sudan/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2020. 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McFarland. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2248-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2248-3"><bdi>0-7864-2248-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219022556/https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2023. 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onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Khartoum#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Khartoum">Bibliography of the history of Khartoum</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&oldid=1259758940">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&oldid=1259758940</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 November 2024, at 22:09 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoem" title="Khartoem – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Khartoem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B1%E1%88%9D" title="ካርቱም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካርቱም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="الخرطوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخرطوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Խարթում – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խարթում" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4artum" title="Ḥartum – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ḥartum" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xartum" title="Xartum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xartum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خرطوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خرطوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE" title="খার্তুম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খার্তুম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁར་ཏུམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁར་ཏུམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartum" title="Kartum – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kartum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27hartoum" title="C'hartoum – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="C'hartoum" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_(ulohang_dakbayan)" title="Khartoum (ulohang dakbayan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Khartoum (ulohang dakbayan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart%C3%BAm" title="Chartúm – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chartúm" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahidiil%C3%ADinii_(%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Daalzhin%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah)" title="Ahidiilíinii (Ásáí Dineʼé Daalzhiní Bikéyah) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ahidiilíinii (Ásáí Dineʼé Daalzhiní Bikéyah)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartum" title="Hartum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hartum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC" title="Χαρτούμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρτούμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jartum" title="Jartum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jartum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4artumo" title="Ĥartumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥartumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خارطوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خارطوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart%C3%BBm" title="Kartûm – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kartûm" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart%C3%BAm" title="Cartúm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cartúm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khart%C3%BAn" title="Khartún – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Khartún" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%BC" title="하르툼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하르툼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Խարթում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խարթում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE" title="खार्तूम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खार्तूम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartum" title="Cartum – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cartum" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart%C3%BAm" title="Kartúm – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kartúm" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%27%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ח'רטום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ח'רטום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaartum" title="Kaartum – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kaartum" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%82" title="ಖಾರ್ಟೂಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖಾರ್ಟೂಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ხარტუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხარტუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoum" title="Kartoum – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kartoum" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xart%C3%BBm" title="Xartûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xartûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%C5%ABma" title="Hartūma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hartūma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartumas" title="Chartumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chartumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartum" title="Hartum – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hartum" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart%C3%BAm" title="Kartúm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kartúm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Картум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Картум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%82" title="ഖാർത്തൂം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖാർത്തൂം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE" title="खार्टूम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खार्टूम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ხარტუმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ხარტუმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="الخرطوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الخرطوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خرطوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خرطوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ခါတွမ်းမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခါတွမ်းမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoem" title="Khartoem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Khartoem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%84%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="ハルツーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハルツーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartuum_(Steed)" title="Chartuum (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Chartuum (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartom" title="Khartom – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Khartom" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaartum" title="Kaartum – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaartum" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xartum" title="Xartum – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xartum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AE" title="ਖ਼ਰਤੂਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਰਤੂਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خرطوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خرطوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartum" title="Kartum – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kartum" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خرطوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خرطوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98" title="ខាទូម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ខាទូម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartum" title="Chartum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chartum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartum" title="Cartum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cartum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke-s-mu" title="Ke-s-mu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ke-s-mu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartum" title="Hartum – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hartum" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خرطوم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="خرطوم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart%C3%BAm_(mesto)" title="Chartúm (mesto) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chartúm (mesto)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartum" title="Kartum – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kartum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart%C5%AFm" title="Chartům – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chartům" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartuum" title="Khartuum – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Khartuum" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85" title="خەرتووم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەرتووم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Картум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Картум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartum" title="Kartum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kartum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கர்த்தூம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கர்த்தூம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xer%E1%B9%ADum" title="Xerṭum – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Xerṭum" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1" title="คาร์ทูม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์ทูม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaartu%C9%94%CC%88m" title="Kaartuɔ̈m – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Kaartuɔ̈m" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartum" title="Hartum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hartum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خرطوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خرطوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%85" title="خارتۇم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خارتۇم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartum" title="Hartum – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hartum" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qartum" title="Qartum – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Qartum" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xartum" title="Xartum – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xartum" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%A9%86" title="喀土穆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="喀土穆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%A9%86" title="喀土穆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="喀土穆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xartum" title="Xartum – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Xartum" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartums" title="Chartums – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Chartums" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%A9%86" title="喀土穆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喀土穆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xartum" title="Xartum – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Xartum" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 22:09 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" 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